Friendship - Wikipedia

Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people. ... It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an acquaintance or an association, such as a ... Friendship FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Mutualaffectionbetweenpeople "Friend"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeFriend(disambiguation),Friends(disambiguation),andFriendship(disambiguation). "Friendliness"redirectshere.Forthealbum,seeFriendliness(album). FriendshipbyPetronaViera(1895–1960) PartofaseriesonLove Typesoflove Affection Bonding Brokenheart Compassionatelove Conjugallove Courtlylove courtship troubadours Fallinginlove Friendship cross-sex romantic zone Interpersonalrelationship Intimacy Limerence Loveaddiction Loveatfirstsight Lovetriangle Lovesickness Lovestruck Obsessivelove Passion Platoniclove Puppylove Relationship Romance Self-love Amourdesoi Unconditionallove Unrequitedlove Socialviews Anarchist Freelove Chinese Ren Yuanfen French Amour-propre Greek wordsforlove Agape Eros Ludus Mania Philautia Philia Philos Pragma Storge Xenia Indian Kama Bhakti Maitrī Islamic Ishq Jewish Chesed Latin Amore Charity Portuguese Saudade Yaghan Mamihlapinatapai Concepts Colorwheeltheoryoflove Biologicalbasis Loveletter Lovemagic Valentine'sDay Philosophy Religiousviews lovedeities Mere-exposureeffect Similarity Physicalattractiveness Triangulartheoryoflove vte Friendshipisarelationshipofmutualaffectionbetweenpeople.[1]Itisastrongerformofinterpersonalbondthananacquaintanceoranassociation,suchasaclassmate,neighbor,orcolleague.Insomecultures,theconceptoffriendshipisrestrictedtoasmallnumberofverydeeprelationships;inothers,suchastheUSandCanada,apersoncouldhavemanyfriends,plusperhapsamoreintenserelationshipwithoneortwopeople,whomaybecalledbestfriends. Friendshiphasbeenstudiedinacademicfields,suchascommunication,sociology,socialpsychology,anthropology,andphilosophy.Variousacademictheoriesoffriendshiphavebeenproposed,includingsocialexchangetheory,equitytheory,relationaldialectics,andattachmentstyles. Althoughtherearemanyformsoffriendship,someofwhichmayvaryfromplacetoplace,certaincharacteristicsarepresentinmanysuchbonds.Suchfeaturesincludechoosingtobewithoneanother,enjoyingtimespenttogether,andbeingabletoengageinapositiveandsupportiveroletooneanother.[2] Contents 1Developmentalpsychology 1.1Childhood 1.2Adolescence 1.3Adulthood 1.4Olderadults 2Developmentalissues 2.1Attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder 2.2Autism 2.3Downsyndrome 3Health 3.1Mentalhealth 4Dissolution 5Demographics 5.1Genderdifferences 5.2Culture 6Interspecies 7Seealso 8Notes 9References 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks Developmentalpsychology Childhood Childhoodfriends Theunderstandingoffriendshipinchildrentendstobemoreheavilyfocusedonareassuchascommonactivities,physicalproximity,andsharedexpectations.[3]: 498 [a]Thesefriendshipsprovideopportunityforplayingandpracticingself-regulation.[4]: 246 Mostchildrentendtodescribefriendshipintermsofthingslikesharing,andchildrenaremorelikelytosharewithsomeonetheyconsidertobeafriend.[4]: 246 [5][6]Aschildrenmature,theybecomelessindividualizedandaremoreawareofothers.Theygaintheabilitytoempathizewiththeirfriends,andenjoyplayingingroups.Theyalsoexperiencepeerrejectionastheymovethroughthemiddlechildhoodyears.Establishinggoodfriendshipsatayoungagehelpsachildtobebetteracclimatedinsocietylateronintheirlife.