Nüwa - Wikipedia

Nüwa, also read Nügua, is the mother goddess of Chinese mythology. She is credited with creating humanity and repairing the Pillar of Heaven. Nüwa FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia (RedirectedfromNuwa) Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch MothergoddessofChinesemythology "Nuwa"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeNuwa(disambiguation). NüwaNuwarepairingthepillarofheavenbyXiaoYuncong(1596–1673)Traditional Chinese女媧SimplifiedChinese女娲TranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinNǚwāWade–GilesNü3-wa1IPANỳwáYue:CantoneseYaleRomanizationNeuiwōJyutpingNeoi3wo1SouthernMinHokkienPOJLú-oMiddleChineseMiddleChinesenrɨaXkwue PartofaseriesonChinesefolkreligion Concepts Tian—Shangdi Qi Shen Ling Xianling Yinyang Hundun Mingyun Yuanfen Baoying Wu Theory Chinesetheology Chinesegodsandimmortals Chinesemythology Chinesecreationmyth Chinesespiritualworldconcepts Modelhumanity: Xian Zhenren Wenandwu Practices Fenxiang Jingxiang Fengshui Miaohui Wushamanism Jitongmediumship Preciousscrolls Institutionsandtemples Associationsofgood-doing Lineageassociationsorchurches Chinesetemple Ancestralshrine ChineseFolkTemples'Association Festivals Qingming Zhongyuan Zhongqiu Jiuhuangye Qixi Duanwu Nian InternaltraditionsMajorculturalforms Chineseancestralreligion Chinesecommunaldeityreligion Chinesefoodtherapy Chinesegeomancy Chinesemothergoddessworship NortheastChinafolkreligion TraditionalChineseMedicine Mainphilosophicaltraditions: Confucianism(staterites) Taoism Otherschools Ritualtraditions: Folkritualmasters'orders Jitongmediumship Nuofolkreligion Chineseshamanism Devotionaltraditions: Mazuism WangYeworship Salvationchurchesandsects: Deteaching Jiugongdao Luoteaching Maitreyateachings Tianditeachings Tianxianmiaodao Xiateaching Xiantiandao Zailiteaching Qigong Confucianchurchesandsects: HolyConfucianChurch IndonesianConfucianChurch UniversalChurchoftheWayanditsVirtue Phoenixchurches Xuanyuanism Taiguschool Relatedreligions Benzhuism Bimoism Bon Dongbaism Miaofolkreligion Vietnamesefolkreligion Qiangfolkreligion Yaofolkreligion Zhuangfolkreligion vte Nüwa,alsoreadNügua,isthemothergoddessofChinesemythology.SheiscreditedwithcreatinghumanityandrepairingthePillarofHeaven.[1] Ascreatorofmankind,shemoldedhumansindividuallybyhandwithyellowclay.[2] IntheHuainanzi,thereisdescribedagreatbattlebetweendeitiesthatbrokethepillarssupportingHeavenandcausedgreatdevastation.Therewasgreatflooding,andHeavenhadcollapsed.NüwawastheonewhopatchedtheholesinHeavenwithfivecoloredstones,andsheusedthelegsofatortoisetomendthepillars.[2] TherearemanyinstancesofherinliteratureacrossChinawhichdetailherincreationstories,andtodayremainsafigureimportanttoChineseculture. Contents 1Name 2Description 3IconographyofFuxiandNüwa 4AppearanceinFengshenYanyi 5Creationofhumanity 6Arrangerofmarriages 7NüwaandFuxi 8NüwaMendstheHeavens 8.1EmpressNuwa 8.2Culture 9Seealso 10Explanatorynotes 11Citations 12Generalbibliography 13Furtherreading 14Externallinks Name[edit] Thecharacternü(Chinese:女;lit.'female')isacommonprefixonthenamesofgoddesses.Thepropernameiswa,alsoreadasgua(Chinese:媧).TheChinesecharacterisuniquetothisname.Birrelltranslatesitas'lovely',butnotesthatit"couldbeconstruedas'frog',whichisconsistentwithheraquaticmyth.