Washington, D.C. - Wikipedia

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or just D.C., is the capital city and only federal district of the United ... Washington,D.C. FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch CapitalcityoftheUnitedStates "DistrictofColumbia"and"UnitedStatescapital"redirecthere.Forthehistoryofthedistrictasaseparatelegalentity,seeDistrictofColumbia(until1871).Forotheruses,seeDistrictofColumbia(disambiguation)andUnitedStatescapital(disambiguation). FederalcapitalcityandfederaldistrictintheUnitedStatesWashington,D.C.FederalcapitalcityandfederaldistrictDistrictofColumbiaClockwisefromtopleft:theWashingtonMonumentandLincolnMemorialontheNationalMall,UnitedStatesCapitol,WashingtonMetro,AirandSpaceMuseum,WhiteHouse,storefrontsinAdamsMorgan,NationalCathedral FlagSealNickname(s): D.C.,TheDistrictMotto(s): JustitiaOmnibus(English:JusticeforAll)Anthem:"Washington""OurNation'sCapital"(march)[1]InteractivemapofWashingtonD.C.Coordinates:38°54′17″N77°00′59″W/38.90472°N77.01639°W/38.90472;-77.01639(DistrictofColumbia)Coordinates:38°54′17″N77°00′59″W/38.90472°N77.01639°W/38.90472;-77.01639(DistrictofColumbia)Country UnitedStatesResidenceAct1790Organized1801Consolidated1871HomeRuleAct1973NamedforGeorgeWashington,ChristopherColumbusGovernment • MayorMurielBowser (D) • D.C.Council List PhilMendelson (D),ChairmanAnitaBonds (D),At‑largeChristinaHenderson (I),At‑largeRobertWhite (D),At‑largeElissaSilverman (I),At‑largeBrianneNadeau (D),Ward 1BrookePinto (D),Ward 2MaryCheh (D),Ward 3JaneeseLewisGeorge (D),Ward 4KenyanMcDuffie (D),Ward 5CharlesAllen (D),Ward 6VincentC.Gray (D),Ward 7TrayonWhite (D),Ward 8  • U.S.HouseEleanorHolmesNorton (D),Delegate(At-large)Area • Federalcapitalcityandfederaldistrict68.34 sq mi(177.0 km2) • Land61.05 sq mi(158.1 km2) • Water7.29 sq mi(18.9 km2)Highest elevation409 ft(125 m)Lowest elevation0 ft(0 m)Population (2020)[2] • Federalcapitalcityandfederaldistrict689,545 • Rank20thintheUnitedStates • Density11,294.76/sq mi(4,361.45/km2) • Metro[3]6,385,162(6th)Demonym(s)Washingtonian[4][5]TimezoneUTC−5(EST) • Summer(DST)UTC−4(EDT)ZIPCodes20001–20098,20201–20599Areacode(s)202,771(overlay)[6][7]MajorairportsWashingtonDullesReaganNationalBaltimore/WashingtonCommuterrailRapidtransitWebsitedc.gov Washington,D.C.,statesymbolsLivinginsigniaBirdWoodThrushFishAmericanshadFlowerAmericanBeautyroseMammalLittlebrownbatTreeScarletOakInanimateinsigniaBeverageRickey[8]DinosaurCapitalsaurusFoodCherryRockPotomacbluestoneSloganFederalCityStateroutemarkerStatequarterReleasedin2009ListsofUnitedStatesstatesymbols Washington,D.C.,formallytheDistrictofColumbia,alsoknownasjustWashingtonorjustD.C.,isthecapitalcityandonlyfederaldistrictoftheUnitedStates.[9]ItislocatedontheeastbankofthePotomacRiver,whichformsitssouthwesternandsouthernborderwiththeU.S.stateofVirginia,andsharesalandborderwiththeU.S.stateofMarylandonitsremainingsides.ThecitywasnamedforGeorgeWashington,aFoundingFatherandthefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates,[10]andthefederaldistrictisnamedafterColumbia,afemalepersonificationofthenation.AstheseatoftheU.S.federalgovernmentandseveralinternationalorganizations,thecityisanimportantworldpoliticalcapital.[11]ItisoneofthemostvisitedcitiesintheU.S.,seeingover20 millionvisitorsin2016.[12][13] TheU.S.ConstitutionprovidesforafederaldistrictundertheexclusivejurisdictionofCongress;thedistrictisthereforenotapartofanyU.S.state(norisitoneitself).ThesigningoftheResidenceActonJuly16,1790,approvedthecreationofacapitaldistrictlocatedalongthePotomacRivernearthecountry'sEastCoast.TheCityofWashingtonwasfoundedin1791toserveasthenationalcapital,andCongresshelditsfirstsessiontherein1800.In1801,theterritory,formerlypartofMarylandandVirginia(includingthesettlementsofGeorgetownandAlexandria),officiallybecamerecognizedasthefederaldistrict.In1846,CongressreturnedthelandoriginallycededbyVirginia,includingthecityofAlexandria;in1871,itcreatedasinglemunicipalgovernmentfortheremainingportionofthedistrict.Therehavebeeneffortstomakethecityintoastatesincethe1880s,amovementthathasgainedmomentuminrecentyears,andastatehoodbillpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesin2021.[14] ThecityisdividedintoquadrantscenteredontheCapitolBuilding,andthereareasmanyas131neighborhoods.Accordingtothe2020Census,ithasapopulationof689,545,[2]whichmakesitthe20th-mostpopulouscityintheU.S.andgivesitapopulationlargerthanthatoftwoU.S.states:WyomingandVermont.[15]CommutersfromthesurroundingMarylandandVirginiasuburbsraisethecity'sdaytimepopulationtomorethanone millionduringtheworkweek.[16]Washington'smetropolitanarea,thecountry'ssixth-largest(includingpartsofMaryland,VirginiaandWestVirginia),hada2019estimatedpopulationof6.3 millionresidents.[17] ThethreebranchesoftheU.S.federalgovernmentarecenteredinthedistrict:Congress(legislative),thepresident(executive),andtheSupremeCourt(judicial).Washingtonishometomanynationalmonumentsandmuseums,primarilysituatedonoraroundtheNationalMall.Thecityhosts177foreignembassiesaswellastheheadquartersofmanyinternationalorganizations,tradeunions,non-profits,lobbyinggroups,andprofessionalassociations,includingtheWorldBankGroup,theInternationalMonetaryFund,theOrganizationofAmericanStates,theAARP,theNationalGeographicSociety,theHumanRightsCampaign,theInternationalFinanceCorporation,andtheAmericanRedCross. Alocallyelectedmayoranda13-membercouncilhavegovernedthedistrictsince1973.Congressmaintainssupremeauthorityoverthecityandmayoverturnlocallaws.D.C.residentselectanon-voting,at-largecongressionaldelegatetotheHouseofRepresentatives,butthedistricthasnorepresentationintheSenate.DistrictvoterschoosethreepresidentialelectorsinaccordancewiththeTwenty-thirdAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1961. Contents 1History 1.1Foundation 1.2BurningduringtheWarof1812 1.3RetrocessionandtheCivilWar 1.4Growthandredevelopment 1.5Civilrightsandhomeruleera 2Geography 2.1Climate 3Cityscape 3.1Architecture 4Demographics 4.1Crime 5Economy 6Culture 6.1Landmarks 6.2Museums 6.3Arts 6.4Sports 7Media 8Governmentandpolitics 8.1Politics 8.2Budgetaryissues 8.3Votingrightsdebate 8.4Sistercities 9Education 9.1Highereducation 10Infrastructure 10.1Transportation 10.2Utilities 11Seealso 12Notes 13References 14Externallinks History ForthecapitalsoftheUnitedStatesbeforethefoundingofWashington,D.C.,seeListofcapitalsintheUnitedStates§ CapitalsoftheUS. Mainarticles:HistoryofWashington,D.C.;TimelineofWashington,D.C.;andDistrictofColumbia(until1871) VarioustribesoftheAlgonquian-speakingPiscatawaypeople(alsoknownastheConoy)inhabitedthelandsaroundthePotomacRiverwhenEuropeansfirstvisitedtheareaintheearly17thcentury.OnegroupknownastheNacotchtank(alsocalledtheNacostinesbyCatholicmissionaries)maintainedsettlementsaroundtheAnacostiaRiverwithinthepresent-dayDistrictofColumbia.ConflictswithEuropeancolonistsandneighboringtribesforcedtherelocationofthePiscatawaypeople,someofwhomestablishedanewsettlementin1699nearPointofRocks,Maryland.[18] OnOctober6,forcedbythePennsylvaniaMutinyof1783toPrinceton,NewJersey,Congressresolveditselfintoacommitteeofthewhole,totakeintoconsideration,respectingaplaceforthepermanentresidenceofCongress.[19]Thefollowingday,ElbridgeGerryofMassachusettsmoved“thatbuildingsfortheuseofCongressbeerectedonthebanksoftheDelawarenearTrenton,orofthePotomac,nearGeorgetown,providedasuitabledistrictcanbeprocuredononeoftheriversasaforesaid,forafederaltown”.[20] InhisFederalistNo.43,publishedJanuary23,1788,JamesMadisonarguedthatthenewfederalgovernmentwouldneedauthorityoveranationalcapitaltoprovideforitsownmaintenanceandsafety.[21]ThePennsylvaniaMutinyof1783,emphasizedtheneedforthenationalgovernmentnottorelyonanystateforitsownsecurity.[22] ArticleOne,SectionEight,oftheConstitutionpermitstheestablishmentofa"District(notexceedingten miles square)asmay,bycessionofparticularstates,andtheacceptanceofCongress,becometheseatofthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates".[23]However,theConstitutiondoesnotspecifyalocationforthecapital.InwhatisnowknownastheCompromiseof1790,Madison,AlexanderHamilton,andThomasJeffersonagreedthatthefederalgovernmentwouldpayeachstate'sremainingRevolutionaryWardebtsinexchangeforestablishingthenewnationalcapitalintheSouthernUnitedStates.[24][a] Foundation OnJuly9,1790,CongresspassedtheResidenceAct,whichapprovedthecreationofanationalcapitalonthePotomacRiver.TheexactlocationwastobeselectedbyPresidentGeorgeWashington,whosignedthebillintolawonJuly16.FormedfromlanddonatedbythestatesofMarylandandVirginia,theinitialshapeofthefederaldistrictwasasquaremeasuring10miles(16 km)oneachside,totaling100squaremiles(259 km2).[25][b] Twopre-existingsettlementswereincludedintheterritory:theportofGeorgetown,Maryland,foundedin1751,[26]andtheportcityofAlexandria,Virginia,foundedin1749.[27]During1791–92,ateamunderAndrewEllicott,includingEllicott'sbrothersJosephandBenjaminandAfrican-AmericanastronomerBenjaminBanneker,surveyedthebordersofthefederaldistrictandplacedboundarystonesateverymilepoint.[28]Manyofthestonesarestillstanding.[29] AnewfederalcitywasthenconstructedonthenorthbankofthePotomac,totheeastofGeorgetown.OnSeptember9,1791,thethreecommissionersoverseeingthecapital'sconstructionnamedthecityinhonorofPresidentWashington.Thesameday,thefederaldistrictwasnamedColumbia(afeminineformof"Columbus"),whichwasapoeticnamefortheUnitedStatescommonlyinuseatthattime.[30][31]CongresshelditsfirstsessionthereonNovember17,1800.