Automotive industry - Wikipedia

The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of ... Automotiveindustry FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Organizationsinvolvedwithmotorvehicles Amodernassembly-line PlaymediaAvideoshowingnewSEAT,Škoda&VolkswagencarsbeingtransportedbyrailatKutnáHoraměstotrainstationintheCzechRepublic Theautomotiveindustrycomprisesawiderangeofcompaniesandorganizationsinvolvedinthedesign,development,manufacturing,marketing,andsellingofmotorvehicles.[1]Itisoneoftheworld'slargestindustriesbyrevenue.ItisalsotheindustrywiththehighestspendingonResearch&Development.[2] ThewordautomotivecomesfromtheGreekautos(self),andLatinmotivus(ofmotion),referringtoanyformofself-poweredvehicle.[clarificationneeded]Thisterm,asproposedbyElmerSperry[3][needquotationtoverify] (1860-1930),firstcameintousewithreferencetoautomobilesin1898.[4] Contents 1History 2Safety 3Economy 4Worldmotorvehicleproduction 4.1Byyear 4.2Bycountry 4.3Bymanufacturer 5Otherrankings 6Notablecompanyrelationships 6.1Stakeholding 6.2Jointventures 6.2.1Chinajointventure 6.2.2OutsideChina 7Seealso 8Notes 9References 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks History[edit] Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(January2021) Mainarticle:Historyoftheautomobile ThomasB.JefferyautomobilefactoryinKenosha,Wisconsin,c.1916 Fiatassemblylinein1961 Theautomotiveindustrybeganinthe1860swithhundredsofmanufacturersthatpioneeredthehorselesscarriage.Formanydecades,theUnitedStatesledtheworldintotalautomobileproduction.In1929,beforetheGreatDepression,theworldhad32,028,500automobilesinuse,andtheU.S.automobileindustryproducedover90%ofthem.Atthattime,theU.S.hadonecarper4.87persons.[5]After1945,theU.S.producedabout75percentofworld'sautoproduction.In1980,theU.S.wasovertakenbyJapanandthenbecameworldleaderagainin1994.In2006,JapannarrowlypassedtheU.S.inproductionandheldthisrankuntil2009,whenChinatookthetopspotwith13.8millionunits.With19.3millionunitsmanufacturedin2012,ChinaalmostdoubledtheU.S.productionof10.3millionunits,whileJapanwasinthirdplacewith9.9millionunits.[6]From1970(140models)over1998(260models)to2012(684models),thenumberofautomobilemodelsintheU.S.hasgrownexponentially.[7] Earlycarmanufacturinginvolvedmanualassemblybyahumanworker.Theprocessevolvedfromengineersworkingonastationarycar,toaconveyorbeltsystemwherethecarpassedthroughmultiplestationsofmorespecialisedengineers.Startinginthe1960s,roboticequipmentwasintroducedtotheprocess,andtodaymostcarsareproducedlargelywithautomatedmachinery.[8] Safety[edit] Mainarticle:Automobilesafety Seealso:2009–11Toyotavehiclerecalls,GeneralMotorsignitionswitchrecalls,andFirestoneandFordtirecontroversy Safetyisastatethatimpliesbeingprotectedfromanyrisk,danger,damage,orcauseofinjury.Intheautomotiveindustry,safetymeansthatusers,operators,ormanufacturersdonotfaceanyriskordangercomingfromthemotorvehicleoritsspareparts.Safetyfortheautomobilesthemselvesimpliesthatthereisnoriskofdamage. Safetyintheautomotiveindustryisparticularlyimportantandthereforehighlyregulated.Automobilesandothermotorvehicleshavetocomplywithacertainnumberofregulations,whetherlocalorinternational,inordertobeacceptedonthemarket.ThestandardISO26262,isconsideredoneofthebestpracticeframeworksforachievingautomotivefunctionalsafety.