[5] Baseduponthereportsofteachersandmothers,75%ofpreschoolchildrenhadatleastonefriend.Thisfigureroseto78%throughthefifthgrade,asmeasuredbyco-nominationasfriends,and55%hadamutualbestfriend.[4]: 247 About15%ofchildrenwerefoundtobechronicallyfriendless,reportingperiodswithoutmutualfriendsatleastsixmonths.[4]: 250  Potentialbenefitsoffriendshipincludetheopportunitytolearnaboutempathyandproblemsolving.[7] Coachingfromparentscanbeusefulinhelpingchildrentomakefriends.EileenKennedy-Mooredescribesthreekeyingredientsofchildren'sfriendshipformation:(1)openness,(2)similarity,and(3)sharedfun.[8][9][10]Parentscanalsohelpchildrenunderstandsocialguidelinestheyhaven'tlearnedontheirown.[11]DrawingfromresearchbyRobertSelman[12]andothers,Kennedy-Mooreoutlinesdevelopmentalstagesinchildren'sfriendship,reflectinganincreasingcapacitytounderstandothers'perspectives:"IWantItMyWay","What'sInItForMe?","BytheRules","CaringandSharing",and"FriendsThroughThickandThin."[13] Adolescence TwofriendsinBhutan Inadolescence,friendshipsbecome"moregiving,sharing,frank,supportive,andspontaneous."Adolescentstendtoseekoutpeerswhocanprovidesuchqualitiesinareciprocalrelationship,andtoavoidpeerswhoseproblematicbehaviorsuggesttheymaynotbeabletosatisfytheseneeds.[14]Personalcharacteristicsanddispositionsarealsofeaturessoughtbyadolescents,whenchoosingwhomtobeginafriendshipwith.[15]Relationshipsbegintomaintainafocusonsharedvalues,loyalty,andcommoninterests,ratherthanphysicalconcernslikeproximityandaccesstoplaythingsthatmorecharacterizechildhood.[4]: 246  AstudyperformedattheUniversityofTexasatAustinexaminedover9,000Americanadolescentstodeterminehowtheirengagementinproblematicbehavior(suchasstealing,fighting,andtruancy)wasrelatedtotheirfriendships.Findingsindicatedthatadolescentswerelesslikelytoengageinproblembehaviorwhentheirfriendsdidwellinschool,participatedinschoolactivities,avoideddrinking,andhadgoodmentalhealth.Theoppositewasfoundregardingadolescentswhodidengageinproblematicbehavior.Whetheradolescentswereinfluencedbytheirfriendstoengageinproblembehaviordependedonhowmuchtheywereexposedtothosefriends,andwhethertheyandtheirfriendshipgroups"fitin"atschool.[16] AstudybyresearchersfromPurdueUniversityfoundthatfriendshipsformedduringpost-secondaryeducationlastlongerthanfriendshipsformedearlier.[17]Inlateadolescencecross-racialfriendshipstendtobeuncommon,likelyduetoprejudiceandculturaldifferences.[15] Adulthood Friendshipsinadulthood FreundschaftzwischenJonathanundDavidbyJuliusSchnorrvonKarolsfeld(1860),whichtranslatesinEnglishasFriendshipbetweenJonathanandDavid Twofriendsbeforeposingforapicture. Friendshipinadulthoodprovidescompanionship,affection,aswellasemotionalsupport,andcontributespositivelytomentalwell-beingandimprovedphysicalhealth.[18]: 426  Adultsmayfinditparticularlydifficulttomaintainmeaningfulfriendshipsintheworkplace."Theworkplacecancracklewithcompetition,sopeoplelearntohidevulnerabilitiesandquirksfromcolleagues.Workfriendshipsoftentakeonatransactionalfeel;itisdifficulttosaywherenetworkingendsandrealfriendshipbegins."[19]Mostadultsvaluethefinancialsecurityoftheirjobsmorethanfriendshipwithcoworkers.[20] Themajorityofadultshaveanaverageoftwoclosefriends.[21]Numerousstudieswithadultssuggestthatfriendshipsandothersupportiverelationshipsdoenhanceself-esteem.