College - Wikipedia

A college (Latin: collegium) is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution ... College FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Highereducationinstitution Thisarticleisabouteducationalcolleges.Forotheruses,seeCollege(disambiguation). CorpusChristiCollege,oneoftheconstituentcollegesoftheUniversityofCambridgeinEngland. WilliamsCollegeinWilliamstown,Massachusetts,oneoftheoldestliberalartscollegesintheUnitedStates. SeinäjokiCollegeinSeinäjoki,SouthOstrobothnia,Finland,inMay2018. Acollege(Latin:collegium)isaneducationalinstitutionoraconstituentpartofone.Acollegemaybeadegree-awardingtertiaryeducationalinstitution,apartofacollegiateorfederaluniversity,aninstitutionofferingvocationaleducation,orasecondaryschool. Inmostoftheworld,acollegemaybeahighschoolorsecondaryschool,acollegeoffurthereducation,atraininginstitutionthatawardstradequalifications,ahigher-educationproviderthatdoesnothaveuniversitystatus(oftenwithoutitsowndegree-awardingpowers),oraconstituentpartofauniversity.IntheUnitedStates,acollegemayofferundergraduateprograms–eitherasanindependentinstitutionorastheundergraduateprogramofauniversity–oritmaybearesidentialcollegeofauniversityoracommunitycollege,referringto(primarilypublic)highereducationinstitutionsthataimtoprovideaffordableandaccessibleeducation,usuallylimitedtotwo-yearassociatedegrees.[1]ThewordisgenerallyalsousedasasynonymforauniversityintheUS.[2]CollegesincountriessuchasFrance,Belgium,andSwitzerlandprovidesecondaryeducation. Contents 1Etymology 2Overview 2.1Highereducation 2.2Furthereducation 2.3Secondaryeducation 2.4Other 3Collegebycountry 3.1Australia 3.2Bangladesh 3.3Canada 3.3.1Usageinauniversitysetting 3.3.2Usageinsecondaryeducation 3.4Chile 3.5Greece 3.6HongKong 3.7India 3.8Ireland 3.9Israel 3.10Macau 3.11Netherlands 3.12NewZealand 3.13Philippines 3.14Portugal 3.15Singapore 3.16SouthAfrica 3.17SriLanka 3.18Turkey 3.19UnitedKingdom 3.19.1Secondaryeducationandfurthereducation 3.19.2Highereducation 3.20UnitedStates 3.20.1Residentialcolleges 3.20.2OriginoftheU.S.usage 3.20.3MorrillLand-GrantAct 3.20.4Benefitsofcollege 3.21Zimbabwe 4Notes 5References 6Externallinks 7Seealso Etymology[edit] The"redsiminar",acollegebuildingpicturedinthecoatofarmsofNuuk,[3]thecapitalcityofGreenland Theword"college"isfromtheLatinverblego,legere,legi,lectum,"tocollect,gathertogether,pick",plustheprepositioncum,"with",[4]thusmeaning"selectedtogether".Thus"colleagues"areliterally"personswhohavebeenselectedtoworktogether".InancientRomeacollegiumwasa"body,guild,corporationunitedincolleagueship;ofmagistrates,praetors,tribunes,priests,augurs;apoliticalclubortradeguild".[5]Thusacollegewasaformofcorporationorcorporatebody,anartificiallegalperson(body/corpus)withitsownlegalpersonality,withthecapacitytoenterintolegalcontracts,tosueandbesued.InmediaevalEnglandtherewerecollegesofpriests,forexampleinchantrychapels;modernsurvivalsincludetheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinEngland(originallytheGuildofSurgeonsWithintheCityofLondon),theCollegeofArmsinLondon(abodyofheraldsenforcingheraldiclaw),anelectoralcollege(toelectrepresentatives),etc.,allgroupsofpersons"selectedincommon"toperformaspecifiedfunctionandappointedbyamonarch,founderorotherpersoninauthority.Asforthemodern"collegeofeducation",itwasabodycreatedforthatpurpose,forexampleEtonCollegewasfoundedin1440byletterspatentofKingHenryVIfortheconstitutionofacollegeofFellows,priests,clerks,choristers,poorscholars,andoldpoormen,withonemasterorgovernor,whosedutyitshallbetoinstructthesescholarsandanyotherswhomayresortthitherfromanypartofEnglandintheknowledgeofletters,andespeciallyofgrammar,withoutpayment".[6] Overview[edit] Highereducation[edit] King'sCollegeLondon,establishedbyaRoyalCharterin1829,isoneofthefoundingcollegesoftheUniversityofLondon. Withinhighereducation,thetermcanbeusedtoreferto:[7] Aconstituentpartofacollegiateuniversity,forexampleKing'sCollege,Cambridge,orofafederaluniversity,forexampleKing'sCollegeLondon. Aliberalartscollege,anindependentinstitutionofhighereducationfocusingonundergraduateeducation,suchasWilliamsCollegeorAmherstCollege. Aliberalartsdivisionofauniversitywhoseundergraduateprogramdoesnototherwisefollowaliberalartsmodel,suchastheYuanpeiCollegeatPekingUniversity. Aninstituteprovidingspecialisedtraining,suchasacollegeoffurthereducation,forexampleBelfastMetropolitanCollege,ateachertrainingcollege,oranartcollege. IntheUnitedStates,collegeissometimesbutrarelyasynonymforaresearchuniversity,suchasDartmouthCollege,oneoftheeightuniversitiesintheIvyLeague. Furthereducation[edit] Mainarticle:Sixthformcollege AsixthformcollegeorcollegeoffurthereducationisaneducationalinstitutioninEngland,Wales,NorthernIreland,Belize,theCaribbean,Malta,Norway,Brunei,orSouthernAfrica,amongothers,wherestudentsaged16to19typicallystudyforadvancedschool-levelqualifications,suchasA-levels,BTEC,HNDoritsequivalentandtheInternationalBaccalaureateDiploma,orschool-levelqualificationssuchasGCSEs.InSingaporeandIndia,thisisknownasajuniorcollege.ThemunicipalgovernmentofthecityofParisusesthephrase"sixthformcollege"astheEnglishnameforalycée.