Oxford English Dictionary - Wikipedia

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary ; Work began on the dictionary in 1857, but it was only in 1884 that it began to be ... OxfordEnglishDictionary FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch PremierhistoricaldictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage Thisarticleisaboutthemulti-volumehistoricaldictionary.ForotherdictionariespublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,seeOxforddictionary. "OED"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeOED(disambiguation). OxfordEnglishDictionarySevenofthetwentyvolumesoftheprintedsecondeditionofTheOxfordEnglishDictionary(1989)CountryUnitedKingdomLanguageEnglishPublisherOxfordUniversityPressPublished1884–1928(firstedition)1989(secondedition)Thirdeditioninpreparation[1]Websitewww.oed.com TheOxfordEnglishDictionary(OED)istheprincipalhistoricaldictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage,publishedbyOxfordUniversityPress(OUP).IttracesthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage,providingacomprehensiveresourcetoscholarsandacademicresearchers,aswellasdescribingusageinitsmanyvariationsthroughouttheworld.[2] Workbeganonthedictionaryin1857,butitwasonlyin1884thatitbegantobepublishedinunboundfasciclesasworkcontinuedontheproject,underthenameofANewEnglishDictionaryonHistoricalPrinciples;FoundedMainlyontheMaterialsCollectedbyThePhilologicalSociety.In1895,thetitleTheOxfordEnglishDictionarywasfirstusedunofficiallyonthecoversoftheseries,andin1928thefulldictionarywasrepublishedin10boundvolumes.In1933,thetitleTheOxfordEnglishDictionaryfullyreplacedtheformernameinalloccurrencesinitsreprintingas12volumeswithaone-volumesupplement.Moresupplementscameovertheyearsuntil1989,whenthesecondeditionwaspublished,comprising21,728pagesin20volumes.[1]Since2000,compilationofathirdeditionofthedictionaryhasbeenunderway,approximatelyhalfofwhichwascompleteby2018.[1] Thefirstelectronicversionofthedictionarywasmadeavailablein1988.Theonlineversionhasbeenavailablesince2000,andbyApril2014wasreceivingovertwomillionvisitspermonth.Thethirdeditionofthedictionarymostlikelywillappearonlyinelectronicform;theChiefExecutiveofOxfordUniversityPresshasstatedthatitisunlikelythatitwilleverbeprinted.[1][3][4] Contents 1Historicalnature 2Entriesandrelativesize 3History 3.1Origins 3.2Earlyeditors 3.3Oxfordeditors 3.4Completionoffirsteditionandfirstsupplement 3.5Secondsupplement 3.6RevisedAmericanedition 3.7Secondedition 3.8Additionsseries 3.9Thirdedition 3.9.1Newentriesandwords 4Formats 4.1Compacteditions 4.2Electronicversions 5RelationshiptootherOxforddictionaries 6Spelling 7Reception 8Seealso 9References 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks 11.11stedition Historicalnature[edit] Asahistoricaldictionary,theOxfordEnglishDictionaryfeaturesentriesinwhichtheearliestascertainablerecordedsenseofaword,whethercurrentorobsolete,ispresentedfirst,andeachadditionalsenseispresentedinhistoricalorderaccordingtothedateofitsearliestascertainablerecordeduse.[5]Followingeachdefinitionareseveralbriefillustratingquotationspresentedinchronologicalorderfromtheearliestascertainableuseofthewordinthatsensetothelastascertainableuseforanobsoletesense,toindicatebothitslifespanandthetimesinceitsdesuetude,ortoarelativelyrecentuseforcurrentones. TheformatoftheOED'sentrieshasinfluencednumerousotherhistoricallexicographyprojects.TheforerunnerstotheOED,suchastheearlyvolumesoftheDeutschesWörterbuch,hadinitiallyprovidedfewquotationsfromalimitednumberofsources,whereastheOEDeditorspreferredlargergroupsofquiteshortquotationsfromawideselectionofauthorsandpublications.Thisinfluencedlatervolumesofthisandotherlexicographicalworks.[6] Entriesandrelativesize[edit] DiagramofthetypesofEnglishvocabularyincludedintheOED,devisedbyJamesMurray,itsfirsteditor. Accordingtothepublishers,itwouldtakeasingleperson120yearsto"keyin"the59millionwordsoftheOEDsecondedition,60yearstoproofreadthem,and540megabytestostorethemelectronically.[7]Asof30November2005,theOxfordEnglishDictionarycontainedapproximately301,100mainentries.Supplementingtheentryheadwords,thereare157,000bold-typecombinationsandderivatives;[8]169,000italicized-boldphrasesandcombinations;[9]616,500word-formsintotal,including137,000pronunciations;249,300etymologies;577,000cross-references;and2,412,400usagequotations.Thedictionary'slatest,completeprintedition(secondedition,1989)wasprintedin20volumes,comprising291,500entriesin21,730pages.ThelongestentryintheOED2wasfortheverbset,whichrequired60,000wordstodescribesome580senses(430forthebareverb,therestinphrasalverbsandidioms).AsentriesbegantoberevisedfortheOED3insequencestartingfromM,therecordwasprogressivelybrokenbytheverbsmakein2000,thenputin2007,thenrunin2011with645senses.[10][11][12] Despiteitsconsiderablesize,theOEDisneithertheworld'slargestnortheearliestexhaustivedictionaryofalanguage.AnotherearlierlargedictionaryistheGrimmbrothers'dictionaryoftheGermanlanguage,begunin1838andcompletedin1961.ThefirsteditionoftheVocabolariodegliAccademicidellaCruscaisthefirstgreatdictionarydevotedtoamodernEuropeanlanguage(Italian)andwaspublishedin1612;thefirsteditionofDictionnairedel'Académiefrançaisedatesfrom1694.TheofficialdictionaryofSpanishistheDiccionariodelalenguaespañola(produced,edited,andpublishedbytheRealAcademiaEspañola),anditsfirsteditionwaspublishedin1780.TheKangxiDictionaryofChinesewaspublishedin1716.[13]ThelargestdictionarybynumberofpagesisbelievedtobetheDutchWoordenboekderNederlandscheTaal.[14][15] History[edit] OxfordEnglishDictionaryPublications Publicationdate Volumerange Title Volume 1888 AandB ANewED Vol.1 1893 C NED Vol.2 1897 DandE NED Vol.3 1900 FandG NED Vol.4 1901 HtoK NED Vol.5 1908 LtoN NED Vol.6 1909 OandP NED Vol.7 1914 QtoSh NED Vol.8 1919 SitoSt NED Vol.9/1 1919 SutoTh NED Vol.9/2 1926 TitoU NED Vol.10/1 1928 VtoZ NED Vol.10/2 1928 All NED 10vols. 1933 All NED Suppl.. 