[22] Olderadults Olderadultscontinuetoreporthighlevelsofpersonalsatisfactionintheirfriendshipsastheyage,evenastheoverallnumberoffriendstendstodecline.Thissatisfactionisassociatedwithanincreasedabilitytoaccomplishactivitiesofdailyliving,aswellasareduceddeclineincognitiveabilities,decreasedinstancesofhospitalization,andbetteroutcomesrelatedtorehabilitation.[18]: 427 Theoverallnumberofreportedfriendsinlaterlifemaybemediatedbyincreasedlucidity,betterspeechandvision,andmaritalstatus.[23]: 53 AdeclineinthenumberoffriendsanindividualhasastheybecomeolderhasbeenexplainedbyCarstensen'sSocioemotionalSelectivityTheory,whichdescribesachangeinmotivationthatadultsexperiencewhensocializing.Thetheorystatesthatanincreaseinageischaracterizedbyashiftfrominformation-gatheringtoemotionalregulation;inordertomaintainpositiveemotions,olderadultsrestricttheirsocialgroupstothosewhomtheyshareanemotionalbond.[24] Asonereviewphrasedit: Researchwithinthepastfourdecadeshasnowconsistentlyfoundthatolderadultsreportingthehighestlevelsofhappinessandgeneralwellbeingalsoreportstrong,closetiestonumerousfriends.[25] Asfamilyresponsibilitiesandvocationalpressureslessen,friendshipsbecomemoreimportant.Amongtheelderly,friendshipscanprovidelinkstothelargercommunity,serveasaprotectivefactoragainstdepressionandloneliness,andcompensateforpotentiallossesinsocialsupportpreviouslygivenbyfamilymembers.[26]: 32–33 Especiallyforpeoplewhocannotgooutasoften,interactionswithfriendsallowforcontinuedsocietalinteraction.Additionally,olderadultsindeclininghealthwhoremainincontactwithfriendsshowimprovedpsychologicalwell-being.[27] Developmentalissues Attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder Childrenwithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(ADHD)mayhavedifficultyformingandmaintainingfriendships,duetoalimitedabilitytobuildsocialskillsthroughobservationallearning,difficultiesattendingtosocialcues,andbecauseofthesocialimpactsofimpulsivebehaviorandagreatertendencytoengageinbehaviorthatmaybeseenasdisruptivebytheirpeers.[28][29]Ina2007review,notreatmentwasidentifiedwhicheffectivelyaddresspeerfunctioninginchildrenwithADHD,andtreatmentswhichaddressedotheraspectsofthedisorderwerenotfoundtoeliminateissuesrelatedtopeerfunctioning.[28] Autism Certainsymptomsofautismspectrumdisorderscaninterferewiththeformationofinterpersonalrelations,suchasapreferenceforroutineactions,resistancetochange,obsessionwithparticularinterestsorrituals,andalackofsocialskills.Autisticchildrenhavebeenfoundtobemorelikelytobeclosefriendsofoneperson,ratherthanhavinggroupsoffriends.Additionally,theyaremorelikelytobeclosefriendsofotherchildrenwithsomesortofadisability.[30]Asenseofparentalattachmentaidsinthequalityoffriendshipsinchildrenwithautismspectrumdisorders;asenseofattachmentwithone'sparentscompensatesforalackofsocialskillsthatwouldusuallyinhibitfriendships.[31] AstudydonebyFrankeletal.showedthatparentalinterventionandinstructionplaysanimportantroleinsuchchildrendevelopingfriendships.[32]Alongwithparentalintervention,schoolprofessionalsplayanimportantroleinteachingsocialskillsandpeerinteraction.Paraprofessionals,specificallyone-on-oneaidesandclassroomaides,areoftenplacedwithchildrenwithautismspectrumdisordersinordertofacilitatefriendshipsandguidethechildinmakingandmaintainingsubstantialfriendships.