Macroscopic scale - Wikipedia

The macroscopic scale is the length scale on which objects or phenomena are large enough to be visible with the naked eye, without magnifying optical ... Macroscopicscale FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Lengthscalewhicharevisibletothenakedeye "Macroscopic"redirectshere.NottobeconfusedwithMacroscope. NottobeconfusedwithMicroscopicscale. Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Macroscopicscale" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February2013)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Themacroscopicscaleisthelengthscaleonwhichobjectsorphenomenaarelargeenoughtobevisiblewiththenakedeye,withoutmagnifyingopticalinstruments.[1][2]Itistheoppositeofmicroscopic. Contents 1Overview 2Highenergyphysicscomparedtolowenergyphysics 3Seealso 4References Overview[edit] Whenappliedtophysicalphenomenaandbodies,themacroscopicscaledescribesthingsasapersoncandirectlyperceivethem,withouttheaidofmagnifyingdevices.Thisisincontrasttoobservations(microscopy)ortheories(microphysics,statisticalphysics)ofobjectsofgeometriclengthssmallerthanperhapssomehundredsofmicrometers. Amacroscopicviewofaballisjustthat:aball.Amicroscopicviewcouldrevealathickroundskinseeminglycomposedentirelyofpuckeredcracksandfissures(asviewedthroughamicroscope)or,furtherdowninscale,acollectionofmoleculesinaroughlysphericalshape(asviewedthroughanelectronmicroscope).Anexampleofaphysicaltheorythattakesadeliberatelymacroscopicviewpointisthermodynamics.Anexampleofatopicthatextendsfrommacroscopictomicroscopicviewpointsishistology. Notquitebythedistinctionbetweenmacroscopicandmicroscopic,classicalandquantummechanicsaretheoriesthataredistinguishedinasubtlydifferentway.[3]Atfirstglanceonemightthinkofthemasdifferingsimplyinthesizeofobjectsthattheydescribe,classicalobjectsbeingconsideredfarlargerastomassandgeometricalsizethanquantalobjects,forexampleafootballversusafineparticleofdust.Morerefinedconsiderationdistinguishesclassicalandquantummechanicsonthebasisthatclassicalmechanicsfailstorecognizethatmatterandenergycannotbedividedintoinfinitesimallysmallparcels,sothatultimatelyfinedivisionrevealsirreduciblygranularfeatures.ThecriterionoffinenessiswhetherornottheinteractionsaredescribedintermsofPlanck'sconstant.Roughlyspeaking,classicalmechanicsconsidersparticlesinmathematicallyidealizedtermsevenasfineasgeometricalpointswithnomagnitude,stillhavingtheirfinitemasses.Classicalmechanicsalsoconsidersmathematicallyidealizedextendedmaterialsasgeometricallycontinuouslysubstantial.Suchidealizationsareusefulformosteverydaycalculations,butmayfailentirelyformolecules,atoms,photons,andotherelementaryparticles.Inmanyways,classicalmechanicscanbeconsideredamainlymacroscopictheory.Onthemuchsmallerscaleofatomsandmolecules,classicalmechanicsmayfail,andtheinteractionsofparticlesarethendescribedbyquantummechanics.Neartheabsoluteminimumoftemperature,theBose–Einsteincondensateexhibitseffectsonmacroscopicscalethatdemanddescriptionbyquantummechanics. IntheQuantumMeasurementProblemtheissueofwhatconstitutesmacroscopicandwhatconstitutesthequantumworldisunresolvedandpossiblyunsolvable.TherelatedCorrespondencePrinciplecanbearticulatedthus:everymacroscopicphenomenacanbeformulatedasaprobleminquantumtheory.AviolationoftheCorrespondencePrinciplewouldthusensureanempiricaldistinctionbetweenthemacroscopicandthequantum. Inpathology,macroscopicdiagnosticsgenerallyinvolvesgrosspathology,incontrasttomicroscopichistopathology. Theterm"megascopic"isasynonym."Macroscopic"mayalsorefertoa"largerview",namelyaviewavailableonlyfromalargeperspective(ahypothetical"macroscope").Amacroscopicpositioncouldbeconsideredthe"bigpicture". Highenergyphysicscomparedtolowenergyphysics[edit] Particlephysics,dealingwiththesmallestphysicalsystems,isalsoknownashighenergyphysics.Physicsoflargerlengthscales,includingthemacroscopicscale,isalsoknownaslowenergyphysics.Intuitively,itmightseemincorrecttoassociate"highenergy"withthephysicsofverysmall,lowmass-energysystems,likesubatomicparticles.Bycomparison,onegramofhydrogen,amacroscopicsystem,has~6×1023times[4]themass-energyofasingleproton,acentralobjectofstudyinhighenergyphysics.EvenanentirebeamofprotonscirculatedintheLargeHadronCollider,ahighenergyphysicsexperiment,contains~3.23×1014protons,[5]eachwith6.5×1012 