Fingerprint Recognition - Biometrics Solutions

Fingerprint recognition refers to the automated method of identifying or confirming the identity of an individual based on the comparisson of two ... FingerprintRecognition Fingerprintrecognitionreferstotheautomatedmethodofidentifyingorconfirmingtheidentityofanindividualbasedonthecomparissonoftwofingerprints.Fingerprintrecognitionisoneofthemostwellknownbiometrics,anditisbyfarthemostusedbiometricsolutionforauthenticationoncomputerizedsystems.Thereasonsforfingerprintrecognitionbeingsopopulararetheeaseofacquisition,establisheduseandacceptancewhencomparedtootherbiometrics,andthefactthattherearenumerous(ten)sourcesofthisbiometriconeachindividual. Looppattern Archpattern Whorlpattern(all3picturesinpublicdomain) Fingerprintpatterns Basicpatterns Thethreebasicpatternsoffingerprintridgesarethearch,theloop,andthewhorl.Anarchisapatternwheretheridgeentersonesideofthefinger,thenrisesinthecenterforminganarch,andexitsontheothersideofthefinger.Withalooptheridgeentersonesideofthefinger,thenformsacurve,andexitsonthesamesideofthefingerfromwhichitentered.Loopsarethemostcommonpatterninfingerprints.Finallyawhorlisthepatternyouhavewhenridgesformcircularlyaroundacentralpoint. Refertotheimagesontherightforexamplesofeachpattern. Minutiaefeatures Minutiaerefertospecificpointsinafingerprint,thesearethesmalldetailsinafingerprintthataremostimportantforfingerprintrecognition. Therearethreemajortypesofminutiaefeatures:theridgeending,thebifurcation,andthedot(alsocalledshortridge).Theridgeendingis,asindicatedbythename,thespotwherearidgeends.Abifurcationisthespotwherearidgesplitsintotworidges.Spotsarethosefingerprintridgesthataresignificantlyshorterthanotherridges. Fingerprintreaders Thereexistfourmaintypesoffingerprintreaderhardware: Opticalreadersarethemostcommontypeoffingerprintreaders.Thetypeofsensorinanopticalreaderisadigitalcamerathatacquiresavisualimageofthefingerprint.Advantagesarethatopticalreadersstartatverycheapprices.Disadvantagesarethatreadingsareimpactedbydirtyormarkedfingers,andthistypeoffingerprintreaderiseasiertofoolthanothers. Capacitivereaders,alsoreferredtoasCMOSreaders,donotreadthefingerprintusinglight.InsteadaCMOSreaderusescapacitorsandthuselectricalcurrenttoformanimageofthefingerprint.CMOSreadersaremoreexpensivethanopticalreaders,althoughtheystillcomerelativelycheapwithpricesstartingwellbelow100euro’s. Animportantadvantageofcapacitivereadersoveropticalreadersisthatacapacitivereaderrequiresarealfingerprintshaperatherthanonlyavisualimage.ThismakesCMOSreadershardertotrick. Ultrasoundreadersarethemostrecenttypeoffingerprintreaders,theyusehighfrequencysoundwavestopenetratetheepidermal(outer)layeroftheskin.Theyreadthefingerprintonthedermalskinlayer,whicheliminatestheneedforaclean,unscarredsurface.Allothertypesoffingerprintreadersacquireanimageoftheoutersurface,thusrequiringhandstobecleanedandfreeofscarsbeforeread-out.Thistypeoffingerprintreaderisfarmoreexpensivethanthefirsttwo,howeverduetotheiraccuracyandthefactthattheyaredifficulttofooltheultrasoundreadersarealreadyverypopular. Thermalreaderssense,onacontactsurface,thedifferenceoftemperatureinbetweenfingerprintridgesandvalleys.Thermalfingerprintreadershaveanumberofdisadvantagessuchashigherpowerconsumptionandaperformancethatdependsontheenvironmenttemperature.   