[9] Incaseofsafetyissues,danger,productdefectorfaultyprocedureduringthemanufacturingofthemotorvehicle,themakercanrequesttoreturneitherabatchortheentireproductionrun.Thisprocedureiscalledproductrecall.Productrecallshappenineveryindustryandcanbeproduction-relatedorstemfromrawmaterial. Productandoperationtestsandinspectionsatdifferentstagesofthevaluechainaremadetoavoidtheseproductrecallsbyensuringend-usersecurityandsafetyandcompliancewiththeautomotiveindustryrequirements.However,theautomotiveindustryisstillparticularlyconcernedaboutproductrecalls,whichcauseconsiderablefinancialconsequences. Economy[edit] Seealso:Automotiveindustrybycountry In2007,therewereabout806millioncarsandlighttrucksontheroad,consumingover980 billionlitres(980,000,000 m3)ofgasolineanddieselfuelyearly.[10]Theautomobileisaprimarymodeoftransportationformanydevelopedeconomies.TheDetroitbranchofBostonConsultingGrouppredictedthat,by2014,one-thirdofworlddemandwouldbeinthefourBRICmarkets(Brazil,Russia,IndiaandChina).Meanwhile,inthedevelopedcountries,theautomotiveindustryhasslowed.[11]Itisalsoexpectedthatthistrendwillcontinue,especiallyastheyoungergenerationsofpeople(inhighlyurbanizedcountries)nolongerwanttoownacaranymore,andpreferothermodesoftransport.[12]OtherpotentiallypowerfulautomotivemarketsareIranandIndonesia.[13] Emergingautomobilemarketsalreadybuymorecarsthanestablishedmarkets. AccordingtoaJ.D.Powerstudy,emergingmarketsaccountedfor51percentofthegloballight-vehiclesalesin2010.Thestudy,performedin2010expectedthistrendtoaccelerate.[14][15]However,morerecentreports(2012)confirmedtheopposite;namelythattheautomotiveindustrywasslowingdowneveninBRICcountries.[11]IntheUnitedStates,vehiclesalespeakedin2000,at17.8millionunits.[16] InJuly2021,theEuropeanCommissionreleasedits"Fitfor55"legislationpackage,[17]whichcontainsimportantguidelinesforthefutureoftheautomotiveindustry;allnewcarsontheEuropeanmarketmustbezero-emissionvehiclesfrom2035.[18] Thegovernmentsof24developedcountriesandagroupofmajorcarmanufacturersincludingGM,Ford,Volvo,BYDAuto,JaguarLandRoverandMercedes-Benzcommittedto"worktowardsallsalesofnewcarsandvansbeingzeroemissiongloballyby2040,andbynolaterthan2035inleadingmarkets".[19][20]MajorcarmanufacturingnationsliketheUS,Germany,China,JapanandSouthKorea,aswellasVolkswagen,Toyota,Peugeot,Honda,NissanandHyundai,didnotpledge.[21] Worldmotorvehicleproduction[edit] WorldMotorVehicleProduction[22]Productionvolume(1000vehicles) 1960s:Postwarincrease 1970s:Oilcrisisandtightersafetyandemissionregulation. 1990s:productionstartedinNICs 2000s:riseofChinaasatopproducer Automotiveindustrycrisisof2008–2010to1950:USAhadproducedmorethan80%ofmotorvehicles.[23] 1950s:UK,GermanyandFrancerestartedproduction. 1960s:Japanstartedproductionandincreasedvolumethroughthe1980s. US,Japan,Germany,France,andtheUKproducedabout80%ofmotorvehiclesthroughthe1980s. 1990s:SouthKoreabecameavolumeproducer.In2004,KoreabecameNo.5passingFrance. 2000s:Chinaincreaseditsproductiondrastically,andbecametheworld'slargestproducingcountryin2009. 2010s:IndiaovertakesKorea,Canada,Spaintobecome5thlargestautomobileproducer. 