[33] Althoughlessonsandtrainingmayhelppeersofchildrenwithautism,bullyingisstillamajorconcerninsocialsituations.AccordingtoAnahadO'ConnorofTheNewYorkTimes,bullyingismostlikelytooccuragainstchildrenwithautismspectrumdisorderswhohavethemostpotentialtoliveindependently.Suchchildrenaremoreatriskbecausetheyhaveasmanyoftheritualsandlackofsocialskillsaschildrenwhoaremorevisiblyautistic,buttheyaremorelikelytobemainstreamedinschool.Autisticchildrenhavemoredifficultyattendingtosocialcues,andsomaynotalwaysrecognizewhentheyarebeingbullied.[34] Downsyndrome ChildrenwithDownsyndromehaveincreaseddifficultyformingfriendships.Theyexperiencealanguagedelaycausingthemtohaveahardertimeplayingwithotherchildren.MostchildrenwithDownsyndromemayprefertowatchotherstudentsandplayalongsideafriendbutnotwiththem,mostlybecausetheyunderstandmorethantheycanoutwardlyexpress.Inpreschoolyears,childrenwithDownsyndromecanbenefitfromtheclassroomsetting,surroundedbyotherchildrenandlessdependentonadultaid.Childrenwiththisdisabilitybenefitfromavarietyofinteractionswithbothadultsandchildren.Atschool,ensuringaninclusiveenvironmentintheclassroomcanbedifficult,butproximitytoclosefriendscanbecrucialforsocialdevelopment.[35][36] Health Studieshavefoundthatstrongsocialsupportsimproveaperson'sprospectsforgoodhealthandlongevity.Conversely,lonelinessandalackofsocialsupportshavebeenlinkedtoanincreasedriskofheartdisease,viralinfections,andcancer,aswellashighermortalityratesoverall.Tworesearchershaveeventermedfriendshipnetworksa"behavioralvaccine"thatboostsbothphysicalandmentalhealth.[37] Thereisalargebodyofresearchlinkingfriendshipandhealth,buttheprecisereasonsfortheconnectionremainunclear.Mostofthestudiesinthisareaarelargeprospectivestudiesthatfollowpeopleovertime,andwhiletheremaybeacorrelationbetweenthetwovariables(friendshipandhealthstatus),researchersstilldonotknowifthereisacauseandeffectrelationship,suchasthenotionthatgoodfriendshipsactuallyimprovehealth.Anumberoftheorieshaveattemptedtoexplainthislink.Thesetheorieshaveincludedthatgoodfriendsencouragetheirfriendstoleadmorehealthylifestyles;thatgoodfriendsencouragetheirfriendstoseekhelpandaccessserviceswhenneeded;thatgoodfriendsenhancetheirfriends'copingskillsindealingwithillnessandotherhealthproblems;andthatgoodfriendsactuallyaffectphysiologicalpathwaysthatareprotectiveofhealth.[38] Mentalhealth Thelackoffriendshiphasbeenfoundtoplayaroleinincreasingriskofsuicidalideationamongfemaleadolescents,includinghavingmorefriendswhowerenotthemselvesfriendswithoneanother.However,nosimilareffectwasobservedformales.[39][40]Havingfewornofriendsisamajorindicatorinthediagnosisofarangeofmentaldisorders.[14] Higherfriendshipqualitydirectlycontributestoself-esteem,self-confidence,andsocialdevelopment.[22]AWorldHappinessDatabasestudyfoundthatpeoplewithclosefriendshipsarehappier,althoughtheabsolutenumberoffriendsdidnotincreasehappiness.[41]Otherstudieshavesuggestedthatchildrenwhohavefriendshipsofahighqualitymaybeprotectedagainstthedevelopmentofcertaindisorders,suchasanxietyanddepression.[42][43]Conversely,havingfewfriendsisassociatedwithdroppingoutofschool,aswellasaggression,andadultcrime.[3]: 500 Peerrejectionisalsoassociatedwithlowerlateraspirationintheworkforce,andparticipationinsocialactivities,whilehigherlevelsoffriendshipwasassociatedwithhigheradultself-esteem.[3]: 500–01  Dissolution Thedissolutionofafriendshipmaybeviewedasapersonalrejection,ormaybetheresultofnaturalchangesovertime,asfriendsgrowmoredistantbothphysicallyandemotionally.Thedisruptionoffriendshipshasbeenassociatedwithincreasedguilt,angeranddepression,andmaybehighlystressfulevents,especiallyinchildhood.However,potentialnegativeeffectscanbemitigatedifthedissolutionofafriendshipisreplacedwithanothercloserelationship.