Census - Wikipedia

A census is the procedure of systematically calculating, acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. Census FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Acquiringandrecordinginformationaboutthemembersofagivenpopulation CensustakervisitsafamilyofIndigenousDutchTravellerslivinginacaravan,Netherlands1925 Acensusistheprocedureofsystematicallycalculating,acquiringandrecordinginformationaboutthemembersofagivenpopulation.Thistermisusedmostlyinconnectionwithnationalpopulationandhousingcensuses;othercommoncensusesincludethecensusofagriculture,andothercensusessuchasthetraditionalculture,business,supplies,andtrafficcensuses.TheUnitedNationsdefinestheessentialfeaturesofpopulationandhousingcensusesas"individualenumeration,universalitywithinadefinedterritory,simultaneityanddefinedperiodicity",andrecommendsthatpopulationcensusesbetakenatleasteverytenyears.UnitedNationsrecommendationsalsocovercensustopicstobecollected,officialdefinitions,classificationsandotherusefulinformationtoco-ordinateinternationalpractices.[1][2] TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),inturn,definesthecensusofagricultureas“astatisticaloperationforcollecting,processinganddisseminatingdataonthestructureofagriculture,coveringthewholeorasignificantpartofacountry.”“Inacensusofagriculture,dataarecollectedattheholdinglevel.[3] ThewordisofLatinorigin:duringtheRomanRepublic,thecensuswasalistthatkepttrackofalladultmalesfitformilitaryservice.Themoderncensusisessentialtointernationalcomparisonsofanykindofstatistics,andcensusescollectdataonmanyattributesofapopulation,notjusthowmanypeoplethereare.Censusestypicallybeganastheonlymethodofcollectingnationaldemographicdata,andarenowpartofalargersystemofdifferentsurveys.Althoughpopulationestimatesremainanimportantfunctionofacensus,includingexactlythegeographicdistributionofthepopulationortheagriculturalpopulation,statisticscanbeproducedaboutcombinationsofattributese.g.educationbyageandsexindifferentregions.Currentadministrativedatasystemsallowforotherapproachestoenumerationwiththesamelevelofdetailbutraiseconcernsaboutprivacyandthepossibilityofbiasingestimates.[4] Acensuscanbecontrastedwithsamplinginwhichinformationisobtainedonlyfromasubsetofapopulation;typicallymainpopulationestimatesareupdatedbysuchintercensalestimates.Moderncensusdataarecommonlyusedforresearch,businessmarketing,andplanning,andasabaselinefordesigningsamplesurveysbyprovidingasamplingframesuchasanaddressregister.Censuscountsarenecessarytoadjustsamplestoberepresentativeofapopulationbyweightingthemasiscommoninopinionpolling.Similarly,stratificationrequiresknowledgeoftherelativesizesofdifferentpopulationstrata,whichcanbederivedfromcensusenumerations.Insomecountries,thecensusprovidestheofficialcountsusedtoapportionthenumberofelectedrepresentativestoregions(sometimescontroversially–e.g.,Utahv.Evans).Inmanycases,acarefullychosenrandomsamplecanprovidemoreaccurateinformationthanattemptstogetapopulationcensus.[5] Worldmapshowingcountries'mostrecentcensusesasof2020 Contents 1Sampling 2Residencedefinitions 3Enumerationstrategies 4Technology 5Development 6Usesofcensusdata 6.1Censusdataandresearch 7Privacyanddatastewardship 8Historyofcensuses 8.1Egypt 8.2AncientGreece 8.3Israel 8.4China 8.5India 8.6Rome 8.7RashidunandUmayyadCaliphates 8.8MedievalEurope 8.9IncaEmpire 8.10SpanishEmpire 9Worldpopulationestimates 10ImpactofCOVID-19oncensus 10.1Impact 10.2Adaptation 11Modernimplementation 12Seealso 13Sources 14Notes 15References 16Externallinks