1933 All&sup. OxfordED 13vols. 1972 A OEDSup. Vol.1 1976 H OEDSup. Vol.2 1982 O OEDSup. Vol.3 1986 Sea OEDSup. Vol.4 1989 All OED2ndEd. 20vols. 1993 All OEDAdd.Ser. Vols.1–2 1997 All OEDAdd.Ser. Vol.3 Origins[edit] ThedictionarybeganasaPhilologicalSocietyprojectofasmallgroupofintellectualsinLondon(andunconnectedtoOxfordUniversity):[16]: 103–104, 112 RichardChenevixTrench,HerbertColeridge,andFrederickFurnivall,whoweredissatisfiedwiththeexistingEnglishdictionaries.Thesocietyexpressedinterestincompilinganewdictionaryasearlyas1844,[17]butitwasnotuntilJune1857thattheybeganbyformingan"UnregisteredWordsCommittee"tosearchforwordsthatwereunlistedorpoorlydefinedincurrentdictionaries.InNovember,Trench'sreportwasnotalistofunregisteredwords;instead,itwasthestudyOnSomeDeficienciesinourEnglishDictionaries,whichidentifiedsevendistinctshortcomingsincontemporarydictionaries:[18] Incompletecoverageofobsoletewords Inconsistentcoverageoffamiliesofrelatedwords Incorrectdatesforearliestuseofwords Historyofobsoletesensesofwordsoftenomitted Inadequatedistinctionamongsynonyms Insufficientuseofgoodillustrativequotations Spacewastedoninappropriateorredundantcontent. ThesocietyultimatelyrealizedthatthenumberofunlistedwordswouldbefarmorethanthenumberofwordsintheEnglishdictionariesofthe19thcentury,andshiftedtheirideafromcoveringonlywordsthatwerenotalreadyinEnglishdictionariestoalargerproject.Trenchsuggestedthatanew,trulycomprehensivedictionarywasneeded.On7January1858,thesocietyformallyadoptedtheideaofacomprehensivenewdictionary.[16]: 107–108 Volunteerreaderswouldbeassignedparticularbooks,copyingpassagesillustratingwordusageontoquotationslips.Laterthesameyear,thesocietyagreedtotheprojectinprinciple,withthetitleANewEnglishDictionaryonHistoricalPrinciples(NED).[19]: ix–x  Earlyeditors[edit] Seealso:ListofcontributorstotheOxfordEnglishDictionary RichardChenevixTrench(1807–1886)playedthekeyroleintheproject'sfirstmonths,buthisappointmentasDeanofWestminstermeantthathecouldnotgivethedictionaryprojectthetimethatitrequired.HewithdrewandHerbertColeridgebecamethefirsteditor.[20]: 8–9  FrederickFurnivall,1825–1910 On12May1860,Coleridge'sdictionaryplanwaspublishedandresearchwasstarted.Hishousewasthefirsteditorialoffice.Hearrayed100,000quotationslipsina54pigeon-holegrid.[20]: 9 InApril1861,thegrouppublishedthefirstsamplepages;laterthatmonth,Coleridgediedoftuberculosis,aged30.[19]: x  ThereuponFurnivallbecameeditor;hewasenthusiasticandknowledgeable,buttemperamentallyill-suitedforthework.[16]: 110 Manyvolunteerreaderseventuallylostinterestintheproject,asFurnivallfailedtokeepthemmotivated.Furthermore,manyoftheslipsweremisplaced. Furnivallbelievedthat,sincemanyprintedtextsfromearliercenturieswerenotreadilyavailable,itwouldbeimpossibleforvolunteerstoefficientlylocatethequotationsthatthedictionaryneeded.Asaresult,hefoundedtheEarlyEnglishTextSocietyin1864andtheChaucerSocietyin1868topublisholdmanuscripts.[19]: xii Furnivall'spreparatoryeffortslasted21yearsandprovidednumeroustextsfortheuseandenjoymentofthegeneralpublic,aswellascrucialsourcesforlexicographers,buttheydidnotactuallyinvolvecompilingadictionary.Furnivallrecruitedmorethan800volunteerstoreadthesetextsandrecordquotations.Whileenthusiastic,thevolunteerswerenotwelltrainedandoftenmadeinconsistentandarbitraryselections.Ultimately,Furnivallhandedovernearlytwotonsofquotationslipsandothermaterialstohissuccessor.[21] Inthe1870s,FurnivallunsuccessfullyattemptedtorecruitbothHenrySweetandHenryNicoltosucceedhim.HethenapproachedJamesMurray,whoacceptedthepostofeditor.Inthelate1870s,FurnivallandMurraymetwithseveralpublishersaboutpublishingthedictionary.In1878,OxfordUniversityPressagreedwithMurraytoproceedwiththemassiveproject;theagreementwasformalizedthefollowingyear.[16]: 111–112 20yearsafteritsconception,thedictionaryprojectfinallyhadapublisher.Itwouldtakeanother50yearstocomplete. WilliamChesterMinor,1834–1920 Lateinhiseditorship,MurraylearnedthatoneespeciallyprolificreadernamedW.C.Minorwasconfinedtoamentalhospitalfor(inmodernterminology)schizophrenia.[16]: xiii MinorwasaYaleUniversity-trainedsurgeonandamilitaryofficerintheAmericanCivilWarwhohadbeenconfinedtoBroadmoorAsylumfortheCriminallyInsaneafterkillingamaninLondon.Minorinventedhisownquotation-trackingsystem,allowinghimtosubmitslipsonspecificwordsinresponsetoeditors'requests.ThestoryofhowMurrayandMinorworkedtogethertoadvancetheOEDhasrecentlybeenretoldinabook,TheSurgeonofCrowthorne(UStitle:TheProfessorandtheMadman[16]),laterthebasisfora2019filmTheProfessorandtheMadman,starringMelGibsonandSeanPenn. Oxfordeditors[edit] JamesMurrayintheScriptoriumatBanburyRoad Duringthe1870s,thePhilologicalSocietywasconcernedwiththeprocessofpublishingadictionarywithsuchanimmensescope.[1]Theyhadpagesprintedbypublishers,butnopublicationagreementwasreached;boththeCambridgeUniversityPressandtheOxfordUniversityPresswereapproached.TheOUPfinallyagreedin1879(aftertwoyearsofnegotiatingbySweet,Furnivall,andMurray)topublishthedictionaryandtopayMurray,whowasboththeeditorandthePhilologicalSocietypresident.Thedictionarywastobepublishedasintervalfascicles,withthefinalforminfourvolumes,totalling6,400pages.Theyhopedtofinishtheprojectintenyears.[20]: 1  AquotationslipasusedinthecompilationoftheOED,illustratingthewordflood. Murraystartedtheproject,workinginacorrugatedironoutbuildingcalledthe"Scriptorium"whichwaslinedwithwoodenplanks,bookshelves,and1,029pigeon-holesforthequotationslips.[19]: xiii HetrackedandregatheredFurnivall'scollectionofquotationslips,whichwerefoundtoconcentrateonrare,interestingwordsratherthancommonusages.Forinstance,thereweretentimesasmanyquotationsforabusionasforabuse.[22]Heappealed,throughnewspapersdistributedtobookshopsandlibraries,forreaderswhowouldreport"asmanyquotationsasyoucanforordinarywords"andforwordsthatwere"rare,obsolete,old-fashioned,new,peculiarorusedinapeculiarway".[22]MurrayhadAmericanphilologistandliberalartscollegeprofessorFrancisMarchmanagethecollectioninNorthAmerica;1,000quotationslipsarriveddailytotheScriptoriumand,by1880,therewere2,500,000.[20]: 15  Thefirstdictionaryfasciclewaspublishedon1February1884—twenty-threeyearsafterColeridge'ssamplepages.ThefulltitlewasANewEnglishDictionaryonHistoricalPrinciples;FoundedMainlyontheMaterialsCollectedbyThePhilologicalSociety;the352-pagevolume,wordsfromAtoAnt,cost12s6d[20]: 251 (equivalentto$69in2021).Thetotalsaleswereonly4,000copies.[23]: 169  TheOUPsawthatitwouldtaketoolongtocompletetheworkwithunrevisededitorialarrangements.Accordingly,newassistantswerehiredandtwonewdemandsweremadeonMurray.[20]: 32–33 ThefirstwasthathemovefromMillHilltoOxford,whichhedidin1885.MurrayhadhisScriptoriumre-erectedonhisnewproperty.[19]: xvii  The78BanburyRoad,Oxford,house,erstwhileresidenceofJamesMurray,EditoroftheOxfordEnglishDictionary Murrayresistedtheseconddemand:thatifhecouldnotmeetschedule,hemusthireasecond,senioreditortoworkinparalleltohim,outsidehissupervision,onwordsfromelsewhereinthealphabet.Murraydidnotwanttosharethework,feelingthathewouldacceleratehisworkpacewithexperience.Thatturnedoutnottobeso,andPhilipGelloftheOUPforcedthepromotionofMurray'sassistantHenryBradley(hiredbyMurrayin1884),whoworkedindependentlyintheBritishMuseuminLondonbeginningin1888.In1896,BradleymovedtoOxfordUniversity.