[8] Secondaryeducation[edit] ScotchCollege,Melbourne,anindependentsecondaryschoolinAustralia. Insomenationaleducationsystems,secondaryschoolsmaybecalled"colleges"orhave"college"aspartoftheirtitle. InAustraliatheterm"college"isappliedtoanyprivateorindependent(non-government)primaryand,especially,secondaryschoolasdistinctfromastateschool.MelbourneGrammarSchool,CranbrookSchool,SydneyandTheKing'sSchool,Parramattaareconsideredcolleges. Therehasalsobeenarecenttrendtorenameorcreategovernmentsecondaryschoolsas"colleges".InthestateofVictoria,somestatehighschoolsarereferredtoassecondarycolleges,althoughthepre-eminentgovernmentsecondaryschoolforboysinMelbourneisstillnamedMelbourneHighSchool.InWesternAustralia,SouthAustraliaandtheNorthernTerritory,"college"isusedinthenameofallstatehighschoolsbuiltsincethelate1990s,andalsosomeolderones.InNewSouthWales,somehighschools,especiallymulti-campusschoolsresultingfrommergers,areknownas"secondarycolleges".InQueenslandsomenewerschoolswhichacceptprimaryandhighschoolstudentsarestyledstatecollege,butstateschoolsofferingonlysecondaryeducationarecalled"StateHighSchool".InTasmaniaandtheAustralianCapitalTerritory,"college"referstothefinaltwoyearsofhighschool(years11and12),andtheinstitutionswhichprovidethis.Inthiscontext,"college"isasystemindependentoftheotheryearsofhighschool.Here,theexpressionisashorterversionofmatriculationcollege. InanumberofCanadiancities,manygovernment-runsecondaryschoolsarecalled"collegiates"or"collegiateinstitutes"(C.I.),acomplicatedformoftheword"college"whichavoidstheusual"post-secondary"connotation.Thisisbecausethesesecondaryschoolshavetraditionallyfocusedonacademic,ratherthanvocational,subjectsandabilitylevels(forexample,collegiatesofferedLatinwhilevocationalschoolsofferedtechnicalcourses).Someprivatesecondaryschools(suchasUpperCanadaCollege,VancouverCollege)choosetousetheword"college"intheirnamesnevertheless.[9]Somesecondaryschoolselsewhereinthecountry,particularlyoneswithintheseparateschoolsystem,mayalsousetheword"college"or"collegiate"intheirnames.[10] InNewZealandtheword"college"normallyreferstoasecondaryschoolforages13to17and"college"appearsaspartofthenameespeciallyofprivateorintegratedschools."Colleges"mostfrequentlyappearintheNorthIsland,whereas"highschools"aremorecommonintheSouthIsland. IntheNetherlands,"college"isequivalenttoHBO(Higherprofessionaleducation).Itisorientedtowardsprofessionaltrainingwithclearoccupationaloutlook,unlikeuniversitieswhicharescientificallyoriented.[11] StJohn'sCollege,Johannesburg,aboys'schoolinSouthAfrica. InSouthAfrica,somesecondaryschools,especiallyprivateschoolsontheEnglishpublicschoolmodel,have"college"intheirtitle.ThusnolessthansixofSouthAfrica'sEliteSevenhighschoolscallthemselves"college"andfitthisdescription.AtypicalexampleofthiscategorywouldbeStJohn'sCollege. Privateschoolsthatspecializeinimprovingchildren'smarksthroughintensivefocusonexaminationneedsareinformallycalled"cram-colleges". InSriLankatheword"college"(knownasVidyalayainSinhala)normallyreferstoasecondaryschool,whichusuallysignifiesabovethe5thstandard.DuringtheBritishcolonialperiodalimitednumberofexclusivesecondaryschoolswereestablishedbasedonEnglishpublicschoolmodel(RoyalCollegeColombo,S.Thomas'College,MountLavinia,TrinityCollege,Kandy)thesealongwithseveralCatholicschools(St.Joseph'sCollege,Colombo,StAnthony'sCollege)traditionallycarrytheirnameascolleges.Followingthestartoffreeeducationin1931largegroupofcentralcollegeswereestablishedtoeducatetheruralmasses.SinceSriLankagainedIndependencein1948,manyschoolsthathavebeenestablishedhavebeennamedas"college".[citationneeded] Other[edit] RoyalCollegeColombo,aboys'schoollocatedinColombo,SriLanka. Aswellasaneducationalinstitution,thetermcanalsorefer,followingitsetymology,toanyformalgroupofcolleaguessetupunderstatuteorregulation;oftenunderaRoyalCharter.Examplesareanelectoralcollege,theCollegeofArms,acollegeofcanons,andtheCollegeofCardinals.Othercollegiatebodiesincludeprofessionalassociations,particularlyinmedicineandalliedprofessions.IntheUKtheseincludetheRoyalCollegeofNursingandtheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians.ExamplesintheUnitedStatesincludetheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians,theAmericanCollegeofSurgeons,andtheAmericanCollegeofDentists.AnexampleinAustraliaistheRoyalAustralianCollegeofGeneralPractitioners. Collegebycountry[edit] Seealso:Category:Highereducationbycountry Australia[edit] InAustraliaacollegemaybeaninstitutionoftertiaryeducationthatissmallerthanauniversity,runindependentlyoraspartofauniversity.Followingareforminthe1980smanyoftheformerlyindependentcollegesnowbelongtoalargeruniversities. Referringtopartsofauniversity,thereareresidentialcollegeswhichprovideresidenceforstudents,bothundergraduateandpostgraduate,calleduniversitycolleges.Thesecollegesoftenprovideadditionaltutorialassistance,andsomehosttheologicalstudy.Manycollegeshavestrongtraditionsandrituals,soareacombinationofdormitorystyleaccommodationandfraternityorsororityculture. Mosttechnicalandfurthereducationinstitutions(TAFEs),whichoffercertificateanddiplomavocationalcourses,arestyled"TAFEcolleges"or"CollegesofTAFE". Someseniorhighschools,e.g.DonCollegeinTasmania,arealsoreferredtoascolleges. Bangladesh[edit] InBangladesh,educationalinstitutionsofferinghighersecondary(11th–12thgrade)educationareknownascolleges.[12] Canada[edit] Thissection'stoneorstylemaynotreflecttheencyclopedictoneusedonWikipedia.SeeWikipedia'sguidetowritingbetterarticlesforsuggestions.