[3]InChinese,thewordfor'whirlpool'iswo(Chinese:渦),whichsharesthesamepronunciationwiththewordfor'snail'(Chinese:蝸).Thesecharactersallhavetheirrightsideconstructedbythewordwa(Chinese:咼),whichcanbetranslatedas'spiral'or'helix'asnoun,andas'spin'or'rotate'whenasverb,todescribethe'helicalmovement'.Thismythicalmeaninghasalsobeensymbolicallypicturedascompassesinthehandwhichcanbefoundonmanypaintingsandportraitsassociatedwithher. HerreverentialnameisWahuang(Chinese:媧皇;lit.'EmpressWa').[4] Description[edit] ImageofNüwafromGujinTushuJichengbyChenMenglei,Qingdynasty TheHuainanzirelatesNüwatothetimewhenHeavenandEarthwereindisruption: Goingbacktomoreancienttimes,thefourpillarswerebroken;thenineprovinceswereintatters.Heavendidnotcompletelycover[theearth];Earthdidnotholdup[Heaven]allthewayaround[itscircumference].Firesblazedoutofcontrolandcouldnotbeextinguished;waterfloodedingreatexpansesandwouldnotrecede.Ferociousanimalsateblamelesspeople;predatorybirdssnatchedtheelderlyandtheweak.Thereupon,Nüwasmeltedtogetherfive-coloredstonesinordertopatchuptheazuresky,cutoffthelegsofthegreatturtletosetthemupasthefourpillars,killedtheblackdragontoprovidereliefforJiProvince,andpiledupreedsandcinderstostopthesurgingwaters.Theazureskywaspatched;thefourpillarsweresetup;thesurgingwatersweredrained;theprovinceofJiwastranquil;craftyvermindiedoff;blamelesspeople[preservedtheir]lives.[5][a] ThecatastrophesweresupposedlycausedbythebattlebetweenthedeitiesGonggongandZhuanxu(aneventthatwasmentionedearlierintheHuainanzi),[b]thefive-coloredstonessymbolizethefiveChineseelements(wood,fire,earth,metal,andwater),theblackdragonwastheessenceofwaterandthuscauseofthefloods,JiProvinceservesmetonymicallyforthecentralregions(theSiniticworld).[8]Followingthis,theHuainanzitellsabouthowthesage-rulersNüwaandFuxisetorderovertherealmbyfollowingtheWay(道)anditspotency(德).[5] TheClassicofMountainsandSeas,datedbetweentheWarringStatesperiodandtheHanDynasty,describesNüwa'sintestinesasbeingscatteredintotenspirits.[9][non-primarysourceneeded] InLiezi(c.475–221BC),Chapter5"QuestionsofTang"(卷第五湯問篇),authorLieYukoudescribesNüwarepairingtheoriginalimperfectheavenusingfive-coloredstones,andcuttingthelegsoffatortoisetouseasstrutstoholdupthesky.[citationneeded] InSongsofChu(c.340–278BC),Chapter3"AskingHeaven"(Chinese:问天),authorQuYuanwritesthatNüwamoldedfiguresfromtheyellowearth,givingthemlifeandtheabilitytobearchildren.Afterdemonsfoughtandbrokethepillarsoftheheavens,Nüwaworkedunceasinglytorepairthedamage,meltingdownthefive-colouredstonestomendtheheavens.[10] InShuowenJiezi(c.58–147AD),China'searliestdictionary,undertheentryforNüwaauthorXuShendescribesherasbeingboththesisterandthewifeofFuxi.NüwaandFuxiwerepicturedashavingsnake-liketailsinterlockedinanEasternHanDynastymuralintheWuliangTempleinJiaxiangcounty,Shandongprovince.