[32][33] CongresspassedtheDistrictofColumbiaOrganicActof1801whichofficiallyorganizedthedistrictandplacedtheentireterritoryundertheexclusivecontrolofthefederalgovernment.Further,theareawithinthedistrictwasorganizedintotwocounties:theCountyofWashingtontotheeast(ornorth)ofthePotomacandtheCountyofAlexandriatothewest(orsouth).[34]AfterthepassageofthisAct,citizenslivinginthedistrictwerenolongerconsideredresidentsofMarylandorVirginia,whichthereforeendedtheirrepresentationinCongress.[35] BurningduringtheWarof1812 Mainarticle:Warof1812 FollowingtheirvictoryattheBattleofBladensburg(1814),theBritishenteredWashington,D.C.,burningdownbuildings,includingtheWhiteHouse. OnAugust24–25,1814,inaraidknownastheBurningofWashington,BritishforcesinvadedthecapitalduringtheWarof1812.TheCapitol,Treasury,andWhiteHousewereburnedandguttedduringtheattack.[36]Mostgovernmentbuildingswererepairedquickly;however,theCapitolwaslargelyunderconstructionatthetimeandwasnotcompletedinitscurrentformuntil1868.[37] RetrocessionandtheCivilWar Seealso:DistrictofColumbiaretrocessionandWashington,D.C.,intheAmericanCivilWar PresidentAbrahamLincolninsistedthatconstructionoftheUnitedStatesCapitoldomecontinueduringtheAmericanCivilWar(1861). Inthe1830s,thedistrict'ssouthernterritoryofAlexandriawentintoeconomicdeclinepartlyduetoneglectbyCongress.[38]ThecityofAlexandriawasamajormarketintheAmericanslavetrade,andpro-slaveryresidentsfearedthatabolitionistsinCongresswouldendslaveryinthedistrict,furtherdepressingtheeconomy.Alexandria'scitizenspetitionedVirginiatotakebackthelandithaddonatedtoformthedistrict,throughaprocessknownasretrocession.[39] TheVirginiaGeneralAssemblyvotedinFebruary1846toacceptthereturnofAlexandria.OnJuly9,1846,CongressagreedtoreturnalltheterritorythatVirginiahadceded.Therefore,thedistrict'sareaconsistsonlyoftheportionoriginallydonatedbyMaryland.[38]Confirmingthefearsofpro-slaveryAlexandrians,theCompromiseof1850outlawedtheslavetradeintheDistrict,althoughnotslaveryitself.[40] TheoutbreakoftheAmericanCivilWarin1861ledtotheexpansionofthefederalgovernmentandnotablegrowthinthedistrict'spopulation,includingalargeinfluxoffreedslaves.[41]PresidentAbrahamLincolnsignedtheCompensatedEmancipationActin1862,whichendedslaveryinthedistrictofColumbiaandfreedabout3,100enslavedpersons,ninemonthspriortotheEmancipationProclamation.[42]In1868,Congressgrantedthedistrict'sAfricanAmericanmaleresidentstherighttovoteinmunicipalelections.[41] Growthandredevelopment By1870,thedistrict'spopulationhadgrown75%fromthepreviouscensustonearly132,000residents.[43]Despitethecity'sgrowth,Washingtonstillhaddirtroadsandlackedbasicsanitation.SomemembersofCongresssuggestedmovingthecapitalfurtherwest,butPresidentUlyssesS.Grantrefusedtoconsidersuchaproposal.[44] CongresspassedtheOrganicActof1871,whichrepealedtheindividualchartersofthecitiesofWashingtonandGeorgetown,abolishedWashingtonCounty,andcreatedanewterritorialgovernmentforthewholeDistrictofColumbia.[45] Afterthereorganization,PresidentGrantappointedAlexanderRobeyShepherdtothepositionofGovernoroftheDistrictofColumbiain1873.Shepherdauthorizedlarge-scaleprojectsthatgreatlymodernizedtheCityofWashington,butultimatelybankruptedthedistrictgovernment.In1874,Congressreplacedtheterritorialgovernmentwithanappointedthree-memberBoardofCommissioners.[46] Thecity'sfirstmotorizedstreetcarsbeganservicein1888.TheygeneratedgrowthinareasofthedistrictbeyondtheCityofWashington'soriginalboundaries.Washington'surbanplanwasexpandedthroughoutthedistrictinthefollowingdecades.[47]Georgetown'sstreetgridandotheradministrativedetailswereformallymergedtothoseofthelegalCityofWashingtonin1895.[48]However,thecityhadpoorhousingconditionsandstrainedpublicworks.Thedistrictwasthefirstcityinthenationtoundergourbanrenewalprojectsaspartofthe"CityBeautifulmovement"intheearly1900s.[49] IncreasedfederalspendingasaresultoftheNewDealinthe1930sledtotheconstructionofnewgovernmentbuildings,memorials,andmuseumsinthedistrict,[50]thoughthechairmanoftheHouseSubcommitteeonDistrictAppropriationsRossA.CollinsfromMississippijustifiedcutstofundsforwelfareandeducationforlocalresidents,sayingthat"myconstituentswouldn'tstandforspendingmoneyonniggers."[51] WorldWarIIfurtherincreasedgovernmentactivity,addingtothenumberoffederalemployeesinthecapital;[52]by1950,thedistrict'spopulationreacheditspeakof802,178residents.[43] Civilrightsandhomeruleera CrowdssurroundingtheLincolnMemorialReflectingPoolduringtheMarchonWashington,1963 Externalvideo1960sWashingtonDC,4Kfrom35mmKinolibrary TheTwenty-thirdAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionwasratifiedin1961,grantingthedistrictthreevotesintheElectoralCollegefortheelectionofpresidentandvicepresident,butstillnovotingrepresentationinCongress.[53] AftertheassassinationofcivilrightsleaderDr.MartinLutherKingJr.,onApril4,1968,riotsbrokeoutinthedistrict,primarilyintheU Street,14th Street,7th Street,andH Streetcorridors,centersofblackresidentialandcommercialareas.Theriotsragedforthreedaysuntilmorethan13,600federaltroopsandD.C.ArmyNationalGuardsmenstoppedtheviolence.Manystoresandotherbuildingswereburned;rebuildingwasnotcompleteduntilthelate1990s.[54] In1973,CongressenactedtheDistrictofColumbiaHomeRuleAct,providingforanelectedmayorandthirteen-membercouncilforthedistrict.[55]In1975,WalterWashingtonbecamethefirstelectedandfirstblackmayorofthedistrict.[56] Geography Mainarticle:GeographyofWashington,D.C. CalvertCharlesFrederickMontgomeryPrince George'sAlexandriaArlingtonClarkeFairfaxFairfax CountyFalls ChurchFauquierLoudounManassasManassas ParkPrince WilliamSpotsylvaniaStaffordFredericksburgWarrenWashingtonJeffersonTheWashingtonMetropolitanAreahasapopulationof6,131,977,asof2014.[16] SatellitephotoofWashington,D.C.byESA Washington,D.C.,islocatedinthemid-AtlanticregionoftheU.S.EastCoast.DuetotheDistrictofColumbiaretrocession,thecityhasatotalareaof68.34squaremiles(177 km2),ofwhich61.05squaremiles(158.1 km2)islandand7.29squaremiles(18.9 km2)(10.67%)iswater.[57]ThedistrictisborderedbyMontgomeryCounty,Marylandtothenorthwest;PrinceGeorge'sCounty,Marylandtotheeast;ArlingtonCounty,Virginiatothewest;andAlexandria,Virginiatothesouth.Washington,D.C.,is38miles(61 km)fromBaltimore,124miles(200 km)fromPhiladelphiaand227miles(365 km)fromNewYorkCity. ThesouthbankofthePotomacRiverformsthedistrict'sborderwithVirginiaandhastwomajortributaries:theAnacostiaRiverandRockCreek.[58]TiberCreek,anaturalwatercoursethatoncepassedthroughtheNationalMall,wasfullyenclosedundergroundduringthe1870s.[59]Thecreekalsoformedaportionofthenow-filledWashingtonCityCanal,whichallowedpassagethroughthecitytotheAnacostiaRiverfrom1815untilthe1850s.[60]TheChesapeakeandOhioCanalstartsinGeorgetownandwasusedduringthe19thcenturytobypasstheLittleFallsofthePotomacRiver,locatedatthenorthwestedgeofWashingtonattheAtlanticSeaboardfallline.[61] Thehighestnaturalelevationinthedistrictis409feet(125 m)abovesealevelatFortRenoParkinuppernorthwestWashington.[62]ThelowestpointissealevelatthePotomacRiver.[63]ThegeographiccenterofWashingtonisneartheintersectionof4thandLStreetsNW.[64][65][66] Thedistricthas7,464acres(30.21 km2)ofparkland,about19%ofthecity'stotalareaandthesecond-highestpercentageamonghigh-densityU.S.cities.[67]ThisfactorcontributedtoWashington,D.C.,beingrankedasthirdinthenationforparkaccessandqualityinthe2018ParkScorerankingoftheparksystemsofthe100mostpopulouscitiesintheUnitedStates,accordingtothenonprofitTrustforPublicLand.[68] TheNationalParkServicemanagesmostofthe9,122acres(36.92 km2)ofcitylandownedbytheU.S.government.[69]RockCreekParkisa1,754-acre(7.10 km2)urbanforestinNorthwestWashington,whichextends9.3miles(15.0 km)throughastreamvalleythatbisectsthecity.Establishedin1890,itisthecountry'sfourth-oldestnationalparkandishometoavarietyofplantandanimalspecies,includingraccoon,deer,owls,andcoyotes.[70]OtherNationalParkServicepropertiesincludetheC&OCanalNationalHistoricalPark,theNationalMallandMemorialParks,TheodoreRooseveltIsland,ColumbiaIsland,FortDupontPark,MeridianHillPark,KenilworthParkandAquaticGardens,andAnacostiaPark.[71]TheD.C.DepartmentofParksandRecreationmaintainsthecity's900acres(3.6 km2)ofathleticfieldsandplaygrounds,40swimmingpools,and68recreationcenters.[72]TheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureoperatesthe446-acre(1.80 km2)U.S.NationalArboretuminNortheastWashington.[73] Climate Washingtonisinthehumidsubtropicalclimatezone(Köppen:Cfa).[74]TheTrewarthaclassificationisdefinedasanoceanicclimate(Do).[75]Wintersareusuallycoolwithlightsnow,andsummersarehotandhumid.Thedistrictisinplanthardinesszone8aneardowntown,andzone7belsewhereinthecity,indicatingahumidsubtropicalclimate.[76] Springandfallaremildtowarm,whilewinteriscoolwithannualsnowfallaveraging15.5inches(39 cm).Wintertemperaturesaveragearound38 °F(3 °C)frommid-Decembertomid-February.[77]However,wintertemperaturesinexcessof60 °F(16 °C)arenotuncommon.[78] SummersarehotandhumidwithaJulydailyaverageof79.8 °F(26.6 °C)andaveragedailyrelativehumidityaround66%,whichcancausemoderatepersonaldiscomfort.Heatindicesregularlyapproach100 °F(38 °C)attheheightofsummer.[79]Thecombinationofheatandhumidityinthesummerbringsveryfrequentthunderstorms,someofwhichoccasionallyproducetornadoesinthearea.[80] BlizzardsaffectWashington,onaverage,onceeveryfourtosixyears.Themostviolentstormsarecalled"nor'easters",whichoftenaffectlargesectionsoftheEastCoast.[81]FromJanuary27to28,1922,thecityofficiallyreceived28inches(71 cm)ofsnowfall,thelargestsnowstormsinceofficialmeasurementsbeganin1885.[82]Accordingtonoteskeptatthetime,thecityreceivedbetween30and36inches(76and91 cm)fromasnowstorminJanuary1772.