Lamination - Wikipedia

Lamination is the technique/process of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, ... Lamination FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Techniqueoffusinglayersofmaterial Forotheruses,seeLamination(disambiguation). Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Lamination" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(October2008)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) PlaymediaSimulatedflight(usingimagestackcreatedbyµCTscanning)throughthelengthofaknittingneedlethatconsistsoflaminatedwoodenlayers.Thelayerscanbedifferentiatedbythechangeofdirectionofthewood'svessels.Laminationisthetechnique/processofmanufacturingamaterialinmultiplelayers,sothatthecompositematerialachievesimprovedstrength,stability,soundinsulation,appearance,orotherpropertiesfromtheuseofthedifferingmaterials,suchasplastic.Alaminateisapermanentlyassembledobjectcreatedusingheat,pressure,welding,oradhesives.[1]Variouscoatingmachines,machinepressesandcalenderingequipmentareused. Contents 1Materials 1.1Textile 1.2Glass 1.3Wood 1.3.1Buildingmaterial 1.3.2Paper 1.4Metal 1.5Microelectronics 2Photolaminators 3Filmtypes 4Seealso 5References Materials[edit] Therearedifferentlaminationprocesses,dependingprimarilyonthetypeortypesofmaterialstobelaminated.Thematerialsusedinlaminatescanbeidenticalordifferent,dependingontheprocessandtheobjecttobelaminated. Textile[edit] Laminatedfabricarewidelyusedindifferentfieldsofhumanactivity,includingmedicalandmilitary.[2]: 148 Wovenfabrics(organicandinorganicbased)areusuallylaminatedbydifferentchemicalpolymerstogivethemusefulpropertieslikechemicalresistance,dust,grease,windproofness,photoluminescence(glowingandotherlight-effectse.g.inhigh-visibilityclothing),tearstrength,stiffness,thicknessetc..[3][2]: 2, 16, 18 Coatedfabricsmaybeconsideredassubtypeoflaminatedfabrics.[2]: 1 Nonwovenfabrics(e.g.fiberglass)arealsooftenlaminated.Accordingtoa2002sourcethenonwovensfabricindustrywasthebiggestsingleconsumerofdifferentpolymerbindingresins.[2]: 16  Materialsusedinproductionofcoatedandlaminatedfabricsaregenerallysubjectedtoheattreatment.[2]: 32 Thermoplasticsandthermosettingplasticsareequallyusedinlaminatingandcoatingtextileindustry.[2]: 32  In2002primarymaterialsusedincludedpolyvinylacetate,acrylics,polyvinylchloride,polyurethanes(PVC),andnaturalandsyntheticrubbers.[2]: 33 Copolymersandterpolymerswerealsoinuse.[2]: 33  Thin-filmsofplasticswereinwideuseaswell.MaterialsvariedfrompolyethyleneandPVCtokaptondependingonapplication.InautomotiveindustryforexamplethePVC/acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene(ABS)mixtureswereoftenappliedforinteriorsbylaminatingontoapolyurethanefoamtogiveasoft-touchproperties.[2]: 42 Specialtyfilmswereusedinprotectiveclothing,.e.gpolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE),polyurethaneetc.[2]: 42  Glass[edit] Mainarticle:Laminatedglass Anexampleofatypeoflaminateusingdifferentmaterialswouldbetheapplicationofalayerofplasticfilm—the"laminate"—oneithersideofasheetofglass—thelaminatedsubject.Vehiclewindshieldsarecommonlymadeascompositescreatedbylaminatingatoughplasticfilmbetweentwolayersofglass.Thisistopreventshardsofglassdetachingfromthewindshieldincaseitbreaks. Laminatedglasscross-section. Shatteredwindshieldlaminationkeepsshardsinplace. Wood[edit] Plywoodisacommonexampleofalaminateusingthesamematerialineachlayercombinedwithepoxy.Gluedandlaminateddimensionaltimberisusedintheconstructionindustrytomakebeams(gluedlaminatedtimber,orGlulam),insizeslargerandstrongerthanthosethatcanbeobtainedfromsinglepiecesofwood.Anotherreasontolaminatewoodenstripsintobeamsisqualitycontrol,aswiththismethodeachandeverystripcanbeinspectedbeforeitbecomespartofahighlystressedcomponent. Buildingmaterial[edit] Examplesoflaminatematerialsincludemelamineadhesivecountertopsurfacingandplywood.