Iris recognition - Wikipedia

Iris recognition is an automated method of biometric identification that uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of one or both of ... Irisrecognition FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Methodofbiometricidentification Irisrecognitionbiometricsystemsapplymathematicalpattern-recognitiontechniquestoimagesoftheirisesofanindividual'seyes. Irisrecognitionisanautomatedmethodofbiometricidentificationthatusesmathematicalpattern-recognitiontechniquesonvideoimagesofoneorbothoftheirisesofanindividual'seyes,whosecomplexpatternsareunique,stable,andcanbeseenfromsomedistance.Thediscriminatingpowersofallbiometrictechnologiesdependontheamountofentropy[1]theyareabletoencodeanduseinmatching.Irisrecognitionisexceptionalinthisregard,enablingtheavoidanceof"collisions"(FalseMatches)evenincross-comparisonsacrossmassivepopulations.[2]Itsmajorlimitationisthatimageacquisitionfromdistancesgreaterthanameterortwo,orwithoutcooperation,canbeverydifficult. Retinalscanningisadifferent,ocular-basedbiometrictechnologythatusestheuniquepatternsonaperson'sretinabloodvesselsandisoftenconfusedwithirisrecognition.Irisrecognitionusesvideocameratechnologywithsubtlenearinfraredilluminationtoacquireimagesofthedetail-rich,intricatestructuresoftheiriswhicharevisibleexternally.Digitaltemplatesencodedfromthesepatternsbymathematicalandstatisticalalgorithmsallowtheidentificationofanindividualorsomeonepretendingtobethatindividual.[3]Databasesofenrolledtemplatesaresearchedbymatcherenginesatspeedsmeasuredinthemillionsoftemplatespersecondper(single-core)CPU,andwithremarkablylowfalsematchrates. Atleast1.5billionpersonsaroundtheworld(including1.2billioncitizensofIndia,intheUIDAI/Aadhaarprogramme)havebeenenrolledinirisrecognitionsystemsfornationalID,e-governmentservices,benefitsdistribution,security,andconveniencepurposessuchaspassport-freeautomatedborder-crossings.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]Akeyadvantageofirisrecognition,besidesitsspeedofmatchinganditsextremeresistancetofalsematches,isthestability[12]oftheirisasaninternalandprotected,yetexternallyvisibleorganoftheeye. Contents 1History 2Visiblevsnearinfraredimaging 3Operatingprinciple 4Advantages 5Shortcomings 6Securityconsiderations 7Deployedapplications 8Irisrecognitionintelevisionandmovies 9Seealso 10References 11Furtherreading 12Externallinks History[edit] AlthoughJohnDaugmandevelopedandpatentedthefirstactualalgorithmstoperformirisrecognition,publishedthefirstpapersaboutitandgavethefirstlivedemonstrations,theconceptbehindthisinventionhasamuchlongerhistoryandtodayitbenefitsfrommanyotheractivescientificcontributors.Ina1953clinicaltextbook,F.H.Adler[13]wrote:"Infact,themarkingsoftheirisaresodistinctivethatithasbeenproposedtousephotographsasameansofidentification,insteadoffingerprints."AdlerreferredtocommentsbytheBritishophthalmologistJ.H.Doggart,[14]whoin1949hadwrittenthat:"Justaseveryhumanbeinghasdifferentfingerprints,sodoestheminutearchitectureoftheirisexhibitvariationsineverysubjectexamined.[Itsfeatures]representaseriesofvariablefactorswhoseconceivablepermutationsandcombinationsarealmostinfinite."Laterinthe1980s,twoAmericanophthalmologists,L.FlomandAranSafirmanagedtopatentAdler'sandDoggart'sconjecturethattheiriscouldserveasahumanidentifier,buttheyhadnoactualalgorithmorimplementationtoperformitandsotheirpatentremainedconjecture.Therootsofthisconjecturestretchbackevenfurther:in1892theFrenchmanA.Bertillonhaddocumentednuancesin"Tableaudel'irishumain".DivinationofallsortsofthingsbasedonirispatternsgoesbacktoancientEgypt,toChaldeainBabylonia,andtoancientGreece,asdocumentedinstoneinscriptions,paintedceramicartefacts,andthewritingsofHippocrates.(Irisdivinationpersiststoday,as"iridology.") ThecoretheoreticalideainDaugman'salgorithmsisthatthefailureofatestofstatisticalindependencecanbeaverystrongbasisforpatternrecognition,ifthereissufficientlyhighentropy(enoughdegrees-of-freedomofrandomvariation)amongsamplesfromdifferentclasses.In1994hepatentedthisbasisforirisrecognitionanditsunderlyingcomputervisionalgorithmsforimageprocessing,featureextraction,andmatching,andpublishedtheminapaper.