Excavator - Wikipedia

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". Excavator FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Typeofconstructionequipment Forotheruses,seeExcavator(disambiguation). Theprincipleofahydraulicexcavator. Hydraulicexcavatorinaction Dashboardandcontrolsofa3.8tonexcavator Excavatorsareheavyconstructionequipmentconsistingofaboom,dipper(orstick),bucketandcabonarotatingplatformknownasthe"house".[1]Thehousesitsatopanundercarriagewithtracksorwheels.Theyareanaturalprogressionfromthesteamshovelsandoftenmistakenlycalledpowershovels.[citationneeded]Allmovementandfunctionsofahydraulicexcavatorareaccomplishedthroughtheuseofhydraulicfluid,withhydrauliccylindersandhydraulicmotors.[2]Duetothelinearactuationofhydrauliccylinders,theirmodeofoperationisfundamentallydifferentfromcable-operatedexcavatorswhichusewinchesandsteelropestoaccomplishthemovements.[3] Contents 1Terminology 2Usage 3Configurations 4Excavatorattachments 5Notablemanufacturers 6Currentmanufacturers 7Seealso 8References 9Externallinks Terminology[edit] AnexcavatorinAlicante,Spain Excavatorsarealsocalleddiggers,JCBs[4](aproprietaryname,inanexampleofagenerictrademark),mechanicalshovels,or360-degreeexcavators(sometimesabbreviatedsimplyto"360").Trackedexcavatorsaresometimescalled"trackhoes"byanalogytothebackhoe.[5]IntheUKandIreland,wheeledexcavatorsaresometimesknownas"rubberducks".[6] Usage[edit] HousedemolitionbyanexcavatorinInvermere,BritishColumbia. Excavatorsareusedinmanyways: Diggingoftrenches,holes,foundations Materialhandling Brushcuttingwithhydraulicsawandmowerattachments Forestrywork Forestrymulching Demolitionwithhydraulicclaw,cutterandbreakerattachments Mining,especially,butnotonlyopen-pitmining Riverdredging Hydroexcavationtoaccessfragileundergroundinfrastructureusinghighpressurewater Drivingpiles,inconjunctionwithapiledriver Drillingshaftsforfootingsandrockblasting,byuseofanaugerorhydraulicdrillattachment Snowremovalwithsnowplowandsnowblowerattachments Aircraftrecycling Acable-operatedexcavatorundertheNorthwest(nowTerex)nameatthePageantofSteamgrounds. Liebherr314wheeledexcavator. Link-Beltexcavatortrenching. CAT5230incoalminingoperation. AL&TKomatsuexcavatorseeninIndia. ANewHollandE215inHamburg,Germany. Caterpillar350LexcavatorinLouisville,Kentucky,USA,2001.Notethehydraulicthumb. AsmallerexcavatorisdiggingforthelayingofabroadbandcableincentralYstadin2021. WaterwaysIrelandDaewooSolar150LC-Vcrawlerexcavator,usedforcanalmaintenance. Crawlerexcavator Crawlerchassis Configurations[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(February2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Modernhydraulicexcavatorscomeinawidevarietyofsizes.Thesmalleronesarecalledminiorcompactexcavators.[7]Forexample,Caterpillar'ssmallestmini-excavatorweighs2,060pounds(930 kg)andhas13hp;theirlargestmodelisthelargestexcavatoravailable(developedandproducedbytheOrenstein&Koppel,Germany,untilthetakeover2011byCaterpillar,named»RH400«),theCAT6090,whichweighsinexcessof2,160,510pounds(979,990 kg),has4500 hp,andabucketaslargeas52.0m³. Hydraulicexcavatorsusuallycoupleenginepowerto(commonly)threehydraulicpumpsratherthantomechanicaldrivetrains.Thetwomainpumpssupplyoilathighpressure(upto5000psi,345bar)forthearms,swingmotor,trackmotorsandaccessorieswhilethethirdisalowerpressure(~700psi,48bar)pumpforpilotcontrolofthespoolvalves;thisthirdcircuitallowsforreducedphysicaleffortwhenoperatingthecontrols.Generally,the3pumpsusedinexcavatorsconsistof2variabledisplacementpistonpumpsandagearpump.Thearrangementofthepumpsintheexcavatorunitchangeswithdifferentmanufacturersusingdifferentformats. Thethreemainsectionsofanexcavatoraretheundercarriage,thehouseandthearm(alsoboomisused).Theundercarriageincludestracks,trackframe,andfinaldrives,whichhaveahydraulicmotorandgearingprovidingthedrivetotheindividualtracks.Undercarriagecanalsohavebladesimilartothatofabulldozer.Thehouseincludestheoperatorcab,counterweight,engine,fuelandhydraulicoiltanks.Thehouseattachestotheundercarriagebywayofacenterpin.High-pressureoilissuppliedtothetracks'hydraulicmotorsthroughahydraulicswivelattheaxisofthepin,allowingthemachinetoslew360°unhinderedandthusprovidestheleft-and-rightmovement.