[20] GellcontinuedharassingMurrayandBradleywithhisbusinessconcerns—containingcostsandspeedingproduction—tothepointwheretheproject'scollapseseemedlikely.Newspapersreportedtheharassment,particularlytheSaturdayReview,andpublicopinionbackedtheeditors.[23]: 182–83 Gellwasfired,andtheuniversityreversedhiscostpolicies.Iftheeditorsfeltthatthedictionarywouldhavetogrowlarger,itwould;itwasanimportantwork,andworththetimeandmoneytoproperlyfinish. NeitherMurraynorBradleylivedtoseeit.Murraydiedin1915,havingbeenresponsibleforwordsstartingwithA–D,H–K,O–P,andT,nearlyhalfthefinisheddictionary;Bradleydiedin1923,havingcompletedE–G,L–M,S–Sh,St,andW–We.Bythen,twoadditionaleditorshadbeenpromotedfromassistantworktoindependentwork,continuingwithoutmuchtrouble.WilliamCraigiestartedin1901andwasresponsibleforN,Q–R,Si–Sq,U–V,andWo–Wy.[19]: xix TheOUPhadpreviouslythoughtLondontoofarfromOxfordbut,after1925,CraigieworkedonthedictionaryinChicago,wherehewasaprofessor.[19]: xix [20]ThefourtheditorwasCharlesTalbutOnions,whocompiledtheremainingrangesstartingin1914:Su–Sz,Wh–Wo,andX–Z.[24] In1919–1920,J.R.R.TolkienwasemployedbytheOED,researchingetymologiesoftheWaggletoWarlockrange;[25]laterheparodiedtheprincipaleditorsas"TheFourWiseClerksofOxenford"inthestoryFarmerGilesofHam.[26] Byearly1894,atotalof11fascicleshadbeenpublished,oraboutoneperyear:fourforA–B,fiveforC,andtwoforE.[19]Ofthese,eightwere352pageslong,whilethelastoneineachgroupwasshortertoendattheletterbreak(whicheventuallybecameavolumebreak).Atthispoint,itwasdecidedtopublishtheworkinsmallerandmorefrequentinstalments;onceeverythreemonthsbeginningin1895therewouldbeafascicleof64pages,pricedat2s6d.Ifenoughmaterialwasready,128oreven192pageswouldbepublishedtogether.ThispacewasmaintaineduntilWorldWarIforcedreductionsinstaff.[19]: xx Eachtimeenoughconsecutivepageswereavailable,thesamematerialwasalsopublishedintheoriginallargerfascicles.[19]: xx Alsoin1895,thetitleOxfordEnglishDictionarywasfirstused.Itthenappearedonlyontheoutercoversofthefascicles;theoriginaltitlewasstilltheofficialoneandwasusedeverywhereelse.[19]: xx  Completionoffirsteditionandfirstsupplement[edit] The125thandlastfasciclecoveredwordsfromWisetotheendofWandwaspublishedon19April1928,andthefulldictionaryinboundvolumesfollowedimmediately.[19]: xx WilliamShakespeareisthemost-quotedwriterinthecompleteddictionary,withHamlethismost-quotedwork.GeorgeEliot(MaryAnnEvans)isthemost-quotedfemalewriter.Collectively,theBibleisthemost-quotedwork(inmanytranslations);themost-quotedsingleworkisCursorMundi.[7] Additionalmaterialforagivenletterrangecontinuedtobegatheredafterthecorrespondingfasciclewasprinted,withaviewtowardsinclusioninasupplementorrevisededition.Aone-volumesupplementofsuchmaterialwaspublishedin1933,withentriesweightedtowardsthestartofthealphabetwherethefasciclesweredecadesold.[19]Thesupplementincludedatleastoneword(bondmaid)accidentallyomittedwhenitsslipsweremisplaced;[27]manywordsandsensesnewlycoined(famouslyappendicitis,coinedin1886andmissingfromthe1885fascicle,whichcametoprominencewhenEdwardVII's1902appendicitispostponedhiscoronation[28]);andsomepreviouslyexcludedastooobscure(notoriouslyradium,omittedin1903,monthsbeforeitsdiscoverersPierreandMarieCuriewontheNobelPrizeinPhysics.[29]).Alsoin1933theoriginalfasciclesoftheentiredictionarywerere-issued,boundinto12volumes,underthetitle"TheOxfordEnglishDictionary".[30]Thiseditionof13volumesincludingthesupplementwassubsequentlyreprintedin1961and1970. Secondsupplement[edit] In1933,Oxfordhadfinallyputthedictionarytorest;allworkended,andthequotationslipswentintostorage.However,theEnglishlanguagecontinuedtochangeand,bythetime20yearshadpassed,thedictionarywasoutdated.[31] Therewerethreepossiblewaystoupdateit.Thecheapestwouldhavebeentoleavetheexistingworkaloneandsimplycompileanewsupplementofperhapsoneortwovolumes,butthenanyonelookingforawordorsenseandunsureofitsagewouldhavetolookinthreedifferentplaces.Themostconvenientchoicefortheuserwouldhavebeenfortheentiredictionarytobere-editedandretypeset,witheachchangeincludedinitsproperalphabeticalplace;butthiswouldhavebeenthemostexpensiveoption,withperhaps15volumesrequiredtobeproduced.TheOUPchoseamiddleapproach:combiningthenewmaterialwiththeexistingsupplementtoformalargerreplacementsupplement. RobertBurchfieldwashiredin1957toeditthesecondsupplement;[32]CharlesTalbutOnionsturned84thatyearbutwasstillabletomakesomecontributionsaswell.Theworkonthesupplementwasexpectedtotakeaboutsevenyears.[31]Itactuallytook29years,bywhichtimethenewsupplement(OEDS)hadgrowntofourvolumes,startingwithA,H,O,andSea.Theywerepublishedin1972,1976,1982,and1986respectively,bringingthecompletedictionaryto16volumes,or17countingthefirstsupplement. Burchfieldemphasizedtheinclusionofmodern-daylanguageand,throughthesupplement,thedictionarywasexpandedtoincludeawealthofnewwordsfromtheburgeoningfieldsofscienceandtechnology,aswellaspopularcultureandcolloquialspeech.BurchfieldsaidthathebroadenedthescopetoincludedevelopmentsofthelanguageinEnglish-speakingregionsbeyondtheUnitedKingdom,includingNorthAmerica,Australia,NewZealand,SouthAfrica,India,Pakistan,andtheCaribbean.Burchfieldalsoremoved,forunknownreasons,manyentriesthathadbeenaddedtothe1933supplement.[33]In2012,ananalysisbylexicographerSarahOgilvierevealedthatmanyoftheseentrieswereinfactforeignloanwords,despiteBurchfield'sclaimthatheincludedmoresuchwords.Theproportionwasestimatedfromasamplecalculationtoamountto17%oftheforeignloanwordsandwordsfromregionalformsofEnglish.Someofthesehadonlyasinglerecordedusage,butmanyhadmultiplerecordedcitations,anditranagainstwhatwasthoughttobetheestablishedOEDeditorialpracticeandaperceptionthathehadopenedupthedictionaryto"WorldEnglish".[34][35][36] RevisedAmericanedition[edit] Thiswaspublishedin1968at$300.Therewerechangesinthearrangementofthevolumes–forexamplevolume7coveredonlyN–Poy,theremaining"P"entriesbeingtransferredtovolume8.[citationneeded] Secondedition[edit] OxfordEnglishDictionarySecondEditionEditorJohnSimpsonandEdmundWeinerCountryUnitedKingdomLanguageEnglishSubjectDictionaryPublisherOxfordUniversityPressPublicationdate30March1989Pages21,730[7]ISBN978-0-19-861186-8OCLC17648714DeweyDecimal42319LC ClassPE1625.O871989 Bythetimethenewsupplementwascompleted,itwasclearthatthefulltextofthedictionarywouldneedtobecomputerized.Achievingthiswouldrequireretypingitonce,butthereafteritwouldalwaysbeaccessibleforcomputersearching—aswellasforwhateverneweditionsofthedictionarymightbedesired,startingwithanintegrationofthesupplementaryvolumesandthemaintext.Preparationforthisprocessbeganin1983,andeditorialworkstartedthefollowingyearundertheadministrativedirectionofTimothyJ.Benbow,withJohnA.SimpsonandEdmundS.C.Weinerasco-editors.