[15]Thesealgorithmsbecamewidelylicensedthroughaseriesofcompanies:IriScan(astart-upfoundedbyFlom,Safir,andDaugman),Iridian,Sarnoff,Sensar,LG-Iris,Panasonic,Oki,BI2,IrisGuard,Unisys,Sagem,Enschede,SecurimetricsandL-1,nowownedbyFrenchcompanyMorpho. Withvariousimprovementsovertheyears,thesealgorithmsremaintodaythebasisofallsignificantpublicdeploymentsofirisrecognition,andtheyareconsistentlytopperformersinNISTtests(implementationssubmittedbyL-1,MorphoTrustandMorpho,forwhomDaugmanservesasChiefScientistforIrisRecognition).Butresearchonmanyaspectsofthistechnologyandonalternativemethodshasexploded,andtodaythereisarapidlygrowingacademicliteratureonoptics,photonics,sensors,biology,genetics,ergonomics,interfaces,decisiontheory,coding,compression,protocol,security,mathematicalandhardwareaspectsofthistechnology. Mostflagshipdeploymentsofthesealgorithmshavebeenatairports,inlieuofpassportpresentation,andforsecurityscreeningusingwatch-lists.Intheearlyyearsofthiscentury,majordeploymentsbeganatAmsterdam'sSchipholAirportandattenUKairportterminalsallowingfrequenttravellerstopresenttheiririsinsteadoftheirpassport,inaprogrammecalledIRIS:IrisRecognitionImmigrationSystem.SimilarsystemsexistalongtheUS/Canadaborder,andmanyothers.IntheUnitedArabEmirates,all32air,land,andseaportsdeploythesealgorithmstoscreenallpersonsenteringtheUAErequiringavisa.Becausealargewatch-listcompiledamongGCCStatesisexhaustivelysearchedeachtime,thenumberofiriscross-comparisonsclimbedto62trillionin10years.TheGovernmentofIndiahasenrolledtheiriscodes(aswellasfingerprints)ofmorethan1.2billioncitizensintheUIDAI(UniqueIdentificationAuthorityofIndia)programmefornationalIDandfraudpreventioninentitlementsdistribution.[4]Inadifferenttypeofapplication,irisisoneofthreebiometricidentificationtechnologiesinternationallystandardisedsince2006byICAOforuseine-passports(theothertwoarefingerprintandfacerecognition).[16] Visiblevsnearinfraredimaging[edit] Irismelanin,alsoknownaschromophore,mainlyconsistsoftwodistinctheterogeneousmacromolecules,calledeumelanin(brown–black)andpheomelanin(yellow–reddish),[17][18]whoseabsorbanceatlongerwavelengthsintheNIRspectrumisnegligible.AtshorterwavelengthswithintheVWspectrum,however,thesechromophoresareexcitedandcanyieldrichpatterns.Hosseini,etal.[19]provideacomparisonbetweenthesetwoimagingmodalities.AnalternativefeatureextractionmethodtoencodeVWirisimageswasalsointroduced,whichmayofferanalternativeapproachformulti-modalbiometricsystems. Visiblewavelengthirisimage Nearinfrared(NIR)version NIRimagingextractsstructure VisiblelightrevealsrichpigmentationdetailsofanIrisbyexcitingmelanin,themaincolouringcomponentintheiris. PigmentationoftheirisisinvisibleatlongerwavelengthsintheNIRspectrum Even"darkbrown"eyesrevealrichiristextureintheNIRband,andmostcornealspecularreflectionscanbeblocked. Operatingprinciple[edit] A,nowobsolete,IriScanmodel2100irisrecognitioncamera. Firstthesystemhastolocalizetheinnerandouterboundariesoftheiris(pupilandlimbus)inanimageofaneye.Furthersubroutinesdetectandexcludeeyelids,eyelashes,andspecularreflectionsthatoftenoccludepartsoftheiris.Thesetofpixelscontainingonlytheiris,normalizedbyarubber-sheetmodeltocompensateforpupildilationorconstriction,isthenanalyzedtoextractabitpatternencodingtheinformationneededtocomparetwoirisimages. InthecaseofDaugman'salgorithms,aGaborwavelettransformisused.Theresultisasetofcomplexnumbersthatcarrylocalamplitudeandphaseinformationabouttheirispattern.InDaugman'salgorithms,mostamplitudeinformationisdiscarded,andthe2048bitsrepresentinganirispatternconsistofphaseinformation(complexsignbitsoftheGaborwaveletprojections).Discardingtheamplitudeinformationensuresthatthetemplateremainslargelyunaffectedbychangesinilluminationorcameragain,andcontributestothelong-termusabilityofthebiometrictemplate. Foridentification(one-to-manytemplatematching)orverification(one-to-onetemplatematching),[20]atemplatecreatedbyimaginganirisiscomparedtostoredtemplatesinadatabase.IftheHammingdistanceisbelowthedecisionthreshold,apositiveidentificationhaseffectivelybeenmadebecauseofthestatisticalextremeimprobabilitythattwodifferentpersonscouldagreebychance("collide")insomanybits,giventhehighentropyofiristemplates. Advantages[edit] Theirisoftheeyehasbeendescribedastheidealpartofthehumanbodyforbiometricidentificationforseveralreasons: Itisaninternalorganthatiswellprotectedagainstdamageandwearbyahighlytransparentandsensitivemembrane(thecornea).Thisdistinguishesitfromfingerprints,whichcanbedifficulttorecognizeafteryearsofcertaintypesofmanuallabor.Theirisismostlyflat,anditsgeometricconfigurationisonlycontrolledbytwocomplementarymuscles(thesphincterpupillaeanddilatorpupillae)thatcontrolthediameterofthepupil.Thismakestheirisshapefarmorepredictablethan,forinstance,thatoftheface. Theirishasafinetexturethat—likefingerprints—isdeterminedrandomlyduringembryonicgestation.Likethefingerprint,itisveryhard(ifnotimpossible)toprovethattheirisisunique.However,therearesomanyfactorsthatgointotheformationofthesetextures(theirisandfingerprint)thatthechanceoffalsematchesforeitherisextremelylow.Evengeneticallyidenticalindividuals(andtheleftandrighteyesofthesameindividual)havecompletelyindependentiristextures.Anirisscanissimilartotakingaphotographandcanbeperformedfromabout10 cmtoafewmetersaway.Thereisnoneedforthepersonbeingidentifiedtotouchanyequipmentthathasrecentlybeentouchedbyastranger,therebyeliminatinganobjectionthathasbeenraisedinsomeculturesagainstfingerprintscanners,whereafingerhastotouchasurface,orretinalscanning,wheretheeyemustbebroughtveryclosetoaneyepiece(likelookingintoamicroscope).[21] Thecommerciallydeployediris-recognitionalgorithm,JohnDaugman'sIrisCode,hasanunprecedentedfalsematchrate(betterthan10−11ifaHammingdistancethresholdof0.26isused,meaningthatupto26%ofthebitsintwoIrisCodesareallowedtodisagreeduetoimagingnoise,reflections,etc.,whilestilldeclaringthemtobeamatch).[22]Whiletherearesomemedicalandsurgicalproceduresthatcanaffectthecolourandoverallshapeoftheiris,thefinetextureremainsremarkablystableovermanydecades.Someirisidentificationshavesucceededoveraperiodofabout30years. Irisrecognitionworkswithclearcontactlenses,eyeglasses,andnon-mirroredsunglasses.TheearlySensartechnologyworkedbyfirstfindingtheface,thentheeyes,andthentooktheIrisimages.Thiswasalldoneusinginfraredlighting.Itispossibletoidentifysomeoneuniquelyinadarkroomwhiletheywerewearingsunglasses. Mathematically,irisrecognitionbasedupontheoriginalDaugmanpatentsorothersimilarorrelatedpatentsdefinethestrongestbiometricintheworld.Irisrecognitionwilluniquelyidentifyanyone,andeasilydiscernsbetweenidenticaltwins.Ifahumancanverifytheprocessbywhichtheirisimagesareobtained(atacustomsstation,enteringorevenwalkingbyanembassy,asadesktop2ndfactorforauthentication,etc.)orthroughtheuseofliveeyedetection(whichvarieslightingtotriggerslightdilationofthepupilandvariationsacrossaquickscanwhichmaytakeseveralimagesnapshots)thentheintegrityoftheidentificationareextremelyhigh. Shortcomings[edit] Manycommercialirisscannerscanbeeasilyfooledbyahighqualityimageofanirisorfaceinplaceoftherealthing.[23]Thescannersareoftentoughtoadjustandcanbecomebothersomeformultiplepeopleofdifferentheightstouseinsuccession.Theaccuracyofscannerscanbeaffectedbychangesinlighting.Irisscannersaresignificantlymoreexpensivethansomeotherformsofbiometrics,aswellaspasswordandproximitycardsecuritysystems. Irisrecognitionisverydifficulttoperformatadistancelargerthanafewmetersandifthepersontobeidentifiedisnotcooperatingbyholdingtheheadstillandlookingintothecamera.However,severalacademicinstitutionsandbiometricvendorsaredevelopingproductsthatclaimtobeabletoidentifysubjectsatdistancesofupto10meters("StandoffIris"or"IrisataDistance"aswellasPrincetonIdentity's"IrisontheMove"forpersonswalkingatspeedsupto1meter/sec).[21][24] Aswithotherphotographicbiometrictechnologies,irisrecognitionissusceptibletopoorimagequality,withassociatedfailuretoenrollrates.Aswithotheridentificationinfrastructure(nationalresidentsdatabases,IDcards,etc.),civilrightsactivistshavevoicedconcernsthatiris-recognitiontechnologymighthelpgovernmentstotrackindividualsbeyondtheirwill.Researchershavetrickedirisscannersusingimagesgeneratedfromdigitalcodesofstoredirises.Criminalscouldexploitthisflawtostealtheidentitiesofothers.[25] Thefirststudyonsurgicalpatientsinvolvedmoderncataractsurgeryandshowedthatitcanchangeiristextureinsuchawaythatirispatternrecognitionisnolongerfeasibleortheprobabilityoffalselyrejectedsubjectsisincreased.