Sampling[edit] TehranCensus1869[6] Acensusisoftenconstruedastheoppositeofasampleasitsintentistocounteveryoneinapopulationratherthanafraction.However,populationcensusesdorelyonasamplingframetocountthepopulation.Thisistheonlywaytobesurethateveryonehasbeenincludedasotherwisethosenotrespondingwouldnotbefolloweduponandindividualscouldbemissed.Thefundamentalpremiseofacensusisthatthepopulationisnotknownandanewestimateistobemadebytheanalysisofprimarydata. Theuseofasamplingframeiscounterintuitiveasitsuggeststhatthepopulationsizeisalreadyknown.However,acensusisalsousedtocollectattributedataontheindividualsinthenation,notonlytoassesspopulationsize.Thisprocessofsamplingmarksthedifferencebetweenahistoricalcensus,whichwasahousetohouseprocessortheproductofanimperialdecree,andthemodernstatisticalproject. Thesamplingframeusedbycensusisalmostalwaysanaddressregister.Thusitisnotknownifthereisanyoneresidentorhowmanypeoplethereareineachhousehold.Dependingonthemodeofenumeration,aformissenttothehouseholder,anenumeratorcalls,oradministrativerecordsforthedwellingareaccessed.Asapreliminarytothedispatchofforms,censusworkerswillcheckanyaddressproblemsontheground. Whileitmayseemstraightforwardtousethepostalservicefileforthispurpose,thiscanbeoutofdateandsomedwellingsmaycontainanumberofindependenthouseholds.Aparticularproblemiswhataretermed'communalestablishments'whichcategoryincludesstudentresidences,religiousorders,homesfortheelderly,peopleinprisonsetc.Asthesearenoteasilyenumeratedbyasinglehouseholder,theyareoftentreateddifferentlyandvisitedbyspecialteamsofcensusworkerstoensuretheyareclassifiedappropriately. Residencedefinitions[edit] Individualsarenormallycountedwithinhouseholds,andinformationistypicallycollectedaboutthehouseholdstructureandthehousing.Forthisreasoninternationaldocumentsrefertocensusesofpopulationandhousing.Normallythecensusresponseismadebyahousehold,indicatingdetailsofindividualsresidentthere. Animportantaspectofcensusenumerationsisdeterminingwhichindividualscanbecountedandwhichcannotbecounted.Broadly,threedefinitionscanbeused:defactoresidence;dejureresidence;andpermanentresidence.Thisisimportantinconsideringindividualswhohavemultipleortemporaryaddresses.Everypersonshouldbeidentifieduniquelyasresidentinoneplace;buttheplacewheretheyhappentobeonCensusDay,theirdefactoresidence,maynotbethebestplacetocountthem.Whereanindividualusesservicesmaybemoreuseful,andthisisattheirusualresidence.Anindividualmayberecordedata"permanent"address,whichmightbeafamilyhomeforstudentsorlongtermmigrants. Aprecisedefinitionofresidenceisneeded,todecidewhethervisitorstoacountryshouldbeincludedinthepopulationcount.Thisisbecomingmoreimportantasstudentstravelabroadforeducationforaperiodofseveralyears.Othergroupscausingproblemsofenumerationarenew-bornbabies,refugees,peopleawayonholiday,peoplemovinghomearoundcensusday,andpeoplewithoutafixedaddress. Peoplewithsecondhomesbecausetheyareworkinginanotherpartofthecountryorhaveaholidaycottagearedifficulttofixataparticularaddress;thissometimescausesdoublecountingorhousesbeingmistakenlyidentifiedasvacant.Anotherproblemiswherepeopleuseadifferentaddressatdifferenttimese.g.studentslivingattheirplaceofeducationintermtimebutreturningtoafamilyhomeduringvacations,orchildrenwhoseparentshaveseparatedwhoeffectivelyhavetwofamilyhomes.Censusenumerationhasalwaysbeenbasedonfindingpeoplewheretheylive,asthereisnosystematicalternative:anylistusedtofindpeopleislikelytobederivedfromcensusactivitiesinthefirstplace.RecentUNguidelinesproviderecommendationsonenumeratingsuchcomplexhouseholds.[7] Inthecensusofagriculture,dataiscollectedattheagriculturalholdingunit.Anagriculturalholdingisaneconomicunitofagriculturalproductionundersinglemanagementcomprisingalllivestockkeptandalllandusedwhollyorpartlyforagriculturalproductionpurposes,withoutregardtotitle,legalform,orsize.Singlemanagementmaybeexercisedbyanindividualorhousehold,jointlybytwoormoreindividualsorhouseholds,byaclanortribe,orbyajuridicalpersonsuchasacorporation,cooperativeorgovernmentagency.Theholding'slandmayconsistofoneormoreparcels,locatedinoneormoreseparateareasorinoneormoreterritorialoradministrativedivisions,providingtheparcelssharethesameproductionmeans,suchaslabour,farmbuildings,machineryordraughtanimals.