(February2018)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "College" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February2018)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Mainarticle:College(Canada) InCanadianEnglish,theterm"college"usuallyreferstoatradesschool,appliedarts/science/technology/business/healthschoolorcommunitycollege.Thesearepost-secondaryinstitutionsgrantingcertificates,diplomas,associatedegreesand(insomecases)bachelor'sdegrees.TheFrenchacronymspecifictopublicinstitutionswithinQuebec’sparticularsystemofpre-universityandtechnicaleducationisCEGEP(Collèged'enseignementgénéraletprofessionnel,"collegeofgeneralandprofessionaleducation").Theyarecollegiate-levelinstitutionsthatastudenttypicallyenrolsiniftheywishtocontinueontouniversityintheQuebeceducationsystem,[note1]ortolearnatrade.InOntarioandAlberta,therearealsoinstitutionswhicharedesignateduniversitycolleges,astheyonlygrantundergraduatedegrees.Thisistodifferentiatebetweenuniversities,whichhavebothundergraduateandgraduateprogramsandthosethatdonot. InCanada,thereisastrongdistinctionbetween"college"and"university".Inconversation,onespecificallywouldsayeither"theyaregoingtouniversity"(i.e.,studyingforathree-orfour-yeardegreeatauniversity)or"theyaregoingtocollege"(i.e.,studyingatatechnical/careertraining).[13] Usageinauniversitysetting[edit] Thetermcollegealsoappliestodistinctentitiesthatformallyactasanaffiliatedinstitutionoftheuniversity,formallyreferredtoasfederatedcollege,oraffiliatedcolleges.Auniversitymayalsoformallyincludeseveralconstituentcolleges,formingacollegiateuniversity.ExamplesofcollegiateuniversitiesinCanadaincludeTrentUniversity,andtheUniversityofToronto.Thesetypesofinstitutionsactindependently,maintainingtheirownendowments,andproperties.However,theyremaineitheraffiliated,orfederatedwiththeoverarchinguniversity,withtheoverarchinguniversitybeingtheinstitutionthatformallygrantsthedegrees.Forexample,TrinityCollegewasonceanindependentinstitution,butlaterbecamefederatedwiththeUniversityofToronto.SeveralcentralizeduniversitiesinCanadahavemimickedthecollegiateuniversitymodel;althoughconstituentcollegesinacentralizeduniversityremainsundertheauthorityofthecentraladministration.CentralizeduniversitiesthathaveadoptedthecollegiatemodeltoadegreeincludestheUniversityofBritishColumbia,withGreenCollegeandSt.John'sCollege;andtheMemorialUniversityofNewfoundland,withSirWilfredGrenfellCollege. Occasionally,"college"referstoasubjectspecificfacultywithinauniversitythat,whiledistinct,areneitherfederatednoraffiliated—CollegeofEducation,CollegeofMedicine,CollegeofDentistry,CollegeofBiologicalScience[14]amongothers. TheRoyalMilitaryCollegeofCanadaisamilitarycollegewhichtrainsofficersfortheCanadianArmedForces.Theinstitutionisafull-fledgeduniversity,withtheauthoritytoissuegraduatedegrees,althoughitcontinuestowordthetermcollegeinitsname.Theinstitution'ssisterschools,RoyalMilitaryCollegeSaint-Jeanalsousesthetermcollegeinitsname,althoughitacademicofferingisakintoaCEGEPinstitutioninQuebec.Anumberofpost-secondaryartschoolsinCanadaformerlyusedthewordcollegeintheirnames,despiteformallybeinguniversities.However,mostoftheseinstitutionswererenamed,orre-brandedintheearly21stcentury,omittingthewordcollegefromitsname. Usageinsecondaryeducation[edit] ThewordcollegecontinuestobeusedinthenamespublicseparatesecondaryschoolsinOntario.[15]AnumberofindependentschoolsacrossCanadaalsousethewordcollegeinitsname.[16] PublicsecularschoolboardsinOntarioalsorefertotheirsecondaryschoolsascollegiateinstitutes.However,usageofthewordcollegiateinstitutevariesbetweenschoolboards.CollegiateinstituteisthepredominantnameforsecondaryschoolsinLakeheadDistrictSchoolBoard,andTorontoDistrictSchoolBoard,althoughmostschoolboardsinOntariousecollegiateinstitutealongsidehighschool,andsecondaryschoolinthenamesoftheirinstitutions.Similarly,secondaryschoolsinRegina,andSaskatoonarereferredtoasCollegiate. Chile[edit] InChile,theterm"college"isusuallyusedinthenameofsomebilingualschools,likeSantiagoCollege,SaintGeorge'sCollegeetc. Since2009thePontificalCatholicUniversityofChileincorporatedcollegeasabachelor'sdegree,ithasaBachelorofNaturalSciencesandMathematics,aBachelorofSocialScienceandaBachelorofArtsandHumanities.IthasthesamesystemastheAmericanuniversities,itcombinesmajorsandminors.Anditletthestudentscontinueahigherdegreeinthesameuniversityoncefinished. Greece[edit] Kollegio(inGreekΚολλέγιο)referstotheCentersofPost-LyceumEducation(inGreekΚέντροΜεταλυκειακήςΕκπαίδευσης,abbreviatedasKEME),whichareprincipallyprivateandbelongtotheGreekpost-secondaryeducationsystem.SomeofthemhavelinkstoEUorUShighereducationinstitutionsoraccreditationorganizations,suchastheNEASC.[17]Kollegio(orKollegiainplural)mayalsorefertoprivatenon-tertiaryschools,suchastheAthensCollege. HongKong[edit] Seealso:EducationinHongKong InHongKong,theterm'college'isusedbytertiaryinstitutionsaseitherpartoftheirnamesortorefertoaconstituentpartoftheuniversity,suchasthecollegesinthecollegiateTheChineseUniversityofHongKong;ortoaresidencehallofauniversity,suchasSt.John'sCollege,UniversityofHongKong.Manyoldersecondaryschoolshavetheterm'college'aspartoftheirnames. India[edit] Seealso:CollegesandinstitutesinIndia TheIndianInstituteofTechnology,RoorkeeistheoldesttechnicalinstitutioninAsia. ThemodernsystemofeducationwasheavilyinfluencedbytheBritishstartingin1835.