[26] Securityconsiderations[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(May2018)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Aswithmostotherbiometricidentificationtechnology,animportantconsiderationislive-tissueverification.Thereliabilityofanybiometricidentificationdependsonensuringthatthesignalacquiredandcomparedhasactuallybeenrecordedfromalivebodypartofthepersontobeidentifiedandisnotamanufacturedtemplate.Besidesaperson'sphysicalcharacteristics,whichincludestheeyes,one'svoiceandhandwritingtoo,arenotprotectedbytheFourthAmendmenteventhoughtheyareallconstantlyexposed.[27]Manycommerciallyavailableiris-recognitionsystemsareeasilyfooledbypresentingahigh-qualityphotographofafaceinsteadofarealface,[citationneeded]whichmakessuchdevicesunsuitableforunsupervisedapplications,suchasdooraccess-controlsystems.However,thisisnotthecasewithallirisrecognitionalgorithms.Theproblemoflive-tissueverificationislessofaconcerninsupervisedapplications(e.g.,immigrationcontrol),whereahumanoperatorsupervisestheprocessoftakingthepicture. Methodsthathavebeensuggested[citationneeded]toprovidesomedefenceagainsttheuseoffakeeyesandirisesincludechangingambientlightingduringtheidentification(switchingonabrightlamp),suchthatthepupillaryreflexcanbeverifiedandtheirisimageberecordedatseveraldifferentpupildiameters;analysingthe2Dspatialfrequencyspectrumoftheirisimageforthepeakscausedbytheprinterditherpatternsfoundoncommerciallyavailablefake-iriscontactlenses;analysingthetemporalfrequencyspectrumoftheimageforthepeakscausedbycomputerdisplays.[citationneeded] Othermethodsincludeusingspectralanalysisinsteadofmerelymonochromaticcamerastodistinguishiristissuefromothermaterial;observingthecharacteristicnaturalmovementofaneyeball(measuringnystagmus,trackingeyewhiletextisread,etc.);testingforretinalretroreflection(red-eyeeffect)orforreflectionsfromtheeye'sfouropticalsurfaces(frontandbackofbothcorneaandlens)toverifytheirpresence,positionandshape.[citationneeded]Anotherproposed[citationneeded]methodistouse3Dimaging(e.g.,stereocameras)toverifythepositionandshapeoftheirisrelativetoothereyefeatures. A2004report[citationneeded]bytheGermanFederalOfficeforInformationSecuritynotedthatnoneoftheiris-recognitionsystemscommerciallyavailableatthetimeimplementedanylive-tissueverificationtechnology.Likeanypattern-recognitiontechnology,live-tissueverifierswillhavetheirownfalse-rejectprobabilityandwillthereforefurtherreducetheoverallprobabilitythatalegitimateuserisacceptedbythesensor. Thissectionpossiblycontainsoriginalresearch.Pleaseimproveitbyverifyingtheclaimsmadeandaddinginlinecitations.Statementsconsistingonlyoforiginalresearchshouldberemoved.(April2014)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Deployedapplications[edit] IrisGuardInc.UAEenrolmentstation UnitedArabEmiratesIrisGuard'sHomelandSecurityBorderControlhasbeenoperatinganexpelleetrackingsystemintheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE)since2003,whentheUAElaunchedanationalborder-crossingsecurityinitiative.Today,alloftheUAE'sland,airandseaportsofentryareequippedwithsystems.AllforeignnationalswhoneedavisitvisatoentertheUAEarenowprocessedthroughiriscamerasinstalledatallprimaryandauxiliaryimmigrationinspectionpoints.Todate,thesystemhasapprehendedover330,000personsre-enteringtheUAEwitheitheranothernameornationality(whichneedsavisa),orevenfraudulenttraveldocuments.[28][29] BankUnited-Texas.In1999BankUnitedbecamethefirstbankintheworld[30]todeployirisrecognitionATMs.TheseATMsweremanufacturedbyDieboldusingSensaririsrecognitiontechnology.ThepilotsdeployedbyBankUnitedreceivednationaltelevisioncoverage.CoverageandinterviewsofSensarexecutivesandBankUnitedexecutivesincludedGoodMorningAmerica,USAToday,andmanyothernationaltelevisionshows. IrisGuardInc.FirstCashWithdrawalonIrisEnabledATM HashemiteKingdomofJordan-2009,IrisGuarddeployedoneoftheworld'sfirstoperationaliris-enabledautomatedtellermachineatCairoAmmanBank,wherebankcustomerscanseamlesslywithdrawcashfromATM'swithoutabankcardorpinbutsimplybypresentingtheireyetotheirisrecognitioncameraontheATM.SinceJune2012,IrisGuardisalsoprovidingfinancialinclusiontoUNHCRregisteredSyrianrefugeesinJordanonATM's.Thesystemisdesignedtofacilitatecash-supportedinterventionsthathelpdeliverfinancialassistancetorefugeeswithspeedanddignitywhileloweringoverheadcostsandboostingaccountability.[31] Aadhaarbeganoperationin2011inIndia,whosegovernmentisenrollingtheirispatterns(andotherbiometrics)ofmorethanonebillionresidentsfortheAadhaarschemeforentitlementsdistribution,runbytheUniqueIdentificationAuthorityofIndia(UIDAI).