[83] TheWashingtonMonument,seenacrosstheTidalBasinduring2007'sNationalCherryBlossomFestival Hurricanes(ortheirremnants)occasionallytrackthroughtheareainlatesummerandearlyfall.However,theyareoftenweakbythetimetheyreachWashington,partlyduetothecity'sinlandlocation.[84]FloodingofthePotomacRiver,however,causedbyacombinationofhightide,stormsurge,andrunoff,hasbeenknowntocauseextensivepropertydamageintheneighborhoodofGeorgetown.[85] Precipitationoccursthroughouttheyear.[86] Thehighestrecordedtemperaturewas106 °F(41 °C)onAugust6,1918,andonJuly20,1930.[87]whilethelowestrecordedtemperaturewas−15 °F(−26 °C)onFebruary11,1899,rightbeforetheGreatBlizzardof1899.[81]Duringatypicalyear,thecityaveragesabout37daysatorabove90 °F(32 °C)and64nightsatorbelowthefreezingmark(32 °For0 °C).[77]Onaverage,thefirstdaywithaminimumatorbelowfreezingisNovember18andthelastdayisMarch27.[88][89] vteClimatedataforWashington,D.C.(ReaganNationalAirport),1991−2020normals,[c]extremes1871−present[d] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Recordhigh°F(°C) 79(26) 84(29) 93(34) 95(35) 99(37) 104(40) 106(41) 106(41) 104(40) 98(37) 86(30) 79(26) 106(41) Meanmaximum°F(°C) 66.7(19.3) 68.1(20.1) 77.3(25.2) 86.4(30.2) 91.0(32.8) 95.7(35.4) 98.1(36.7) 96.5(35.8) 91.9(33.3) 84.5(29.2) 74.8(23.8) 67.1(19.5) 99.1(37.3) Averagehigh°F(°C) 44.8(7.1) 48.3(9.1) 56.5(13.6) 68.0(20.0) 76.5(24.7) 85.1(29.5) 89.6(32.0) 87.8(31.0) 80.7(27.1) 69.4(20.8) 58.2(14.6) 48.8(9.3) 67.8(19.9) Dailymean°F(°C) 37.5(3.1) 40.0(4.4) 47.6(8.7) 58.2(14.6) 67.2(19.6) 76.3(24.6) 81.0(27.2) 79.4(26.3) 72.4(22.4) 60.8(16.0) 49.9(9.9) 41.7(5.4) 59.3(15.2) Averagelow°F(°C) 30.1(−1.1) 31.8(−0.1) 38.6(3.7) 48.4(9.1) 58.0(14.4) 67.5(19.7) 72.4(22.4) 71.0(21.7) 64.1(17.8) 52.2(11.2) 41.6(5.3) 34.5(1.4) 50.9(10.5) Meanminimum°F(°C) 14.3(−9.8) 16.9(−8.4) 23.4(−4.8) 34.9(1.6) 45.5(7.5) 55.7(13.2) 63.8(17.7) 62.1(16.7) 51.3(10.7) 38.7(3.7) 28.8(−1.8) 21.3(−5.9) 12.3(−10.9) Recordlow°F(°C) −14(−26) −15(−26) 4(−16) 15(−9) 33(1) 43(6) 52(11) 49(9) 36(2) 26(−3) 11(−12) −13(−25) −15(−26) Averageprecipitationinches(mm) 2.86(73) 2.62(67) 3.50(89) 3.21(82) 3.94(100) 4.20(107) 4.33(110) 3.25(83) 3.93(100) 3.66(93) 2.91(74) 3.41(87) 41.82(1,062) Averagesnowfallinches(cm) 4.9(12) 5.0(13) 2.0(5.1) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.1(0.25) 1.7(4.3) 13.7(35) Averageprecipitationdays(≥0.01in) 9.7 9.3 11.0 10.8 11.6 10.6 10.5 8.7 8.7 8.3 8.4 10.1 117.7 Averagesnowydays(≥0.1in) 2.8 2.7 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 8.0 Averagerelativehumidity(%) 62.1 60.5 58.6 58.0 64.5 65.8 66.9 69.3 69.7 67.4 64.7 64.1 64.3 Averagedewpoint°F(°C) 21.7(−5.7) 23.5(−4.7) 31.3(−0.4) 39.7(4.3) 52.3(11.3) 61.5(16.4) 66.0(18.9) 65.8(18.8) 59.5(15.3) 47.5(8.6) 37.0(2.8) 27.1(−2.7) 44.4(6.9) Meanmonthlysunshinehours 144.6 151.8 204.0 228.2 260.5 283.2 280.5 263.1 225.0 203.6 150.2 133.0 2,527.7 Meandailydaylighthours 9.8 10.8 12.0 13.3 14.3 14.9 14.6 13.6 12.4 11.2 10.1 9.5 12.2 Percentpossiblesunshine 48 50 55 57 59 64 62 62 60 59 50 45 57 Averageultravioletindex 2 3 5 7 8 9 9 8 7 4 3 2 6 Source1:NOAA(relativehumidity,dewpointandsun1961−1990)[77][91][86][92] Source2:WeatherAtlas(UVanddaylighthours)[93] Cityscape Seealso:StreetsandhighwaysofWashington,D.C.;NeighborhoodsinWashington,D.C.;andListoftallestbuildingsinWashington,D.C. TheL'EnfantPlanforWashington,D.C.,asrevisedbyAndrewEllicottin1792 Washington,D.C.,isaplannedcity.In1791,PresidentWashingtoncommissionedPierre(Peter)CharlesL'Enfant,aFrench-bornarchitectandcityplanner,todesignthenewcapital.HeenlistedScottishsurveyorAlexanderRalstontohelplayoutthecityplan.[94]TheL'EnfantPlanfeaturedbroadstreetsandavenuesradiatingoutfromrectangles,providingroomforopenspaceandlandscaping.[95]HebasedhisdesignonplansofcitiessuchasParis,Amsterdam,Karlsruhe,andMilanthatThomasJeffersonhadsenttohim.[96]L'Enfant'sdesignalsoenvisionedagarden-lined"grandavenue"approximately1mile(1.6 km)inlengthand400feet(120 m)wideintheareathatisnowtheNationalMall.[97]PresidentWashingtondismissedL'EnfantinMarch1792duetoconflictswiththethreecommissionersappointedtosupervisethecapital'sconstruction.AndrewEllicott,whohadworkedwithL'Enfantsurveyingthecity,wasthentaskedwithcompletingthedesign.ThoughEllicottmaderevisionstotheoriginalplans—includingchangestosomestreetpatterns—L'Enfantisstillcreditedwiththeoveralldesignofthecity.[98] Constructionofthe12-storyCairoApartmentBuilding(1894)intheDupontCircleneighborhoodspurredbuildingheightrestrictions. Bytheearly20thcentury,L'Enfant'svisionofagrandnationalcapitalhadbecomemarredbyslumsandrandomlyplacedbuildings,includingarailroadstationontheNationalMall.CongressformedaspecialcommitteechargedwithbeautifyingWashington'sceremonialcore.[49]WhatbecameknownastheMcMillanPlanwasfinalizedin1901andincludedre-landscapingtheCapitolgroundsandtheNationalMall,clearingslums,andestablishinganewcitywideparksystem.TheplanisthoughttohavelargelypreservedL'Enfant'sintendeddesign.[95] Bylaw,Washington'sskylineislowandsprawling.ThefederalHeightofBuildingsActof1910allowsbuildingsthatarenotallerthanthewidthoftheadjacentstreet,plus20feet(6.1 m).[99]Despitepopularbelief,nolawhaseverlimitedbuildingstotheheightoftheUnitedStatesCapitolBuildingorthe555-foot(169 m)WashingtonMonument,[66]whichremainsthedistrict'stalleststructure.Cityleadershavecriticizedtheheightrestrictionasaprimaryreasonwhythedistricthaslimitedaffordablehousingandtrafficproblemscausedbysuburbansprawl.[99] Thedistrictisdividedintofourquadrantsofunequalarea:Northwest(NW),Northeast(NE),Southeast(SE),andSouthwest(SW).TheaxesboundingthequadrantsradiatefromtheU.S.Capitolbuilding.[100]AllroadnamesincludethequadrantabbreviationtoindicatetheirlocationandhousenumbersgenerallycorrespondwiththenumberofblocksawayfromtheCapitol.Moststreetsaresetoutinagridpatternwitheast–weststreetsnamedwithletters(e.g.,CStreetSW),north–southstreetswithnumbers(e.g.,4thStreetNW),anddiagonalavenues,manyofwhicharenamedafterstates.[100] TheGeorgetownneighborhoodisknownforitshistoricFederal-stylerowhouses.Intheforegroundisthe19thcenturyChesapeakeandOhioCanal. TheCityofWashingtonwasborderedbyBoundaryStreettothenorth(renamedFloridaAvenuein1890),RockCreektothewest,andtheAnacostiaRivertotheeast.[47][95]Washington'sstreetgridwasextended,wherepossible,throughoutthedistrictstartingin1888.[101]Georgetown'sstreetswererenamedin1895.[48]Somestreetsareparticularlynoteworthy,suchasPennsylvaniaAvenue—whichconnectstheWhiteHousetotheCapitol,andKStreet—whichhousestheofficesofmanylobbyinggroups.[102]ConstitutionAvenueandIndependenceAvenue,locatedonthenorthandsouthsidesoftheNationalMall,respectively,arehometomanyofWashington'siconicmuseums,includingtheSmithsonianInstitutionbuildings,theNationalArchivesBuilding.Washingtonhosts177foreignembassies,constitutingapproximately297buildingsbeyondthemorethan1,600residentialpropertiesownedbyforeigncountries,manyofwhichareonasectionofMassachusettsAvenueinformallyknownasEmbassyRow.[103] Architecture MeridianHillPark,inColumbiaHeights ThearchitectureofWashingtonvariesgreatly.Sixofthetop10buildingsintheAmericanInstituteofArchitects'2007rankingof"America'sFavoriteArchitecture"areintheDistrictofColumbia:[104]theWhiteHouse,theWashingtonNationalCathedral,theThomasJeffersonMemorial,theUnitedStatesCapitol,theLincolnMemorial,andtheVietnamVeteransMemorial.Theneoclassical,Georgian,gothic,andmodernarchitecturalstylesareallreflectedamongthosesixstructuresandmanyotherprominentedificesinWashington.NotableexceptionsincludebuildingsconstructedintheFrenchSecondEmpirestylesuchastheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding.[105] OutsidedowntownWashington,architecturalstylesareevenmorevaried.HistoricbuildingsaredesignedprimarilyintheQueenAnne,Châteauesque,RichardsonianRomanesque,Georgianrevival,Beaux-Arts,andavarietyofVictorianstyles.RowhousesareespeciallyprominentinareasdevelopedaftertheCivilWarandtypicallyfollowFederalistandlateVictoriandesigns.[106]Georgetown'sOldStoneHousewasbuiltin1765,makingittheoldest-standingoriginalbuildinginthecity.[107]Foundedin1789,GeorgetownUniversityfeaturesamixofRomanesqueandGothicRevivalarchitecture.[105]TheRonaldReaganBuildingisthelargestbuildinginthedistrictwithatotalareaofapproximately3.1 millionsquare feet(288,000 m2).[108] Demographics Mainarticle:DemographicsofWashington,D.C. Historicalpopulation Census Pop. %± 18008,144—181015,47190.0%182023,33650.8%183030,26129.7%184033,74511.5%185051,68753.2%186075,08045.3%1870131,70075.4%1880177,62434.9%1890230,39229.7%1900278,71821.0%1910331,06918.8%1920437,57132.2%1930486,86911.3%1940663,09136.2%1950802,17821.0%1960763,956−4.8%1970756,510−1.0%1980638,333−15.6%1990606,900−4.9%2000572,059−5.7%2010601,7235.2%2020689,54514.6%Source:[109][e][43][110]Note:[f]2010–2020[2] Demographicprofile 2020[112] 2010[113] 1990[114] 1970[114] 1940[114] White 39.6% 38.5% 29.6% 27.7% 71.5%  —Non-Hispanicwhites 38.0% 34.8% 27.4% 26.5%[115] 71.4% BlackorAfricanAmerican 41.4% 50.7% 65.8% 71.1% 28.2% HispanicorLatino(ofanyrace) 11.3% 9.1% 5.4% 2.1%[115] 0.1% Asian 4.8% 3.5% 1.8% 0.6% 0.2% TheU.S.CensusBureauestimatesthatthedistrict'spopulationwas705,749asofJuly2019,anincreaseofmorethan100,000peoplecomparedtothe2010UnitedStatesCensus.Whenmeasuredonadecade-over-decadebasis,thiscontinuesagrowthtrendsince2000,followingahalf-centuryofpopulationdecline.[116]Butonayear-over-yearbasis,theJuly2019censuscountshowsapopulationdeclineof16,000individualsoverthepreceding12-monthperiod.[117]Washingtonwasthe24thmostpopulousplaceintheUnitedStatesasof2010[update].[118]Accordingtodatafrom2010,commutersfromthesuburbsincreasethedistrict'sdaytimepopulationtooveramillion.