[18] InIndia,theterm"college"iscommonlyreservedforinstitutionsthatofferhighschooldiplomasatyear12("JuniorCollege",similartoAmericanhighschools),andthosethatofferthebachelor'sdegree;somecolleges,however,offerprogrammesuptoPhDlevel.Generally,collegesarelocatedindifferentpartsofastateandallofthemareaffiliatedtoaregionaluniversity.Thecollegesofferprogrammesleadingtodegreesofthatuniversity.CollegesmaybeeitherAutonomousornon-autonomous.AutonomousCollegesareempoweredtoestablishtheirownsyllabus,andconductandassesstheirownexaminations;innon-autonomouscolleges,examinationsareconductedbytheuniversity,atthesametimeforallcollegesunderitsaffiliation.Thereareseveralhundreduniversitiesandeachuniversityhasaffiliatedcolleges,oftenalargenumber. ThefirstliberalartsandsciencescollegeinIndiawas"CottayamCollege"orthe"SyrianCollege",Keralain1815.TheFirstinterlinguisticresidentialeducationinstitutioninAsiawasstartedatthiscollege.AtpresentitisaTheologicalseminarywhichispopularlyknownasOrthodoxTheologicalSeminaryorOldSeminary.Afterthat,CMSCollege,Kottayam,establishedin1817,andthePresidencyCollege,Kolkata,also1817,initiallyknownasHinduCollege.ThefirstcollegeforthestudyofChristiantheologyandecumenicalenquirywasSeramporeCollege(1818).ThefirstMissionaryinstitutiontoimpartWesternstyleeducationinIndiawastheScottishChurchCollege,Calcutta(1830).ThefirstcommerceandeconomicscollegeinIndiawasSydenhamCollege,Mumbai(1913). InIndiaanewtermhasbeenintroducedthatisAutonomousInstitutes&Colleges.AnautonomousCollegesarecollegeswhich needtobeaffiliatedtoacertainuniversity.Thesecollegescanconducttheirownadmissionprocedure,examinationsyllabus,feesstructureetc.However,attheendofcoursecompletion,theycannotissuetheirowndegreeordiploma.Thefinaldegreeordiplomaisissuedbytheaffiliateduniversity. Also,somesignificantchangescanpavewayundertheNEP(NewEducationPolicy2020)whichmayaffectthepresentguidelinesforuniversitiesandcolleges.[19] Ireland[edit] Seealso:Third-leveleducationintheRepublicofIreland ParliamentSquare,TrinityCollegeDublininIreland. InIrelandtheterm"college"isnormallyusedtodescribeaninstitutionoftertiaryeducation.Universitystudentsoftensaytheyattend"college"ratherthan"university".Until1989,nouniversityprovidedteachingorresearchdirectly;theywereformallyofferedbyaconstituentcollegeoftheuniversity. Therearenumberofsecondaryeducationinstitutionsthattraditionallyusedtheword"college"intheirnames:theseareeitherolder,privateschools(suchasBelvedereCollege,GonzagaCollege,CastleknockCollege,andSt.Michael'sCollege)orwhatwereformerlyaparticularkindofsecondaryschool.Thesesecondaryschools,formerlyknownas"technicalcolleges,"wererenamed"communitycolleges,"butremainsecondaryschools. Thecountry'sonlyancientuniversityistheUniversityofDublin.CreatedduringthereignofElizabethI,itismodelledonthecollegiateuniversitiesofCambridgeandOxford.However,onlyoneconstituentcollegewaseverfounded,hencethecuriouspositionofTrinityCollegeDublintoday;althoughbothareusuallyconsideredoneandthesame,theuniversityandcollegearecompletelydistinctcorporateentitieswithseparateandparallelgoverningstructures. Amongmoremodernfoundations,theNationalUniversityofIreland,foundedin1908,consistedofconstituentcollegesandrecognisedcollegesuntil1997.Theformerarenowreferredtoasconstituentuniversities–institutionsthatareessentiallyuniversitiesintheirownright.TheNationalUniversitycantraceitsexistencebackto1850andthecreationoftheQueen'sUniversityofIrelandandthecreationoftheCatholicUniversityofIrelandin1854.From1880,thedegreeawardingrolesofthesetwouniversitieswastakenoverbytheRoyalUniversityofIreland,whichremaineduntilthecreationoftheNationalUniversityin1908andQueen'sUniversityBelfast. Thestate'stwonewuniversities,DublinCityUniversityandUniversityofLimerick,wereinitiallyNationalInstituteforHigherEducationinstitutions.Theseinstitutionsoffereduniversitylevelacademicdegreesandresearchfromthestartoftheirexistenceandwereawardeduniversitystatusin1989inrecognitionofthis. ThirdleveltechnicaleducationinthestatehasbeencarriedoutintheInstitutesofTechnology,whichwereestablishedfromthe1970sasRegionalTechnicalColleges.TheseinstitutionshavedelegatedauthoritywhichentitlesthemtogivedegreesanddiplomasfromQualityandQualificationsIreland(QQI)intheirownnames. AnumberofprivatecollegesexistsuchasDublinBusinessSchool,providingundergraduateandpostgraduatecoursesvalidatedbyQQIandinsomecasesbyotheruniversities. Othertypesofcollegeincludecollegesofeducation,suchastheChurchofIrelandCollegeofEducation.Thesearespecialistinstitutions,oftenlinkedtoauniversity,whichprovidebothundergraduateandpostgraduateacademicdegreesforpeoplewhowanttotrainasteachers. Anumberofstate-fundedfurthereducationcollegesexist–whichoffervocationaleducationandtraininginarangeofareasfrombusinessstudiesandinformationandcommunicationstechnologytosportsinjurytherapy.Thesecoursesareusuallyone,twoorlessoftenthreeyearsindurationandarevalidatedbyQQIatLevels5or6,orfortheBTECHigherNationalDiplomaaward,whichisaLevel6/7qualification,validatedbyEdexcel.Therearenumerousprivatecolleges(particularlyinDublinandLimerick)[20]whichofferbothfurtherandhighereducationqualifications.Thesedegreesanddiplomasareoftencertifiedbyforeignuniversities/internationalawardingbodiesandarealignedtotheNationalFrameworkofQualificationsatLevels6,7and8. Israel[edit] Foramorecomprehensivelist,seeListofuniversitiesandcollegesinIsrael§ Colleges. ORTBraudeCollegeofEngineering InIsrael,anynon-universityhigher-learningfacilityiscalledacollege.InstitutionsaccreditedbytheCouncilforHigherEducationinIsrael(CHE)toconferabachelor'sdegreearecalled"AcademicColleges"(Hebrew:מִכְלָלָה,romanized: Mikhlala;pluralHebrew:מכללות,romanized: Mikhlalot).Thesecolleges(atleast4for2012)mayalsooffermaster'sdegreesandactasResearchfacilities.Therearealsoovertwentyteachertrainingcollegesorseminaries,mostofwhichmayawardonlyaBachelorofEducation(BEd)degree. Academiccolleges:Anyeducationalfacilitythathadbeenapprovedtoofferatleastbachelor'sdegreeisentitledbyCHEtousethetermacademiccollegeinitsname.