2013:TheshareofChina(25.4%),India,Korea,BrazilandMexicoroseto43%,whiletheshareofUSA(12.7%),Japan,Germany,FranceandUKfellto34%. 2018:IndiaovertakesGermanytobecome4thlargestautomobileproducer. Worldmotorproduction(1997-2016) Byyear[edit] Seealso:Listofcountriesbymotorvehicleproduction Year Production Change Source 1997 54,434,000 — [24] 1998 52,987,000 2.7% [24] 1999 56,258,892 6.2% [25] 2000 58,374,162 3.8% [26] 2001 56,304,925 3.5% [27] 2002 58,994,318 4.8% [28] 2003 60,663,225 2.8% [29] 2004 64,496,220 6.3% [30] 2005 66,482,439 3.1% [31] 2006 69,222,975 4.1% [32] 2007 73,266,061 5.8% [33] 2008 70,520,493 3.7% [34] 2009 61,791,868 12.4% [35] 2010 77,857,705 26.0% [36] 2011 79,989,155 3.1% [37] 2012 84,141,209 5.3% [38] 2013 87,300,115 3.7% [39] 2014 89,747,430 2.6% [40] 2015 90,086,346 0.4% [41] 2016 94,976,569 4.5% [42] 2017 97,302,534 2.36% [43] 2018 95,634,593 1.71% [44] 2019 91,786,861 5.2% [45] 2020 77,621,582 16% [46] [47] Carexportsbycountry(2014)fromHarvardAtlasofEconomicComplexity Globalautomobileimportandexportin2011 Bycountry[edit] Mainarticle:Automotiveindustrybycountry TheOICAcountsover50countrieswhichassemble,manufactureordisseminateautomobiles.Ofthatfigure,only14countries(boldfacedinthelistbelow)currentlypossessthecapabilitytodesignoriginalproductionautomobilesfromthegroundup.[48][49] Algeria Argentina Australia(mainpage) Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh(mainpage) Belarus(mainpage) Belgium Brazil(mainpage) Bulgaria(mainpage) Canada(mainpage) China(mainpage) Colombia CzechRepublic Ecuador Egypt(mainpage) Finland France(mainpage) Ghana Germany(mainpage) Hungary(mainpage) India(mainpage) Indonesia(mainpage) Iran(mainpage) Italy(mainpage) Japan(mainpage) Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya(mainpage) Malaysia(mainpage) Mexico(mainpage) Morocco(mainpage) Netherlands Pakistan(mainpage) Philippines(mainpage) Poland(mainpage) Portugal Romania(mainpage) Russia(mainpage) Serbia(mainpage) Slovakia(mainpage) Slovenia SouthAfrica(mainpage) SouthKorea(mainpage) Spain(mainpage) Sweden(mainpage) Taiwan Thailand(mainpage) Tunisia Turkey(mainpage) Ukraine(mainpage) UnitedKingdom(mainpage) UnitedStates(mainpage) Uzbekistan(mainpage) Venezuela Vietnam(mainpage) Top20motorvehicleproducingcountries(2018) Country Motorvehicleproduction(units) China 27,809,196 UnitedStates 11,314,705 Japan 9,728,528 India 5,174,645 Germany 5,120,409 Mexico 4,100,525 SouthKorea 4,028,834 Brazil 2,879,809 Spain 2,819,565 France 2,270,000 Thailand 2,167,694 Canada 2,020,840 Russia 1,767,674 UnitedKingdom 1,604,328 Turkey 1,550,150 CzechRepublic 1,345,041 Indonesia 1,343,714 Iran 1,095,526 Slovakia 1,090,000 Italy 1,060,068 "ProductionStatistics".OICA. Bymanufacturer[edit] Seealso:Listofmanufacturersbymotorvehicleproduction Thesewerethe15largestmanufacturersbyproductionvolumein2017,accordingtoOICA.