[8]Thearmprovidestheup-and-downandcloser-and-further(ordiggingmovement)movements.Armstypicallyconsistofaboom,stickandbucketwiththreejointsbetweenthemandthehouse. Theboomattachestothehouseandprovidestheup-and-downmovement.Itcanbeoneofseveraldifferentconfigurations: Mostcommonaremonobooms;thesehavenomovementapartfromstraightupanddown. Someothershaveaknuckleboomwhichcanalsomoveleftandrightinlinewiththemachine.[clarificationneeded] Anotheroptionisahingeatthebaseoftheboomallowingittohydraulicallypivotupto180°independenttothehouse;however,thisisgenerallyavailableonlytocompactexcavators. Variableangleboomshaveadditionaljointinthemiddleoftheboomtochangethecurvatureoftheboom.Thesearealsocalledtriple-articulatedbooms(TAB)or3piecebooms. Attachedtotheendoftheboomisthestick(ordipperarm).Thestickprovidesthediggingmovementneededtopullthebucketthroughtheground.Thesticklengthisoptionaldependingwhetherreach(longerstick)orbreak-outpower(shorterstick)isrequired.Mostcommonismonostickbuttherearealso,forexample,telescopicsticks. Ontheendofthestickisusuallyabucket.Awide,largecapacity(mud)bucketwithastraightcuttingedgeisusedforcleanupandlevellingorwherethematerialtobedugissoft,andteetharenotrequired.Ageneralpurpose(GP)bucketisgenerallysmaller,stronger,andhashardenedsidecuttersandteethusedtobreakthroughhardgroundandrocks.Bucketshavenumerousshapesandsizesforvariousapplications.Therearealsomanyotherattachmentsthatareavailabletobeattachedtotheexcavatorforboring,ripping,crushing,cutting,lifting,etc.Attachmentscanbeattachedwithpinssimilartootherpartsofthearmorwithsomevarietyofquickcoupler.ExcavatorsinScandinaviaoftenfeatureatiltrotatorwhichallowsattachmentsrotate360degreesandtilt+/-45degrees,inordertoincreasetheflexibilityandprecisionoftheexcavator. Hydraulicexcavatorcontrolsillustration,colorofthecontrolmatchesthemovingpart. Beforethe1990s,allexcavatorshadalongorconventionalcounterweightthathungofftherearofthemachinetoprovidemorediggingforceandliftingcapacity.Thisbecameanuisancewhenworkinginconfinedareas.In1993Yanmarlaunchedtheworld'sfirstZeroTailSwingexcavator,[9]whichallowsthecounterweighttostayinsidethewidthofthetracksasitslews,thusbeingsaferandmoreuserfriendlywhenusedinaconfinedspace.Thistypeofmachineisnowwidelyusedthroughouttheworld. Therearetwomaintypesof"Control"configurationgenerallyuseinexcavatorstocontroltheboomandbucket,bothofwhichspreadthefourmaindiggingcontrolsbetweentwox-yjoysticks.Thisallowsaskilledoperatortocontrolallfourfunctionssimultaneously.ThemostpopularconfigurationintheUSistheSAEcontrolsconfigurationwhileinotherpartsoftheworld,theISOcontrolconfigurationismorecommon.SomemanufacturerssuchasTakeuchihaveswitchesthatallowtheoperatortoselectwhichcontrolconfigurationtouse. Excavatorattachments[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(February2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Hydraulicexcavatorcapabilitieshaveexpandedfarbeyondexcavationtaskswithbuckets.Withtheadventofhydraulic-poweredattachmentssuchasabreaker,agrappleoranauger,theexcavatorisfrequentlyusedinmanyapplicationsotherthanexcavation.Manyexcavatorsfeatureaquickcouplerforsimplifiedattachmentmounting,increasingthemachine'sutilizationonthejobsite.Excavatorsareusuallyemployedtogetherwithloadersandbulldozers.Mostwheeled,compactandsomemedium-sized(11to18-tonne)excavatorshaveabackfill(ordozer)blade.Thisisahorizontalbulldozer-likebladeattachedtotheundercarriageandisusedforlevellingandpushingremovedmaterialbackintoahole. Notablemanufacturers[edit] 14.oktobar BobcatCompany BucyrusInternational CaseCE CaterpillarInc. CNHGlobal DeereandCompany DONEX DoosanInfracore(formerlyDaewooHeavyIndustries&Machinery)-includingSolarbrand ENMTP HEPCO HitachiConstructionMachinery SANY Hydrema HyundaiHeavyIndustries JohnDeere J.C.Bamford(JCB) KatoWorks-subsidiaryofIHICMLtd. KomatsuLimited LBX(Link-Belt)Excavators ThyssenKrupp KOBELCOConstructionMachineryCo.,Ltd.