[citationneeded] InDuyiZhi(獨異志;c.846–874AD),Volume3,authorLiRonggivesthisdescription. Longago,whentheworldfirstbegan,thereweretwopeople,NüKuaandherolderbrother.TheylivedonMountK'un-lun.Andtherewerenotyetanyordinarypeopleintheworld.Theytalkedaboutbecominghusbandandwife,buttheyfeltashamed.SothebrotheratoncewentwithhissisterupMountK'un-lunandmadethisprayer:"OhHeaven,ifThouwouldstsendustwoforthasmanandwife,thenmakeallthemistyvaporgather.Ifnot,thenmakeallthemistyvapordisperse."Atthis,themistyvaporimmediatelygathered.Whenthesisterbecameintimatewithherbrother,theyplaitedsomegrasstomakeafantoscreentheirfaces.Eventoday,whenamantakesawife,theyholdafan,whichisasymbolofwhathappenedlongago.[11] InYuchuanZiji(玉川子集c.618–907AD),Chapter3("與馬異結交詩"也稱"女媧本是伏羲婦"),authorLuTongdescribesNüwaasthewifeofFuxi.[citationneeded] InSikuQuanshu,SimaZhen(679–732)providescommentaryontheprologuechaptertoSimaQian'sShiji,"SupplementaltotheHistoricRecord:HistoryoftheThreeAugustOnes",whereinitisfoundthattheThreeAugustOnesareNüwa,Fuxi,andShennong;FuxiandNüwahavethesamelastname,Feng(Chinese:風;Hmong:Faj).[c] NüwaasdepictedononeoftheMawangduisilkbanners,Handynasty InthecollectionFourGreatBooksofSong(c.960–1279AD),compiledbyLiFangandothers,Volume78ofthebookImperialReadingsoftheTaipingEracontainsachapter"CustomsbyYingshaooftheHanDynasty"inwhichitisstatedthattherewerenomenwhentheskyandtheearthwereseparated.ThusNüwausedyellowclaytomakepeople.Buttheclaywasnotstrongenoughsosheputropesintotheclaytomakethebodieserect.Itisalsosaidthatsheprayedtogodstoletherbethegoddessofmaritalaffairs.Variationsofthisstoryexist.[citationneeded] IconographyofFuxiandNüwa[edit] NüwaandFuxionthemurals(rubbingdepicted)oftheWuLiangshrines,Handynasty(206BC–220AD)TheiconographyofFuxiandNüwavaryinphysicalappearancedependingonthetimeperiodandalsoshowsregionaldifferences.[12]InChinesetombmuralsandiconography,FuxiandNüwagenerallyhavesnake-likebodiesandhumanfaceorhead.[12][13][14] FuxiandNüwacanbedepictedasindividualfiguresarrangedasasymmetricalpairortheycanbedepictedindoublefigureswithintertwinedsnake-likebodies.[12]Theirsnake-liketailscanalsobedepictedstretchingouttowardseachother.[12]FuxiandNüwacanalsoappearindividuallyonseparatetombbricks.[12]Theygenerallyholdorembracethesunormoondiscscontainingtheimagesofabird(orathree-leggedcrow)oratoad(sometimesahare)whicharethesunandmoonsymbolismrespectively,and/oreachholdingatrysquareorapairofcompasses,orholdingalongevitymushroom(Chinese:靈芝;pinyin:lingzhi)plant.[12][14]FuxiandNüwaholdingthesunandthemoonappearsasearlyasthelateWesternHandynasty.[12]Otherphysicalappearancevariation,suchaslowersnake-likebodyshape(e.g.thickvsthintails),depictionsoflegs(i.e.legsfoundalongthesnake-likebody)andwings(e.g.wingswithfeatherswhichprotrudefromtheirbacksasfoundinlateWesternHanXinan(新安)Tomborsmallerquillsfoundontheirshoulders),andinhatsandhairstyles,alsoexist.