[47] Rank Group Country Vehicles 1 Toyota Japan 10,466,051 2 VolkswagenGroup Germany 10,382,334 3 Hyundai SouthKorea 7,218,391 4 GeneralMotors UnitedStates 6,856,880 5 Ford UnitedStates 6,386,818 6 Nissan Japan 5,769,277 7 Honda Japan 5,236,842 8 FiatChryslerAutomobilesa Italy/UnitedStates 4,600,847 9 Renault France 4,153,589 10 PSAGroupa France 3,649,742 11 Suzuki Japan 3,302,336 12 SAIC China 2,866,913 13 Daimler Germany 2,549,142 14 BMW Germany 2,505,741 15 Geely China 1,950,382 Otherrankings[edit] Thisisthelistofthe15largestpublicly-tradedcarmanufacturersbymarketcapitalisationasof15 May 2021[update],accordingtoCompaniesMarketCap.com.[50] Rank Group Reg.base Marketcap(USdollars) 1 Tesla UnitedStates $568.11billion 2 Toyota Japan $214.79billion 3 Volkswagen Germany $146.78billion 4 Daimler Germany $95.59billion 5 GeneralMotors UnitedStates $81.23billion 6 BMW Germany $65.82billion 7 BYD China $62.45billion 8 Stellantis Netherlands $56.70billion 9 Volvo Sweden $56.43billion 10 NIO China $54.75billion 11 Hyundai SouthKorea $52.98billion 12 Honda Japan $51.41billion 13 Ferrari Italy $49.10billion 14 Ford UnitedStates $47.26billion 15 GreatWallMotors China $37.10billion Thisisthelistofthe10largestpublicly-tradedcarmanufacturersbyRevenueasof15 May 2021[update],accordingtoCompaniesmarketcap.com[51] Top10largestmotorvehiclemanufacturersbyrevenue(2020)[52][53] Rank Group Country Revenue(USD) 1 Volkswagen Germany $260.31B 2 Toyota Japan $255.99B 3 Daimler Germany $186.66B 4 Ford UnitedStates $127.14B 5 Honda Japan $125.03B 6 GeneralMotors UnitedStates $122.84B 7 BMW Germany $119.09B 8 Stellantis(PSA-FCA) Netherlands $104.84B 9 Hyundai SouthKorea $94.40B 10 Nissan Japan $73.92B Notablecompanyrelationships[edit] Thislistisincomplete;youcanhelpbyaddingmissingitems.(December2020) Stakeholding[edit] Itiscommonforautomobilemanufacturerstoholdstakesinotherautomobilemanufacturers.Theseownershipscanbeexploredunderthedetailfortheindividualcompanies. Notablecurrentrelationshipsinclude:[citationneeded] Daihatsuholdsa25%stakeinPerodua.[54] Daimlerholdsa10.0%stakeinKAMAZ. Daimlerholdsan89.29%stakeinMitsubishiFusoTruckandBusCorporation. Daimlerholdsa3.1%intheRenault-NissanAlliance,whileRenault-NissanAllianceholdsa3.1%shareinDaimlerAG. Daimlerholdsa12%stakeinBAICGroup,whileBAICGroupholds5%stakeinDaimler.[55] Daimlerholdsan85%stakeinMasterMotors. DongfengMotorholdsa12.23%stakeanda19.94%exercisablevotingrightsinPSAGroupe. FAWGroupowns49%ofHaimaAutomobile. FCAholdsa10%stakeinFerrari. FCAholdsa67%stakeinFiatAutomobiliSrbija. FCAholds37.8%ofTofaşwithanother37.8%ownedbyKoçHolding. FiatAutomobiliSrbijaownsa54%stakeinZastavaTrucks. FiatIndustrialownsa46%stakeinZastavaTrucks. FujianMotorsGroupholdsa15%stakeinKingLong.FMG,BeijingAutomotiveGroup,ChinaMotor,andDaimlerhasajointventurecalledFujianBenz.FMG,ChinaMotor,andMitsubishiMotorshasajointventurecalledSoueast,FMGholdsa50%stake,andbothChinaMotorandMitsubishiMotorsholdsanequal25%stake. GeelyAutomobileholdsa23%stakeinTheLondonTaxiCompany. GeelyAutomobileholdsa49.9%stakeinPROTONHoldingsanda51%stakeinLotusCars.[56] GeelyHoldingGroupholdsa9.69%stakeinDaimlerAG.