[119]Ifthedistrictwereastateitwouldrank49thinpopulation,aheadofVermontandWyoming.[120] TheWashingtonMetropolitanArea,whichincludesthedistrictandsurroundingsuburbs,isthesixth-largestmetropolitanareaintheUnitedStateswithanestimatedsixmillionresidentsin2014.[121]WhentheWashingtonareaisincludedwithBaltimoreanditssuburbs,theBaltimore–WashingtonMetropolitanAreahadapopulationexceeding9.8 millionresidentsin2020,thethird-largestcombinedstatisticalareainthecountry.[122] Accordingto2017CensusBureaudata,thepopulationofWashington,D.C.,was47.1%BlackorAfricanAmerican,45.1%White(36.8%non-HispanicWhite),4.3%Asian,0.6%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative,and0.1%NativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslander.Individualsfromtwoormoreracesmadeup2.7%ofthepopulation.Hispanicsofanyracemadeup11.0%ofthedistrict'spopulation.[120] MapofracialdistributioninWashington,D.C.,accordingtothe2010U.S.Census.Eachdotis25people:White,Black,Asian,HispanicorOther(yellow) WashingtonhashadasignificantAfricanAmericanpopulationsincethecity'sfoundation.[123]AfricanAmericanresidentscomposedabout30%ofthedistrict'stotalpopulationbetween1800and1940.[43]Theblackpopulationreachedapeakof70%by1970,buthassincesteadilydeclinedduetomanyAfricanAmericansmovingtothesurroundingsuburbs.Partlyasaresultofgentrification,therewasa31.4%increaseinthenon-Hispanicwhitepopulationandan11.5%decreaseintheblackpopulationbetween2000and2010.[124]AccordingtoastudybytheNationalCommunityReinvestmentCoalition,D.C.hasexperiencedmore"intense"gentrificationthananyotherAmericancity,with40%ofneighborhoodsgentrified.[125] About17%ofD.C.residentswereage18oryoungerin2010,lowerthantheU.S.averageof24%.However,at34yearsold,thedistricthadthelowestmedianagecomparedtothe50states.[126]Asof2010[update],therewereanestimated81,734immigrantslivinginWashington,D.C.[127]MajorsourcesofimmigrationincludeElSalvador,Vietnam,andEthiopia,withaconcentrationofSalvadoransintheMountPleasantneighborhood.[128] Researchersfoundthattherewere4,822same-sexcouplesintheDistrictofColumbiain2010,about2%oftotalhouseholds.[129]Legislationauthorizingsame-sexmarriagepassedin2009,andthedistrictbeganissuingmarriagelicensestosame-sexcouplesinMarch2010.[130] A2007reportfoundthataboutathirdofdistrictresidentswerefunctionallyilliterate,comparedtoanationalrateofaboutoneinfive.ThisisattributedinparttoimmigrantswhoarenotproficientinEnglish.[131]Asof2011[update],85%ofD.C.residentsage 5andolderspokeEnglishathomeasaprimarylanguage.[132]Halfofresidentshadatleastafour-yearcollegedegreein2006.[127]In2017,themedianhouseholdincomeinD.C.was$77,649;[133]alsoin2017,D.C.residentshadapersonalincomepercapitaof$50,832(higherthananyofthe50states).[133][134]However,19%ofresidentswerebelowthepovertylevelin2005,higherthananystateexceptMississippi.In2019,thepovertyratestoodat14.7%.[135][g][137] Ofthedistrict'spopulation,17%isBaptist,13%isCatholic,6%isevangelicalProtestant,4%isMethodist,3%isEpiscopalian/Anglican,3%isJewish,2%isEasternOrthodox,1%isPentecostal,1%isBuddhist,1%isAdventist,1%isLutheran,1%isMuslim,1%isPresbyterian,1%isMormon,and1%isHindu.[138][h] Asof2010[update],morethan90%ofD.C.residentshadhealthinsurancecoverage,thesecond-highestrateinthenation.Thisisdueinparttocityprogramsthathelpprovideinsurancetolow-incomeindividualswhodonotqualifyforothertypesofcoverage.[139]A2009reportfoundthatatleastthreepercentofdistrictresidentshaveHIVorAIDS,whichtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)characterizesasa"generalizedandsevere"epidemic.[140] Crime Mainarticle:CrimeinWashington,D.C. Seealso:ListoflawenforcementagenciesintheDistrictofColumbia D.C.policeonHarley-Davidsonmotorcyclesescortaprotestin2018. CrimeinWashington,D.C.,isconcentratedinareasassociatedwithpoverty,drugabuse,andgangs.A2010studyfoundthat5percentofcityblocksaccountedformorethan25%ofthedistrict'stotalcrimes.[141] ThemoreaffluentneighborhoodsofNorthwestWashingtonaretypicallysafe,especiallyinareaswithconcentrationsofgovernmentoperations,suchasDowntownWashington,D.C.,FoggyBottom,EmbassyRow,andPennQuarter,butreportsofviolentcrimeincreaseinpoorerneighborhoodsgenerallyconcentratedintheeasternportionofthecity.[141]Approximately60,000residentsareex-convicts.[142] In2012,Washington'sannualmurdercounthaddroppedto88,thelowesttotalsince1961.[143]Themurderratehassincerisenfromthathistoriclow,thoughitremainsclosetohalftherateoftheearly2000s.Washingtonwasoncedescribedasthe"murdercapital"oftheUnitedStatesduringtheearly1990s.[144]Thenumberofmurderspeakedin1991at479,butthelevelofviolencethenbegantodeclinesignificantly.[145] In2016,thedistrict'sMetropolitanPoliceDepartmenttallied135homicides,a53%increasefrom2012buta17%decreasefrom2015.[146]ManyneighborhoodssuchasColumbiaHeightsandLoganCirclearebecomingsaferandvibrant.However,incidentsofrobberiesandtheftshaveremainedhigherintheseareasbecauseofincreasednightlifeactivityandgreaternumbersofaffluentresidents.[147]Evenstill,citywidereportsofbothpropertyandviolentcrimeshavedeclinedbynearlyhalfsincetheirmostrecenthighsinthemid-1990s.[148] OnJune26,2008,theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesheldinDistrictofColumbiav.Hellerthatthecity's1976handgunbanviolatedtherighttokeepandbeararmsasprotectedundertheSecondAmendment.[149]However,therulingdoesnotprohibitallformsofguncontrol;lawsrequiringfirearmregistrationremaininplace,asdoesthecity'sassaultweaponban.[150] Inadditiontothedistrict'sownMetropolitanPoliceDepartment,manyfederallawenforcementagencieshavejurisdictioninthecityaswell—mostvisiblytheU.S.ParkPolice,foundedin1791.[151] Economy SeealsothecategoriesCompaniesbasedinWashington,D.C.andNon-profitorganizationsbasedinWashington,D.C. FederalTriangle,betweenConstitutionAvenueandPennsylvaniaAvenue.TheU.S.federalgovernmentaccountsforabout29%ofD.C.jobs. Washingtonhasagrowing,diversifiedeconomywithanincreasingpercentageofprofessionalandbusinessservicejobs.[152]Thedistrict'sgrossstateproductin2018-Q2was$141 billion.[153]TheWashingtonMetropolitanArea'sgrossproductwas$435 billionin2014,makingitthesixth-largestmetropolitaneconomyintheUnitedStates.[154]Between2009and2016,GDPpercapitainWashingtonhasconsistentlyrankedontheverytopamongU.S.states.[155]In2016,at$160,472,itsGDPpercapitaisalmostthreetimesashighasthatofMassachusetts,whichwasrankedsecondinthenation.[155]Asof2011[update],theWashingtonMetropolitanAreahadanunemploymentrateof6.2%;thesecond-lowestrateamongthe49largestmetroareasinthenation.[156]TheDistrictofColumbiaitselfhadanunemploymentrateof9.8%duringthesametimeperiod.[157] InDecember2017,25%oftheemployeesinWashington,D.C.,wereemployedbyafederalgovernmentalagency.[158][159]ThisisthoughttoimmunizeWashington,D.C.,tonationaleconomicdownturnsbecausethefederalgovernmentcontinuesoperationsevenduringrecessions.[160]Manyorganizationssuchaslawfirms,defensecontractors,civiliancontractors,nonprofitorganizations,lobbyingfirms,tradeunions,industrytradegroups,andprofessionalassociationshavetheirheadquartersinornearWashington,D.C.,inordertobeclosetothefederalgovernment.[102]ThecityofRosslyn,Virginia,locatedacrossthePotomacRiverfromD.C.,servesasabaseofoperationsforseveralFortune500companies,duetothebuildingheightrestrictionsinplacewithintheDistrictofColumbia.In2018,Amazonannouncedtheywouldbuild"HQ2"intheCrystalCityneighborhoodofArlington,Virginia.[161] TourismisWashington'ssecond-largestindustry.Approximately18.9 millionvisitorscontributedanestimated$4.8 billiontothelocaleconomyin2012.[162]Thedistrictalsohostsnearly200foreignembassiesandinternationalorganizationssuchastheWorldBank,theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),theOrganizationofAmericanStates,theInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank,andthePanAmericanHealthOrganization.In2008,theforeigndiplomaticcorpsinWashingtonemployedabout10,000peopleandcontributedanestimated$400 millionannuallytothelocaleconomy.[103] Thedistricthasgrowingindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtogovernment,especiallyintheareasofeducation,finance,publicpolicy,andscientificresearch.GeorgetownUniversity,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,WashingtonHospitalCenter,Children'sNationalMedicalCenterandHowardUniversityarethetopfivenon-government-relatedemployersinthecityasof2009[update].[163]Accordingtostatisticscompiledin2011,fourofthelargest500companiesinthecountrywereheadquarteredinthedistrict.[164]Inthe2021GlobalFinancialCentresIndex,Washingtonwasrankedashavingthe14thmostcompetitivefinancialcenterintheworld,andfourthmostcompetitiveintheUnitedStates(afterNewYorkCity,SanFrancisco,andLosAngeles).[165] Culture Mainarticle:CultureofWashington,D.C. Landmarks Seealso:ListofNationalHistoricLandmarksinWashington,D.C.andNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaceslistingsinWashington,D.C. TheLincolnMemorialreceivesaboutsixmillionvisitsannually. TheNationalMallisalarge,openparkindowntownWashingtonbetweentheLincolnMemorialandtheUnitedStatesCapitol.Givenitsprominence,themallisoftenthelocationofpoliticalprotests,concerts,festivals,andpresidentialinaugurations.TheWashingtonMonumentandtheJeffersonPierarenearthecenterofthemall,southoftheWhiteHouse.AlsoonthemallaretheNationalWorldWarIIMemorialattheeastendoftheLincolnMemorialReflectingPool,theKoreanWarVeteransMemorial,andtheVietnamVeteransMemorial.[166] Directlysouthofthemall,theTidalBasinfeaturesrowsofJapanesecherrytrees.[167]TheFranklinDelanoRooseveltMemorial,GeorgeMasonMemorial,JeffersonMemorial,MartinLutherKingJr.Memorial,andtheDistrictofColumbiaWarMemorialarearoundtheTidalBasin.