[4]Thisprogrammeatitspeakwasenrollingaboutonemillionpersonseveryday,across36,000stationsoperatedby83agencies.ByOctober2015,thenumberofpersonsenrolledexceeded926million,witheachnewenrolleebeingcomparedtoallexistingonesforde-duplicationchecks(hence926trillion,i.e.926million-million,iriscross-comparisonsperday).[32]Itspurposeistoissueresidentsabiometricallyprovableuniqueentitlementnumber(Aadhaar)bywhichbenefitsmaybeclaimed,andsocialinclusionenhanced;thusthesloganofUIDAIis:"Togivethepooranidentity."IristechnologyprovidersmustbegrantedaSTQC(StandardisationTestingandQualityCertification)certificateinordertosupplyirisscannersfortheproject.Byfar,thereareproviderssuchas:IriTechInc.(dualirisscannerIriMagic100BK),Cogent(CIS-202),IrisID(icamTD100),IrisGuard(IG-AD-100),etc.[33] PoliceforcesacrossAmericaplannedtostartusingBI2Technologies'mobileMORIS(MobileOffenderRecognitionandInformationSystem)in2012.TheNewYorkCityPoliceDepartmentwasthefirst,withasysteminstalledinManhattaninthefallof2010.[34] IrisrecognitiontechnologyhasbeenimplementedbyBioIDTechnologiesSAinPakistanforUNHCRrepatriationprojecttocontrolaiddistributionforAfghanrefugees.RefugeesarerepatriatedbyUNHCRincooperationwithGovernmentofPakistan,andtheyarepaidfortheirtravel.Tomakesurepeopledonotgetpaidmorethanonce,theiririsesarescanned,andthesystemwilldetecttherefugeesonnextattempt.Thedatabasehasmorethan1.3millioniriscodetemplatesandaround4000registrationsperday.Theone-to-manyiriscomparisontakesplacewithin1.5secondsagainst1.3millioniriscodes. Inearly2013,UnitedNationHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)alsoinstalledanewbiometricsidentitymanagementsystem(BIMS)byIriTechInc.fortherefugeesintheMalawiCamp.Duringthepilotprogram,whichlastedfourweeks,morethan17,000peopleenrolledtheiririsbiometricdataandhadtheiridentitiesverified.AfterthesuccessfulpilotinMalawi,Thailandwasrecentlychosentobethefirstsiteoftheglobalroll-out.After5months,inJune2015,UNHCRhascompleteditsregistrationfornearly110,000MyanmarrefugeesinThailand’sbordercampswiththehelpofthenewsystem.[35] AtAmsterdamAirportSchiphol,Netherlands,irisrecognitionhaspermittedexpedited,passport-freebordersecuritypassingsince2001throughthePriviumprogram.[36] CanadianAirTransportSecurityAuthority'sRestrictedAreaIdentityCard(RAIC)programistheworld'sfirstdual-biometricprogramdeployedaroundmajorCanadianairportsforstaffandaircrewstoaccesstherestrictedareasusingseparatechannelsfrompassengers.[37][38] InanumberofCanadianairports,aspartoftheNEXUSprogramthatfacilitatesentryintotheUSandCanadaforpre-approved,low-risktravellers.[citationneeded] InseveralCanadianairports,aspartoftheCANPASSAirprogramthatfacilitatesentryintoCanadaforpre-approved,low-riskairtravelers.[39] AU.S.MarineCorpsSergeantusesanirisscannertopositivelyidentifyamemberoftheBaghdadicitycouncilpriortoameetingwithlocaltriballeaders,sheiks,communityleadersandU.S.servicemembers. UK'sIrisRecognitionImmigrationSystem,whichstartedoperatingin2004butwhichwasclosedtonewregistrationsin2011andwhichhasbeenphasedoutin2012and2013.[40][41][42] Usedin2002toverifytherecognitionofthe"AfghanGirl"(SharbatGula)byNationalGeographicphotographerSteveMcCurry.[43] Sinceatleast2011,Googleusesirisscannerstocontrolaccesstotheirdatacentres.[44] In2010,Leon,Mexico,deployedirisscannersinpublicspaces,thatcanidentifyuptofiftypeopleatonce.[45] OnMay10,2011,HoyosGroupdemonstratedadevicecalledEyeLockusingiris-recognitionasanalternativetopasswordstologpeopleintopassword-protectedWebsitesandapplications,likeFacebookoreBay.[46] PrincetonIdentityhasbeendevelopingan"IrisontheMove"systemandsetofproducts,primarilyforU.S.Governmentclients,capableofidentifying30peopleperminute.[24]Mostrecently,theyhavespecializedinaproductwheredriverscanbeidentifiedwithoutneedingtoleavetheirvehicle.[47] M2SYSTechnologyhasdeployedtheirRightPatient™biometricpatientidentificationsystemusingirisrecognitionat11NovantHealthhospitalsintheCharlotteandWinston-Salemmarkets.TheRightPatient™irisbiometricpatientidentificationsystemisdesignedtocaptureboththefaceandtheirispatternofpatientsanduniquelylinkthemtotheirelectronicmedicalrecord.