[21] Engineeringacademiccollege:Anyacademicfacilitythatofferatleastbachelor'sdegreeandmostofitfacultiesareprovidinganEngineeringdegreeandEngineeringlicense. Educationalacademiccollege:Afteraneducationalfacilitythathadbeenapprovedfor"Teachersseminar"statusisthenapprovedtoprovideaBachelorofEducation,itsnameischangedtoinclude"EducationalAcademiccollege." Technicalcollege:A"Technicalcollege"(מכללהטכנולוגית)isaneducationalfacilitythatisapprovedtoallowtoprovideP.Edegree(הנדסאי)(14'thclass)ortechnician(טכנאי)(13'thclass)diplomaandlicenses. TrainingCollege:A"TrainingCollege"(מכללהלהכשרהorמכללהמקצועית)isaneducationalfacilitythatprovidesbasictrainingallowingapersontoreceiveaworkingpermitinafieldsuchasalternativemedicine,cooking,Art,Mechanical,Electricalandotherprofessions.Atraineecouldreceivetherighttoworkincertainprofessionsasapprentice(j.mechanic,j.Electricianetc.).Afterworkinginthetrainingfieldforenoughtimeanapprenticecouldhavealicensetooperate(Mechanic,Electrician[22]).Thiseducationalfacilityismostlyusedtoprovidebasictrainingforlowtechjobsandforjobseekerswithoutanytrainingthatareprovidedbythenation'sEmploymentService(שירותהתעסוקה). Macau[edit] FollowingthePortugueseusage,theterm"college"(colégio)inMacauhastraditionallybeenusedinthenamesforprivate(andnon-governmental)pre-universityeducationalinstitutions,whichcorrespondtoformonetoformsixleveltiers.SuchschoolsareusuallyrunbytheRomanCatholicchurchormissionariesinMacau.ExamplesincludeChanSuiKiPerpetualHelpCollege,YuetWahCollege,andSacredHeartCanossianCollege. Netherlands[edit] Mainarticle:EducationintheNetherlands IntheNetherlandsthereare3maineducationalroutesafterhighschool. MBO(middle-levelappliededucation),whichistheequivalentofjuniorcollege.Designedtopreparestudentsforeitherskilledtradesandtechnicaloccupationsandworkersinsupportrolesinprofessionssuchasengineering,accountancy,businessadministration,nursing,medicine,architecture,andcriminologyorforadditionaleducationatanothercollegewithmoreadvancedacademicmaterial.[23] HBO(higherprofessionaleducation),whichistheequivalentofcollegeandhasaprofessionalorientation.AfterHBO(typically4–6years),pupilscanenrollina(professional)master'sprogram(1–2years)orenterthejobmarket.TheHBOistaughtinvocationaluniversities(hogescholen),ofwhichthereareover40intheNetherlands,eachofwhichoffersabroadvarietyofprograms,withtheexceptionofsomethatspecializeinartsoragriculture.NotethatthehogescholenarenotallowedtonamethemselvesuniversityinDutch.ThisalsostretchestoEnglishandthereforeHBOinstitutionsareknownasuniversitiesofappliedsciences.[24] WO(Scientificeducation),whichistheequivalenttouniversityleveleducationandhasanacademicorientation.[24] HBOgraduatescanbeawardedtwotitles,whichareBaccalaureus(bc.)andIngenieur(ing.).AtaWOinstitution,manymorebachelor'sandmaster'stitlescanbeawarded.Bachelor'sdegrees:BachelorofArts(BA),BachelorofScience(BSc)andBachelorofLaws(LLB).Master'sdegrees:MasterofArts(MA),MasterofLaws(LLM)andMasterofScience(MSc).ThePhDtitleisaresearchdegreeawardeduponcompletionanddefenseofadoctoralthesis.[11] NewZealand[edit] TheUniversityofOtagoinNewZealand. TheconstituentcollegesoftheformerUniversityofNewZealand(suchasCanterburyUniversityCollege)havebecomeindependentuniversities.SomehallsofresidenceassociatedwithNewZealanduniversitiesretainthenameof"college",particularlyattheUniversityofOtago(whichalthoughbroughtundertheumbrellaoftheUniversityofNewZealand,alreadypossesseduniversitystatusanddegreeawardingpowers).Theinstitutionsformerlyknownas"Teacher-trainingcolleges"nowstylethemselves"Collegeofeducation". Someuniversities,suchastheUniversityofCanterbury,havedividedtheiruniversityintoconstituentadministrative"Colleges"–theCollegeofArtscontainingdepartmentsthatteachArts,HumanitiesandSocialSciences,CollegeofSciencecontainingSciencedepartments,andsoon.ThisislargelymodelledontheCambridgemodel,discussedabove. LiketheUnitedKingdomsomeprofessionalbodiesinNewZealandstylethemselvesas"colleges",forexample,theRoyalAustralasianCollegeofSurgeons,theRoyalAustralasianCollegeofPhysicians. Insomepartsofthecountry,secondaryschoolisoftenreferredtoascollegeandthetermisusedinterchangeablywithhighschool.ThissometimesconfusespeoplefromotherpartsofNewZealand.Butinallpartsofthecountrymanysecondaryschoolshave"College"intheirname,suchasRangitotoCollege,NewZealand'slargestsecondary. Philippines[edit] Mainarticle:HighereducationinthePhilippines InthePhilippines,collegesusuallyrefertoinstitutionsoflearningthatgrantdegreesbutwhosescholasticfieldsarenotasdiverseasthatofauniversity(UniversityofSantoTomas,UniversityofthePhilippines,AteneodeManilaUniversity,DeLaSalleUniversity,FarEasternUniversity,andAMAUniversity),suchastheSanBedaCollegewhichspecializesinlaw,AMAComputerCollegewhosecampusesarespreadalloverthePhilippineswhichspecializesininformationandcomputingtechnologies,andtheMapúaInstituteofTechnologywhichspecializesinengineering,ortocomponentunitswithinuniversitiesthatdonotgrantdegreesbutratherfacilitatetheinstructionofaparticularfield,suchasaCollegeofScienceandCollegeofEngineering,amongmanyothercollegesoftheUniversityofthePhilippines. Astatecollegemaynothavetheword"college"onitsname,butmayhaveseveralcomponentcolleges,ordepartments.Thus,theEulogioAmangRodriguezInstituteofScienceandTechnologyisastatecollegebyclassification. Usually,theterm"college"isalsothoughtofasahierarchicaldemarcationbetweentheterm"university",andquiteanumberofcollegesseektoberecognizedasuniversitiesasasignofimprovementinacademicstandards(ColegiodeSanJuandeLetran,SanBedaCollege),andincreaseinthediversityoftheoffereddegreeprograms(called"courses").Forprivatecolleges,thismaybedonethroughasurveyandevaluationbytheCommissiononHigherEducationandaccreditingorganizations,aswasthecaseofUriosCollegewhichisnowtheFr.SaturninoUriosUniversity.Forstatecolleges,itisusuallydonebyalegislationbytheCongressorSenate.Incommonusage,"goingtocollege"simplymeansattendingschoolforanundergraduatedegree,whetherit'sfromaninstitutionrecognizedasacollegeorauniversity. Whenitcomestoreferringtothelevelofeducation,collegeisthetermmoreusedtobesynonymoustotertiaryorhighereducation.Astudentwhoisorhasstudiedhis/herundergraduatedegreeateitheraninstitutionwithcollegeoruniversityinitsnameisconsideredtobegoingtoorhavegonetocollege. Portugal[edit] Mainarticle:EducationinPortugal