[57] GeelyHoldingGroupholdsan8.3%stakeanda15.9%exercisablevotingrightsinVolvo. GeneralMotorsholdsa93%stakeinGMIndiaandSAICGroupholdsa7%stake. GeneralMotorsholdsa94%stakeinGMKoreaandSAICGroupholdsa6%stake. GeneralMotorsholdsa20%stakeinIndustriesMécaniquesMaghrébines. Isuzuowns10%ofIndustriesMécaniquesMaghrébines. Mahindra&Mahindraholdsa70%stakeinSsangYongMotor. MANSEholdsa17.01%votingstakeinScania. Marcopoloowns19%ofNewFlyerIndustries. MitsubishiGroupholds20%ofMitsubishiMotors. Nissanowns34%ofMitsubishiMotorssinceOctober2016,[58]thushavingtherighttonominatethechairmanofMitsubishiMotors'boardandathirdofitsdirectors. Nissanowns43%ofNissanShatai. PorscheAutomobilHoldingSEhasa50.74%votingstakeinVolkswagenGroup.ThePorscheautomotivebusinessisfullyownedbytheVolkswagenGroup. RenaultandNissanMotorshaveanalliance(Renault-NissanAlliance)involvingtwoglobalcompanieslinkedbycross-shareholding,withRenaultholding43.4%ofNissanshares,andNissanholding15%of(non-voting)Renaultshares. Renaultholdsa25%stakeinAvtoVAZ Renaultholdsan80.1%stakeinRenaultSamsung. SAIPAholdsa51%stakeinParsKhodro. TataMotorsholdsa100%stakeinJaguarLandRover. Toyotaholdsa100%stakeinDaihatsu. Toyotaholdsa50.1%stakeinHino. Toyotaholdsa5.9%stakeinIsuzu. Toyotaholdsa5.05%stakeinMazda,whileMazdaholds0.25%stakeinToyota.[59] Toyotaholdsa16.7%stakeinSubaruCorporation,parentcompanyofSubaru. Toyotaholdsa4.94%stakeinSuzuki,whileSuzukiholds0.2%stakeinToyota.[60] VolkswagenGroupholdsa99.55%stakeintheAudiGroup. VolkswagenGroupholdsa37.73%stakeinScania(68.6%votingrights),a53.7%stakeinMANSE(55.9%votingrights),VolkswagenisintegratingScania,MANanditsowntruckdivisionintoonedivision. Paccarhasa19%stakeinTatra. ZAPholdsa51%stakeinZhejiangJonway. Jointventures[edit] Chinajointventure[edit] BeijingAutomotiveGrouphasajointventurewithDaimlercalledBeijingBenz,bothcompaniesholda50-50%stake.bothcompaniesalsohaveajointventurecalledBeijingFotonDaimlerAutomobile. BeijingAutomotiveGroupalsohasajointventurewithHyundaicalledBeijingHyundai,bothcompaniesholda50-50%stake. BMWandBrilliancehaveajointventurecalledBMWBrilliance.BMWownsa50%stake,Brillianceownsa40.5%stake,andtheShenyangmunicipalgovernmentownsa9.5%stake. ChanganAutomobilehasajointventurewithGroupePSA(ChanganPSA),bothholda50-50%stake. ChanganAutomobilehasajointventurewithSuzuki(ChanganSuzuki),bothholda50-50%stake. ChanganAutomobilehasa50-50%jointventurewithMazda(ChanganMazda). ChanganAutomobileandFordhavea50-50%jointventurecalledChanganFord. ChanganAutomobileandJMCGhaveajointventurecalledJianglingMotorHolding. CheryhasajointventurewithJaguarLandRovercalledCheryJaguarLandRover,bothcompaniesholda50-50%stake.[61] CheryandIsraelCorporationhasajointventurecalledQoros,bothcompaniesholda50-50%stake. DongfengMotorandNissanhavea50-50%jointventurecalledDongfengMotorCompany. DongfengMotorandPSAGrouphavea50-50%jointventurecalledDongfengPeugeot-Citroën. DongfengMotorhasa50-50%jointventurewithHondacalledDongfengHonda. DongfengMotorhasajointventurewithABVolvocalledDongfengNissan-Diesel. DongfengMotorhasa50-50%jointventurewithRenaultnamedDongfengRenaultinWuhan,whichwasfoundedintheendof2013 FAWGroupandGeneralMotorshasa50-50jointventurecalledFAW-GM. FAWGrouphasa50-50jointventurewithVolkswagenGroupcalledFAW-Volkswagen. FAWGrouphasa50-50jointventurewithToyotacalledSichuanFAWToyotaMotorandbothcompaniesalsohaveanotherjointventurecalledRanz. GeneralMotorsandSAICMotor,bothhavetwojointventuresinSAIC-GMandSAIC-GM-Wuling. OutsideChina[edit] DaimlerAGandBYDAutohaveajointventurecalledDenza,bothcompaniesholda50-50%stake. DaimlerAGandGeelyHoldingGrouphaveajointventurecalledsmartAutomobile,bothcompaniesholda50-50%stake.