[48] InMarch2015,India’sAndhraPradeshstatehaslaunchedaniris-basedidentitymanagementsolutiondevelopedbyIriTechforenhancingpensiondistributionsystem.TheChiefMinisterN.ChandrababuNaidudemonstratedIriShieldUSBMK2120UdeviceduringalaunchingeventofAndhraPradeshstate'sirisscanningfacilityforpensiondistribution."Thestate'sdecisiontouseiristechnologyasaprimarymethodtoissueAadhaarverifiedDBT(DirectBenefitTransfer)willaddressconcernsoftotalinclusivenessofitsresidenceaswellasprovidingamoreaccurateandahygienesolution,"saysBinodE.Mathai,DirectorofBiometronicTechnology.[49] OnMay28,2015,FujitsureleasedARROWSNXF-04Gthefirstsmartphonewithanirisscanner.[50] Onmid2015,theKenyaMinistryofEducation,ScienceandTechnologyinordertoprovideanaccurateattendancetrackingforallstudentsinclasses(roll-call)orschoolbuses(gettingon/offtracking)hasimplementedirisbiometricsystem.ThesolutionincludesIriTech’sIriShieldcameraconnectingtoalowcostAndroidphoneortabletviaUSBcable.Irismatchingisdoneon-boardofIriShieldwhoseinternalgallerycanholdupto500identities(expandableto5,000identities)whichismorethanenoughformostoftheschools.Thelocalmatchingcapabilityisaparticularadvantageintheschool-busscenariobecauseitdoesnotrequirewireless/3Gcommunicationbetweenthebiometricterminalinthebusandaback-endserver. Attheendof2015,MicrosoftlaunchedtwoLumiaphones(Lumia950andLumia950XL)featuringirisscanningasawaytoauthenticatetheuser. May1,2017,thefirstiris-enabledhumanitarianblockchainsystemintheworldwasdeployedinAzraqRefugeecampinJordanbyIrisGuard.Morethan10,000SyrianrefugeesuseonlytheireyeswithoutanytokentopayfortheirfoodonWFPBuildingBlocks(aPrivateEthereumBlockchainonAWS)toredeemtheirassistance.Theprojectexpandedto100,000refugeesinJanuary2018. March2018,WorldFoodProgram(WFP)startedtoimplementirisrecognitioninitsfooddistributionsystemforthefirsttimeinUganda.Thecountryishostingapproximately1.4millionrefugeesandasylum-seekers.Itisoneofthecountrieswiththehighestnumberofrefugeesintheworld.IriTech'sirisscannerBK2121Uisbeingusedtodelivertherightfoodtotherightrefugees,makingsurethattheygetthefoodassistancetheyareentitledto.WFPplanstoscaleupthesystemto180fooddistributionsitesacrossUgandabytheendoftheyear.[51] Sept2019,ZainCashstartedtodeployirisrecognitiontoperformcashdistributionforrefugeesandIDPsforthefirsttimeusingIrisGuardEyePaymobilephoneinKurdistan,IraqusingZainCashmobilewallet.TheworldfirstmobileirisdeploymentiscarriedoutwithUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)IrisGuardandZainIraq.[52] Irisrecognitionintelevisionandmovies[edit] IOrigins(2014),aHollywoodfilmbywriter-directorMikeCahillandwinneroftheAlfredSloanAwardforbestexpositionoftechnology(2014SundanceFilmFestival),usesirisrecognitionforitscoreplot.CulminatinginIndiawiththeUIDAIprojecttoencodeandenrolltheirispatternsofonebillionormoreIndianresidentsbytheendof2015,thefilmisdescribedasa"sciencefictionlovestoryincorporatingspiritualismandreincarnation",seekingtoreconcilesciencewithreligiousspirit-worldbeliefs. StevenSpielberg's2002sciencefictionfilmMinorityReportdepictsasocietyinwhichwhatappearstobeaformofirisrecognitionhasbecomedailypractice.Theprincipalcharacterundergoesaneyetransplantinordertochangehisidentitybutcontinuestousehisoriginaleyestogainaccesstorestrictedlocations.[53] InTheIsland(2005),aclonecharacterplayedbyEwanMcGregoruseshiseyetogainaccessthroughasecuritydoorinthehomeofhisDNAdonor. TheSimpsonsMovie(2007)featuresascenethatillustratesthedifficultyofimageacquisitioninirisrecognition.[54] TheTVseriesNumb3rs,featuresascenewherearobbergetsintotheCalScifacilitybycrackingthecodeassignedtoaspecificiris. NCISusesanirisscannerinthegarage,whereforensicvehicleinvestigationsarecarriedoutandevidenceisstored.ThereisanotherscannerattheentrancetoMTAC.ThesequenceofLeroyJethroGibbsbeingverifiedisshowninthetitlesequence.Theimageryforthissequencehasbeen"enhanced"usingspecialeffects.Irisrecognitionsystemsdonotusethelaserlikebeamsshowninthesequenceandthelightthattheydouseisnear-infraredandnearlyinvisible. The2010filmRedincludesascenewhereBruceWillis'characterusesacontactlenstopassanirisscanandgainaccesstoCIAheadquarters. Thefilm"AngelsandDemons"andalsothebookfeaturedanirisscannerasthemethodbywhichtheprotagonistbrokeintoCERNandstoleoneoftheantimatterstoragemodules. Thefilm"DemolitionMan"alsohadascenewhereaneyeballonastickwasusedtobreakintoaweaponsstoragefacility. Seealso[edit] Biometrictechnologyinaccesscontrol IrisRecognitionImmigrationSystem Eyeveinverification FingerVeinrecognition Fingerprintrecognition IrisChallengeEvaluation SamsungGalaxyS8 References[edit] ^Daugman,John,"CollisionAvoidanceonNationalandGlobalScales:UnderstandingandUsingBigBiometricEntropy"(TechRxiv2021),doi:10.36227/techrxiv.14061671.v1,S2CID 234904867,retrieved3January2022 ^https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~jgd1000/BiomEntropy.pdf[bareURLPDF] ^Zetter,Kim(25July2012)."Reverse-EngineeredIrisesLookSoReal,TheyFoolEye-Scanners".WiredMagazine.Retrieved25July2012. ^abc"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon28June2013.Retrieved27August2013.