[37]In2016,SimpsonpublishedhismemoirchroniclinghisyearsattheOED:TheWordDetective:SearchingfortheMeaningofItAllattheOxfordEnglishDictionary–AMemoir(NewYork:BasicBooks). EditinganentryoftheNOEDusingLEXX AprintoutoftheSGMLmarkupusedinthecomputerizationoftheOED,showingpencilannotationsusedtomarkcorrections. ThusbegantheNewOxfordEnglishDictionary(NOED)project.IntheUnitedStates,morethan120typistsoftheInternationalComputaprintCorporation(nowReedTech)startedkeyinginover350,000,000characters,theirworkcheckedby55proof-readersinEngland.[37]Retypingthetextalonewasnotsufficient;alltheinformationrepresentedbythecomplextypographyoftheoriginaldictionaryhadtoberetained,whichwasdonebymarkingupthecontentinSGML.[37]Aspecializedsearchengineanddisplaysoftwarewerealsoneededtoaccessit.Undera1985agreement,someofthissoftwareworkwasdoneattheUniversityofWaterloo,Canada,attheCentrefortheNewOxfordEnglishDictionary,ledbyFrankTompaandGastonGonnet;thissearchtechnologywentontobecomethebasisfortheOpenTextCorporation.[38]Computerhardware,databaseandothersoftware,developmentmanagers,andprogrammersfortheprojectweredonatedbytheBritishsubsidiaryofIBM;thecoloursyntax-directededitorfortheproject,LEXX,[39]waswrittenbyMikeCowlishawofIBM.[40]TheUniversityofWaterloo,inCanada,volunteeredtodesignthedatabase.A.WaltonLitz,anEnglishprofessoratPrincetonUniversitywhoservedontheOxfordUniversityPressadvisorycouncil,wasquotedinTimeassaying"I'veneverbeenassociatedwithaproject,I'veneverevenheardofaproject,thatwassoincrediblycomplicatedandthatmeteverydeadline."[41] By1989,theNOEDprojecthadachieveditsprimarygoals,andtheeditors,workingonline,hadsuccessfullycombinedtheoriginaltext,Burchfield'ssupplement,andasmallamountofnewermaterial,intoasingleunifieddictionary.Theword"new"wasagaindroppedfromthename,andthesecondeditionoftheOED,ortheOED2,waspublished.ThefirsteditionretronymicallybecametheOED1. TheOxfordEnglishDictionary2wasprintedin20volumes.[1]Uptoaverylatestage,allthevolumesofthefirsteditionwerestartedonletterboundaries.Forthesecondedition,therewasnoattempttostartthemonletterboundaries,andtheyweremaderoughlyequalinsize.The20volumesstartedwithA,B.B.C.,Cham,Creel,Dvandva,Follow,Hat,Interval,Look,Moul,Ow,Poise,Quemadero,Rob,Ser,Soot,Su,Thru,Unemancipated,andWave. ThecontentoftheOED2ismostlyjustareorganizationoftheearliercorpus,buttheretypesettingprovidedanopportunityfortwolong-neededformatchanges.Theheadwordofeachentrywasnolongercapitalized,allowingtheusertoreadilyseethosewordsthatactuallyrequireacapitalletter.[42]Murrayhaddevisedhisownnotationforpronunciation,therebeingnostandardavailableatthetime,whereastheOED2adoptedthemodernInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.[42][43]Unliketheearlieredition,allforeignalphabetsexceptGreekweretransliterated.[42] TheBritishquizshowCountdownawardedtheleather-boundcompleteversiontothechampionsofeachseriesbetweenitsinceptionin1982andSeries63in2010.[44]TheprizewasaxedafterSeries83,completedinJune2021,duetobeingconsideredoutofdate.[45] Whentheprintversionofthesecondeditionwaspublishedin1989,theresponsewasenthusiastic.AuthorAnthonyBurgessdeclaredit"thegreatestpublishingeventofthecentury",asquotedbytheLosAngelesTimes.[46]Timedubbedthebook"ascholarlyEverest",[41]andRichardBoston,writingforTheGuardian,calledit"oneofthewondersoftheworld".[47] Additionsseries[edit] ThesupplementsandtheirintegrationintothesecondeditionwereagreatimprovementtotheOEDasawhole,butitwasrecognizedthatmostoftheentrieswerestillfundamentallyunalteredfromthefirstedition.Muchoftheinformationinthedictionarypublishedin1989wasalreadydecadesoutofdate,thoughthesupplementshadmadegoodprogresstowardsincorporatingnewvocabulary.Yetmanydefinitionscontaineddisprovenscientifictheories,outdatedhistoricalinformation,andmoralvaluesthatwerenolongerwidelyaccepted.[48][49]Furthermore,thesupplementshadfailedtorecognizemanywordsintheexistingvolumesasobsoletebythetimeofthesecondedition'spublication,meaningthatthousandsofwordsweremarkedascurrentdespitenorecentevidenceoftheiruse.[50] Accordingly,itwasrecognizedthatworkonathirdeditionwouldhavetobegintorectifytheseproblems.[48]ThefirstattempttoproduceaneweditioncamewiththeOxfordEnglishDictionaryAdditionsSeries,anewsetofsupplementstocomplementtheOED2withtheintentionofproducingathirdeditionfromthem.[51]Theprevioussupplementsappearedinalphabeticalinstalments,whereasthenewserieshadafullA–Zrangeofentrieswithineachindividualvolume,withacompletealphabeticalindexattheendofallwordsrevisedsofar,eachlistedwiththevolumenumberwhichcontainedtherevisedentry.[51] However,intheendonlythreeAdditionsvolumeswerepublishedthisway,twoin1993andonein1997,[52][53][54]eachcontainingabout3,000newdefinitions.[7]ThepossibilitiesoftheWorldWideWebandnewcomputertechnologyingeneralmeantthattheprocessesofresearchingthedictionaryandofpublishingnewandrevisedentriescouldbevastlyimproved.Newtextsearchdatabasesofferedvastlymorematerialfortheeditorsofthedictionarytoworkwith,andwithpublicationontheWebasapossibility,theeditorscouldpublishrevisedentriesmuchmorequicklyandeasilythaneverbefore.[55]Anewapproachwascalledfor,andforthisreasonitwasdecidedtoembarkonanew,completerevisionofthedictionary. OxfordEnglishDictionaryAdditionsSeriesVolume1(ISBN 978-0-19-861292-6):Includesover20,000illustrativequotationsshowingtheevolutionofeachwordormeaning. ?thimpression(1994-02-10) OxfordEnglishDictionaryAdditionsSeriesVolume2(ISBN 978-0-19-861299-5) ?thimpression(1994-02-10) OxfordEnglishDictionaryAdditionsSeriesVolume3(ISBN 978-0-19-860027-5):Contains3,000newwordsandmeaningsfromaroundtheEnglish-speakingworld.PublishedbyClarendonPress. ?thimpression(1997-10-09) Thirdedition[edit] BeginningwiththelaunchofthefirstOEDOnlinesitein2000,theeditorsofthedictionarybeganamajorrevisionprojecttocreateacompletelyrevisedthirdeditionofthedictionary(OED3),expectedtobecompletedin2037[56][57][58]ataprojectedcostofabout£34million.[59][1] RevisionswerestartedattheletterM,withnewmaterialappearingeverythreemonthsontheOEDOnlinewebsite.Theeditorschosetostarttherevisionprojectfromthemiddleofthedictionaryinorderthattheoverallqualityofentriesbemademoreeven,sincethelaterentriesintheOED1generallytendedtobebetterthantheearlierones.However,inMarch2008,theeditorsannouncedthattheywouldalternateeachquarterbetweenmovingforwardinthealphabetasbeforeandupdating"keyEnglishwordsfromacrossthealphabet,alongwiththeotherwordswhichmakeupthealphabeticalclustersurroundingthem".