[12] IntheLuoyangregionsmuralsdatingtothelateWesternHandynasty,FuxiandNüwaaregenerallydepictedasindividualfigures,eachonefoundateachsideofthecentralridgeoftombchambersasfoundintheBuQianqiuTomb.[12]Theycanalsobefoundwithoutintertwiningtailsfromthestonemuralsofthesameperiod.[12]SincethemiddleoftheEasternHandynasty,theirtailsstartedtointertwine.[12] IntheGansumuralsdatingtotheWeiandWesternJinperiod,oneofthemosttypicalfeaturesofFuxiisthe"mountain-hat"(Chinese:山字形;pinyin:Shanzixing)whichlookslikeathree-peakedcapwhileNüwaisdepictedwearingvarioushairstylescharacteristicofHanwomen.[12]Bothdeitiesdressedinwide-sleevedclothing,whichreflectstypicalHanclothingstylealsocommonlydepictedinHandynastyart.[12] FuxiandNüwa. FuxiandNuwawithtowerandtwindragons,China,unearthedfromaclifftomb,Alkalifactory,Pengshan,EasternHandynasty,25-220AD. FuxiandNuwaholdingthesundiscandmoondiscrespectively,EasternHandynasty,25-220AD. ThetwoconjoinedfiguresareFuxiandNuwaholdingacompassandarulerrespectively;apaintingdiscoveredattheAstanaGraves.BurialobjectsintheTurpanregionoftendisplayastrongChineseinfluenceasChineseHanculturewasintroducedearlyinitshistory.[15] FuxiandNüwa.1967AstanaCemetery AppearanceinFengshenYanyi[edit] AnancientpaintingofNuwaandFuxiunearthedattheAstanaGraves. NüwaisfeaturedwithinthefamedMingdynastynovelFengshenBang.Asfeaturedwithinthisnovel,NüwaisveryhighlyrespectedsincethetimeoftheXiaDynastyforbeingthedaughteroftheJadeEmperor;Nüwaisalsoregularlycalledthe"SnakeGoddess".AftertheShangDynastyhadbeencreated,Nüwacreatedthefive-coloredstonestoprotectthedynastywithoccasionalseasonalrainsandotherenhancingqualities.Thusintime,ShangRongaskedKingZhouofShangtopayheravisitasasignofdeeprespect.AfterZhouwascompletelyovercomewithlustattheverysightofthebeautifulancientgoddessNüwa(whohadbeensittingbehindalightcurtain),hewroteaneroticpoemonaneighboringwallandtookhisleave.WhenNüwalaterreturnedtohertempleaftervisitingtheYellowEmperor,shesawthefoulnessofZhou'swords.Inheranger,shesworetheShangDynastywouldendinpaymentforhisoffense.Inherrage,Nüwapersonallyascendedtothepalaceinanattempttokilltheking,butwassuddenlystruckbackbytwolargebeamsofredlight. AfterNüwarealizedthatKingZhouwasalreadydestinedtorulethekingdomfortwenty-sixmoreyears,Nüwasummonedherthreesubordinates—theThousand-YearVixen(laterbecomingDaji),theJadePipa,andtheNine-HeadedPheasant.Withthesewords,NüwabroughtdestinedchaostotheShangDynasty,"TheluckChengTangwonsixhundredyearsagoisdimming.Ispeaktoyouofanewmandateofheavenwhichsetsthedestinyforall.YouthreearetoenterKingZhou'spalace,whereyouaretobewitchhim.Whateveryoudo,donotharmanyoneelse.Ifyoudomybidding,anddoitwell,youwillbepermittedtoreincarnateashumanbeings."[16]Withthesewords,Nüwawasneverheardofagain,butwasstillamajorindirectfactortowardstheShangDynasty'sfall. Creationofhumanity[edit] Nüwacreatedhumanityduetoherloneliness,whichgrewmoreintenseovertime.Shemoldedyellowearthor,inotherversions,yellowclayintotheshapeofpeople.Theseindividualslaterbecamethewealthynoblesofsociety,becausetheyhadbeencreatedbyNüwa'sownhands.However,themajorityofhumanitywascreatedwhenNüwadraggedstringacrossmudtomass-producethem,whichshedidbecausecreatingeverypersonbyhandwastootime-andenergy-consuming.ThiscreationstorygivesanaetiologicalexplanationforthesocialhierarchyinancientChina.Thenobilitybelievedthattheyweremoreimportantthanthemass-producedmajorityofhumanity,becauseNüwatooktimetocreatethem,andtheyhadbeendirectlytouchedbyherhand.