[3] Enumerationstrategies[edit] Historicalcensusesusedcrudeenumerationassuming[clarificationneeded]absoluteaccuracy.Modernapproachestakeintoaccounttheproblemsofovercountandundercount,andthecoherenceofcensusenumerationswithotherofficialsourcesofdata.[clarificationneeded][8]Thisreflectsarealistapproachtomeasurement,acknowledgingthatunderanydefinitionofresidencethereisatruevalueofthepopulation[gobbledegook]butthiscanneverbemeasuredwithcompleteaccuracy.Animportantaspectofthecensusprocessistoevaluatethequalityofthedata.[9] Manycountriesuseapost-enumerationsurveytoadjusttherawcensuscounts.[10]Thisworksinasimilarmannertocapture-recaptureestimationforanimalpopulations.Amongcensusexpertsthismethodiscalleddualsystemenumeration(DSE).Asampleofhouseholdsarevisitedbyinterviewerswhorecordthedetailsofthehouseholdasatcensusday.Thesedataarethenmatchedtocensusrecords,andthenumberofpeoplemissedcanbeestimatedbyconsideringthenumbersofpeoplewhoareincludedinonecountbutnottheother.Thisallowsadjustmentstothecountfornon-response,varyingbetweendifferentdemographicgroups.Anexplanationusingafishinganalogycanbefoundin"Trout,CatfishandRoach..."[11]whichwonanawardfromtheRoyalStatisticalSocietyforexcellenceinofficialstatisticsin2011. Enumeratorconductingasurveyusingamobilephone-basedquestionnaireinruralZimbabwe. Triplesystemenumerationhasbeenproposedasanimprovementasitwouldallowevaluationofthestatisticaldependenceofpairsofsources.However,asthematchingprocessisthemostdifficultaspectofcensusestimationthishasneverbeenimplementedforanationalenumeration.Itwouldalsobedifficulttoidentifythreedifferentsourcesthatweresufficientlydifferenttomakethetriplesystemeffortworthwhile.TheDSEapproachhasanotherweaknessinthatitassumesthereisnopersoncountedtwice(overcount).Indefactoresidencedefinitionsthiswouldnotbeaproblembutindejuredefinitionsindividualsriskbeingrecordedonmorethanoneformleadingtodoublecounting.Aparticularproblemhereisstudentswhooftenhaveatermtimeandfamilyaddress. Severalcountrieshaveusedasystemwhichisknownasshortform/longform.[12]Thisisasamplingstrategywhichrandomlychoosesaproportionofpeopletosendamoredetailedquestionnaireto(thelongform).Everyonereceivestheshortformquestions.Thismeansmoredataarecollected,butwithoutimposingaburdenonthewholepopulation.Thisalsoreducestheburdenonthestatisticaloffice.Indeed,intheUKuntil2001allresidentswererequiredtofillinthewholeformbutonlya10%samplewerecodedandanalysedindetail.[13]Newtechnologymeansthatalldataarenowscannedandprocessed.Duringthe2011Canadiancensustherewascontroversyaboutthecessationofthemandatorylongformcensus;theheadofStatisticsCanada,MunirSheikh,resigneduponthefederalgovernment'sdecisiontodoso.[14] Theuseofalternativeenumerationstrategiesisincreasing[15]butthesearenotassimpleasmanypeopleassume,andareonlyusedindevelopedcountries.[16]TheNetherlandshasbeenmostadvancedinadoptingacensususingadministrativedata.Thisallowsasimulatedcensustobeconductedbylinkingseveraldifferentadministrativedatabasesatanagreedtime.Datacanbematchedandanoverallenumerationestablishedallowingfordiscrepanciesbetweendifferentdatasources.Avalidationsurveyisstillconductedinasimilarwaytothepostenumerationsurveyemployedinatraditionalcensus. Othercountrieswhichhaveapopulationregisterusethisasabasisforallthecensusstatisticsneededbyusers.ThisismostcommonamongNordiccountries,butrequiresmanydistinctregisterstobecombined,includingpopulation,housing,employmentandeducation.Theseregistersarethencombinedandbroughtuptothestandardofastatisticalregisterbycomparingthedataindifferentsourcesandensuringthequalityissufficientforofficialstatisticstobeproduced.[17] ArecentinnovationistheFrenchinstigationofarollingcensusprogrammewithdifferentregionsenumeratedeachyear,sothatthewholecountryiscompletelyenumeratedevery5to10years.[18]InEurope,inconnectionwiththe2010censusround,manycountriesadoptedalternativecensusmethodologies,oftenbasedonthecombinationofdatafromregisters,surveysandothersources.