[60]WiththerelaunchoftheOEDOnlinewebsiteinDecember2010,alphabeticalrevisionwasabandonedaltogether.[61] Therevisionisexpectedroughlytodoublethedictionaryinsize.[4][62]Apartfromgeneralupdatestoincludeinformationonnewwordsandotherchangesinthelanguage,thethirdeditionbringsmanyotherimprovements,includingchangesinformattingandstylisticconventionsforeasierreadingandcomputerizedsearching,moreetymologicalinformation,andageneralchangeoffocusawayfromindividualwordstowardsmoregeneralcoverageofthelanguageasawhole.[55][63]Whiletheoriginaltextdrewitsquotationsmainlyfromliterarysourcessuchasnovels,plays,andpoetry,withadditionalmaterialfromnewspapersandacademicjournals,theneweditionwillreferencemorekindsofmaterialthatwereunavailabletotheeditorsofpreviouseditions,suchaswills,inventories,accountbooks,diaries,journals,andletters.[62] JohnSimpsonwasthefirstchiefeditoroftheOED3.Heretiredin2013andwasreplacedbyMichaelProffitt,whoistheeighthchiefeditorofthedictionary.[64] Theproductionoftheneweditionexploitscomputertechnology,particularlysincetheinaugurationinJune2005ofthe"PerfectAll-SingingAll-DancingEditorialandNotationApplication",or"Pasadena".WiththisXML-basedsystem,lexicographerscanspendlesseffortonpresentationissuessuchasthenumberingofdefinitions.Thissystemhasalsosimplifiedtheuseofthequotationsdatabase,andenabledstaffinNewYorktoworkdirectlyonthedictionaryinthesamewayastheirOxford-basedcounterparts.[65] Otherimportantcomputerusesincludeinternetsearchesforevidenceofcurrentusageandemailsubmissionsofquotationsbyreadersandthegeneralpublic.[66] Newentriesandwords[edit] Wordhuntwasa2005appealtothegeneralpublicforhelpinprovidingcitationsfor50selectedrecentwords,andproducedantedatingsformany.TheresultswerereportedinaBBCTVseries,BalderdashandPiffle.TheOED'sreaderscontributequotations:thedepartmentcurrentlyreceivesabout200,000ayear.[67] OEDcurrentlycontainsover600,000entries.[68]TheyupdatetheOEDonaquarterlybasistomakeupforitsThirdEditionrevisingtheirexistingentriesandaddingnewwordsandsenses.[69] Formats[edit] Compacteditions[edit] In1971,the13-volumeOED1(1933)wasreprintedasatwo-volumeCompactEdition,byphotographicallyreducingeachpagetoone-halfitslineardimensions;eachcompacteditionpageheldfourOED1pagesinafour-up("4-up")format.Thetwo-volumeletterswereAandP;thefirstsupplementwasatthesecondvolume'send.TheCompactEditionincluded,inasmallslip-casedrawer,aBausch&Lombmagnifyingglasstohelpinreadingreducedtype.Manycopieswereinexpensivelydistributedthroughbookclubs.In1987,thesecondsupplementwaspublishedasathirdvolumetotheCompactEdition. In1991,forthe20-volumeOED2(1989),thecompacteditionformatwasre-sizedtoone-thirdoforiginallineardimensions,anine-up("9-up")formatrequiringgreatermagnification,butallowingpublicationofasingle-volumedictionary.ItwasaccompaniedbyamagnifyingglassasbeforeandAUser'sGuidetothe"OxfordEnglishDictionary",byDonnaLeeBerg.[70]Afterthesevolumeswerepublished,though,bookclubofferscommonlycontinuedtosellthetwo-volume1971CompactEdition.[26] TheCompactOxfordEnglishDictionary(secondedition,1991,ISBN 978-0-19-861258-2):Includesdefinitionsof500,000words,290,000mainentries,137,000pronunciations,249,300etymologies,577,000cross-references,over2,412,000illustrativequotations,andisagainaccompaniedbyamagnifyingglass. ?thimpression(1991-12-05) TheCompactOxfordEnglishDictionary(secondedition,1991). Partofanentryinthe1991compactedition,withacentimetrescaleshowingtheverysmalltypesizesused. Electronicversions[edit] AscreenshotofthefirstversionoftheOEDsecondeditionCD-ROMsoftware. OED24thEditionCD-ROM. Oncethedictionarywasdigitizedandonline,itwasalsoavailabletobepublishedonCD-ROM.Thetextofthefirsteditionwasmadeavailablein1987.[71]Afterward,threeversionsofthesecondeditionwereissued.Version1(1992)wasidenticalincontenttotheprintedsecondedition,andtheCDitselfwasnotcopy-protected.Version2(1999)includedtheOxfordEnglishDictionaryAdditionsof1993and1997. Version3.0wasreleasedin2002withadditionalwordsfromtheOED3andsoftwareimprovements.Version3.1.1(2007)addedsupportforharddiskinstallation,sothattheuserdoesnothavetoinserttheCDtousethedictionary.IthasbeenreportedthatthisversionwillworkonoperatingsystemsotherthanMicrosoftWindows,usingemulationprograms.[72][73]Version4.0oftheCDhasbeenavailablesinceJune2009andworkswithWindows7andMacOSX(10.4orlater).[74]ThisversionusestheCDdriveforinstallation,runningonlyfromtheharddrive. On14March2000,theOxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline(OEDOnline)becameavailabletosubscribers.[75]TheonlinedatabasecontainingtheOED2isupdatedquarterlywithrevisionsthatwillbeincludedintheOED3(seeabove).Theonlineeditionisthemostup-to-dateversionofthedictionaryavailable.TheOEDwebsiteisnotoptimizedformobiledevices,butthedevelopershavestatedthatthereareplanstoprovideanAPItofacilitatethedevelopmentofinterfacesforqueryingtheOED.[76] Thepriceforanindividualtousethiseditionis£195orUS$295ayear,evenafterareductionin2004;consequently,mostsubscribersarelargeorganizationssuchasuniversities.Somepubliclibrariesandcompanieshavealsosubscribed,includingpubliclibrariesintheUnitedKingdom,whereaccessisfundedbytheArtsCouncil,[77]andpubliclibrariesinNewZealand.[78][79]Individualswhobelongtoalibrarywhichsubscribestotheserviceareabletousetheservicefromtheirownhomewithoutcharge. OxfordEnglishDictionarySecondeditiononCD-ROMVersion3.1: Upgradeversionfor3.0(ISBN 978-0-19-522216-6): ?thimpression(2005-08-18) OxfordEnglishDictionarySecondeditiononCD-ROMVersion4.0:Includes500,000wordswith2.5millionsourcequotations,7,000newwordsandmeanings.IncludesVocabularyfromOED2ndEditionandall3Additionsvolumes.SupportsWindows2000-7andMacOSX10.4–10.5).Flash-baseddictionary. Fullversion(ISBN 0-19-956383-7/ISBN 978-0-19-956383-8) ?thimpression(2009-06-04) Upgradeversionfor2.0andabove(ISBN 0-19-956594-5/ISBN 978-0-19-956594-8):SupportsWindowsonly.[80] ?thimpression(2009-07-15) Print+CD-ROMversion(ISBN 978-0-19-957315-8):SupportsWindowsVistaandMacOS). ?thimpression(2009-11-16) RelationshiptootherOxforddictionaries[edit] TheOED'sutilityandrenownasahistoricaldictionaryhaveledtonumerousoffspringprojectsandotherdictionariesbearingtheOxfordname,thoughnotallaredirectlyrelatedtotheOEDitself. TheShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary,originallystartedin1902andcompletedin1933,[81]isanabridgementofthefullworkthatretainsthehistoricalfocus,butdoesnotincludeanywordswhichwereobsoletebefore1700exceptthoseusedbyShakespeare,Milton,Spenser,andtheKingJamesBible.