[4]: 248  Demographics Friendstendtobemoresimilartooneanotherintermsofage,gender,behavior,substanceabuse,personaldisposition,andacademicperformance.[4]: 248 [18]: 426 [25]: 55–56 Inethnicallydiversecountries,thereisbroadevidencethatchildrenandadolescentstendtoformfriendshipswithothersofthesameraceorethnicity,beginninginpreschool,andpeakinginmiddleorlatechildhood.[4]: 264  Genderdifferences ThissectionmayneedtoberewrittentocomplywithWikipedia'squalitystandards.Youcanhelp.Thetalkpagemaycontainsuggestions.(December2020) Ingeneral,female-femalefriendshipinteractionsamongchildrentendtofocusoninterpersonalconnectionsandmutualsupport.Incontrast,male-maleinteractiontendstobemorefocusedonsocialstatus.Asaresult,theymayactivelydiscouragetheexpressionofemotionalneeds.[44]: 320–02  Femalesreportmoreanxiety,jealousy,andrelationalvictimizationandlessstabilityrelatedtotheirfriendships.Males,ontheotherhand,reporthigherlevelsofphysicalvictimization.Nevertheless,malesandfemalestendtoreportrelativesatisfactionlevelswiththeirfriendships.[4]: 249–50  Womentendtobemoreexpressiveandintimateintheirsame-sexfriendshipsandhaveasmallerrangeoffriends.[15]Malesaremorelikelytodefineintimacyintermsofsharedphysicalexperiences.Incontrast,femalesaremorelikelytodefineitinsharedemotionalones.Malesarelesslikelytomakeemotionalorpersonaldisclosurestoothermalesbecausetheycouldusethisinformationagainstthem.However,theywilldisclosethisinformationtofemales(astheyarenotincompetitionwiththem),andmalestendtoregardfriendshipswithfemalesasmoremeaningful,intimate,andpleasant.Male-malefriendshipsaregenerallymorelikealliances,whilefemale-femalefriendshipsaremuchmoreattachment-based.Asaresult,thisalsomeansthattheendofmale-malefriendshipstendstobelessemotionallyupsettingthanthatoffemale-femalefriendships.[45][46] Womentendtobemoresociallyadeptthantheirmalepeersamongolderadults.Asaresult,manyoldermenmayrelyuponafemalecompanion,suchasaspouse,tocompensatefortheircomparativelackofsocialskills.[25]: 55 OnestudyfoundthatwomeninEuropeandNorthAmericawereslightlymorelikelythanmentoself-reporthavingabestfriend.[47] Culture Whichrelationshipscountastruefriendships,ratherthanasanacquaintanceoraco-worker,variesbyculture.InEnglish-speakingcultures,itisnotunusualforpeopletoincludeweakerrelationshipsasbeingfriends.[48]Inothercultures,suchastheRussianandPolishcultures,onlythemostsignificantrelationshipsareconsideredfriends.ARussianmighthaveoneortwofriendsplusalargenumberof"pals"oracquaintances;aCanadianinsimilarcircumstancesmightcountalloftheserelationshipsasbeingfriends.[48] InWesterncultures,friendshipsareoftenseenaslessertofamilialorromantic.[49] WhendiscussingtaboosoffriendshipitwasfoundthatChineserespondentsfoundmorethantheirBritishcounterparts.[15][ambiguous] Interspecies Seealso:Ethology,Altruisminanimals,andSociobiology AmanwithanIndianpalmsquirrel,(Funambuluspalmarum) Friendshipisfoundamonganimalsofhigherintelligence,suchashighermammalsandsomebirds.Cross-speciesfriendshipsarecommonbetweenhumansanddomesticanimals.Cross-speciesfriendshipsmayalsooccurbetweentwonon-humananimals,suchasdogsandcats. Seealso Bloodbrother Bostonmarriage Bromance Casualrelationship Cross-sexfriendships Femalebonding Fraternization Frenemy Friendofafriend FriendshipDay Imaginaryfriend Intimaterelationship Kalyāṇa-mittatā(spiritualfriendship) Malebonding NicomacheanEthics,BooksVIIIandIX:Friendshipandpartnership Platoniclove Romanticfriendship Socialconnection Theoremonfriendsandstrangers Womance Notes ^Incomparisontoolderrespondents,whotendtodescribefriendshipintermsofpsychologicalratherthanmostlyphysicalaspects.