[19] Technology[edit] Censuseshaveevolvedintheiruseoftechnology:censusesin2010usedmanynewtypesofcomputing.InBrazil,handhelddeviceswereusedbyenumeratorstolocateresidencesontheground.Inmanycountries,censusreturnscouldbemadeviatheInternetaswellasinpaperform.DSEisfacilitatedbycomputermatchingtechniqueswhichcanbeautomated,suchaspropensityscorematching.IntheUK,allcensusformatsarescannedandstoredelectronicallybeforebeingdestroyed,replacingtheneedforphysicalarchives.Therecordlinkingtoperformanadministrativecensuswouldnotbepossiblewithoutlargedatabasesbeingstoredoncomputersystems. Therearesometimesproblemsinintroducingnewtechnology.TheUScensushadbeenintendedtousehandheldcomputers,butcostescalatedandthiswasabandoned,withthecontractbeingsoldtoBrazil.Onlineresponsehassomeadvantages,butoneofthefunctionsofthecensusistomakesureeveryoneiscountedaccurately.Asystemwhichallowedpeopletoentertheiraddresswithoutverificationwouldbeopentoabuse.Therefore,householdshavetobeverifiedontheground,typicallybyanenumeratorvisitorpostout[clarificationneeded].Paperformsarestillnecessaryforthosewithoutaccesstotheinternet.Itisalsopossiblethatthehiddennature[clarificationneeded]ofanadministrative[clarificationneeded]censusmeansthatusersarenotengagedwiththeimportanceofcontributingtheirdatatoofficialstatistics. Alternatively,populationestimationsmaybecarriedoutremotelywithGISandremotesensingtechnologies.[20] Development[edit] AccordingtoUNFPA,"Theinformationgeneratedbyapopulationandhousingcensus–numbersofpeople,theirdistribution,theirlivingconditionsandotherkeydata–iscriticalfordevelopment."[21]Thisisbecausethistypeofdataisessentialforpolicymakerssothattheyknowwheretoinvest.Unfortunately,manycountrieshaveoutdatedorinaccuratedataabouttheirpopulationsandthushavedifficultyinaddressingtheneedsofthepopulation. UNFPAsaid:[21] "Theuniqueadvantageofthecensusisthatitrepresentstheentirestatisticaluniverse,downtothesmallestgeographicalunits,ofacountryorregion.Plannersneedthisinformationforallkindsofdevelopmentwork,including:assessingdemographictrends;analysingsocio-economicconditions;[22]designingevidence-basedpoverty-reductionstrategies;monitoringandevaluatingtheeffectivenessofpolicies;andtrackingprogresstowardnationalandinternationallyagreeddevelopmentgoals." Inadditiontomakingpolicymakersawareofpopulationissues,thecensusisalsoanimportanttoolforidentifyingformsofsocial,demographicoreconomicexclusions,suchasinequalitiesrelatingtorace,ethics,andreligionaswellasdisadvantagedgroupssuchasthosewithdisabilitiesandthepoor. Anaccuratecensuscanempowerlocalcommunitiesbyprovidingthemwiththenecessaryinformationtoparticipateinlocaldecision-makingandensuringtheyarerepresented. Theimportanceofthecensusofagriculturefordevelopmentisthatitgivesasnapshotofthestructureoftheagriculturalsectorinacountryand,whencomparedwithpreviouscensuses,providesanopportunitytoidentifytrendsandstructuraltransformationsofthesector,andpointstowardsareasforpolicyintervention.Censusdataareusedasabenchmarkforcurrentstatisticsandtheirvalueisincreasedwhentheyareemployedtogetherwithotherdatasources.[3] Usesofcensusdata[edit] Earlycensusesinthe19thcenturycollectedpaperdocumentswhichhadtobecollatedbyhand,sothestatisticalinformationobtainedwasquitebasic.Thegovernmentownedthedatacouldpublishstatisticsonthestateofthenation.[23]Theresultswereusedtomeasurechangesinthepopulationandapportionrepresentation.Populationestimatescouldbecomparedtothoseofothercountries. Bythebeginningofthe20thcentury,censuseswererecordinghouseholdsandsomeindicationsoftheiremployment.Insomecountries,censusarchivesarereleasedforpublicexaminationaftermanydecades,allowinggenealogiststotracktheancestryofinterestedpeople.Archivesprovideasubstantialhistoricalrecordwhichmaychallengeestablishedviews.Informationsuchasjobtitlesandarrangementsforthedestituteandsickmayalsoshedlightonthehistoricalstructureofsociety. Politicalconsiderationsinfluencethecensusinmanycountries.InCanadain2010forexample,thegovernmentundertheleadershipofStephenHarperabolishedthemandatorylong-formcensus.ThisabolitionwasaresponsetoprotestsfromsomeCanadianswhoresentedthepersonalquestions.