[82]AcompletelyneweditionwasproducedfromtheOED2andpublishedin1993,[83]withrevisionsin2002and2007. TheConciseOxfordDictionaryisadifferentwork,whichaimstocovercurrentEnglishonly,withoutthehistoricalfocus.Theoriginaledition,mostlybasedontheOED1,waseditedbyFrancisGeorgeFowlerandHenryWatsonFowlerandpublishedin1911,beforethemainworkwascompleted.[84]RevisededitionsappearedthroughoutthetwentiethcenturytokeepituptodatewithchangesinEnglishusage. ThePocketOxfordDictionaryofCurrentEnglishwasoriginallyconceivedbyF.G.FowlerandH.W.Fowlertobecompressed,compact,andconcise.ItsprimarysourceistheOxfordEnglishDictionary,anditisnominallyanabridgementoftheConciseOxfordDictionary.Itwasfirstpublishedin1924.[85] In1998theNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish(NODE)waspublished.WhilealsoaimingtocovercurrentEnglish,NODEwasnotbasedontheOED.Instead,itwasanentirelynewdictionaryproducedwiththeaidofcorpuslinguistics.[86]OnceNODEwaspublished,asimilarlybrand-neweditionoftheConciseOxfordDictionaryfollowed,thistimebasedonanabridgementofNODEratherthantheOED;NODE(underthenewtitleoftheOxfordDictionaryofEnglish,orODE)continuestobeprincipalsourceforOxford'sproductlineofcurrent-Englishdictionaries,includingtheNewOxfordAmericanDictionary,withtheOEDnowonlyservingasthebasisforscholarlyhistoricaldictionaries. Spelling[edit] Mainarticle:Oxfordspelling TheOEDlistsBritishheadwordspellings(e.g.,labour,centre)withvariantsfollowing(labor,center,etc.).Forthesuffixmorecommonlyspelt-iseinBritishEnglish,OUPpolicydictatesapreferenceforthespelling-ize,e.g.,realizevs.realiseandglobalizationvs.globalisation.Therationaleisetymological,inthattheEnglishsuffixismainlyderivedfromtheGreeksuffix-ιζειν,(-izein),ortheLatin-izāre.[87]However,-zeisalsosometimestreatedasanAmericanisminsofarasthe-zesuffixhascreptintowordswhereitdidnotoriginallybelong,aswithanalyse(BritishEnglish),whichisspeltanalyzeinAmericanEnglish.[88][89] Reception[edit] BritishprimeministerStanleyBaldwindescribedtheOEDasa"nationaltreasure".[90]AuthorAnuGarg,founderofWordsmith.org,hascalledita"lexicon".[91]TimBray,co-creatorofExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML),creditstheOEDasthedevelopinginspirationofthatmarkuplanguage.[92] However,despiteitsclaimsofauthority,[93]thedictionaryhasbeencriticizedsinceatleastthe1960sfromvariousangles.Ithasbecomeatargetpreciselybecauseofitsscope,itsclaimstoauthority,itsBritish-centrednessandrelativeneglectofWorldEnglishes,[94]itsimpliedbutnotacknowledgedfocusonliterarylanguageand,aboveall,itsinfluence.TheOED,asacommercialproduct,hasalwayshadtomanoeuvreathinlinebetweenPR,marketingandscholarshipandone[who?]canarguethatitsbiggestproblemisthecriticaluptakeoftheworkbytheinterestedpublic.[citationneeded]Inhisreviewofthe1982supplement,[95]UniversityofOxfordlinguistRoyHarriswritesthatcriticizingtheOEDisextremelydifficultbecause"oneisdealingnotjustwithadictionarybutwithanationalinstitution",onethat"hasbecome,liketheEnglishmonarchy,virtuallyimmunefromcriticisminprinciple".Hefurthernotesthatneologismsfromrespected"literary"authorssuchasSamuelBeckettandVirginiaWoolfareincluded,whereasusageofwordsinnewspapersorotherless"respectable"sourcesholdslesssway,eventhoughtheymaybecommonlyused.HewritesthattheOED's"[b]lack-and-whitelexicographyisalsoblack-and-whiteinthatittakesuponitselftopronounceauthoritativelyontherightsandwrongsofusage",faultingthedictionary'sprescriptiveratherthandescriptiveusage.ToHarris,thisprescriptiveclassificationofcertainusagesas"erroneous"andthecompleteomissionofvariousformsandusagescumulativelyrepresentthe"socialbias[es]"ofthe(presumablywell-educatedandwealthy)compilers.However,theidentificationof"erroneousandcatachrestic"usagesisbeingremovedfromthirdeditionentries,[96]sometimesinfavourofusagenotesdescribingtheattitudestolanguagewhichhavepreviouslyledtotheseclassifications.[97] Harrisalsofaultstheeditors'"donnishconservatism"andtheiradherencetoprudishVictorianmorals,citingasanexamplethenon-inclusionof"variouscenturies-old'four-letterwords'"until1972.However,noEnglishdictionaryincludedsuchwords,forfearofpossibleprosecutionunderBritishobscenitylaws,untilaftertheconclusionoftheLadyChatterley'sLoverobscenitytrialin1960.ThePenguinEnglishDictionaryof1965wasthefirstdictionarythatincludedthewordfuck.[98]JosephWright'sEnglishDialectDictionaryhadincludedshitin1905.[99] TheOED'sclaimsofauthorityhavealsobeenquestionedbylinguistssuchasPiustenHacken,whonotesthatthedictionaryactivelystrivestowarddefinitivenessandauthoritybutcanonlyachievethosegoalsinalimitedsense,giventhedifficultiesofdefiningthescopeofwhatitincludes.[100] FoundingeditorJamesMurraywasalsoreluctanttoincludescientificterms,despitetheirdocumentation,unlesshefeltthattheywerewidelyenoughused.In1902,hedeclinedtoaddtheword"radium"tothedictionary.[101] Seealso[edit] AustralianOxfordDictionary CanadianOxfordDictionary CompactOxfordEnglishDictionaryofCurrentEnglish ConciseOxfordEnglishDictionary NewOxfordAmericanDictionary OxfordAdvancedLearner'sDictionary ShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary ADictionaryofCanadianismsonHistoricalPrinciples TheAustralianNationalDictionary DictionaryofAmericanRegionalEnglish References[edit] ^abcdefgDickson,Andrew(23February2018)."InsidetheOED:cantheworld'sbiggestdictionarysurvivetheinternet?".TheGuardian.Retrieved13December2020. ^"About".OxfordEnglishDictionary.Retrieved13November2021.Asahistoricaldictionary,theOEDisverydifferentfromthoseofcurrentEnglish,inwhichthefocusisonpresent-daymeanings. ^AlastairJamieson,Alastair(29August2010)."OxfordEnglishDictionary'willnotbeprintedagain'".TheTelegraph.Retrieved11August2012. ^abFlanagan,Padraic(20April2014)."RIPforOEDasworld'sfinestdictionarygoesoutofprint".TheTelegraph.Retrieved8June2014. ^"TheOxfordEnglishDictionary".OxfordDictionaries.Retrieved26May2015. ^Osselton,Noel(2000)."MurrayandhisEuropeanCounterparts".InMugglestone,Lynda(ed.).LexicographyandtheOED:PioneersintheUntroddenForest.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0191583469. ^abcd"DictionaryFacts".OxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline.Retrieved1June2014. ^Aboldtypecombinationhasasignificantlydifferentmeaningfromthesumofitsparts,forinstancesauna-likeisunlikeanactualsauna."PrefacetotheSecondEdition:Generalexplanations:Combinations".OxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline.1989.