PresentlyinPortugal,thetermcolégio(college)isnormallyusedasagenericreferencetoaprivate(non-government)schoolthatprovidesfrombasictosecondaryeducation.Manyoftheprivateschoolsincludethetermcolégiointheirname.Somespecialpublicschools–usuallyoftheboardingschooltype–alsoincludethetermintheirname,withanotableexamplebeingtheColégioMilitar(MilitaryCollege).Thetermcolégiointerno(literally"internalcollege")isusedspecificallyasagenericreferencetoaboardingschool. Untilthe19thcentury,acolégiowasusuallyasecondaryorpre-universityschool,ofpublicorreligiousnature,wherethestudentsusuallylivedtogether.AmodelforthesecollegeswastheRoyalCollegeofArtsandHumanities,foundedinCoimbrabyKingJohnIIIofPortugalin1542. Singapore[edit] Theterm"college"inSingaporeisgenerallyonlyusedforpre-universityeducationalinstitutionscalled"JuniorColleges",whichprovidethefinaltwoyearsofsecondaryeducation(equivalenttosixthforminBritishtermsorgrades11–12intheAmericansystem).Since1January2005,thetermalsoreferstothethreecampusesoftheInstituteofTechnicalEducationwiththeintroductionofthe"collegiatesystem",inwhichthethreeinstitutionsarecalledITECollegeEast,ITECollegeCentral,andITECollegeWestrespectively. Theterm"university"isusedtodescribehigher-educationinstitutionsofferinglocallyconferreddegrees.Institutionsofferingdiplomasarecalled"polytechnics",whileotherinstitutionsareoftenreferredtoas"institutes"andsoforth. SouthAfrica[edit] Althoughtheterm"college"ishardlyusedinanycontextatanyuniversityinSouthAfrica,somenon-universitytertiaryinstitutionscallthemselvescolleges.Theseincludeteachertrainingcolleges,businesscollegesandwildlifemanagementcolleges.See:ListofuniversitiesinSouthAfrica#Privatecollegesanduniversities;ListofpostsecondaryinstitutionsinSouthAfrica. SriLanka[edit] Thereareseveralprofessionalandvocationalinstitutionsthatofferpost-secondaryeducationwithoutgrantingdegreesthatarereferredtoas"colleges".ThisincludestheSriLankaLawCollege,themanyTechnicalCollegesandTeachingColleges. Turkey[edit] InTurkey,theterm"kolej"(college)referstoaprivatehighschool,typicallyprecededbyoneyearofpreparatorylanguageeducation.NotableTurkishcollegesincludeRobertCollege,UskudarAmericanAcademy,AmericanCollegiateInstituteandTarsusAmericanCollege. UnitedKingdom[edit] Birkbeck,UniversityofLondon Secondaryeducationandfurthereducation[edit] Furthereducation(FE)collegesandsixthformcollegesareinstitutionsprovidingfurthereducationtostudentsover16.Someofthesealsoprovidehighereducationcourses(seebelow).[25]Inthecontextofsecondaryeducation,'college'isusedinthenamesofsomeprivateschools,e.g.EtonCollegeandWinchesterCollege. Highereducation[edit] Seealso:CollegeswithinuniversitiesintheUnitedKingdom,Residentialcollege,andUniversitycollege§ UnitedKingdom Inhighereducation,acollegeisnormallyaproviderthatdoesnotholduniversitystatus,althoughitcanalsorefertoaconstituentpartofacollegiateorfederaluniversityoragroupingofacademicfacultiesordepartmentswithinauniversity.Traditionallythedistinctionbetweencollegesanduniversitieswasthatcollegesdidnotawarddegreeswhileuniversitiesdid,butthisisnolongerthecasewithNCGhavinggainedtaughtdegreeawardingpowers(thesameassomeuniversities)onbehalfofitscolleges,[26]andmanyofthecollegesoftheUniversityofLondonholdingfulldegreeawardingpowersandbeingeffectivelyuniversities.Mostcolleges,however,donotholdtheirowndegreeawardingpowersandcontinuetoofferhighereducationcoursesthatarevalidatedbyuniversitiesorotherinstitutionsthatcanawarddegrees. InEngland,asofAugust 2016[update],over60%ofthehighereducationprovidersdirectlyfundedbyHEFCE(208/340)aresixth-formorfurthereducationcolleges,oftentermedcollegesoffurtherandhighereducation,alongwith17collegesoftheUniversityofLondon,oneuniversitycollege,100universities,and14otherproviders(sixofwhichuse'college'intheirname).Overall,thismeansovertwo-thirdsofstate-supportedhighereducationprovidersinEnglandarecollegesofoneformoranother.[27][28]Manyprivateprovidersarealsocalledcolleges,e.g.theNewCollegeoftheHumanitiesandStPatrick'sCollege,London. Collegeswithinuniversitiesvaryimmenselyintheirresponsibilities.ThelargeconstituentcollegesoftheUniversityofLondonareeffectivelyuniversitiesintheirownright;collegesinsomeuniversities,includingthoseoftheUniversityoftheArtsLondonandsmallercollegesoftheUniversityofLondon,runtheirowndegreecoursesbutdonotawarddegrees;thoseattheUniversityofRoehamptonprovideaccommodationandpastoralcareaswellasdeliveringtheteachingonuniversitycourses;thoseatOxfordandCambridgedeliversometeachingonuniversitycoursesaswellasprovidingaccommodationandpastoralcare;andthoseinDurham,Kent,LancasterandYorkprovideaccommodationandpastoralcarebutdonotnormallyparticipateinformalteaching.Thelegalstatusofthesecollegesalsovarieswidely,withUniversityofLondoncollegesbeingindependentcorporationsandrecognisedbodies,Oxbridgecolleges,collegesoftheUniversityoftheHighlandsandIslands(UHI)andsomeDurhamcollegesbeingindependentcorporationsandlistedbodies,mostDurhamcollegesbeingownedbytheuniversitybutstilllistedbodies,andthoseofothercollegiateuniversitiesnothavingformalrecognition.WhenapplyingforundergraduatecoursesthroughUCAS,UniversityofLondoncollegesaretreatedasindependentproviders,collegesofOxford,Cambridge,DurhamandUHIaretreatedaslocationswithintheuniversitiesthatcanbeselectedbyspecifyinga'campuscode'inadditiontoselectingtheuniversity,andcollegesofotheruniversitiesarenotrecognised.