[17]Inanotherversionofthecreationofhumanity,NüwaandFuxiweresurvivorsofagreatflood.BythecommandoftheGodoftheheaven,theyweremarriedandNüwahadachildwhichwasaballofmeat.Thisballofmeatwascutintosmallpieces,andthepieceswerescatteredacrosstheworld,whichthenbecamehumans.[18] Arrangerofmarriages[edit] Nüwawasbornthreemonthsafterherbrother,Fuxi,whomshelatertookasherhusband;thismarriageisthereasonwhyNüwaiscreditedwithinventingtheideaofmarriage.[17] NüwaandFuxi[edit] Beforethetwoofthemgotmarried,theylivedonmountK'un-lun.Aprayerwasmadeafterthetwobecameguiltyoffallingforeachother.Theprayerisasfollows, "OhHeaven,ifThouwouldstsendusforthasmanandwife,thenmakeallthemistyvaporgather.Ifnot,thenmakeallthemistyvapordisperse."[17] Mistyvaporthengatheredaftertheprayersignifyingthetwocouldmarry.Whenintimate,thetwomadeafanoutofgrasstoscreentheirfaceswhichiswhyduringmoderndaymarriages,thecoupleholdafantogether.Byconnecting,thetwowererepresentativeofYinandYang;FuxibeingconnectedtoYangandmasculinityalongNüwabeingconnectedtoYinandfemininity.ThisisfurtherdefinedwithFuxireceivingacarpenter'ssquarewhichsymbolizeshisidentificationwiththephysicalworldbecauseacarpenter'ssquareisassociatedwithstraightlinesandsquaresleadingtoamorestraightforwardmindset.Meanwhile,Nüwawasgivenacompasstosymbolizeheridentificationwiththeheavensbecauseacompassisassociatedwithcurvesandcirclesleadingtoamoreabstractmindset.Withthetwobeingmarried,itsymbolizedtheunionbetweenheavenandEarth.[17]OtherversionshaveNüwainventthecompassratherthanreceiveitasagift.[19]Inaddition,thesystemofmaleandfemalesex,theyang-yinphilosophy,isexpressedhereinacomplexway:firstasFuxiandNüwa,thenasacompass(masculine)andasquare(feminine),andthirdly,asNüwa(woman)withacompass(man)andFuxi(man)withasquare(woman).[20] NüwaMendstheHeavens[edit] ModernreliefofNuwaatthePingSienSiTempleinPerak,Malaysia NüwaMendstheHeavens(Chinese:女娲補天;Chinese:女娲补天;pinyin:Nǚwābǔtiān)isawell-knownthemeinChineseculture.ThecourageandwisdomofNüwainspiredtheancientChinesetocontrolnature'selementsandhasbecomeafavoritesubjectofChinesepoets,painters,andsculptors,[21]alongwithsomanypoetryandartslikenovels,films,paintings,andsculptures;e.g.thesculpturesthatdecorateNanshan[22]andYa'an.[23] TheHuainanzitellsanancientstoryabouthowthefourpillarsthatsupporttheskycrumbledinexplicably.Othersourceshavetriedtoexplainthecause,i.e.thebattlebetweenGongGongandZhuanxuorZhuRong.Unabletoaccepthisdefeat,GongGongdeliberatelybangedhisheadontoMountBuzhou(不周山)whichwasoneofthefourpillars.Halfoftheskyfellwhichcreatedagapingholeandtheearthitselfwascracked;theearth'saxismundiwastiltedintothesoutheastwhiletheskyroseintothenorthwest.ThisissaidtobethereasonwhythewesternregionofChinaishigherthantheeasternandthatmostofitsriversflowtowardsthesoutheast.Thissameexplanationisappliedtothesun,moon,andstarswhichmovedintothenorthwest.Awildfireburnttheforestsandledthewildanimalstorunamokandattacktheinnocentpeoples,whilethewaterwhichwascomingoutfromtheearth'scrackdidn'tseemtobeslowingdown.