[4]Decorativelaminatesandsomemodernmillworkcomponentsareproducedwithdecorativepaperswithalayerofoverlayontopofthedecorativepaper,setbeforepressingthemwiththermoprocessingintohigh-pressuredecorativelaminates(HPDL).[5]AnewtypeofHPDLisproducedusingrealwoodveneerormultilaminarveneerastopsurface.[citationneeded]High-pressurelaminatesconsistsoflaminates"moldedandcuredatpressuresnotlowerthan1,000 lbpersqin.(70 kgpercm2)andmorecommonlyintherangeof1,200to2,000 lbpersqin.(84to140 kgpercm2).[6]Meanwhile,lowpressurelaminateisdefinedas"aplasticlaminatemoldedandcuredatpressuresingeneralof400poundspersquareinch(approximately27atmospheresor2.8 × 106pascals).[7] Laminateflooring Decorativelaminate Decorativelaminateclose-up Musicalinstrumentlamination. Paper[edit] Apapersignthathasbeenlaminatedsoitcouldbeusedoutdoors Corrugatedfiberboardboxesareexamplesoflaminatedstructures,whereaninnercoreprovidesrigidityandstrength,andtheouterlayersprovideasmoothsurface.Astarchbasedadhesiveisusuallyused. Laminatingpaperproducts,suchasphotographs,canpreventthemfrombecomingcreased,faded,waterdamaged,wrinkled,stained,smudged,abraded,ormarkedbygreaseorfingerprints.Photoidentificationcardsandcreditcardsarealmostalwayslaminatedwithplasticfilm.Boxesandothercontainersmaybelaminatedusingheatseallayers,extrusioncoatings,pressuresensitiveadhesives,UVcoating,etc. Laminationisalsousedinsculptureusingwoodorresin.AnexampleofanartistwhousedlaminationinhisworkistheAmericanFloydShaman. Laminatescanbeusedtoaddpropertiestoasurface,usuallyprintedpaper,thatwouldnothavethemotherwise,suchaswiththeuseoflaminationpaper.Sheetsofvinylimpregnatedwithferro-magneticmaterialcanallowportableprintedimagestobondtomagnets,suchasforacustombulletinboardoravisualpresentation.Speciallysurfacedplasticsheetscanbelaminatedoveraprintedimagetoallowthemtobesafelywrittenupon,suchaswithdryerasemarkersorchalk.Multipletranslucentprintedimagesmaybelaminatedinlayerstoachievecertainvisualeffectsortoholdholographicimages.Printingbusinessesthatdocommerciallaminationkeepavarietyoflaminatesonhand,astheprocessforbondingdifferenttypesisgenerallysimilarwhenworkingwiththinmaterials. Metal[edit] Electricalequipmentsuchastransformersandmotorsusuallyuseanelectricalsteellaminatecoatingstoformthecoreofthecoilsusedtoproducemagneticfields.Thethinlaminationreducesthepowerlossduetoeddycurrents.Fibermetallaminateisanexampleofthinmetallaminatedby,aglassfiber-reinforcedandepoxy-gluedsheets. Microelectronics[edit] LaminationiswidelyusedinproductionofelectroniccomponentssuchasPVsolarcells.[8] SolarPVLaminate Aflexiblethin-filmsolarcellforaerospaceuse(2007). Photolaminators[edit] Threetypesoflaminatorsareusedmostoftenindigitalimaging: Pouchlaminators Heatedrolllaminators Coldrolllaminators Filmtypes[edit] Laminateplasticfilmisgenerallycategorizedintothesefivecategories: Standardthermallaminatingfilms Low-temperaturethermallaminatingfilms Heatset(orheat-assisted)laminatingfilms Pressure-sensitivefilms Liquidlaminate Seealso[edit] Laminatedbow Converting Cladding(metalworking) Compositelaminates Compositematerial Carbon-fibrereinforcedplastic Glass-reinforcedplastic Delamination Void(composites) References[edit] ^Carter,Richard."Methodoflaminatingmultiplelayers".GooglePatents.Retrieved15February2015. ^abcdefghijFung,Walter(2002).Coatedandlaminatedtextiles.TextileInstitute.BocaRaton,FL:CRCPress.ISBN 1-59124-756-X.OCLC 