[166] TheNationalArchiveshousesthousandsofdocumentsimportanttoAmericanhistory,includingtheDeclarationofIndependence,theConstitution,andtheBillofRights.[168]LocatedinthreebuildingsonCapitolHill,theLibraryofCongressisthelargestlibrarycomplexintheworldwithacollectionofmorethan147 millionbooks,manuscripts,andothermaterials.[169]TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtBuildingwascompletedin1935;beforethen,thecourtheldsessionsintheOldSenateChamberoftheCapitol.[170] Museums Seealso:ListofmuseumsinWashington,D.C. TheSmithsonianInstitutionistheworld'slargestresearchandmuseumcomplex.Likeitsadministrationbuilding,knownasTheCastle,manyofitsmuseumsareontheNationalMall.[171] TheSmithsonianInstitutionisaneducationalfoundationcharteredbyCongressin1846thatmaintainsmostofthenation'sofficialmuseumsandgalleriesinWashington,D.C.TheU.S.governmentpartiallyfundstheSmithsonian,anditscollectionsareopentothepublicfreeofcharge.[172]TheSmithsonian'slocationshadacombinedtotalof30 millionvisitsin2013.ThemostvisitedmuseumistheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistoryontheNationalMall.[173]OtherSmithsonianInstitutionmuseumsandgalleriesonthemallare:theNationalAirandSpaceMuseum;theNationalMuseumofAfricanArt;theNationalMuseumofAmericanHistory;theNationalMuseumoftheAmericanIndian;theSacklerandFreergalleries,whichbothfocusonAsianartandculture;theHirshhornMuseumandSculptureGarden;theArtsandIndustriesBuilding;theS.DillonRipleyCenter;andtheSmithsonianInstitutionBuilding(alsoknownas"TheCastle"),whichservesastheinstitution'sheadquarters.[174] TheSmithsonianAmericanArtMuseumandtheNationalPortraitGalleryarehousedintheOldPatentOfficeBuilding,nearWashington'sChinatown.[175]TheRenwickGalleryisofficiallypartoftheSmithsonianAmericanArtMuseumbutisinaseparatebuildingneartheWhiteHouse.OtherSmithsonianmuseumsandgalleriesinclude:theAnacostiaCommunityMuseuminSoutheastWashington;theNationalPostalMuseumnearUnionStation;andtheNationalZooinWoodleyPark.[174] TheNationalGalleryofArt TheNationalGalleryofArtisontheNationalMallneartheCapitolandfeaturesAmericanandEuropeanartworks.TheU.S.governmentownsthegalleryanditscollections.However,theyarenotapartoftheSmithsonianInstitution.[176]TheNationalBuildingMuseum,whichoccupiestheformerPensionBuildingnearJudiciarySquare,wascharteredbyCongressandhostsexhibitsonarchitecture,urbanplanning,anddesign.[177] TherearemanyprivateartmuseumsintheDistrictofColumbia,whichhousemajorcollectionsandexhibitsopentothepublic,suchastheNationalMuseumofWomenintheArtsandThePhillipsCollectioninDupontCircle,thefirstmuseumofmodernartintheUnitedStates.[178]OtherprivatemuseumsinWashingtonincludetheNewseum,theOStreetMuseum,theInternationalSpyMuseum,theNationalGeographicSocietyMuseum,andtheMuseumoftheBible.TheUnitedStatesHolocaustMemorialMuseumneartheNationalMallmaintainsexhibits,documentation,andartifactsrelatedtotheHolocaust.[179] Arts Mainarticles:TheaterinWashington,D.C.andMusicofWashington,D.C. TheKennedyCenterforPerformingArtsishometotheWashingtonNationalOperaandNationalSymphonyOrchestra. Washington,D.C.,isanationalcenterforthearts.TheJohnF.KennedyCenterforthePerformingArtsishometotheNationalSymphonyOrchestra,theWashingtonNationalOpera,andtheWashingtonBallet.TheKennedyCenterHonorsareawardedeachyeartothoseintheperformingartswhohavecontributedgreatlytotheculturallifeoftheUnitedStates.[180]ThehistoricFord'sTheatre,siteoftheassassinationofPresidentAbrahamLincoln,continuestooperateasafunctioningperformancespaceaswellasamuseum.[181] TheMarineBarracksnearCapitolHillhousestheUnitedStatesMarineBand;foundedin1798,itisthecountry'soldestprofessionalmusicalorganization.[182]AmericanmarchcomposerandWashington-nativeJohnPhilipSousaledtheMarineBandfrom1880until1892.[183]Foundedin1925,theUnitedStatesNavyBandhasitsheadquartersattheWashingtonNavyYardandperformsatofficialeventsandpublicconcertsaroundthecity.[184] Washingtonhasastronglocaltheatertradition.Foundedin1950,ArenaStageachievednationalattentionandspurredgrowthinthecity'sindependenttheatermovementthatnowincludesorganizationssuchastheShakespeareTheatreCompany,WoollyMammothTheatreCompany,andtheStudioTheatre.[185]ArenaStageopeneditsnewlyrenovatedhomeinthecity'semergingSouthwestwaterfrontareain2010.[186]TheGALAHispanicTheatre,nowhousedinthehistoricTivoliTheatreinColumbiaHeights,wasfoundedin1976andisaNationalCenterfortheLatinoPerformingArts.[187] TheUStreetCorridorinNorthwestD.C.,knownas"Washington'sBlackBroadway",ishometoinstitutionsliketheHowardTheatre,BohemianCaverns,andtheLincolnTheatre,whichhostedmusiclegendssuchasWashington-nativeDukeEllington,JohnColtrane,andMilesDavis.[188]Washingtonhasitsownnativemusicgenrecalledgo-go;apost-funk,percussion-drivenflavorofrhythmandbluesthatwaspopularizedinthelate1970sbyD.C.bandleaderChuckBrown.[189] ThedistrictisanimportantcenterforindiecultureandmusicintheUnitedStates.ThelabelDischordRecords,formedbyIanMacKaye,frontmanofFugazi,wasoneofthemostcrucialindependentlabelsinthegenesisof1980spunkandeventuallyindierockinthe1990s.[190]ModernalternativeandindiemusicvenueslikeTheBlackCatandthe9:30ClubbringpopularactstotheUStreetarea.[191] Sports Mainarticle:SportsinWashington,D.C. NationalsParkintheNavyYardareaontheAnacostiaRiveristhehomeoftheWashingtonNationalsbaseballteam. Washingtonisoneof13citiesintheUnitedStateswithteamsfromallfourmajorprofessionalmen'ssportsandishometoonemajorprofessionalwomen'steam.TheWashingtonWizards(NationalBasketballAssociation)andtheWashingtonCapitals(NationalHockeyLeague)playattheCapitalOneArenainChinatown.TheWashingtonMystics(Women'sNationalBasketballAssociation)playintheSt.ElizabethsEastEntertainmentandSportsArena.NationalsPark,whichopenedinSoutheastD.C.in2008,ishometotheWashingtonNationals(MajorLeagueBaseball).D.C.United(MajorLeagueSoccer)playsatAudiField.TheWashingtonFootballTeam(NationalFootballLeague)playsatFedExFieldinnearbyLandover,Maryland. D.C.teamshavewonacombinedthirteenprofessionalleaguechampionships:theWashingtonFootballTeam(thennamedtheWashingtonRedskins)havewonfive(includingthreeSuperBowlsduringthe1980s);[192]D.C.Unitedhaswonfour;[193]andtheWashingtonWizards(thentheWashingtonBullets),WashingtonCapitals,WashingtonMysticsandWashingtonNationalshaveeachwonasinglechampionship.[194][195] Otherprofessionalandsemi-professionalteamsinWashingtoninclude:DCDefenders(XFL),OldGloryDC(MajorLeagueRugby),theWashingtonKastles(WorldTeamTennis);theWashingtonD.C.Slayers(USARugbyLeague);theBaltimoreWashingtonEagles(U.S.AustralianFootballLeague);theD.C.Divas(IndependentWomen'sFootballLeague);andthePotomacAthleticClubRFC(RugbySuperLeague).TheWilliamH.G.FitzGeraldTennisCenterinRockCreekParkhoststheCitiOpen.Washingtonisalsohometotwomajorannualmarathonraces:theMarineCorpsMarathon,whichisheldeveryautumn,andtheRock'n'RollUSAMarathonheldinthespring.TheMarineCorpsMarathonbeganin1976andissometimescalled"ThePeople'sMarathon"becauseitisthelargestmarathonthatdoesnotofferprizemoneytoparticipants.[196] Thedistrict'sfourNCAADivisionIteams,AmericanEagles,GeorgeWashingtonColonials,GeorgetownHoyasandHowardBisonandLadyBison,haveabroadfollowing.TheGeorgetownHoyasmen'sbasketballteamisthemostnotableandalsoplaysattheCapitalOneArena.From2008to2012,thedistricthostedanannualcollegefootballbowlgameatRFKStadium,calledtheMilitaryBowl.[197]TheD.C.areaishometooneregionalsportstelevisionnetwork,ComcastSportsNet(CSN),basedinBethesda,Maryland. Media Mainarticle:MediainWashington,D.C. Seealso:ListofnewspapersinWashington,D.C.;ListoffilmssetinWashington,D.C.;andListoftelevisionshowssetinWashington,D.C. OneFranklinSquare:TheWashingtonPostBuildingonFranklinSquare Washington,D.C.,isaprominentcenterfornationalandinternationalmedia.TheWashingtonPost,foundedin1877,istheoldestandmost-readlocaldailynewspaperinWashington.[198]"ThePost",asitispopularlycalled,iswellknownasthenewspaperthatexposedtheWatergatescandal.[199]Ithadthesixth-highestreadershipofallnewsdailiesinthecountryin2011.[200]From2003to2019,TheWashingtonPostCompanypublishedadailyfreecommuternewspapercalledtheExpress,whichsummarizedevents,sportsandentertainment;[201]itstillpublishestheSpanish-languagepaperElTiempoLatino. AnotherpopularlocaldailyisTheWashingtonTimes,thecity'ssecondgeneralinterestbroadsheetandalsoaninfluentialpaperinconservativepoliticalcircles.[202]ThealternativeweeklyWashingtonCityPaperalsohasasubstantialreadershipintheWashingtonarea.[203][204] TheWatergatecomplexwasthesiteoftheWatergateScandal,whichledtoPresidentNixon'sresignation. Somecommunityandspecialtypapersfocusonneighborhoodandculturalissues,includingtheweeklyWashingtonBladeandMetroWeekly,whichfocusonLGBTissues;theWashingtonInformerandTheWashingtonAfroAmerican,whichhighlighttopicsofinteresttotheblackcommunity;andneighborhoodnewspaperspublishedbyTheCurrentNewspapers.CongressionalQuarterly,TheHill,PoliticoandRollCallnewspapersfocusexclusivelyonissuesrelatedtoCongressandthefederalgovernment.OtherpublicationsbasedinWashingtonincludetheNationalGeographicmagazineandpoliticalpublicationssuchasTheWashingtonExaminer,TheNewRepublicandWashingtonMonthly.[205] TheWashingtonMetropolitanAreaistheninth-largesttelevisionmediamarketinthenation,withtwomillionhomes,approximately2%ofthecountry'spopulation.[206]Severalmediacompaniesandcabletelevisionchannelshavetheirheadquartersinthearea,includingC-SPAN;BlackEntertainmentTelevision(BET);RadioOne;theNationalGeographicChannel;SmithsonianNetworks;NationalPublicRadio(NPR);TravelChannel(inChevyChase,Maryland);DiscoveryCommunications(inSilverSpring,Maryland);andthePublicBroadcastingService(PBS)(inArlington,Virginia).TheheadquartersofVoiceofAmerica,theU.S.government'sinternationalnewsservice,isneartheCapitolinSouthwestWashington.