[29][30][31][32][33] TheUHIandtheUniversityofWalesTrinitySaintDavid(UWTSD)bothincludefurthereducationcolleges.However,whiletheUHIcollegesintegrateFEandHEprovision,UWTSDmaintainsaseparationbetweentheuniversitycampuses(Lampeter,CarmarthenandSwansea)andthetwocolleges(ColegSirGârandColegCeredigion;n.b.colegisWelshforcollege),whichalthoughpartofthesamegrouparetreatedasseparateinstitutionsratherthancollegeswithintheuniversity.[34][35] Auniversitycollegeisanindependentinstitutionwiththepowertoawardtaughtdegrees,butwhichhasnotbeengranteduniversitystatus.UniversityCollegeisaprotectedtitlethatcanonlybeusedwithpermission,althoughnotethatUniversityCollegeLondon,UniversityCollege,OxfordandUniversityCollege,Durhamarecollegeswithintheirrespectiveuniversitiesandnotuniversitycolleges(inthecaseofUCLholdingfulldegreeawardingpowersthatsetitaboveauniversitycollege),whileUniversityCollegeBirminghamisauniversityinitsownrightandalsonotauniversitycollege. UnitedStates[edit] CityCollegeofNewYork Mainarticle:HighereducationintheUnitedStates Seealso:Communitycollege§ UnitedStates IntheUnitedStates,thereareover7021collegesanduniversities.[36]A"college"intheUSformallydenotesaconstituentpartofauniversity,butinpopularusage,theword"college"isthegenerictermforanypost-secondaryundergraduateeducation.Americans"gotocollege"afterhighschool,regardlessofwhetherthespecificinstitutionisformallyacollegeorauniversity.Somestudentschoosetodual-enroll,bytakingcollegeclasseswhilestillinhighschool.ThewordanditsderivativesarethestandardtermsusedtodescribetheinstitutionsandexperiencesassociatedwithAmericanpost-secondaryundergraduateeducation. Studentsmustpayforcollegebeforetakingclasses.Someborrowthemoneyvialoans,andsomestudentsfundtheireducationswithcash,scholarships,grants,orsomecombinationofthesepaymentmethods.In2011,thestateorfederalgovernmentsubsidized$8,000to$100,000foreachundergraduatedegree.Forstate-ownedschools(called"public"universities),thesubsidywasgiventothecollege,withthestudentbenefitingfromlowertuition.[37][38]Thestatesubsidizedonaverage50%ofpublicuniversitytuition.[39] SaintAnselmCollege Collegesvaryintermsofsize,degree,andlengthofstay.Two-yearcolleges,alsoknownasjuniororcommunitycolleges,usuallyofferanassociatedegree,andfour-yearcollegesusuallyofferabachelor'sdegree.Often,theseareentirelyundergraduateinstitutions,althoughsomehavegraduateschoolprograms. Four-yearinstitutionsintheU.S.thatemphasizealiberalartscurriculumareknownasliberalartscolleges.Untilthe20thcentury,liberalarts,law,medicine,theology,anddivinitywereabouttheonlyformofhighereducationavailableintheUnitedStates.[40]Theseschoolshavetraditionallyemphasizedinstructionattheundergraduatelevel,althoughadvancedresearchmaystilloccurattheseinstitutions. BowdoinCollege WhilethereisnonationalstandardintheUnitedStates,theterm"university"primarilydesignatesinstitutionsthatprovideundergraduateandgraduateeducation.Auniversitytypicallyhasasitscoreanditslargestinternaldivisionanundergraduatecollegeteachingaliberalartscurriculum,alsoculminatinginabachelor'sdegree.Whatoftendistinguishesauniversityishaving,inaddition,oneormoregraduateschoolsengagedinbothteachinggraduateclassesandinresearch.OftenthesewouldbecalledaSchoolofLaworSchoolofMedicine,(butmayalsobecalledacollegeoflaw,orafacultyoflaw).AnexceptionisVincennesUniversity,Indiana,whichisstyledandcharteredasa"university"eventhoughalmostallofitsacademicprogramsleadonlytotwo-yearassociatedegrees.Someinstitutions,suchasDartmouthCollegeandTheCollegeofWilliam&Mary,haveretainedtheterm"college"intheirnamesforhistoricalreasons.Inoneuniquecase,BostonCollegeandBostonUniversity,theformerlocatedinChestnutHill,MassachusettsandthelatterlocatedinBoston,Massachusetts,arecompletelyseparateinstitutions. Usageofthetermsvariesamongthestates.In1996,forexample,Georgiachangedallofitsfour-yearinstitutionspreviouslydesignatedascollegestouniversities,andallofitsvocationaltechnologyschoolstotechnicalcolleges. PomonaCollege Theterms"university"and"college"donotexhaustallpossibletitlesforanAmericaninstitutionofhighereducation.Otheroptionsinclude"institute"(WorcesterPolytechnicInstituteandMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology),"academy"(UnitedStatesMilitaryAcademy),"union"(CooperUnion),"conservatory"(NewEnglandConservatory),and"school"(JuilliardSchool).Incolloquialuse,theyarestillreferredtoas"college"whenreferringtotheirundergraduatestudies. Thetermcollegeisalso,asintheUnitedKingdom,usedforaconstituentsemi-autonomouspartofalargeruniversitybutgenerallyorganizedonacademicratherthanresidentiallines.Forexample,atmanyinstitutions,theundergraduateportionoftheuniversitycanbebrieflyreferredtoasthecollege(suchasTheCollegeoftheUniversityofChicago,HarvardCollegeatHarvard,orColumbiaCollegeatColumbia)whileatothers,suchastheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,"colleges"arecollectionsofacademicprogramsandotherunitsthatsharesomecommoncharacteristics,mission,ordisciplinaryfocus(the"collegeofengineering",the"collegeofnursing",andsoforth).Thereexistothervariantsforhistoricalreasons,includingsomeusesthatexistbecauseofmergersandacquisitions;forexample,DukeUniversity,whichwascalledTrinityCollegeuntilthe1920s,stillcallsitsmainundergraduatesubdivisionTrinityCollegeofArtsandSciences. Residentialcolleges[edit] ScrippsCollege SomeAmericanuniversities,suchasPrinceton,Rice,andYalehaveestablishedresidentialcolleges(sometimes,asatHarvard,thefirsttoestablishsuchasysteminthe1930s,knownashouses)alongthelinesofOxfordorCambridge.