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16May2008.Retrieved16May2008. ^Italicizedcombinationsareobviousfromtheirparts(forexampletelevisionaerial),unlikeboldcombinations."PrefacetotheSecondEdition:Generalexplanations:Combinations".OxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline.1989.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16May2008.Retrieved16May2008. ^Winchester,Simon(28May2011)."AVerbforOurFranticTime".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved26December2013. ^Simpson,John(13December2007)."December2007revisions–Quarterlyupdates".OxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline.OED.Retrieved3August2010. ^Gilliver,Peter(2013)."Make,put,run:WritingandrewritingthreebigverbsintheOED".Dictionaries:JournaloftheDictionarySocietyofNorthAmerica.34(34):10–23.doi:10.1353/dic.2013.0009.S2CID 123682722. ^"KangxiDictionary".cultural-china.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30March2013.Retrieved21October2013. ^"Theworld'slargestdictionary". ^Willemyns,Roland(2013).Dutch:BiographyofaLanguage.Oxford:OxfordUP.pp. 124–26.ISBN 9780199858712. ^abcdefWinchester,Simon(1999).TheProfessorandtheMadman.NewYork:HarperPerennial.ISBN 978-0-06-083978-9. ^Gilliver,Peter(2013)."ThoughtsonWritingaHistoryoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary".Dictionaries:JournaloftheDictionarySocietyofNorthAmerica.34:175–183.doi:10.1353/dic.2013.0011.S2CID 143763718. ^Trench,RichardChenevix(1857)."OnSomeDeficienciesinOurEnglishDictionaries".TransactionsofthePhilologicalSociety.9:3–8. ^abcdefghijklmCraigie,W.A.;Onions,C. T.(1933).ANewEnglishDictionaryonHistoricalPrinciples:Introduction,Supplement,andBibliography.Oxford:ClarendonPress. 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^Logan,H. M.(1989)."ReportonaNewOEDProject:AStudyoftheHistoryofNewWordsintheNewOED".ComputersandtheHumanities.23(4–5):385–395.doi:10.1007/BF02176644.JSTOR 30204378.S2CID 46572232. ^Holmgren,R. J.(21December2013)."v3.xunderMacintoshOSXandLinux".OxfordEnglishDictionary(OED)onCD-ROMina16-,32-,or64-bitWindowsenvironment.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6July2014.Retrieved7June2014. ^Bernie."OxfordEnglishDictionaryNews".Newsgroup: alt.english.usage.Usenet: 07ymc.5870$pa7.1359@newssvr27.news.prodigy.com.Retrieved7June2014. ^"TheOxfordEnglishDictionarySecondEditiononCD-ROMVersion4.0Windows/MacIndividualUserVersion".OxfordUniversityPress.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29June2009.Retrieved26December2013. ^New,Juliet(23March2000)."'Theworld'sgreatestdictionary'goesonline".Ariadne.ISSN 1361-3200.Retrieved18March2007. ^"LookingForwardtoanOxfordEnglishDictionaryAPI".WebometricThoughts.21August2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6June2014.Retrieved7June2014. ^Kite,Lorien(15November2013)."TheevolvingroleoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary".FinancialTimes.ISSN 0307-1766.Retrieved22June2015. ^"HowdoIknowifmypubliclibrarysubscribes?".OxfordUniversityPress.Retrieved6January2013. ^"OxfordUniversityPressDatabasesavailablethroughEPIC".EPIC.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7July2014.Retrieved7June2014. ^"CurrentOEDVersion4.0".Archivedfromtheoriginalon6July2014.Retrieved6January2014. ^Burnett,LesleyS.(1986)."Makingitshort:TheShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary"(PDF).ZuriLEX'86Proceedings:229–233.Retrieved7June2014. ^Blake,G.Elizabeth;Bray,Tim;Tompa,FrankWm(1992)."ShorteningtheOED:ExperiencewithaGrammar-DefinedDatabase".ACMTransactionsonInformationSystems.10(3):213–232.doi:10.1145/146760.146764.S2CID 16859602. ^Brown,Lesley,ed.(1993).TheNewShorterOxfordEnglishDictionaryonHistoricalPrinciples.Oxford:ClarendonPress.ISBN 978-0-19-861134-9. ^TheConciseOxfordDictionary:TheClassicFirstEdition.OxfordUniversityPress.2011.ISBN 978-0-19-969612-3,facsimilereprint.{{citebook}}:CS1maint:postscript(link) ^Thompson,Della.ThePocketOxfordDictionaryofCurrentEnglish,8thEdition.OxfordUniversityPress.1996.ISBN 978-0198600459. ^Quinion,Michael(18September2010)."Review:OxfordDictionaryofEnglish".WorldWideWords.Retrieved29July2014. ^"-ize,suffix".OxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline.Retrieved1June2014. ^"Verbsendingin-ize,-ise,-yze,and-yse :OxfordDictionariesOnline".Askoxford.com.Retrieved3August2010. ^Seealso-ise/-izeatAmericanandBritishEnglishspellingdifferences. ^Skapinker,Michael(21December2012)."Well-chosenwords".FinancialTimes.Retrieved3June2018. ^"Globe&Mail".Wordsmith.11February2002.Retrieved3August2010. ^Bray,Tim(9April2003)."OnSemanticsandMarkup".ongoingbyTimBray.Retrieved4June2014. ^"HistoryoftheOED".OxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline.Retrieved18February2012. ^Luk,Vivian(13August2013)."UBCproflobbiesOxfordEnglishdictionarytobelessBritish".TorontoStar.CanadianPress.Retrieved9February2016. ^Harris,Roy(1982)."ReviewofRWBurchfieldASupplementtotheOEDVolume3:O–Scz".TLS.3:935–936. ^OxfordUniversityPress(2017)."Keytosymbolsandotherconventionalentries".OxfordEnglishDictionaryonline.Retrieved28October2017. ^"literally,adv.(senseI.1.c.)".OxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline.September2011.Retrieved4June2014. ^"fuck,v.".OxfordEnglishDictionaryOnline.March2008.Retrieved1June2014. ^Wright,Joseph(1February1898)."TheEnglishdialectdictionary,beingthecompletevocabularyofalldialectwordsstillinuse,orknowntohavebeeninuseduringthelasttwohundredyears;".London[etc.] :H.Frowde;NewYork:G.P.Putnam'sSons–viatheInternetArchive. ^tenHacken,Pius(2012)."InwhatsenseistheOEDthedefinitiverecordoftheEnglishlanguage?"(PDF).Proceedingsofthe15thEURALEXInternationalCongress:834–845.Retrieved28July2014. ^Gross,John,TheOxfordBookofParodies,OxfordUniversityPress,2010,pg.319 Furtherreading[edit] Brewer,Charlotte(8October2019)."OxfordEnglishDictionaryResearch".ExaminingtheOED.TheprojectsetsouttoinvestigatetheprinciplesandpracticebehindtheOxfordEnglishDictionary... Brewer,Charlotte(2007),Treasure-HouseoftheLanguage:theLivingOED(hardcover),YaleUniversityPress,ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3 Dickson,Andrew(23February2018)."InsidetheOED:cantheworld'sbiggestdictionarysurvivetheinternet?".theGuardian. Gilliver,Peter(2016),TheMakingoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary(hardcover),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN 978-0-199-28362-0 Gilliver,Peter;Marshall,Jeremy;Weiner,Edmund(2006),TheRingofWords:TolkienandtheOxfordEnglishDictionary(hardcover),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN 978-0-19-861069-4 Gleick,James(5November2006)."Cyber-Neologoliferation".JamesGleick.