Afterafingerprintimageisacquiredbythefingerprintreaderhardware,thisfingerprintmustbeinterpreted.Itmustbeprocessedinsuchawaythatread-outscanbeefficientlycomparedandmatchedagainsteachother. Generallyspeakingtwotypesofmatchingsoftwareexist: Minutiaematchingreliesonrecognitionoftheminutiaepoints,thisisthemostwidelyusedtechnique Patternmatchingsimplycomparestwoimagestoseehowsimilartheyare,oftenusedinfingerprintsystemstodetectduplicates Applicationoffingerprintrecognition Becauseitisoneofthecheapestbiometricsolutions,fingerprintrecognitionalreadyknowsmanydifferentapplications.Weonlylistafewexampleshere: Logicalaccesscontrol,forexamplethereexistnumerousfingerprintreaderdevicesandsoftwaresforaccesscontroltopersonalcomputers Physicalaccesscontrol,forexamplelockswithafingerprintreader Fingerprintattendancesystemsfortimeandattendancemanagement Biometricalternativetoloyaltycardsystems Suitabilityoffingerprintrecognition Howsuitableisfingerprintrecognitionasabiometricsolution?Weusethefollowing7criteriatoevaluatethesuitabilityoffingerprintrecognition: Universality Onlyveryfewpeoplemissall10fingers.Mostfingerprintrecognitionsoftwareallowstoenrollmultiplefingerswhichavoidsthatanindividualisnolongergrantedaccessafterinjury. Uniqueness Itisgenerallyacceptedthatfingerprintsareuniquetoanindividual.However,thereisariskthatfingerprintsoftwodifferentindividualsmatchifthefingerprintimageisofinsufficientquality.ThereforetheFalseAcceptanceRate(FAR)ishighlydependentonthequalityofthefingerprintreader. Permanence Fingerprintsdonotchangewithageing,butaspeopleagetheylosecollagenwhichmakestheirfingerprinthardertoreadandthiscanleadtosignificantlymorefalserejectswithelderlypeople.Injuries,suchasfirewounds,candamageafingerprintbutifmultiplefingersareenrolledthelikelihoodofanauthorizedindividualbeingdeniedaccessisreduced. Collectability Fingerprintsareeasytoacquisition,thecheapestfingerprintreadersavailableuseadigitalcamera.Fingerprintreadersthataremoredifficulttofool,suchasCMOSreaders,areevennotoverlyexpensive.Insomeenvironments,whereforexamplepeopleareunabletowashtheirhands,moreexpensivemeansmightbenecessarytoacquireauseablefingerprintimage. Acceptability Fingerprintsareeasilyacceptedassoonaspeoplereflectthattheyleavetheirfingerprintseverywhereandthatnosensitiveinformation,suchasmedicalconditions,canbederivedfromfingerprints. Circumvention Thereareanumberofconcernswhenusingfingerprintrecognition Afingercanbecutoff,thisisnojokeitalreadyhappened.Fingerprintsensorswithlivenessdetectioncanresolvethisissue. Fingerprintdummiesarenottoodifficulttomake,theeffortishighlydependentofthebiometricdevicetobefooled.Someofthecheapestdevicescanevenbefooledbyafingerprintimagethatisprintedonpaperortransparency.Dummiescanbecreatedforeachtypeofsensor,howeveringeneralthemorecomplicated(andthusexpensive)sensorsaremoredifficulttofool.Livenessdetectiondomakefingerprintreadersalotmoredifficulttofool. Makeathoroughanalysisbeforeimplementingfingerprintrecognitionasameansforauthenticationoridentificationinahighsecurityenvironment.Avoidusingfingerprintreaderswithoutlivenessdetection. Performance Intermsofspeed,accuracyandrobustnessthedevicesactuallyonthemarketshouldcoveranyneed,exceptmaybeforbigcorporationsandgovernmentapplicationswherematchingalgorithmsmightbecomeabottleneck. 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