[62] FordandNavistarInternationalhavea50-50jointventurecalledBlueDiamondTruck. FordandSollersJSChavea50-50jointventurecalledFordSollers. FordandKoçHoldinghavea50-50jointventurecalledFordOtosan. FordandLioHoGrouphaveajointventurecalledFordLioHo,Fordowns70%andLioHoGroupowns30%. GeneralMotorsandUzAvtosanoathaveajointventurecalledGMUzbekistan,UzAvtosanoatowns75%andGeneralMotorsowns25%. GeneralMotors,AvtoVAZ,andEBRDhaveajointventurecalledGM-AvtoVAZ,BothGMandAvtoVAZowns41.61%andEBRDowns16.76%. HyundaiMotorCompanyandKibarHoldinghasajointventurecalledHyundaiAssanOtomotiv,Hyundaiowns70%andKibarHoldingowns30%. IsuzuandAnadoluGrouphavea50-50%jointventurecalledAnadoluIsuzu. IsuzuandGeneralMotorshasa50-50%jointventurecalledIsuzuTruckSouthAfrica. Isuzu,SollersJSC,andImperialSojitzhaveajointventurecalledSollers-Isuzu,SollersJSCowns66%,Isuzuowns29%,andImperialSojitzowns5%. Mahindra&MahindraandNavistarInternationalhaveajointventurecalledMahindraTrucksandBusesLimited.Mahindra&Mahindraowns51%andNavistarInternationalowns49%. MANSEandUzAvtosanoathaveajointventurecalledMANAuto-Uzbekistan,UzAvtosanoatowns51%andMANSEowns49%. NavistarInternationalandJAChasajointventurecalledAnhuiJianghuaiNavistar. PSAandToyotahavea50-50%jointventurecalledToyotaPeugeotCitroënAutomobileCzech. PSAandCKBirlaGroup(AVTEC)havea50-50%jointventurecalledPSAAVTECPowertrainPvt.Ltd. SollersJSCisinvolvedinjointventureswithFord(FordSollers)andMazdatoproducecars. TataMotorsalsoformedajointventureinIndiawithFiatandgainedaccesstoFiat'sdieselenginetechnology. TataMotorsandMarcopolohaveajointventurecalledTataMarcopolo,whereTataowns51%andMarcopoloowns49%. VolvoGroupandEicherMotorshasa50-50%jointventurecalledVECommercialVehicles. Seealso[edit] AllianceofAutomobileManufacturers Automotiveindustrybycountry Automotiveindustrycrisisof2008–2010 AutomotiveindustryintheUnitedStates BigThree(automobilemanufacturers) Effectsofthe2008–10automotiveindustrycrisisontheUnitedStates Listofcountriesbymotorvehicleproduction Motocycle Listoflargestautomotivecompaniesbyrevenue Notes[edit] ^aThesefigureswerebeforethemergerofbothFiatChryslerAutomobiles andGroupePSA;thelatterofwhichhasmergedintoStellantisasofJanuary2021. 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Furtherreading[edit] Ajitha,P.V.,andAnkitaNagra."AnOverviewofArtificialIntelligenceinAutomobileIndustry–ACaseStudyonTeslaCars."SolidStateTechnology64.2(2021):503-512.online Banerjee,PreetaM.,andMicaelaPreskill."Theroleofgovernmentinshiftingfirminnovationfocusintheautomobileindustry"inEntrepreneurship,InnovationandSustainability(Routledge,2017)pp.108-129. Bohnsack,René,etal."Drivingtheelectricbandwagon:Thedynamicsofincumbents'sustainableinnovation."BusinessStrategyandtheEnvironment29.2(2020):727-743online. Bungsche,Holger."Regionaleconomicintegrationandtheautomobileindustry:automobilepolicies,divisionoflabour,productionnetworkformationandmarketdevelopmentintheEUandASEAN."InternationalJournalofAutomotiveTechnologyandManagement18.4(2018):345-370. Chen,Yuan,C-Y.CynthiaLinLawell,andYunshiWang."TheChineseautomobileindustryandgovernmentpolicy."ResearchinTransportationEconomics84(2020):100849.online