-producingKobelcoworldwide Kobelco-subsidiaryorganizationofKobeSteel,alsoproducingKobelco Kubota Liebherr LiuGong Lonking L&T-subsidiarywithKomatsu,operatedasL&TKomatsuforIndianmarket Mahindra MarionPowerShovelCompany-ceasedoperationsin1997 MitsubishiHeavyIndustries-theexcavatormarketwasfullyownedbyCaterpillarInc. NewHolland Orenstein&Koppel(O&K)-ceasedoperationsin1999 Poclain SamsungGroup→ThebusinesswasboughtbyVolvoConstructionEquipment SandvikMiningandConstruction Sany SDLG-subsidiarycorporationofVolvoConstructionEquipment STKinetics SUMITOMO Shantui TataHitachiConstructionMachinery-ownedbyHitachiConstructionMachineryforIndianmarket TerexCorporation Uralvagonzavod VolvoConstructionEquipment WackerNeuson XCMG XGMA Yanmar Yuchai Zoomlion Currentmanufacturers[edit] Thissectionmaycontaincontentthatisrepetitiveorredundantoftextelsewhereinthearticle.Pleasehelpimproveitbymergingsimilartextorremovingrepeatedstatements.(April2020) AsofJuly2021,currentexcavatormanufacturersinclude: Japan HitachiConstructionMachinery KatoWorksCo.Ltd. Kobelco KomatsuLimited Kubota SUMITOMO Yanmar Korea Doosan HyundaiHeavyIndustries China LiuGong Lonking SANY SDLG Shantui SunwardIntelligentEquipmentGroup XCMG XiamenXGMAMachineryCo.,Ltd. GuangxiYuchaiHeavyIndustryCo.,Ltd. Zoomlion UnitedStates BucyrusInternational CaseCE CaterpillarInc. JohnDeere LBX(Link-Belt)Excavators NewHolland TerexCorporation Denmark Hydrema Sweden SandvikAB VolvoConstructionEquipment UnitedKingdom JCB India BEML EscortsGroup L&T Mahindra TataHitachiConstructionMachinery Germany ThyssenKrupp WackerNeuson Russia Uralvagonzavod Switzerland-Germany Liebherr Iran HEPCO Algeria ENMTP Italy-USA-Netherlands CNHIndustrial-producesSumitomoandCASE Indonesia PTPindad(Persero)[10] Turkey Hidromek Seealso[edit] Typesofexcavator Compactexcavator Draglineexcavator Longreachexcavator Amphibiousexcavator Powershovel Steamshovel Suctionexcavator Walkingexcavator Bucket-wheelexcavator Other Bulldozer Civilengineering Heavyequipment Loader Miningsimulation Tractor Skid-steerloader SAEcontrols References[edit] ^"UsePowerfulExcavatorBuildingTamiamiTrail".TheWeeklyMiamiMetropolis.September15,1916.Retrieved29December2013. ^"IndustrialExpe..LassoGivesMorePowerToTheHy-MacElbow".TheGlasgowHerald.June9,1962.Retrieved29December2013. ^"FirstWindFarmInNhToBeginOperation".BangorDailyNews.Jan9,2006.Retrieved29December2013. ^Glancey,Jonathan(2007-04-20)."ClassicsofeverydaydesignNo16".London:TheGuardian.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28February2014.Retrieved27September2010. ^-F,Kevin(31July2009)."TypesofExcavatorsandTheirUses".Archivedfromtheoriginalon19October2012.Retrieved29December2013. ^"KomatsuPW130-7".H.E.Services.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29March2010.Retrieved13April2010. ^"TipstoHelpYouOperateYourMiniExcavator".Archivedfromtheoriginalon31December2013.Retrieved29December2013. ^LanceLefebure(2December2010)."Howitworks:ThetrackmotorspoolinanExcavator".Archivedfromtheoriginalon17February2016.Retrieved5May2018–viaYouTube. ^"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2010-03-30.Retrieved2009-11-22.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^"PT.Pindad(Persero)-AlatBerat". 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