[207] WashingtonhastwolocalNPRaffiliates,WAMUandWETA. Governmentandpolitics Mainarticle:GovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbia Politics Seealso:DistrictofColumbiahomerule;ListofmayorsofWashington,D.C.;ListofDistrictofColumbiasymbols;andUnitedStatespresidentialelectionsintheDistrictofColumbia ArticleOne,SectionEightoftheUnitedStatesConstitutiongrantstheUnitedStatesCongress"exclusivejurisdiction"overthecity.Thedistrictdidnothaveanelectedlocalgovernmentuntilthepassageofthe1973HomeRuleAct.TheActdevolvedcertainCongressionalpowerstoanelectedmayorandthethirteen-memberCounciloftheDistrictofColumbia.However,Congressretainstherighttoreviewandoverturnlawscreatedbythecouncilandinterveneinlocalaffairs.[208]Washington,D.C.,isoverwhelminglyDemocratic,havingvotedfortheDemocraticpresidentialcandidatesolidlysinceitwasgrantedelectoralvotesin1964. Eachofthecity'seightwardselectsasinglememberofthecouncilandresidentselectfourat-largememberstorepresentthedistrictasawhole.Thecouncilchairisalsoelectedat-large.[209]Thereare37AdvisoryNeighborhoodCommissions(ANCs)electedbysmallneighborhooddistricts.ANCscanissuerecommendationsonallissuesthataffectresidents;governmentagenciestaketheiradviceundercarefulconsideration.[210]TheattorneygeneraloftheDistrictofColumbiaiselectedtoafour-yearterm.[211] Washington,D.C.,observesallfederalholidaysandalsocelebratesEmancipationDayonApril16,whichcommemoratestheendofslaveryinthedistrict.[42]TheflagofWashington,D.C.,wasadoptedin1938andisavariationonGeorgeWashington'sfamilycoatofarms.[212] Same-sexmarriagehasbeenlegalinthedistrictsince2010,andconversiontherapyhasbeenprohibitedsince2015.Assistedsuicideisalsopermittedinthedistrict,withabilllegalizingthepracticebeingintroducedin2015,signedbymayorMurielBowserin2016,andgoingintoeffectin2017,makingWashington,D.C.,theseventhjurisdictionintheUnitedStatestohavelegalizedassistedsuicide,alongwithWashington,Oregon,California,Colorado,Hawaii,MontanaandVermont.[citationneeded] Washington,D.C.,hasbeenamemberstateoftheUnrepresentedNationsandPeoplesOrganization(UNPO)since2015.[213] TheidiomInsidetheBeltwayisanoccasionalreferenceusedbymediatodescribepoliticalissuesinsideofWashington,D.C.,bywayofgeographicaldemarcationregardingtheregioninnertotheCapital'sBeltway,Interstate495,thecity'shighwayloop(beltway)constructedin1964.[citationneeded] Budgetaryissues TheJohnA.WilsonBuildinghousestheofficesofthemayorofWashingtonandtheCounciloftheDistrictofColumbia. Themayorandcouncilsetlocaltaxesandabudget,whichCongressmustapprove.TheGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeandotheranalystshaveestimatedthatthecity'shighpercentageoftax-exemptpropertyandtheCongressionalprohibitionofcommutertaxescreateastructuraldeficitinthedistrict'slocalbudgetofanywherebetween$470 millionandover$1 billionperyear.CongresstypicallyprovidesadditionalgrantsforfederalprogramssuchasMedicaidandtheoperationofthelocaljusticesystem;however,analystsclaimthatthepaymentsdonotfullyresolvetheimbalance.[214][215] Thecity'slocalgovernment,particularlyduringthemayoraltyofMarionBarry,wascriticizedformismanagementandwaste.[216]Duringhisadministrationin1989,TheWashingtonMonthlymagazineclaimedthatthedistricthad"theworstcitygovernmentinAmerica".[217]In1995,atthestartofBarry'sfourthterm,CongresscreatedtheDistrictofColumbiaFinancialControlBoardtooverseeallmunicipalspending.[218]MayorAnthonyWilliamswonelectionin1998andoversawaperiodofurbanrenewalandbudgetsurpluses. Thedistrictregainedcontroloveritsfinancesin2001andtheoversightboard'soperationsweresuspended.[219] Thedistricthasafederallyfunded"EmergencyPlanningandSecurityFund"tocoversecurityrelatedtovisitsbyforeignleadersanddiplomats,presidentialinaugurations,protests,andterrorismconcerns.DuringtheTrumpadministration,thefundhasrunwithadeficit.Trump'sJanuary2017inaugurationcostthecity$27 million;ofthat,$7 millionwasneverrepaidtothefund.Trump's2019IndependenceDayevent,"ASalutetoAmerica",costsixtimesmorethanIndependenceDayeventsinpastyears.[220] Votingrightsdebate Seealso:DistrictofColumbiavotingrightsandPoliticalpartystrengthinWashington,D.C. TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding,oncetheworld'slargestofficebuilding,housestheExecutiveOfficeofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates. ThedistrictisnotastateandthereforehasnovotingrepresentationinCongress.D.C.residentselectanon-votingdelegatetotheHouseofRepresentatives(D.C.At-Large),whomaysitoncommittees,participateindebate,andintroducelegislation,butcannotvoteontheHousefloor.ThedistricthasnoofficialrepresentationintheUnitedStatesSenate.Neitherchamberseatsthedistrict'selected"shadow"representativeorsenators.UnlikeresidentsofU.S.territoriessuchasPuertoRicoorGuam,whichalsohavenon-votingdelegates,D.C.residentsaresubjecttoallfederaltaxes.[221]Inthefinancialyear2012,D.C.residentsandbusinessespaid$20.7 billioninfederaltaxes,morethanthetaxescollectedfrom19statesandthehighestfederaltaxespercapita.[222] A2005pollfoundthat78%ofAmericansdidnotknowresidentsoftheDistrictofColumbiahavelessrepresentationinCongressthanresidentsofthefiftystates.[223]Effortstoraiseawarenessabouttheissuehaveincludedcampaignsbygrassrootsorganizationsandfeaturingthecity'sunofficialmotto,"TaxationWithoutRepresentation",onD.C.vehiclelicenseplates.[224]ThereisevidenceofnationwideapprovalforD.C.votingrights;variouspollsindicatethat61to82%ofAmericansbelieveD.C.shouldhavevotingrepresentationinCongress.[223][225] Severalapproachestoresolvingtheseconcernshavebeensuggestedovertheyears: DistrictofColumbiaStatehood:AlmostalltheDistrictofColumbiawouldbecomethe51stStateasWashington,DouglassCommonwealth.Themuch-reducedDistrictofColumbiawouldrunfromCapitolHillwesttothePotomac,includingtheWhiteHouseandmanyfederalbuildings;nooneresidespermanentlyinthisfederalenclave.[citationneeded] DistrictofColumbiaRetrocessiontoMaryland:AsArlingtonCountyin1846wasretrocededtoVirginia,proponentsbelievetherestoftheDistrictofColumbiaexceptforasmallstripoflandaroundtheCapitolandtheWhiteHouse(thefederalenclave)wouldbegivenbacktoMaryland,allowingforDCresidentstobecomeMarylandresidentsastheywerebeforetheResidenceActof1790.[citationneeded] DistrictofColumbiaVotingRightsAmendment:thisoptionwouldallowDCresidentstovoteinMarylandorVirginiafortheircongressionalrepresentatives,withtheDistrictofColumbiaremaininganindependententity.Thiswasineffectfrom1790to1801,beforetheOrganicActof1801.[citationneeded] OpponentsofD.C.votingrightsproposethattheFoundingFathersneverintendedfordistrictresidentstohaveavoteinCongresssincetheConstitutionmakesclearthatrepresentationmustcomefromthestates.ThoseopposedtomakingD.C.astateclaimsuchamovewoulddestroythenotionofaseparatenationalcapitalandthatstatehoodwouldunfairlygrantSenaterepresentationtoasinglecity.[226] Sistercities Washington,D.C.,hasfifteenofficialsistercityagreements.EachofthelistedcitiesisanationalcapitalexceptforSunderland,whichincludesthetownofWashington,theancestralhomeofGeorgeWashington'sfamily.[227]ParisandRomeareeachformallyrecognizedasapartnercityduetotheirspecialonesistercitypolicy.[228]Listedintheordereachagreementwasfirstestablished,theyare: Bangkok,Thailand(1962,renewed2002and2012) Dakar,Senegal(1980,renewed2006) Beijing,China(1984,renewed2004and2012) Brussels,Belgium(1985,renewed2002and2011) Athens,Greece(2000) Paris,France(2000asafriendshipandcooperationagreement,renewed2005)[228][229] Pretoria,SouthAfrica(2002,renewed2008and2011) Seoul,SouthKorea(2006) Accra,Ghana(2006) Sunderland,UnitedKingdom(2006,renewed2012)[227] Rome,Italy(2011,renewed2013)[228] Ankara,Turkey(2011) Brasília,Brazil(2013) AddisAbaba,Ethiopia(2013)[230] SanSalvador,ElSalvador(2018) Education Seealso:ListofparochialandprivateschoolsinWashington,D.C. TheLibraryofCongressisoneoftheworld'slargestlibraries,withmorethan167 millioncatalogeditems.[231] DistrictofColumbiaPublicSchools(DCPS)operatesthecity's123publicschools.[232]ThenumberofstudentsinDCPSsteadilydecreasedfor39yearsuntil2009.Inthe2010–11schoolyear,46,191studentswereenrolledinthepublicschoolsystem.[233]DCPShasoneofthehighest-cost,yetlowest-performingschoolsystemsinthecountry,intermsofbothinfrastructureandstudentachievement.[234]MayorAdrianFenty'sadministrationmadesweepingchangestothesystembyclosingschools,replacingteachers,firingprincipals,andusingprivateeducationfirmstoaidcurriculumdevelopment.[235] TheDistrictofColumbiaPublicCharterSchoolBoardmonitorsthe52publiccharterschoolsinthecity.[236]Duetotheperceivedproblemswiththetraditionalpublicschoolsystem,enrollmentinpubliccharterschoolshadby2007steadilyincreased.[237]Asof2010,D.C.,charterschoolshadatotalenrollmentofabout32,000,a9%increasefromtheprioryear.[233]Thedistrictisalsohometo92privateschools,whichenrolledapproximately18,000studentsin2008.[238]TheDistrictofColumbiaPublicLibraryoperates25neighborhoodlocationsincludingthelandmarkMartinLutherKingJr.MemorialLibrary.[239] Highereducation Seealso:ListofcollegesanduniversitiesinWashington,D.C. GeorgetownDayatGeorgetownUniversity PrivateuniversitiesincludeAmericanUniversity(AU),theCatholicUniversityofAmerica(CUA),GallaudetUniversity,GeorgeWashingtonUniversity(GW),GeorgetownUniversity(GU),HowardUniversity(HU),theJohnsHopkinsUniversityPaulH.NitzeSchoolofAdvancedInternationalStudies(SAIS),andTrinityWashingtonUniversity.TheCorcoranCollegeofArtandDesign,theoldestartschoolinthecapital,wasabsorbedintotheGeorgeWashingtonUniversityin2014,nowservingasitscollegeofarts.