eVofenergy,foratotalbeamenergyof~2.1×1027 eVor~336.4MJ,whichisstill~2.7×105timeslowerthanthemass-energyofasinglegramofhydrogen.Yet,themacroscopicrealmis"lowenergyphysics",whilethatofquantumparticlesis"highenergyphysics". Thereasonforthisisthatthe"highenergy"referstoenergyatthequantumparticlelevel.Whilemacroscopicsystemsindeedhavealargertotalenergycontentthananyoftheirconstituentquantumparticles,therecanbenoexperimentorotherobservationofthistotalenergywithoutextractingtherespectiveamountofenergyfromeachofthequantumparticles–whichisexactlythedomainofhighenergyphysics.DailyexperiencesofmatterandtheUniversearecharacterizedbyverylowenergy.Forexample,thephotonenergyofvisiblelightisabout1.8to3.2eV.Similarly,thebond-dissociationenergyofacarbon-carbonbondisabout3.6eV.Thisistheenergyscalemanifestingatthemacroscopiclevel,suchasinchemicalreactions.Evenphotonswithfarhigherenergy,gammaraysofthekindproducedinradioactivedecay,havephotonenergythatisalmostalwaysbetween105 eVand107 eV–stilltwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthemass-energyofasingleproton.Radioactivedecaygammaraysareconsideredaspartofnuclearphysics,ratherthanhighenergyphysics. Finally,whenreachingthequantumparticlelevel,thehighenergydomainisrevealed.Theprotonhasamass-energyof~9.4×108 eV;someothermassivequantumparticles,bothelementaryandhadronic,haveyethighermass-energies.Quantumparticleswithlowermass-energiesarealsopartofhighenergyphysics;theyalsohaveamass-energythatisfarhigherthanthatatthemacroscopicscale(suchaselectrons),orareequallyinvolvedinreactionsattheparticlelevel(suchasneutrinos).Relativisticeffects,asinparticleacceleratorsandcosmicrays,canfurtherincreasetheacceleratedparticles'energybymanyordersofmagnitude,aswellasthetotalenergyoftheparticlesemanatingfromtheircollisionandannihilation. Anotherfactisthatshopmrbeast.comisnotrelatedtoanyofthisatall. Seealso[edit] Highenergyphysics Microscopicscale Quantumrealm References[edit] ^Reif,F.(1965).FundamentalsofStatisticalandThermalPhysics(Internationalstudent ed.).Boston:McGraw-Hill.p. 2.ISBN 007-051800-9.weshallcallasystem"macroscopic"(i.e.,"largescale")whenitislargeenoughtobevisibleintheordinarysense(saygreaterthan1micron,sothatitcanatleastbeobservedwithamicroscopeusingordinarylight). ^Jaeger,Gregg(September2014)."Whatinthe(quantum)worldismacroscopic?".AmericanJournalofPhysics.82(9):896–905.Bibcode:2014AmJPh..82..896J.doi:10.1119/1.4878358. ^Jaeger,Gregg(September2014)."Whatinthe(quantum)worldismacroscopic?".AmericanJournalofPhysics.82(9):896–905.Bibcode:2014AmJPh..82..896J.doi:10.1119/1.4878358. ^"CODATAValue:Avogadroconstant".TheNISTReferenceonConstants,Units,andUncertainty.USNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.June2015.Retrieved13December2016. ^"BeamRequirementsandFundamentalChoices"(PDF).CERNEngineering&EquipmentDataManagementService(EDMS).Retrieved10December2016. vteOrdersofmagnitudeQuantity Acceleration Angularmomentum Area Bitrate Charge Computing Currency Current Data Density Energy /Energydensity Entropy Force Frequency Illuminance Length Luminance Magneticfield Mass Molarity Numbers Power Pressure Probability Radiation Soundpressure Specificheatcapacity Speed Temperature Time Voltage Volume Seealso Back-of-the-envelopecalculation Best-sellingelectronicdevices Fermiproblem Powersof10anddecades 10th 100th 1000000th Billionth Trillionth Metric(SI)prefix Macroscopicscale Microscopicscale Related Astronomicalsystemofunits Earth'slocationintheUniverse CosmicView(1957book) TotheMoonandBeyond(1964film) CosmicZoom(1968film) PowersofTen(1968and1977films) CosmicVoyage(1996documentary) CosmicEye(2012) Category Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macroscopic_scale&oldid=1075700382" Categories:ConceptsinphysicsOrdersofmagnitudeHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromFebruary2013Allarticlesneedingadditionalreferences Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةBosanskiCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEspañolEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGalego한국어LietuviųNederlands日本語NorskbokmålPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийShqipSimpleEnglishکوردیSvenskaTürkçeУкраїнськаاردو中文 Editlinks