[24] Nüwapitiedthehumansshehadmadeandattemptedtorepairthesky.Shegatheredfivecolored-stones(red,yellow,blue,black,andwhite)fromtheriverbed,meltedthemandusedthemtopatchupthesky:sincethenthesky(clouds)havebeencolorful.Shethenkilledagiantturtle(ortortoise),someversionnamedthetortoiseasAo,cutoffthefourlegsofthecreaturetouseasnewpillarstosupportthesky.ButNüwadidn'tdoitperfectlybecausetheunequallengthofthelegsmadetheskytilt.Afterthejobwasdone,Nüwadroveawaythewildanimals,extinguishedthefire,andcontrolledthefloodwithahugeamountofashesfromtheburningreedsandtheworldbecameaspeacefulasitwasbefore.[24][25] EmpressNuwa[edit] ManyChineseknowwelltheirThreeSovereignsandFiveEmperors,i.e.theearlyleadersofhumanityaswellascultureheroesaccordingtotheNorthernChinesebelief.Butthelistsvaryanddependonthesourcesused.[26]OneversionincludesNüwaasoneoftheThreeSovereigns,whoreignedafterFuxiandbeforeShennong.[27] ThemythoftheThreeSovereignsseesthethreeasdemigodfigures,andthemythisusedtostresstheimportanceofanimperialreign.ThevariationbetweensourcesstemsfromChinabeinggenerallydividedbeforetheQinandHandynasties,andtheversionwithFuxi,Shennong,andNüwawasusedtoemphasizeruleandstructure.[28] Inhermatriarchalreign,shebattledagainstaneighboringtribalchief,defeatedhim,andtookhimtothepeakofamountain.Defeatedbyawoman,thechieffeltashamedtobealiveandbangedhisheadontheheavenlybambootokillhimselfandforrevenge.Hisacttoreaholeintheskyandmadeafloodhitthewholeworld.ThefloodkilledallpeopleexceptNüwaandherarmywhichwasprotectedbyherdivinity.Afterthat,Nüwapatchedtheskywithfivecolored-stonesuntilthefloodreceded.[29] Culture[edit] DreamoftheRedChamber(1754)narrateshowNuwagathered36,501stonestopatchtheskybutleftoneunused.Theunusedstoneplaysanimportantroleinthenovel'sstoryline.[30] AgoddessNüwastatuenamedSkyPatchingbyProf.YuanXikunwasexhibitedatTimesSquare,NewYorkCity,on19April2012tocelebrateEarthDay(2012),symbolizedtheimportanceofprotectingtheozonelayer.[31]Previously,this3.9metersstatuewasexhibitedonBeijingandnowisplacedonViennaInternationalCentre,Viennasince21November2012.[32] "GoddessNuwapatchesupthesky"(2013)isanapplicationforiPhoneandiPadbyZeroStudio.[33] ThestoryofNuwapatchingtheskywasbeingretoldby"CarolChen"onherbook"GoddessNuwaPatchesUptheSky"(2014)whichwasillustratedby"MengXianlong".[34] The2014hongkongmovieTheMonkeyKingdirectedbyCheangPou-soishowsthebattlebetweenJadeEmperor(ChowYunFat)andBullDemonKing(AaronKwok).Nuwa(ZhangZilin)sacrificesherselftorepairheavenandmakeaheavenlygatetoprotectheavenfrominvadingdemons.[35] AddedasaplayableChinesegoddessinSMITE. Seealso[edit] Chinesemythology FloodMythologyofChina Explanatorynotes[edit] ^AdifferenttranslationofthesametextisalsogiveninLewis.