[24]Thelong-formcensuswasreinstatedbytheJustinTrudeaugovernmentin2016. Censusdataandresearch[edit] Asgovernmentsassumedresponsibilityforschoolingandwelfare,largegovernmentresearchdepartmentsmadeextensiveuseofcensusdata.Populationprojectionscouldbemade,tohelpplanforprovisioninlocalgovernmentandregions.Centralgovernmentcouldalsousecensusdatatoallocatefunding.Eveninthemid20thcentury,censusdatawasonlydirectlyaccessibletolargegovernmentdepartments.However,computersmeantthattabulationscouldbeuseddirectlybyuniversityresearchers,largebusinessesandlocalgovernmentoffices.Theycouldusethedetailofthedatatoanswernewquestionsandaddtolocalandspecialistknowledge. Nowadays,censusdataarepublishedinawidevarietyofformatstobeaccessibletobusiness,alllevelsofgovernment,media,studentsandteachers,charities,andanycitizenwhoisinterested;researchersinparticularhaveaninterestintheroleofCensusFieldOfficers(CFO)andtheirassistants.[25]Datacanberepresentedvisuallyoranalysedincomplexstatisticalmodels,toshowthedifferencebetweencertainareas,ortounderstandtheassociationbetweendifferentpersonalcharacteristics.Censusdataofferauniqueinsightintosmallareasandsmalldemographicgroupswhichsampledatawouldbeunabletocapturewithprecision. Inthecensusofagriculture,usersneedcensusdatato: supportandcontributetoevidence-basedagriculturalplanningandpolicy-making.Thecensusinformationisessential,forexample,tomonitortheperformanceofapolicyorprogrammedesignedforcropdiversificationortoaddressfoodsecurityissues; providedatatofacilitateresearch,investmentandbusinessdecisionsbothinthepublicandprivatesector; contributetomonitoringenvironmentalchangesandevaluatingtheimpactofagriculturalpracticesontheenvironmentsuchastillagepractices,croprotationorsourcesofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions; providerelevantdataonworkinputsandmainworkactivities,aswellasonthelabourforceintheagriculturesector; provideanimportantinformationbaseformonitoringsomekeyindicatorsoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),inparticularthosegoalsrelatedtofoodsecurityinagriculturalholdings,theroleofwomeninagriculturalactivitiesandruralpoverty; providebaselinedatabothatthenationalandsmalladministrativeandgeographicallevelsforformulating,monitoringandevaluatingprogrammesandprojectsinterventions; provideessentialinformationonsubsistenceagricultureandfortheestimationofthenon-observedeconomy,whichplaysanimportantroleinthecompilationofthenationalaccountsandtheeconomicaccountsforagriculture.[3] Privacyanddatastewardship[edit] Althoughthecensusprovidesusefulstatisticalinformationaboutapopulation,theavailabilityofthisinformationcouldsometimesleadtoabuses,politicalorotherwise,bythelinkingofindividuals'identitiestoanonymouscensusdata.[26]Thisisparticularlyimportantwhenindividuals'censusresponsesaremadeavailableinmicrodataform,butevenaggregate-leveldatacanresultinprivacybreacheswhendealingwithsmallareasand/orraresubpopulations. Forinstance,whenreportingdatafromalargecity,itmightbeappropriatetogivetheaverageincomeforblackmalesagedbetween50and60.However,doingthisforatownthatonlyhastwoblackmalesinthisagegroupwouldbeabreachofprivacybecauseeitherofthosepersons,knowinghisownincomeandthereportedaverage,coulddeterminetheotherman'sincome. Typically,censusdataareprocessedtoobscuresuchindividualinformation.Someagenciesdothisbyintentionallyintroducingsmallstatisticalerrorstopreventtheidentificationofindividualsinmarginalpopulations;[27]othersswapvariablesforsimilarrespondents.Whateverisdonetoreducetheprivacyrisk,newimprovedelectronicanalysisofdatacanthreatentorevealsensitiveindividualinformation.Thisisknownasstatisticaldisclosurecontrol. Anotherpossibilityistopresentsurveyresultsbymeansofstatisticalmodelsintheformofamultivariatedistributionmixture.