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^"UNHCR'snewbiometricssystemhelpsverify110,000MyanmarrefugeesinThailand". ^"Blockchaincouldchangethefutureofhumanitarianaid".3January2019. ^"WFPIntroducesIrisScanTechnologytoProvideFoodAssistancetoSyrianRefugeesinZaatari|WorldFoodProgramme". ^"'ThesechangesshowthatWFPlovesus.'".20March2018. ^"ADecadeofAadhaar:LessonsinimplementingafoundationalIDsystem". ^"Biometricsonamassscale". ^https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~jgd1000/SPIE-Newsroom-article.pdf[bareURLPDF] ^P.Grother,J.Matey,E.Tabassi,G.Quinn,andM.Chumakov,IREXVI:temporalstabilityofirisrecognitionaccuracy,NISTInteragencyReport7948,pp.1–3,2013 ^Adler,F.H.,PhysiologyoftheEye(ChapterVI,page143),Mosby(1953) ^Doggart,J.H.,OcularSignsinSlit-LampMicroscopy,Kimpton(1949),page27 ^Daugman,J.,"Highconfidencevisualrecognitionofpersonsbyatestofstatisticalindependence",IEEETransactionsonPatternAnalysisandMachineIntelligence,15(11),pp1148-1161(1993) ^"ICAODocument9303:MachineReadableTravelDocuments,Part9:DeploymentofBiometricIdentificationandElectronicStorageofDataineMRTDs,7thedition"(PDF).2015. ^LiuY,SimonJD(February2005)."Metal-ioninteractionsandthestructuralorganizationofSepiaeumelanin".PigmentCellRes.18(1):42–8.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00197.x.PMID 15649151. ^MeredithP,SarnaT(December2006)."Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofeumelanin".PigmentCellRes.19(6):572–94.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00345.x.PMID 17083485. ^Hosseini,M.S.;Araabi,B.N.;Soltanian-Zadeh,H.(April2010)."PigmentMelanin:PatternforIrisRecognition".IEEETransInstrumMeas.59(4):792–804.arXiv:0911.5462.doi:10.1109/TIM.2009.2037996.S2CID 16646573. ^HRSIDIrisRecognition|"rapidandreliablesearchesinboth1to1(verification)and1tomany(identification)" ^abMartin,Zach(23March2011)."BiometricTrends:Willemergingmodalitiesandmobileapplicationsbringmassadoption?".SecureIDNews.Retrieved14July2013. ^"ProbingtheuniquenessandrandomnessofIrisCodes:Resultsfrom200billionirispaircomparisons."ProceedingsoftheIEEE,vol.94(11),2006,pp.1927-1935. ^"HackerFindsaSimpleWaytoFoolIRISBiometricSecuritySystems".thehackernews.com.6March2015.Retrieved17March2017. ^abWhittaker,Zack(29September2018)."PrincetonIdentitydebutsanewwalkthroughbiometricscanner".TechCrunch.Retrieved29March2019. ^"Irisscanners'canbetricked'".BBCNews.26July2012. ^R.Roizenblatt,P.Schoretal.Irisrecognitionasabiometricmethodaftercataractsurgery.BiomedEngOnline.2004;3:2 ^Hashemi,Soheil;Tann,Hokchhay;Buttafuoco,Francesco;Reda,Sherief(March2018).ApproximateComputingforBiometricSecuritySystems:ACaseStudyonIrisScanning.2018Design,Automation&TestinEuropeConference&Exhibition(DATE).IEEE.doi:10.23919/date.2018.8342029.ISBN 9783981926309.S2CID 5061011. ^"EuropeanBusinessReview-IdentificationintheTwinkleoftheEye,Oct7,2008" ^"BehinIRIS(AutomatedIRIS-BasedIdentificationSystem)" ^"BankUnitedAnnouncesResultsofFirstU.S.IrisRecognitionATMConsumerSurvey".www.atmmarketplace.com.16April2002.Retrieved5June2021. ^"UNHCRInnovation|BiometricCashAssistance".innovation.unhcr.org.Retrieved3November2016. ^"Aadhaar-UniqueIdentification".portal.uidai.gov.in.