[6] ^"InancienttimesGongGongandZhuanXufought,eachseekingtobecomethethearch.Enraged,theycrashedagainstMountBuzhou;Heaven'spillarsbroke;thecordsofEarthsnapped.Heaventiltedinthenorthwest,andthusthesunandmoon,starsandplanetsshiftedinthatdirection.Earthbecameunfullinthesoutheast,andthusthewateryfloodsandmoundingsoilssubsidedinthatdirection."[7] ^SimaZhen'scommentaryisincludedwiththelaterSikuQuanshucompiledbyJiYunandLuXixiong(陸錫熊).[citationneeded] Citations[edit] ^"Nügua".OxfordReference.Retrieved18November2017. ^abLee,Irwin(1990)."DivinityandSalvation:TheGreatGoddessesofChina".AsianFolkloreStudies.49(1):53–68.doi:10.2307/1177949.JSTOR 1177949–viaJSTOR. ^AnneBirrell(1999),trans.,TheClassicofMountainsandSeas.PenguinBooks. ^媧皇.Handian.Retrieved18November2017. ^abMajor&al.(2010),ch.6. ^Lewis(2006),p. 111. ^Major&al.(2010),ch.3. ^Major&al.(2010),ch.6n. ^大荒西經.山海經[ShanHaiJing](inChinese). ^Qu,Yuan(2017).TheSongsofChu:AnAnthologyofAncientChinesePoetrybyQuYuanandOthers.ColumbiaUniversityPress.pp. 61–102. ^TranslationinBirrell1993,35. ^abcdefghijklmVampeljSuhadolnik,Nataša(2019-06-28)."TransmissionofHanPictorialMotifsintotheWesternPeriphery".AsianStudies.7(2):47–86.doi:10.4312/as.2019.7.2.47-86.ISSN 2350-4226.S2CID 198704018. ^Zhang,Fan(2019-06-28)."Chinese-BuddhistEncounter:SynthesisofFuxi-NüwaandtheCintamaniinEarlyMedievalChineseArt".AsianStudies.7(2):87–111.doi:10.4312/as.2019.7.2.87-111.ISSN 2350-4226.S2CID 198651581. ^abNelson,SarahM.(2019).Shamanismandtheoriginofstates :spirit,power,andgenderinEastAsia(First ed.).London.ISBN 978-1-315-42029-5.OCLC 1111577750. ^"PaintingofFuxiandNuwa|Highlights".NATIONALMUSEUMOFKOREA.Retrieved2021-12-04. ^Allan,Sarah;Allan,Sarah(1991).Theshapeoftheturtle:myth,art,andcosmosinearlyChina.SUNYseriesinChinesephilosophyandculture.SUNYPress.ISBN 978-0-7914-0460-7. ^abcdThury,EvaM.(2017).Introductiontomythology :contemporaryapproachestoclassicalandworldmyths.ISBN 9780190262983.OCLC 946109909. ^Lianfe,Yang(1993)."WaterinTraditionalChineseCulture".TheJournalofPopularCulture.27(2):51–56.doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1993.00051.x.ISSN 0022-3840. ^Roberts,DavidLindsay;Leung,AllenYukLun;Lins,AbigailFregni(2012),"FromtheSlatetotheWeb:TechnologyintheMathematicsCurriculum",ThirdInternationalHandbookofMathematicsEducation,SpringerNewYork,pp. 525–547,doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4684-2_17,ISBN 9781461446835 ^Schinz,Alfred(1996).TheMagicSquare:CitiesinAncientChina.EditionAxelMenges.ISBN 9783930698028. ^"NUWAREPAIRSTHEHEAVENS(NuwaBuTian)".Beijing:ChinaonYourMind.2013.Retrieved15November2015. ^dartman."GoddessNuWaPatchingtheSky".Panoramio.Retrieved15November2015.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:usesauthorsparameter(link) ^ZhitaoLi."NuwaPatchingtheSky".Dreamstime.Retrieved15November2015.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:usesauthorsparameter(link) ^abanonim(26October2009)."TheNuwaSacrificialCeremonies".Beijing:ConfuciusInstituteOnline.Retrieved15November2015.