[3]: 498  References ^"Definitionforfriend".OxfordDictionaries.OxfordDictionaryPress.Retrieved25May2012. ^Howes,Carollee(1983)."PatternsofFriendship".ChildDevelopment.54(4):1041–1053.doi:10.2307/1129908.ISSN 0009-3920.JSTOR 1129908. ^abcdBremner,J.Gavin(2017).AnIntroductiontoDevelopmentalPsychology.JohnWiley&Sons.ISBN 978-1-4051-8652-0.Retrieved26September2017. ^abcdefghiZelazo,PhilipDavid(2013).TheOxfordHandbookofDevelopmentalPsychology,Vol.2:SelfandOther.OUPUS.ISBN 978-0-19-995847-4.Retrieved26September2017. ^abNewman,B.M.&Newman,P.R.(2012).DevelopmentThroughLife:APsychosocialApproach.Stanford,CT. ^"YourChildhoodFriendshipsAreTheBestFriendshipsYou'llEverHave".17Jun2015.Retrieved21June2016. ^Kennedy-Moore,E.(2013)."WhatFriendsTeachChildren". ^Kennedy-Moore,E.(2012)."Howchildrenmakefriends(part1)". ^Kennedy-Moore,E.(2012)."Howchildrenmakefriends(part2)". ^Kennedy-Moore,E.(2012)."Howchildrenmakefriends(part3)". ^Elman,N.M.&Kennedy-Moore,E.(2003).TheUnwrittenRulesofFriendship:SimpleStrategiestoHelpYourChildMakeFriends.NewYork:Little,Brown. ^Selman,R.L.(1980).TheGrowthofInterpersonalUnderstanding:DevelopmentalandClinicalAnalyses.AcademicPress:NewYork. ^Kennedy-Moore,E.(2012)."Children'sGrowingFriendships". ^abReisman,JohnM.(September1,1985)."FriendshipanditsImplicationsforMentalHealthorSocialCompetence".TheJournalofEarlyAdolescence.5(3):383–91.doi:10.1177/0272431685053010.S2CID 144275803. ^abcdVerkuyten,Maykel(1996-10-01)."CultureandGenderDifferencesinthePerceptionofFriendshipbyAdolescents".InternationalJournalofPsychology.31(5):207–217.doi:10.1080/002075996401089.ISSN 0020-7594. ^Crosnoe,R.,&Needham,B.(2004)Holism,contextualvariability,andthestudyoffriendshipsinadolescentdevelopment.UniversityofTexasatAustin. ^Sparks,Glenn(August7,2007).Studyshowswhatmakescollegebuddieslifelongfriends.PurdueUniversity. ^abcSchulz,Richard(2006).TheEncyclopediaofAging:FourthEdition,2-VolumeSet.SpringerPublishingCompany.ISBN 978-0-8261-4844-5.Retrieved27September2017. ^Williams,Alex(13July2012)."FriendsofaCertainAge:WhyIsItHardToMakeFriendsOver30?".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedOctober25,2012. ^Bryant,Susan."WorkplaceFriendships:AssetorLiability?".Monster.com.RetrievedOctober25,2012. ^Willis,Amy(November8,2011)."Mostadultshave'onlytwoclosefriends'".TheTelegraph.London.RetrievedAugust11,2013. ^abBerndt,T.J.(2002).FriendshipQualityandSocialDevelopment.AmericanPsychologicalSociety.PurdueUniversity. ^Blieszner,Rosemary;Adams,RebeccaG.(1992).AdultFriendship.Sage.ISBN 978-0-8039-3673-7.Retrieved27September2017. ^"Aging".Noba.Retrieved2021-06-26. ^abcNussbaum,JonF.;Federowicz,Molly;Nussbaum,PaulD.(2010).BrainHealthandOptimalEngagementforOlderAdults.EditorialArestaS.C.ISBN 978-84-937440-0-7.Retrieved27September2017. ^Burleson,BrantR.(2012).CommunicationYearbook19.Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-87317-8.Retrieved27September2017. ^LauraE.Berk(2014).Pearson–ExploringLifespanDevelopment,3/E.p. 696.ISBN 978-0-205-95738-5. ^abHoza,Betsy(June7,2007)."PeerFunctioninginChildrenWithADHD".JournalofPediatricPsychology.32(6):101–06.doi:10.1016/j.ambp.2006.04.011.PMC 2572031.PMID 17261489. ^Wiener,Judith;Schneider,BarryH.(2002)."Amultisourceexplorationofthefriendshippatternsofchildrenwithandwithoutlearningdisabilities".JournalofAbnormalChildPsychology.30(2):127–41.doi:10.1023/A:1014701215315.PMID 12002394.S2CID 42157217.Retrieved26September2017. ^Bauminger,Nirit;Solomon,Marjorie;Aviezer,Anat;Heung,Kelly;Gazit,Lilach;Brown,John;Rogers,SallyJ.(3January2008)."ChildrenwithAutismandTheirFriends:AMultidimensionalStudyofFriendshipinHigh-FunctioningAutismSpectrumDisorder".JournalofAbnormalChildPsychology.36(2):135–50.doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9156-x.PMID 18172754.S2CID 35579739. ^Bauminger,Nirit;Solomon,Marjorie;Rogers,SallyJ.(29December2009)."PredictingFriendshipQualityinAutismSpectrumDisordersandTypicalDevelopment".JournalofAutismandDevelopmentalDisorders.40(6):751–61.doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0928-8.PMC 2864904.PMID 20039110. ^Frankel,Fred;Myatt,Robert;Sugar,Catherine;Whitham,Cynthia;Gorospe,ClarissaM.;Laugeson,Elizabeth(8January2010)."ARandomizedControlledStudyofParent-assistedChildren'sFriendshipTrainingwithChildrenhavingAutismSpectrumDisorders".JournalofAutismandDevelopmentalDisorders.40(7):827–42.doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0932-z.PMC 2890979.PMID 20058059. ^Rossetti,Zachary;Goessling,Deborah(July–August2010)."Paraeducators'RolesinFacilitatingFriendshipsBetweenSecondaryStudentsWithandWithoutAutismSpectrumDisordersorDevelopmentalDisabilities".TeachingExceptionalChildren.6.42(6):64–70.doi:10.1177/004005991004200608.S2CID 140775759. ^O'Connor,Anahad(3September2012)."SchoolBulliesPreyonChildrenWithAutism".TheNewYorkTimes. ^"Recreation&Friendship."Recreation&Friendship–NationalDownSyndromeSociety.n.p.,n.d.Web.17Nov.2016. ^ "SocialDevelopmentforIndividualswithDownSyndrome–AnOverview."InformationaboutDownSyndrome.DownSyndromeEducationInternational,n.d.Web.17Nov.2016. ^L'Abate,Luciano,ed.(2007).Low-CostApproachestoPromotePhysicalandMentalHealth:Theory,Research,andPractice.NewYork:Springer-Verlag.pp. 455–472.ISBN 978-0-387-36898-6. ^Socialnetworksandhealth:It'stimeforaninterventiontrial.2005.Jorm,AnthonyF.JournalofEpidemiology&CommunityHealth.Vol59(7)Jul2005,537–38. ^"Friendshipsplaykeyroleinsuicidalthoughtsofgirls,butnotboys".EurekAlert!.OhioStateUniversity.January6,2004.Retrieved26September2017. ^Bearman,PeterS.;Moody,James(January1,2004)."SuicideandFriendshipsAmongAmericanAdolescents".AmericanJournalofPublicHealth.94(1):89–95.doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.1.89.PMC 1449832.PMID 14713704. ^"Canwemakeourselveshappier?".BBCNews.1July2013. ^Brendgen,M.;Vitaro,F.;Bukowski,W.M.;Dionne,G.;Tremblay,R.E.;Boivin,M.(2013)."Canfriendsprotectgeneticallyvulnerablechildrenfromdepression?".DevelopmentandPsychopathology.25(2):277–89.doi:10.1017/s0954579412001058.PMID 23627944.S2CID 12110401. ^Bukowski,W.M.;Hoza,B.;Boivin,M.