[28]Thestatisticalinformationintheformofconditionaldistributions(histograms)canbederivedinteractivelyfromtheestimatedmixturemodelwithoutanyfurtheraccesstotheoriginaldatabase.Asthefinalproductdoesnotcontainanyprotectedmicrodata,themodel-basedinteractivesoftwarecanbedistributedwithoutanyconfidentialityconcerns. Anothermethodissimplytoreleasenodataatall,exceptverylargescaledatadirectlytothecentralgovernment.Differentreleasestrategiesbetweengovernmenthaveledtoaninternationalproject(IPUMS)toco-ordinateaccesstomicrodataandcorrespondingmetadata.SuchprojectssuchasSDMXalsopromotestandardisingmetadata,sothatbestusecanbemadeoftheminimaldataavailable. Historyofcensuses[edit] Egypt[edit] CensusesinEgyptfirstappearedinthelateMiddleKingdomanddevelopedintheNewKingdom[29]PharaohAmasis,accordingtoHerodotus,requiredeveryEgyptiantodeclareannuallytothenomarch,"whencehegainedhisliving".[30]UnderthePtolemiesandtheRomansseveralcensuseswereconductedinEgyptbygovernmentofficials[31] AncientGreece[edit] ThereareseveralaccountsofancientGreekcitystatescarryingoutcensuses.[32] Israel[edit] CensusesarementionedintheBible.Godcommandsapercapitataxtobepaidwiththecensus[33]fortheupkeepoftheTabernacle.TheBookofNumbersisnamedafterthecountingoftheIsraelitepopulation[34]accordingtothehouseoftheFathersaftertheexodusfromEgypt.AsecondcensuswastakenwhiletheIsraeliteswerecampedintheplainsofMoab.[35] KingDavidperformedacensusthatproduceddisastrousresults.[36]Hisson,KingSolomon,hadalloftheforeignersinIsraelcounted.[37] WhentheRomanstookoverJudeainAD 6,thelegatePubliusSulpiciusQuiriniusorganisedacensusfortaxpurposes.TheGospelofLukelinksthebirthofJesuseithertothisevent,ortoanotherwiseunknowncensusconductedpriortoQuirinius’tenure.[38][39] China[edit] Oneoftheworld'searliestpreservedcensuses[40]washeldinChinainAD 2duringtheHanDynasty,andisstillconsideredbyscholarstobequiteaccurate.[41][42][43][44]Thepopulationwasregisteredashaving57,671,400individualsin12,366,470householdsbutonthisoccasiononlytaxablefamilieshadbeentakenintoaccount-indicatingtheincomeandthenumberofsoldierswhocouldbemobilized.[45][43]AnothercensuswasheldinAD 144. India[edit] TheoldestrecordedcensusinIndiaisthoughttohaveoccurredaround330 BCduringthereignofEmperorChandraguptaMauryaundertheleadershipofKautilyaorChanakyaandAshoka.[46] Rome[edit] Seealso:RomancensorandIndiction TheEnglishtermistakendirectlyfromtheLatincensus,fromcensere("toestimate").ThecensusplayedacrucialroleintheadministrationoftheRomangovernment,asitwasusedtodeterminetheclassacitizenbelongedtoforbothmilitaryandtaxpurposes.Beginninginthemiddlerepublic,itwasusuallycarriedouteveryfiveyears.[47]Itprovidedaregisterofcitizensandtheirpropertyfromwhichtheirdutiesandprivilegescouldbelisted.ItissaidtohavebeeninstitutedbytheRomankingServiusTulliusinthe6thcenturyBC,[48]atwhichtimethenumberofarms-bearingcitizenswassupposedlycountedataround80,000.[49]The6 AD"censusofQuirinius"undertakenfollowingtheimpositionofdirectRomanruleinJudeawaspartiallyresponsibleforthedevelopmentoftheZealotmovementandseveralfailedrebellionsagainstRomethatendedintheDiaspora.The15-yearindictioncycleestablishedbyDiocletianinAD 297wasbasedonquindecennialcensusesandformedthebasisfordatinginlateantiquityandundertheByzantineEmpire. RashidunandUmayyadCaliphates[edit] IntheMiddleAges,theCaliphatebeganconductingregularcensusessoonafteritsformation,beginningwiththeoneorderedbythesecondRashiduncaliph,Umar.[50] MedievalEurope[edit] TheDomesdayBookwasundertakeninAD 1086byWilliamIofEnglandsothathecouldproperlytaxthelandhehadrecentlyconquered.In1183,acensuswastakenofthecrusaderKingdomofJerusalem,toascertainthenumberofmenandamountofmoneythatcouldpossiblyberaisedagainstaninvasionbySaladin,sultanofEgyptandSyria. 