Clark,KimB.,etal."Productdevelopmentintheworldautoindustry."BrookingsPapersoneconomicactivity1987.3(1987):729-781.online Guzik,Robert,BolesławDomański,andKrzysztofGwosdz."AutomotiveindustrydynamicsinCentralEurope."inNewFrontiersoftheAutomobileIndustry(PalgraveMacmillan,Cham,2020)pp.377-397. Imran,Muhammad,andJawadAbbas."TheroleofstrategicorientationinexportperformanceofChinaautomobileindustry."inHandbookofResearchonManagerialPracticesandDisruptiveInnovationinAsia(2020):249-263. Jetin,Bruno."Whowillcontroltheelectricvehiclemarket?"InternationalJournalofAutomotiveTechnologyandManagement20.2(2020):156-177.online Kawahara,Akira.Theoriginofcompetitivestrength:fiftyyearsoftheautoindustryinJapanandtheUS(SpringerScience&BusinessMedia,2012). Kuboniwa,Masaaki."PresentandfutureproblemsofdevelopmentsoftheRussianauto-industry."RRCWorkingPaperSeries15(2009):1-12.online Lee,Euna,andJaiS.Mah."Industrialpolicyandthedevelopmentoftheelectricvehiclesindustry:ThecaseofKorea."Journaloftechnologymanagement&innovation15.4(2020):71-80.online Link,StefanJ.ForgingGlobalFordism:NaziGermany,SovietRussia,andtheContestovertheIndustrialOrder(2020)excerpt;influentialoverview Liu,Shiyong."CompetitionandValuation:ACaseStudyofTeslaMotors."IOPConferenceSeries:EarthandEnvironmentalScience.Vol.692.No.2.(IOPPublishing,2021)online Miglani,Smita."ThegrowthoftheIndianautomobileindustry:Analysisoftherolesofgovernmentpolicyandotherenablingfactors."inInnovation,economicdevelopment,andintellectualpropertyinIndiaandChina(Springer,Singapore,2019)pp.439-463. Qin,Yujie,YuqingXiao,andJiaweiYuan."TheComprehensiveCompetitivenessofTeslaBasedonFinancialAnalysis:ACaseStudy."in2021InternationalConferenceonFinancialManagementandEconomicTransition(FMET2021).(AtlantisPress,2021).online Rawlinson,Michael,andPeterWells.ThenewEuropeanautomobileindustry(Springer,2016). Rubenstein,JamesM.ThechangingUSautoindustry:ageographicalanalysis(Routledge,2002). Seo,Dae-Sung."EVEnergyConvergencePlanforReshapingtheEuropeanAutomobileIndustryAccordingtotheGreenDealPolicy."JournalofConvergenceforInformationTechnology11.6(2021):40-48.online Shigeta,Naoya,andSeyedEhsanHosseini."SustainableDevelopmentoftheAutomobileIndustryintheUnitedStates,Europe,andJapanwithSpecialFocusontheVehicles’PowerSources."Energies14.1(2021):78+online Ueno,Hiroya,andHiromichiMuto."TheautomobileindustryofJapan."onIndustryandBusinessinJapan(Routledge,2017)pp.139-190. Verma,Shrey,GauravDwivedi,andPuneetVerma."Lifecycleassessmentofelectricvehiclesincomparisontocombustionenginevehicles:Areview."MaterialsToday:Proceedings(2021)online. Vošta,M.I.L.A.N.,andA.L.E.Š.Kocourek."CompetitivenessoftheEuropeanautomobileindustryintheglobalcontext."PoliticsinCentralEurope13.1(2017):69-89.online Zhu,Xiaoxi,etal."Promotingnewenergyvehiclesconsumption:TheeffectofimplementingcarbonregulationonautomobileindustryinChina."Computers&IndustrialEngineering135(2019):211-226.online Externallinks[edit] LookupautomotiveindustryinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. 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