(1994)."Measuringfriendshipqualityduringpre-andearlyadolescence:thedevelopmentandpsychometricpropertiesofthefriendshipqualitiesscale".JournalofSocialandPersonalRelationships.11(3):471–84.doi:10.1177/0265407594113011.S2CID 143806076. ^Harris,Margaret(2002).DevelopmentalPsychology:AStudent'sHandbook.Taylor&Francis.ISBN 978-1-84169-192-3.Retrieved26September2017. ^Campbell,Anne.Amindofherown:Theevolutionarypsychologyofwomen.OUPOxford,2013,pp.108-110 ^David-Barrett,Tamas,AnnaRotkirch,JamesCarney,IsabelBehnckeIzquierdo,JaimieA.Krems,DylanTownley,ElinorMcDaniell,AnnaByrne-Smith,andRobinIMDunbar."Womenfavourdyadicrelationships,butmenpreferclubs:cross-culturalevidencefromsocialnetworking."PLOSONE10,no.3(2015):e0118329. ^Heingartner,Douglas(2020-10-20)."Womenaremorelikelythanmentosaytheyhaveabestfriend".PsychNewsDaily.Retrieved2020-10-21. ^abDoucerain,MarinaM.;Ryder,AndrewG.;Amiot,CatherineE.(October2021)."WhatAreFriendsforinRussiaVersusCanada?:AnApproachforDocumentingCross-CulturalDifferences".Cross-CulturalResearch.55(4):382–409.doi:10.1177/10693971211024599.ISSN 1069-3971. ^Tillmann-Healy,LisaM.(2003-10-01)."FriendshipasMethod".QualitativeInquiry.9(5):729–749.doi:10.1177/1077800403254894.ISSN 1077-8004.S2CID 144256070. Furtherreading Bray,Alan(2003).TheFriend.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.ISBN 978-0-226-07181-7. Cicero,MarcusTullius.LaeliusdeAmicitia. Emerson,RalphWaldo(1841)."Friendship".Essays:FirstSeries.Retrieved18August2013. BrianHareandVanessaWoods,"SurvivaloftheFriendliest:NaturalselectionforhypersocialtraitsenabledEarth'sapexspeciestobestNeandertalsandothercompetitors",ScientificAmerican,vol.323,no.2(August2020),pp. 58–63. Lepp,Ignace(1966).TheWaysofFriendship.NewYork:TheMacmillanCompany. Said,Edward(1979).Orientalism.US:VintageBooks.ISBN 978-0-394-74067-6. Terrell,JohnEdward(2014).ATalentforFriendship:RediscoveryofaRemarkableTrait.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0199386451. Externallinks Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:Friendship LookupfriendshipinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. MediarelatedtoFriendsatWikimediaCommons BBCRadio4series"InOurTime",onFriendship,2March2006 FriendshipattheStanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) Nationallibraries Spain France(data) UnitedStates Japan CzechRepublic Other MicrosoftAcademic Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friendship&oldid=1060640818" Categories:FriendshipKindnessVirtuePhilosophyofloveGroupprocessesHumanactivitiesHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataWikipediaindefinitelysemi-protectedpagesWikipediaarticlesneedingrewritefromDecember2020AllarticlesneedingrewriteWikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromNovember2021CommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithMAidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadViewsourceViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages AfrikaansAkanالعربيةԱրեւմտահայերէնAsturianuAvañe'ẽAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهবাংলাБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)Българскиབོད་ཡིགCatalàČeštinaChiShonaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFryskGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaIsiXhosaItalianoעבריתJawaಕನ್ನಡქართულიҚазақшаKiswahiliKreyòlayisyenLatinaLatviešuLiNihaMagyarമലയാളംBahasaMelayuNederlandsनेपालीनेपालभाषा日本語NorskbokmålOccitanଓଡ଼ିଆOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤSicilianuසිංහලSimpleEnglishسنڌيSlovenčinaSlovenščinaSoomaaligaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaతెలుగుไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệt文言吴语ייִדיש粵語ZazakiŽemaitėška中文Pangcah Editlinks