1328 :FirstnationalcensusofFrance(L'Étatdesparoissesetdesfeux)mostlyforfiscalpurposes.ItestimatedtheFrenchpopulationat16to17millions. IncaEmpire[edit] Inthe15thcentury,theIncaEmpirehadauniquewaytorecordcensusinformation.TheIncasdidnothaveanywrittenlanguagebutrecordedinformationcollectedduringcensusesandothernumericinformationaswellasnon-numericdataonquipus,stringsfromllamaoralpacahairorcottoncordswithnumericandothervaluesencodedbyknotsinabase-10positionalsystem.[51] SpanishEmpire[edit] OnMay25,1577,KingPhilipIIofSpainorderedbyroyalcédulathepreparationofageneraldescriptionofSpain'sholdingsintheIndies.Instructionsandaquestionnaire,issuedin1577bytheOfficeoftheCronistaMayor,weredistributedtolocalofficialsintheViceroyaltiesofNewSpainandPerutodirectthegatheringofinformation.Thequestionnaire,composedoffiftyitems,wasdesignedtoelicitbasicinformationaboutthenatureofthelandandthelifeofitspeoples.Thereplies,knownas"relacionesgeográficas",werewrittenbetween1579and1585andwerereturnedtotheCronistaMayorinSpainbytheCounciloftheIndies. Worldpopulationestimates[edit] TheearliestestimateoftheworldpopulationwasmadebyGiovanniBattistaRiccioliin1661;thenextbyJohannPeterSüssmilchin1741,revisedin1762;thethirdbyKarlFriedrichWilhelmDietericiin1859.[52] In1931,WalterWillcoxpublishedatableinhisbook,InternationalMigrations:VolumeIIInterpretations,thatestimatedthe1929worldpopulationtoberoughly1.8billion. LeagueofNationsandInternationalStatisticalInstituteestimatesoftheworldpopulationin1929 ImpactofCOVID-19oncensus[edit] Impact[edit] UNFPApredictsthattheCOVID-19pandemicwillthreatenthesuccessfulconductofcensusesofpopulationandhousinginmanycountriesthroughdelays,interruptionsthatcompromisequality,orcompletecancellationofcensusprojects.DomesticanddonorfinancingforcensusmaybedivertedtoaddressCOVID-19leavingcensuswithoutcrucialfunds.Severalcountrieshavealreadytakendecisionstopostponethecensus,withmanyothersyettoannouncethewayforward.Insomecountriesthisisalreadyhappening.[53] Thepandemichasalsoaffectedtheplanningandimplementationofcensusesofagricultureinallworld'sregions.Theextentoftheimpacthasvariedaccordingtothestagesatwhichthecensusesare,rangingfromplanning(i.e.staffing,procurement,preparationofframes,questionnaires),fieldwork(fieldtrainingandenumeration)ordataprocessing/analysisstages.Thecensusofagriculture'sreferenceperiodistheagriculturalyear.Thus,adelayinanycensusactivitymaybecriticalandcanresultinafullyearpostponementoftheenumerationiftheagriculturalseasonismissed.SomepublicationshavediscussedtheimpactofCOVID-19onnationalcensusesofagriculture.[54][55][56][57] Adaptation[edit] UNFPAhasrequestedaglobalefforttoassurethatevenwherecensusisdelayed,censusplanningandpreparationsarenotcancelled,butcontinueinordertoassurethatimplementationcanproceedsafelywhenthepandemicisundercontrol.Whilenewcensusmethods,includingonline,register-based,andhybridapproachesarebeingusedacrosstheworld,thesedemandextensiveplanningandpreconditionsthatcannotbecreatedatshortnotice.ThecontinuinglowsupplyofpersonalprotectiveequipmenttoprotectagainstCOVID-19hasimmediateimplicationsforconductingcensusincommunitiesatriskoftransmission.UNFPAProcurementOfficeispartneringwithotheragenciestoexplorenewsupplychainsandresources.[53] Modernimplementation[edit] Mainarticle:Populationandhousingcensusesbycountry Seealso[edit] Listofnationalandinternationalstatisticalservices Languagesincensuses LiberCensuum –Recordoftherealestatevenuesofthepapacyfrom492to1192 Raceandethnicityincensuses Socialresearch –Researchconductedbysocialscientistsfollowingasystematicplan Sources[edit]  Thisarticleincorporatestextfromafreecontentwork.LicensedunderCCBY-SA3.0IGOLicensestatement/permission.TexttakenfromWorldProgrammefortheCensusofAgriculture2020Volume1–Programme,conceptsanddefinitions,FAO,FAO.TolearnhowtoaddopenlicensetexttoWikipediaarticles,pleaseseethishow-topage.ForinformationonreusingtextfromWikipedia,pleaseseethetermsofuse.  