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:usesauthorsparameter(link) ^Skryrock(5February2013)."NüwaRepairstheHeavens".ChineseGeography.Retrieved15November2015.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:usesauthorsparameter(link) ^Hucker,Charles(1995).China'sImperialPast:AnIntroductiontoChineseHistoryandCulture.StanfordUniversityPress.p. 22.ISBN 9780804723534. ^劉煒/著.(2002)Chinesecivilizationinanewlight.Commercialpresspublishing.ISBN 962-07-5314-3,p.142. ^Nagel-Angermann,Monique(November2015)."TheThreeAugustOnes".DigintoHistory.17:4–viaEBSCOhost. ^MarkIsaak(2September2002)."FloodStoriesfromAroundtheWorld".Retrieved15November2015.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:usesauthorsparameter(link) ^LianhuaAndy(25September2015)."PenciptaanBumi&ManusiaMenurutChinessMitologi(Pangu,Nuwa&Fuxi)"(inIndonesian).Retrieved15November2015.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:usesauthorsparameter(link) ^"UnveilingGoddessNüwainNYTimesSquareandBeijing".UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP).22April2012.Retrieved15November2015. ^"OzonestatueunveiledinViennatomarkMontrealProtocolanniversary".UNIDO.22November2012.Retrieved15November2015. ^"GoddessNuwapatchesupthesky".ZeroStudio.2013.Retrieved15November2015. ^anonim(2014)."GoddessNuwaPatchesUptheSky–theChineseLibrarySeries(Paperback)".AbeBooksInc.Retrieved15November2015.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:usesauthorsparameter(link) ^JeddJong(4February2014)."TheMonkeyKing".Retrieved15November2015.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:usesauthorsparameter(link) Generalbibliography[edit] Birrell,Anne(1993),ChineseMythology:AnIntroduction,Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress. Lewis,MarkEdward(2006),TheFloodMythsofEarlyChina,Albany:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,ISBN 978-0-7914-6663-6. Major,JohnS.;et al.,eds.(2010),TheHuainanzi:AGuidetotheTheoryandPracticeofGovernmentinEarlyHanChina,NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,ISBN 978-0-231-14204-5. Furtherreading[edit] Allan,Sarah(1991),Theshapeoftheturtle:myth,art,andcosmosinearlyChina,SUNYseriesinChinesephilosophyandculture,SUNYPress,ISBN 0-7914-0460-9 Externallinks[edit] MediarelatedtoNuwaatWikimediaCommons NüwaThreeSovereignsandFiveEmperors Regnaltitles Preceded byFuxi MythologicalSovereignofChina Succeeded byShennong vteChinesemythologyOverviewtopics Creationmyth Godlyworldconcepts Astrology Dragons Shenmofiction Godsandimmortals Tian Pangu Ghosts Majorpersonages Godsandimmortals ThreeSovereignsandFiveEmperors EightImmortals Shennong YellowEmperor YanEmperor Chiyou HouYi Kuafu Creatures FourSymbols BlackTortoise AzureDragon WhiteTiger VermilionBird YellowDragon FourBenevolentAnimals Qilin Fenghuang Yinglong Spiritturtle Bixi Hulijing Chineseguardianlions Pixiu(Bixie) Nian Dijiang Hundun Xiezhi Wuzhiqi Yeren Foxspirit FourPerils(FourEvildoers) Peng(mythology) more... 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