57250766. ^"CoatedandLaminatedTextiles|ScienceDirect".www.sciencedirect.com.Retrieved2021-11-26. ^Martin,Alan;Harbison,Sam;Beach,Karen;Cole,Peter(2012-03-30).AnIntroductiontoRadiationProtection6E.CRCPress.ISBN 9781444146073. ^"WhatIsPost-FormedPlasticLaminate?".DelorieCountertopsandDoors.21January2015.Retrieved15February2015. ^McGraw-HillDictionaryofArchitecture&Construction ^McGraw-HillDictionaryofScientific&TechnicalTerms,6E,Copyright©2003byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc. ^Steim,R.;Chabrecek,P.;Sonderegger,U.;Kindle-Hasse,B.;Siefert,W.;Kroyer,T.;Reinecke,P.;Lanz,T.;Geiger,T.;Hany,R.;Nüesch,F.(2015-05-11)."Laminatedfabricastopelectrodefororganicphotovoltaics".AppliedPhysicsLetters.106(19):193301.doi:10.1063/1.4919940.ISSN 0003-6951. vtePlasticsChemicaltypes Acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene(ABS) Cross-linkedpolyethylene(PEX,XLPE) Ethylenevinylacetate(EVA) Poly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA) Poly(ethylmethacrylate)(PEMA) Polyacrylicacid(PAA) Polyamide(PA) Polybutylene(PB) Polybutyleneterephthalate(PBT) Polycarbonate(PC) Polyetheretherketone(PEEK) Polyester(PEs) Polyethylene(PE) Polyethyleneterephthalate(PET,PETE) Polyimide(PI) Polylacticacid(PLA) Polyoxymethylene(POM) Polyphenylether(PPE) Polypropylene(PP) Polystyrene(PS) Polysulfone(PES) Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) Polyurethane(PU) Polyvinylchloride(PVC) Polyvinylidenechloride(PVDC) Styrenemaleicanhydride(SMA) Styrene-acrylonitrile(SAN) Mechanicaltypes Thermoplastic Thermosettingpolymer Fibre-reinforcedplastic Corrugatedplastic Polymericfoam High-performanceplastics Additives Polymeradditive Colorants Plasticizer Polymerstabilizers Biodegradableadditives Filler(materials) Plasticsprocessing Injectionmoulding Plasticextrusion Blowmolding Thermoforming Compressionmolding Calendering Transfermolding Laminating Fiberglassmolding Pultrusion Filamentwinding Vacuumforming Rotationalmolding ProductsPlasticsindustrysegments Commodityplastics Construction Engineeringplastics Geosynthetics High-performanceplastics Category:Plasticsapplications Plasticulture(Agriculture) Specificgoods Blisterpack Chairs Packagingfilm Bottles Bags Cultlery Shoppingbags Foamfoodcontainers EnvironmentandhealthvteHealthissuesofplasticsandpolyhalogenatedcompounds(PHCs)Plasticizers:Phthalates DIBP DBP BBP(BBzP) DIHP DEHP(DOP) DIDP DINP Miscellaneousplasticizers Organophosphates Adipates(DEHA DOA) Monomers BisphenolA(BPA,inPolycarbonates) Vinylchloride(inPVC) Miscellaneousadditivesincl.PHCs PBDEs PCBs Organotins PFCs Perfluorooctanoicacid Healthissues Teratogen Carcinogen Endocrinedisruptor Diabetes Obesity Polymerfumefever Pollution Plasticpollution Rubberpollution GreatPacificgarbagepatch Persistentorganicpollutant Dioxins Listofenvironmentalhealthhazards Regulations CaliforniaProposition65 EuropeanREACHregulation JapanToxicSubstancesLaw ToxicSubstancesControlAct Waste Plasticpollution Garbagepatch GreatPacificgarbagepatch Persistentorganicpollutant Dioxins Listofenvironmentalhealthhazards Plasticrecycling Biodegradableplastic Identificationcodes AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) Other MicrosoftAcademic Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamination&oldid=1061590353" Categories:CompositematerialsAirshiptechnologyGlassapplicationsHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromOctober2008AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromFebruary2015ArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithMAidentifiersArticlescontainingvideoclips Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages DanskDeutschفارسیNederlandsپښتوPolskiРусскийSuomiதமிழ்粵語中文 Editlinks