[41]UnliketheOxbridgecolleges,butsimilarlytoDurham,theseresidentialcollegesarenotautonomouslegalentitiesnoraretheytypicallymuchinvolvedineducationitself,beingprimarilyconcernedwithroom,board,andsociallife.[42]AttheUniversityofMichigan,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiegoandtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,eachresidentialcollegeteachesitsowncorewritingcoursesandhasitsowndistinctivesetofgraduationrequirements. ManyU.S.universitieshaveplacedincreasedemphasisontheirresidentialcollegesinrecentyears.ThisisexemplifiedbythecreationofnewcollegesatIvyLeagueschoolssuchasYaleUniversity[43]andPrincetonUniversity,[44]andeffortstostrengthenthecontributionoftheresidentialcollegestostudenteducation,includingthrougha2016taskforceatPrincetononresidentialcolleges.[45] OriginoftheU.S.usage[edit] ThefoundersofthefirstinstitutionsofhighereducationintheUnitedStatesweregraduatesoftheUniversityofOxfordandtheUniversityofCambridge.Thesmallinstitutionstheyfoundedwouldnothaveseemedtothemlikeuniversities–theyweretinyanddidnotofferthehigherdegreesinmedicineandtheology.Furthermore,theywerenotcomposedofseveralsmallcolleges.Instead,thenewinstitutionsfeltliketheOxfordandCambridgecollegestheywereusedto–smallcommunities,housingandfeedingtheirstudents,withinstructionfromresidentialtutors(asintheUnitedKingdom,describedabove).Whenthefirststudentsgraduated,these"colleges"assumedtherighttoconferdegreesuponthem,usuallywithauthority—forexample,TheCollegeofWilliam&MaryhasaRoyalCharterfromtheBritishmonarchyallowingittoconferdegreeswhileDartmouthCollegehasacharterpermittingittoawarddegrees"asareusuallygrantedineitheroftheuniversities,oranyothercollegeinourrealmofGreatBritain." AgnesScottCollege TheleadersofHarvardCollege(whichgrantedAmerica'sfirstdegreesin1642)mighthavethoughtoftheircollegeasthefirstofmanyresidentialcollegesthatwouldgrowupintoaNewCambridgeuniversity.However,overtime,fewnewcollegeswerefoundedthere,andHarvardgrewandaddedhigherfaculties.Eventually,itchangeditstitletouniversity,buttheterm"college"hadstuckand"colleges"havearisenacrosstheUnitedStates. InU.S.usage,theword"college"notonlyembodiesaparticulartypeofschool,buthashistoricallybeenusedtorefertothegeneralconceptofhighereducationwhenitisnotnecessarytospecifyaschool,asin"goingtocollege"or"collegesavingsaccounts"offeredbybanks. Inasurveyofmorethan2,000collegestudentsin33statesand156differentcampuses,theU.S.PublicInterestResearchGroupfoundtheaveragestudentspendsasmuchas$1,200eachyearontextbooksandsuppliesalone.Bycomparison,thegroupsaysthat'stheequivalentof39percentoftuitionandfeesatacommunitycollege,and14percentoftuitionandfeesatafour-yearpublicuniversity.[46] MorrillLand-GrantAct[edit] SUNYPurchaseCollege Inadditiontoprivatecollegesanduniversities,theU.S.alsohasasystemofgovernmentfunded,publicuniversities.ManywerefoundedundertheMorrillLand-GrantCollegesActof1862.Amovementhadarisentobringaformofmorepracticalhighereducationtothemasses,as"...manypoliticiansandeducatorswantedtomakeitpossibleforallyoungAmericanstoreceivesomesortofadvancededucation."[47]TheMorrillAct"...madeitpossibleforthenewwesternstatestoestablishcollegesforthecitizens."[47]Itsgoalwastomakehighereducationmoreeasilyaccessibletothecitizenryofthecountry,specificallytoimproveagriculturalsystemsbyprovidingtrainingandscholarshipintheproductionandsalesofagriculturalproducts,[48]andtoprovideformaleducationin"...agriculture,homeeconomics,mechanicalarts,andotherprofessionsthatseemedpracticalatthetime."[47] TheactwaseventuallyextendedtoallowallstatesthathadremainedwiththeUnionduringtheAmericanCivilWar,andeventuallyallstates,toestablishsuchinstitutions.MostofthecollegesestablishedundertheMorrillActhavesincebecomefulluniversities,andsomeareamongtheeliteoftheworld. Benefitsofcollege[edit] Selectionofafour-yearcollegeascomparedtoatwo-yearjuniorcollege,evenbymarginalstudentssuchasthosewithaC+gradeaverageinhighschoolandSATscoresinthemid800s,increasestheprobabilityofgraduationandconferssubstantialeconomicandsocialbenefits.[49][50][51] Zimbabwe[edit] ThetermcollegeismainlyusedbyprivateorindependentsecondaryschoolswithAdvancedLevel(Upper6thformers)andalsoPolytechnicCollegeswhichconferdiplomasonly.Astudentcancompletesecondaryeducation(InternationalGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation,IGCSE)at16yearsandproceedstraighttoapoly-technicalcollegeortheycanproceedtoAdvancedlevel(16to19years)andobtainaGeneralCertificateofEducation(GCE)certificatewhichenablesthemtoenrollatauniversity,providedtheyhavegoodgrades.Alternatively,withlowergrades,theGCEcertificateholderswillhaveanaddedadvantageovertheirGCSEcounterpartsiftheychoosetoenrollatapolytechnicalcollege.SomeschoolsinZimbabwechoosetooffertheInternationalBaccalaureatestudiesasanalternativetotheIGCSEandGCE. Notes[edit] ^Exceptionsaremadefor"mature"student,meaning21yearsofageorover,andoutoftheeducationalsystemforatleast2years. 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^SethZimmerman(May2013)."TheReturnstoCollegeAdmissionforAcademicallyMarginalStudents"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on31March2015.Retrieved26April2015.StudentswithgradesjustaboveathresholdforadmissionseligibilityatalargepublicuniversityinFloridaaremuchmorelikelytoattendanyuniversitythanbelow-thresholdstudents.Themarginaladmissionyieldsearningsgainsof22percentbetweeneightandfourteenyearsafterhighschoolcompletion.Thesegainsoutstripthecostsofcollegeattendance,andarelargestformalestudentsandfreelunchrecipients. 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