Thisarticleincorporatestextfromafreecontentwork.LicensedunderCCBY-SA3.0IGOLicensestatement/permission.TexttakenfromNationalagriculturalcensusoperationsandCOVID-19,FAO,FAO.TolearnhowtoaddopenlicensetexttoWikipediaarticles,pleaseseethishow-topage.ForinformationonreusingtextfromWikipedia,pleaseseethetermsofuse.  Thisarticleincorporatestextfromafreecontentwork.LicensedunderCCBY-SA3.0IGOLicensestatement/permission.TexttakenfromImpactofCOVID-19onnationalcensusesofagriculture(Statusoverview)(2020),FAO,FAO.TolearnhowtoaddopenlicensetexttoWikipediaarticles,pleaseseethishow-topage.ForinformationonreusingtextfromWikipedia,pleaseseethetermsofuse. Notes[edit] ^UnitedNations(2008).PrinciplesandRecommendationsforPopulationandHousingCensuses.StatisticalPapers:SeriesMNo.67/Rev.2.p.8.ISBN 978-92-1-161505-0. ^"CES2010CensusRecommendations"(PDF).Unece.org.Retrieved2013-11-19. ^abcdWorldProgrammefortheCensusofAgriculture2020Volume1:Programme,conceptsanddefinitions.FAOstatisticaldevelopmentseriesNo.15.Rome:FAO.2015.ISBN 978-92-5-108865-4.Textwascopiedfromthissource,whichisavailableunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGO(CCBY3.0IGO)license. ^"HistoryandDevelopmentoftheCensusinEnglandandWales".theforgottenfamily.wordpress.org.2017-01-19.Retrieved2017-01-20. ^Salant,Priscilla,andDonA.Dillman."HowtoConductyourownSurvey:Leadingprofessionalgiveyouproventechniquesforgettingreliableresults."(1995). ^http://files.tarikhema.org/pdf/ejtemaee/Amar_darolkhaneh_Tarikhema_org.pdf ^"Measurementofemergingformsoffamiliesandhouseholds".UNECE.Retrieved2012-12-12. 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^PaulCartledge,PeterGarnsey,ErichS.GruenHellenisticConstructs:EssaysinCulture,History,andHistoriography242ss. ^Missiakoulis,Spyros(2010)."Cecrops,KingofAthens:theFirst(?)RecordedPopulationCensusinHistory".InternationalStatisticalReview.78(3):413–18.doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00124.x. ^Exodus30:11–16 ^Numbers1–4 ^Numbers26 ^2Samuel24and1Chronicles21 ^2Chronicles2:17 ^Luke2 ^Wright,Nicholas(9March1993).WhoWasJesus?.Wm.B.EerdmansPublishingCo.p. 88-89.ISBN 978-0802806949. ^RobertHymes(2000).JohnStewartBowman(ed.).ColumbiaChronologiesofAsianHistoryandCulture.ColumbiaUniversityPress.p. 12.ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4. ^JeffreyHays."China–FactsandDetails:HanDynasty(206B.C.–A.D.220)".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2010-11-23. ^Twitchett,D.,Loewe,M.,andFairbank,J.K.CambridgeHistoryofChina:TheCh'inandHanEmpires221B.C.–A.D.220.CambridgeUniversityPress(1986),p.240. ^abNishijima(1986),pp. 595–96. ^Yoon,H.(1985)."AnearlyChineseideaofadynamicenvironmentalcycle".GeoJournal.10(2):211–12.doi:10.1007/bf00150742. 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References[edit] Alterman,Hyman,(1969).CountingPeople:TheCensusinHistory.Harcourt,Brace&Company.[ISBN missing] Behrisch,Lars.(2016)"StatisticsandPoliticsinthe18thCentury."HistoricalSocialResearch/HistorischeSozialforschung(2016):238–57. Bielenstein,Hans,(1978)."WangMang,therestorationoftheHandynasty,andLaterHan."InTheCambridgeHistoryofChina,vol.1,eds.DenisTwitchettandJohnK.Fairbank,pp. 223–90,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress. Krüger,Stephen,(Fall1991)."TheDecennialCensus",19WesternStateUniversityLawReview1;availableatHeinOnline(subscriptionrequired). EffectsofUK'Jedi'hoaxon2001UKcensusfromONS. U.S.CensusPressReleaseon1930Census. U.S.CensusPressReleaseonSoundexandWPA. Nishijima,Sadao(1986),"TheeconomicandsocialhistoryofFormerHan",inTwitchett,Denis;Loewe,Michael(eds.),CambridgeHistoryofChina:VolumeI:theCh'inandHanEmpires,221B.C.–A.D.220,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,pp. 545–607,ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoCensus. "Census" .EncyclopædiaBritannica.5(11th ed.).1911. CensusofIreland1911. OnlineHistoricalPopulationReportsProject(OHPR). 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