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20April2020.Retrieved16April2020.FirstpublishedintheNewYorkTimesMagazine5November2006 Green,Jonathon;Cape,Jonathan(1996),ChasingtheSun:DictionaryMakersandtheDictionariesTheyMade(hardcover),ISBN 978-0-224-04010-5 Kelsey-Sugg,Anna(9April2020)."Inabackyard'scriptorium',thismansetaboutdefiningeverywordintheEnglishlanguage".ABCNews(RadioNational).AustralianBroadcastingCorporation. Kite,Lorien(15November2013),"TheevolvingroleoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary",FinancialTimes(onlineedition) McPherson,Fiona(2013).TheOxfordEnglishDictionary:FromVictorianventuretothedigitalageendeavour(mp4).(McPhersonisSeniorEditorofOED) Ogilvie,Sarah(2013),WordsoftheWorld:aglobalhistoryoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary(hardcover),CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN 978-1107605695 Willinsky,John(1995),EmpireofWords:TheReignoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary(hardcover),PrincetonUniversityPress,ISBN 978-0-691-03719-6 Winchester,Simon(27May2007)."HistoryoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary".TVOntario(Podcast).BigIdeas.Archivedfromtheoriginal(podcast)on16February2008. Winchester,Simon(2003),TheMeaningofEverything:TheStoryoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary(hardcover),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN 978-0-19-860702-1 Winchester,Simon(1998),"TheProfessorandtheMadman:ATaleofMurder,Insanity,andtheMakingoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary",BulletinoftheWorldHealthOrganization(hardcover),HarperCollins,79(6):579,ISBN 978-0-06-017596-2,PMC 2566457 Externallinks[edit] Officialwebsite Archiveofdocuments,including Trench'soriginal"OnsomedeficienciesinourEnglishDictionaries"paper Murray'soriginalappealforreaders TheirpageofOEDstatistics,andanothersuchpage. Two"samplepages"(PDF). (1.54 MB)fromtheOED. OxfordUniversityPresspages:SecondEdition,AdditionsSeriesVolume1,AdditionsSeriesVolume2,AdditionsSeriesVolume3,TheCompactOxfordEnglishDictionaryNewEdition,20-volumeprintedset+CD-ROM[permanentdeadlink],CD3.1upgrade[permanentdeadlink],CD4.0full[permanentdeadlink],CD4.0upgrade[permanentdeadlink] 1stedition[edit] InternetArchive 1888–1933Issue Fulltitleofeachvolume:ANewEnglishDictionaryonHistoricalPrinciples:FoundedMainlyontheMaterialsCollectedbythePhilologicalSociety Vol. Year Letters Links 1 1888 A,B Vol.1 2 1893 C Vol.2 3 1897 D,E Vol.3(version2) 4 1901 F,G Vol.4(version2)(version3) 5 1901 H–K Vol.5 6p1 1908 L Vol.6,part1 6p2 1908 M,N Vol.6,part2 7 1909 O,P Vol.7 8p1 1914 Q,R Vol.8,part1 8p2 1914 S–Sh Vol.8,part2 9p1 1919 Si–St Vol.9,part1 9p2 1919 Su–Th Vol.9,part2 10p1 1926 Ti–U Vol.10,part1 10p2 1928 V–Z Vol.10,part2 Sup. 1933 A–Z Supplement 1933Correctedre-issue Fulltitleofeachvolume:TheOxfordEnglishDictionary:BeingaCorrectedRe-issuewithanIntroduction,SupplementandBibliography,ofANewEnglishDictionaryonHistoricalPrinciples:FoundedMainlyontheMaterialsCollectedbythePhilologicalSociety Vol. Letters Links 1 A–B [1] 2 C [2] 3 D–E [3] 4 F–G [4] 5 H–K [5] 6 L–M [6] 7 N–Poy [7] 8 Poy–Ry [8] 9 S–Soldo [9] 10 Sole–Sz [10] 11 T–U [11] 12 V–Z [12] Sup. A–Z [13] HathiTrust Somevolumes(onlyavailablefromwithintheUSA): UniversityofVirginiacopy PrincetonUniversitycopy UniversityofMichigancopy vteDictionariesofEnglishOldandMiddleEnglish AnAnglo-SaxonDictionary DictionaryofOldEnglish MiddleEnglishDictionary Historic CatholiconAnglicum(1483) TheEnglishSchoole-Master(1596) TheNewWorldofEnglishWords(1658) ANewEnglishDictionary(1702) AnUniversalEtymologicalEnglishDictionary(1721) Johnson'sADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755) Webster'sDictionary(1828) Worcester'sDictionary Richardson'sNewDictionary ImperialDictionary(1847–1850) CenturyDictionary(1889–1891) WorldBookDictionary DictionaryofAmericanEnglish AmericanEnglish AmericanHeritage AmericanRegional Encarta NewOxfordAmerican RandomHouseWebster's Webster'sNewWorld Webster'sThirdNewInternational BritishEnglish Chambers Collins OxfordEnglish OxfordDictionaryofEnglish Penguin CanadianEnglish CanadianOxford DictionaryofCanadianisms DictionaryofNewfoundlandEnglish GageCanadian AustralianEnglish AustralianNational AustralianOxford Macquarie Online CollaborativeInternationalDictionaryofEnglish UrbanDictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Learners/ESL CambridgeAdvancedLearner's CollinsCOBUILDAdvanced LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish MacmillanEnglishDictionaryforAdvancedLearners Merriam-Webster'sAdvancedLearner's OxfordAdvancedLearner's Portals: Books Languages AuthoritycontrolGeneral VIAF 1 WorldCat(viaVIAF) Nationallibraries France(data) Germany Israel UnitedStates Other SUDOC(France) 1 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&oldid=1097008412" Categories:OxfordEnglishDictionary1884non-fictionbooksBritishcultureEnglishdictionariesEnglishnon-fictionliteratureLanguagesoftwareformacOSLanguagesoftwareforWindowsOxforddictionariesHiddencategories:Pagescontaininglinkstosubscription-onlycontentCS1maint:postscriptCS1:Julian–GregorianuncertaintyArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsedmydatesfromJuly2017UseOxfordspellingfromApril2020AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2020Allarticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesArticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesfromJune2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJune2021AllarticleswithdeadexternallinksArticleswithdeadexternallinksfromFebruary2022ArticleswithpermanentlydeadexternallinksArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithSUDOCidentifiersArticleswithWorldCat-VIAFidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AfrikaansÆngliscالعربيةঅসমীয়াAsturianuAzərbaycancaবাংলাБашҡортсаБеларускаяБългарскиCatalàČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתქართულიҚазақшаLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLinguaFrancaNovaമലയാളംमराठीBahasaMelayuမြန်မာဘာသာNederlands日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskਪੰਜਾਬੀPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤScotsසිංහලSimpleEnglishسنڌيکوردیСрпски/srpskiSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்ไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوVènetoTiếngViệtWinaray吴语ייִדיש粵語中文 Editlinks