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4June2017.Retrieved2November2015. ^"STQCCertificategrantedsuppliers"(PDF). ^"PolicetobeginiPhoneirisscansamidprivacyconcerns".Reuters.20July2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18September2012.Retrieved26September2012. ^"BiometricIdentityManagementSystem".UNHCR.Retrieved2November2015. ^"IrisscansatAmsterdamAirportSchiphol".AmsterdamAirportSchiphol.Retrieved14July2013. ^"Restrictedareaidentitycard".Archivedfromtheoriginalon14May2012. ^"Backgrounder".CanadianAirTransportSecurityAuthority(CATSA). ^"CANPASSAir".Archivedfromtheoriginalon27December2012.Retrieved17November2010. ^"IRIS".Archivedfromtheoriginalon1May2008. ^"ManchesterAirporteyescannersscrappedoverdelays".ManchesterEveningNews. ^WesleyJohnson(16February2012)."Airporteyescannerstobereviewed".ThePressAssociation,printedinTheIndependent. ^Daugman,John."HowtheAfghanGirlwasIdentifiedbyHerIrisPatterns".UniversityofCambridge.Retrieved14July2013. ^"Googledatacentersecurity".YouTube.13April2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21December2021.Retrieved14July2013. ^Saylor,Michael(2012).TheMobileWave:HowMobileIntelligenceWillChangeEverything.PerseusBooks/VanguardPress.p. 98.ISBN 978-1593157203. ^Whitney,Lance(12May2011)."Irisrecognitiongadgeteliminatespasswords".CNET.Retrieved12May2011. ^"SRIInternationalSarnofflaunchesirisbiometricvehicleaccesscontrolsystem".BiometricUpdate.10April2013.Retrieved15July2013. ^"Novant'snewirisscanconnectspatientstorecords".Archivedfromtheoriginalon7April2014. ^"IndianstateselectsirisbasedidentitymanagementsolutionbyIriTech".BiometricUpdate.11March2015.Retrieved2November2015. ^"FujitsuReleasesARROWSNXF-04G-FujitsuGlobal". ^"ThesechangesshowthatWFPlovesus".WorldFoodProgrammeInsight.19March2018.Retrieved19July2018. ^"Zain". ^Dolmetsch,Chris(1February2011)."'MinorityReport'MayCometoRealWorldWithIrisRecognition".BloombergL.P.Retrieved14July2013. ^Daugman,John."IrisRecognitionand"TheSimpsonsMovie"".UniversityofCambridge.Retrieved15July2013. Furtherreading[edit] WO8605018 LeonardFlom,AranSafir:Irisrecognitionsystem.28August1986;also:US4641349 issued2/3/1987. US5291560 JohnDaugman:Biometricpersonalidentificationsystembasedonirisanalysis.1March1994 Daugman,John(January2004)."Howirisrecognitionworks"(PDF).IEEETransactionsonCircuitsandSystemsforVideoTechnology.14(1):21–30.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.590.2630.doi:10.1109/TCSVT.2003.818350. Daugman,John(2003)."Theimportanceofbeingrandom:statisticalprinciplesofirisrecognition"(PDF).PatternRecognition.36(2):279–291.Bibcode:2003PatRe..36..279D.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.115.1707.doi:10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00030-4. Daugman,John(June2005)."Resultsfrom200billioniriscross-comparisons".TechnicalReportUCAM-CL-TR-635. ZhaofengHe;TieniuTan;ZhenanSun;XianchaoQiu(15July2008)."TowardsAccurateandFastIrisSegmentationforIrisBiometrics".IEEETransPatternAnalMachIntell.31(9):1670–84.doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2008.183.PMID 19574626.S2CID 9778260. ZhaofengHe;TieniuTan;ZhenanSun;XianchaoQiu(June2008)."BoostingOrdinalFeaturesforAccurateandFastIrisRecognition".Proc.ofthe26thIEEEComputerSocietyConferenceonComputerVisionandPatternRecognition(CVPR'08).pp. 1–8. KaushikRoy;PrabirBhattacharya(2008).IrisRecognition:AMachineLearningApproach.VDMVerlagDr.Müller.ISBN 978-3-639-08259-3. K.Roy;P.Bhattacharya(2009)."Variationallevelsetmethodandgametheoryappliedfornonidealirisrecognition".16thIEEEInternationalConferenceonImageProcessing(ICIP'09).pp. 2721–4.ISBN 978-1-4244-5653-6. Externallinks[edit] ISO/IEC19794-6:2011Internationalstandardforirisimages JohnG.Daugman'soriginalpatentatUSPTO Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iris_recognition&oldid=1097331554" Categories:ApplicationsofcomputervisionBiometricsEnglishinventionsUniversityofCambridgeComputerLaboratoryHumanirisHiddencategories:AllarticleswithbareURLsforcitationsArticleswithbareURLsforcitationsfromMarch2022ArticleswithPDFformatbareURLsforcitationsCS1maint:archivedcopyastitleArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsedmydatesfromApril2022ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromMay2018AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromSeptember2013ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMay2018ArticlesthatmaycontainoriginalresearchfromApril2014AllarticlesthatmaycontainoriginalresearchArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJuly2013 Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةবাংলাCatalàDeutschEestiEspañolEsperantoفارسیFrançaisGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaעבריתBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語РусскийSuomiУкраїнськаاردو中文 Editlinks