[240] TheUniversityoftheDistrictofColumbia(UDC)isapublicland-grantuniversityprovidingundergraduateandgraduateeducation.D.C.residentsmayalsobeeligibleforagrantofupto$10,000peryeartooffsetthecostoftuitionatanypublicuniversityinthecountry.[241] ThedistrictisknownforitsmedicalresearchinstitutionssuchasWashingtonHospitalCenterandtheChildren'sNationalMedicalCenter,aswellastheNationalInstitutesofHealthinBethesda,Maryland.Inaddition,thecityishometothreemedicalschoolsandassociatedteachinghospitalsatGeorgeWashington,Georgetown,andHowarduniversities.[242] Infrastructure Transportation Mainarticle:TransportationinWashington,D.C. ABlueLinetrainatFarragutWest,anundergroundstationontheWashingtonMetro Thereare1,500miles(2,400 km)ofstreets,parkways,andavenuesinthedistrict.[243]Duetothefreewayrevoltsofthe1960s,muchoftheproposedinterstatehighwaysystemthroughthemiddleofWashingtonwasneverbuilt.Interstate 95(I-95),thenation'smajoreastcoasthighway,thereforebendsaroundthedistricttoformtheeasternportionoftheCapitalBeltway.Aportionoftheproposedhighwayfundingwasdirectedtotheregion'spublictransportationinfrastructureinstead.[244]TheinterstatehighwaysthatcontinueintoWashington,includingI-66andI-395,bothterminateshortlyafterenteringthecity.[245] TheWashingtonMetropolitanAreaTransitAuthority(WMATA)operatestheWashingtonMetro,thecity'srapidtransitsystem,aswellasMetrobus.Bothsystemsservethedistrictanditssuburbs.MetroopenedonMarch27,1976,and,asof2014[update],consistsof91 stationsand117miles(188 km)oftrack.[246]Withanaverageofaboutonemilliontripseachweekday,Metroisthesecond-busiestrapidtransitsysteminthecountry.Metrobusservesmorethan400,000riderseachweekdayandisthenation'sfifth-largestbussystem.[247]ThecityalsooperatesitsownDCCirculatorbussystem,whichconnectscommercialareaswithincentralWashington.[248] WashingtonUnionStationisoneofthebusiestrailstationsintheUnitedStates. UnionStationisthecity'smaintrainstationandservesapproximately70,000peopleeachday.ItisAmtrak'ssecond-busieststationwith4.6 millionpassengersannuallyandisthesouthernterminusfortheNortheastCorridorandAcelaExpressroutes.Maryland'sMARCandVirginia'sVREcommutertrainsandtheMetrorailRedLinealsoprovideserviceintoUnionStation.[249]Followingrenovationsin2011,UnionStationbecameWashington'sprimaryintercitybustransitcenter.[250] Threemajorairportsservethedistrict.TheclosestisRonaldReaganWashingtonNationalAirport,whichisabout5milesfromthecityandisprimarilyreservedfordomesticflights,butistheleastbusyintheregion.ThebusiestbyinternationalflightsisWashingtonDullesInternationalAirportlocatedabout24milesawayfromthecitycenter,[251]andthebusiestbytotalpassengerboardingsisBaltimore/WashingtonInternationalAirport,about30milesfromthecity.[252]EachofthesethreeairportsalsoservesasahubforamajorAmericanairline:ReaganisasmallhubforAmericanAirlines,[253]DullesisamajorhubforUnitedAirlinesandStarAlliancepartners,[254]andBWIisamajorfocuscityforSouthwestAirlines.[255] I-66inWashington,D.C. Accordingtoa2010study,Washington-areacommutersspent70 hoursayearintrafficdelays,whichtiedwithChicagoforhavingthenation'sworstroadcongestion.[256]However,37%ofWashington-areacommuterstakepublictransportationtowork,thesecond-highestrateinthecountry.[257]Anadditional12%ofD.C.commuterswalkedtowork,6%carpooled,and3%traveledbybicyclein2010.[258]A2011studybyWalkScorefoundthatWashingtonwastheseventh-mostwalkablecityinthecountrywith80%ofresidentslivinginneighborhoodsthatarenotcardependent.[259]In2013,theWashington-Arlington-Alexandriametropolitanstatisticalarea(MSA)hadtheeighthlowestpercentageofworkerswhocommutedbyprivateautomobile(75.7percent),with8 percentofareaworkerstravelingviarailtransit.[260] Anexpected32%increaseintransitusagewithinthedistrictby2030hasspurredtheconstructionofanewDCStreetcarsystemtointerconnectthecity'sneighborhoods.[261]AnadditionalMetrolinethatwillconnectWashingtontoDullesairportisexpectedtoopenbyJuly2021attheearliest.[needsupdate][262][263]ThedistrictispartoftheregionalCapitalBikeshareprogram.Startedin2010,itisoneofthelargestbicyclesharingsystemsinthecountrywithmorethan4,351bicyclesandmorethan395stations,[264]allprovidedbyPBSCUrbanSolutions.By2012,thecity'snetworkofmarkedbicyclelanescovered56miles(90 km)ofstreets.[265] Utilities TheCapitolPowerPlant,builttosupplyenergyfortheU.S.CapitolComplex,isunderthejurisdictionoftheArchitectoftheCapitol. TheDistrictofColumbiaWaterandSewerAuthority(i.e.,WASAorD.C.Water)isanindependentauthorityoftheD.C.governmentthatprovidesdrinkingwaterandwastewatercollectioninWashington.WASApurchaseswaterfromthehistoricWashingtonAqueduct,whichisoperatedbytheArmyCorpsofEngineers.Thewater,sourcedfromthePotomacRiver,istreatedandstoredinthecity'sDalecarlia,Georgetown,andMcMillanreservoirs.Theaqueductprovidesdrinkingwaterforatotalof1.1 millionpeopleinthedistrictandVirginia,includingArlington,FallsChurch,andaportionofFairfaxCounty.[266]Theauthorityalsoprovidessewagetreatmentservicesforanadditional1.6 millionpeopleinfoursurroundingMarylandandVirginiacounties.[267] Pepcoisthecity'selectricutilityandservices793,000customersinthedistrictandsuburbanMaryland.[268]An1889lawprohibitsoverheadwireswithinmuchofthehistoricCityofWashington.Asaresult,allpowerlinesandtelecommunicationcablesarelocatedundergroundindowntownWashington,andtrafficsignalsareplacedattheedgeofthestreet.[269]Aplanannouncedin2013wouldburyanadditional60miles(97 km)ofprimarypowerlinesthroughoutthedistrict.[270] WashingtonGasisthecity'snaturalgasutilityandservesmorethanamillioncustomersinthedistrictanditssuburbs.IncorporatedbyCongressin1848,thecompanyinstalledthecity'sfirstgaslightsintheCapitol,theWhiteHouse,andalongPennsylvaniaAvenue.[271] Seealso Citiesportal UnitedStatesportal IndexofWashington,D.C.–relatedarticles OutlineofWashington,D.C. ListofpeoplefromWashington,D.C. Notes ^By1790,theSouthernstateshadlargelyrepaidtheiroverseasdebtsfromtheRevolutionaryWar.TheNorthernstateshadnot,andwantedthefederalgovernmenttotakeovertheiroutstandingliabilities.SouthernCongressmenagreedtotheplaninreturnforestablishingthenewnationalcapitalattheirpreferredsiteonthePotomacRiver.[24] ^TheResidenceActallowedthePresidenttoselectalocationwithinMarylandasfareastastheAnacostiaRiver.However,Washingtonshiftedthefederalterritory'sborderstothesoutheastandrotatedthemtoincludethecityofAlexandriaattheDistrict'ssoutherntip.In1791,CongressamendedtheResidenceActtoapprovethenewsite,includingterritorycededbyVirginia.[25] ^Meanmonthlymaximaandminima(i.e.theexpectedhighestandlowesttemperaturereadingsatanypointduringtheyearorgivenmonth)calculatedbasedondataatsaidlocationfrom1991to2020. ^OfficialrecordsforWashington,D.C.werekeptat24thandMStreetsNWfromJanuary1871toJune1945,andatReaganNationalAirportsinceJuly1945.[90] ^ApportionmenttotalsarecollectedbycombiningResidentandOverseaspopulation.(ForD.C.,thisis689545residentsand1988overseaspopulation.) ^Until1890,theCensusBureaucountedtheCityofWashington,Georgetown,andunincorporatedportionsofWashingtonCountyasthreeseparateareas.Thedataprovidedinthisarticlefrombefore1890arecalculatedasiftheDistrictofColumbiawereasinglemunicipalityasitistoday.Populationdataforeachcitypriorto1890areavailable.[111] ^TheterritoriesoftheUnitedStateshavethehighestpovertyratesintheUnitedStates.[136] ^Thesefigurescountadherents,meaningallfullmembers,theirchildren,andotherswhoregularlyattendservices.InalloftheDistrict,55%ofthepopulationisadherenttoanyparticularreligion. 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Preceded byPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania CapitaloftheUnitedStatesofAmerica1800–present Incumbent PlacesadjacenttoWashington,D.C.  Maryland  DistrictofColumbia:Outline•Index  Virginia vte DistrictofColumbia CapitaloftheUnitedStates Topics Outline Geography Media Symbols Touristattractions SealoftheDistrictofColumbiaGovernment Elections MayoroftheDistrictofColumbia(since1975) Council Votingrights Homerule Code Congressionalrepresentation Shadowrepresentation Initiativesandreferendums Statehoodmovement Services Fire Libraries Police D.C.NationalGuard PublicSchools Transportation CourtofAppeals D.C.SuperiorCourt Society Culture Crime Demographics Museums Music People Sports History HistoryofWashington,D.C. 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KingmanReef MidwayAtoll NavassaIsland PalmyraAtoll WakeIsland Indianreservations ListofIndianreservations Others Federalenclave vteUnitedStatescensustopicsRegions Division State FederalDistrict Insulararea AmericanSamoa Guam NorthernMarianaIslands PuertoRico UnitedStatesVirginIslands ZIPCodeTabulationArea Nativeareas AlaskaNativecorporation Indiancolony Indianreservation list Hawaiianhomeland Off-reservationtrustland OklahomaTribalStatisticalArea Metropolitan Primarystatisticalarea list Combinedstatisticalarea Core-basedstatisticalarea list Metropolitanstatisticalarea list Micropolitanstatisticalarea list NewEnglandcityandtownarea Urbanarea list State-level Congressionaldistrict County list Alaskacensusarea Independentcity Municipio Place Census-designated Publicusemicrodataarea Schooldistrict lists Statelegislativedistrict Urbangrowtharea County-level Censuscountydivision Minorcivildivision Trafficanalysiszone Votingdistrict Local Block Blockgroup Tract CensusBureau OfficeofManagementandBudget vteThe100mostpopulousmetropolitanstatisticalareasoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica    NewYork,NewYork LosAngeles,California Chicago,Illinois Dallas–FortWorth,Texas Houston,Texas Miami,Florida Washington,D.C. Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Atlanta,Georgia Phoenix,Arizona Boston,Massachusetts SanFrancisco–Oakland,California Riverside–SanBernardino,California Detroit,Michigan Seattle,Washington Minneapolis–St.Paul,Minnesota SanDiego,California Tampa,Florida Denver,Colorado Orlando,Florida Charlotte,NorthCarolina SanAntonio,Texas St.Louis,Missouri Baltimore,Maryland Portland,Oregon Sacramento,California LasVegas,Nevada Austin,Texas Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania Cincinnati,Ohio KansasCity,Missouri/Kansas Columbus,Ohio Indianapolis,Indiana Cleveland,Ohio SanJuan,PuertoRico SanJose,California Nashville,Tennessee Jacksonville,Florida OklahomaCity,Oklahoma Raleigh,NorthCarolina VirginiaBeach–Norfolk,Virginia Memphis,Tennessee Providence,RhodeIsland Milwaukee,Wisconsin Richmond,Virginia Louisville,Kentucky NewOrleans,Louisiana SaltLakeCity,Utah Hartford,Connecticut Buffalo,NewYork Birmingham,Alabama GrandRapids,Michigan Rochester,NewYork Tucson,Arizona Fresno,California Tulsa,Oklahoma Honolulu,Hawaii Omaha,Nebraska Worcester,Massachusetts Bridgeport,Connecticut Greenville,SouthCarolina Albuquerque,NewMexico Bakersfield,California Albany,NewYork Knoxville,Tennessee McAllen,Texas Oxnard,California ElPaso,Texas NorthPort,Florida BatonRouge,Louisiana NewHaven,Connecticut Columbia,SouthCarolina Allentown–Bethlehem,Pennsylvania Dayton,Ohio Charleston,SouthCarolina Greensboro,NorthCarolina CapeCoral,Florida Stockton,California Boise,Idaho ColoradoSprings,Colorado LittleRock,Arkansas Lakeland,Florida Akron,Ohio Winston-Salem,NorthCarolina Deltona,Florida Durham,NorthCarolina Toledo,Ohio DesMoines,Iowa Springfield,Massachusetts Ogden,Utah PalmBay,Florida Poughkeepsie–Newburgh,NewYork Madison,Wisconsin Syracuse,NewYork Provo,Utah Augusta,Georgia Wichita,Kansas Jackson,Mississippi Harrisburg,Pennsylvania Spokane,Washington UnitedStatesCensusBureaupopulationestimatesforJuly1,2019 vteNortheastmegaregionasdefinedbyRPAMetropolitanareashave+150,000accordingtosourceatthetimeestimated.Mid-Atlanticcities AtlanticCity Baltimore city Frederick HamptonRoads VirginiaBeach Norfolk NewportNews Harrisburg city Kingston Lancaster NewYork city Newark Philadelphia city Poughkeepsie-Newburgh Poughkeepsie Newburgh Reading Richmond city Trenton Washington city York NewEnglandcities BarnstableTown Boston city Bridgeport city Stamford Hartford city Manchester NewHaven city Norwich-NewLondon Portland Providence city Springfield city Waterbury Worcester Othermetro-regions Baltimore–Washington Hartford–Springfield Othermegaregions vteWashington–Arlington–Alexandria,DC–VA–MD–WVmetropolitanareaPrincipalcities(andcity-likeentities)Maryland SilverSpring Frederick Rockville Bethesda Gaithersburg Virginia Arlington Alexandria Reston DistrictofColumbia Washington Counties(andcountyequivalents)Maryland Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery PrinceGeorge's Virginia Arlington Alexandriacity Clarke Culpeper Fairfax Fairfaxcity FallsChurchcity Fauquier Loudoun PrinceWilliam Manassascity ManassasParkcity Rappahannock Spotsylvania Fredericksburgcity Stafford Warren DistrictofColumbia Washington,D.C.itself OtherOutlyingAreas JeffersonCounty,WestVirginia SeeAlso Baltimore–Washingtonmetropolitanarea(CSA) Northeastmegalopolis TheDistrictofColumbiaitself,andVirginia'sincorporatedcities,arecountyequivalents.Virginia'sincorporatedcitiesarelistedundertheirsurroundingcounty.Theincorporatedcitiesborderingmorethanonecounty(Alexandria,FallsChurchandFredericksburg)arelistedunderthecountytheywerepartofbeforeincorporationasacity.Someunincorporatedareasandcensus-designatedplaceslikeSilverSpringandBethesdainMaryland,RestoninVirginia,aswellastheCountyofArlingtoninVirginiaarealsotreatedascity-likeentities(orprincipalcities)eventhoughtheyhavenotbeenlegallyincorporatedassuch. vteSouthernUnitedStatesTopics Culture Cuisine Geography Economy Governmentandpolitics History Sports BlackSoutherners States Alabama Arkansas Delaware Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi NorthCarolina Oklahoma SouthCarolina Tennessee Texas Virginia WestVirginia FederaldistrictsDistrictofColumbiaMajorcities Atlanta Austin Baltimore Birmingham Charleston(SC) Charleston(WV) Charlotte Columbia Dallas FortWorth Greensboro Hampton Hialeah Houston Jacksonville LittleRock Louisville Memphis Miami Nashville NewOrleans NewportNews Norfolk OklahomaCity Orlando Portsmouth Raleigh Richmond SanAntonio St.Petersburg Tampa Tulsa VirginiaBeach Washington,D.C. Wilmington Winston-Salem Statecapitals Annapolis Atlanta Austin BatonRouge Charleston(WV) Columbia Dover Frankfort Jackson LittleRock Montgomery Nashville OklahomaCity Raleigh Richmond Tallahassee vteNortheasternUnitedStatesTopics Culture Geography Government History States Connecticut Delaware Maryland Massachusetts NewHampshire NewJersey NewYork Maine Pennsylvania RhodeIsland Vermont Federaldistricts DistrictofColumbia Majorcities Allentown Baltimore Boston Bridgeport Buffalo Burlington Cambridge Elizabeth Erie Hartford JerseyCity Lowell Manchester NewHaven NewYorkCity Newark Paterson Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providence Quincy Reading Rochester Scranton Springfield Stamford Syracuse Washington,D.C. Waterbury Wilmington Worcester Statecapitals Albany Annapolis Augusta Boston Concord Dover Hartford Harrisburg Montpelier Providence Trenton SeeAlso Northeastmegalopolis ‹ Thetemplatebelow(SouthernU.S.majority-minoritycounties)isbeingconsideredfordeletion.Seetemplatesfordiscussiontohelpreachaconsensus. › vteMajority-minoritycountiesintheSouthernUnitedStatesEastSouthCentralAlabama Bullock Dallas Greene Hale Lowndes Macon Marengo Montgomery Perry Sumter Wilcox Mississippi Adams Bolivar Claiborne Clay Coahoma Copiah Hinds Holmes Humphreys Issaquena Jefferson JeffersonDavis Jasper Kemper Leflore Marshall Noxubee Pike Quitman Sharkey Sunflower Tallahatchie Tunica Washington Wilkinson Yazoo Tennessee Haywood Shelby SouthAtlanticFlorida Broward Gadsden Hardee Hendry Miami-Dade Osceola Georgia Baker Burke Calhoun Clay Clayton DeKalb Dougherty Hancock Jefferson Macon Randolph Stewart Talbot Taliaferro Terrell Warren Washington Maryland Baltimore Charles Howard Montgomery PrinceGeorge's NorthCarolina Anson Bertie Edgecombe Halifax Hertford Robeson Northampton Warren SouthCarolina Allendale Bamberg Clarendon Fairfield Hampton Jasper Lee Marion Marlboro Orangeburg Williamsburg Virginia Brunswick CharlesCity Emporia Franklin Greensville Petersburg Portsmouth Richmond Sussex D.C.WashingtonWestSouthCentralArkansas Chicot Crittenden Jefferson Lee Phillips St.Francis Louisiana EastCarroll Madison NewOrleans St.Helena St.James St.JohntheBaptist Tensas WestFeliciana Oklahoma Adair Texas Texas Atascosa Bailey Bee Bexar Brooks Cameron Castro Cochran Concho Crane Crockett Crosby Culberson Dawson DeafSmith Dimmit Duval Ector Edwards ElPaso Frio Floyd Hale Hidalgo Hudspeth JimHogg JimWells Kenedy Kinney Kleberg Lamb LaSalle Maverick Moore Nueces Parmer Pecos Presidio Reagan Reeves SanPatricio Starr Sutton Uvalde ValVerde Webb Willacy Winkler Yoakum Zapata Zavala vteCapitaldistrictsandterritoriesFederaldistricts FederalCapitalTerritory(Nigeria) FederalDistrict(Brazil) BuenosAires(Argentina) AustralianCapitalTerritory(Australia) CapitalDistrict(Venezuela) IslamabadCapitalTerritory(Pakistan) KualaLumpur(Malaysia) NationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi(India) MexicoCity(Mexico) DistrictofColumbia(UnitedStates) Otherrelatedtopics vteCapitalsofNorthAmericaDependentterritoriesareinitalics Basse-Terre,Guadeloupe(France) Basseterre,St.KittsandNevis Belmopan,Belize Bridgetown,Barbados Castries,St.Lucia CharlotteAmalie,U.S.VirginIslands(US) CockburnTown,TurksandCaicos(UK) Fort-de-France,Martinique(France) GeorgeTown,CaymanIslands(UK) GuatemalaCity,Guatemala Gustavia,St.Barthélemy(France) Hamilton,Bermuda(UK) Havana,Cuba Kingston,Jamaica Kingstown,St.VincentandtheGrenadines Kralendijk,Bonaire(Netherlands) Managua,Nicaragua Marigot,St.Martin(France) MexicoCity,Mexico Nassau,TheBahamas Nuuk,Greenland(Denmark) Oranjestad,Aruba(Netherlands) Oranjestad,SintEustatius(Netherlands) Ottawa,Ontario,Canada PanamaCity,Panama Philipsburg,SintMaarten(Netherlands) Plymouth(dejure)•Brades(defacto),Montserrat(UK) Port-au-Prince,Haiti PortofSpain,TrinidadandTobago RoadTown,BritishVirginIslands(UK) Roseau,Dominica Saint-Pierre,St.PierreandMiquelon(France) SanJosé,CostaRica SanJuan,PuertoRico(US) SanSalvador,ElSalvador SantoDomingo,DominicanRepublic St.George's,Grenada St.John's,AntiguaandBarbuda Tegucigalpa,Honduras TheBottom,Saba(Netherlands) TheValley,Anguilla(UK) Washington,D.C.,UnitedStates Willemstad,Curaçao(Netherlands) vteLocationofthecapitaloftheUnitedStatesTemporarycapitals Philadelphia (1776; 1777; 1778–1783; 1791–1800) Baltimore (1776–77) Lancaster (1777) York (1777–78) Princeton (1783) Annapolis (1783–84) Trenton (1784–85) NewYorkCity (1785–91) Permanentcapital Washington,D.C. (since1800) vteThe100mostpopulouscitiesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica    NewYork,NewYork LosAngeles,California Chicago,Illinois Houston,Texas Phoenix,Arizona Philadelphia,Pennsylvania SanAntonio,Texas SanDiego,California Dallas,Texas SanJose,California Austin,Texas Jacksonville,Florida FortWorth,Texas Columbus,Ohio Indianapolis,Indiana Charlotte,NorthCarolina SanFrancisco,California Seattle,Washington Denver,Colorado Washington,D.C. Nashville,Tennessee OklahomaCity,Oklahoma ElPaso,Texas Boston,Massachusetts Portland,Oregon LasVegas,Nevada Detroit,Michigan Memphis,Tennessee Louisville,Kentucky Baltimore,Maryland Milwaukee,Wisconsin Albuquerque,NewMexico Tucson,Arizona Fresno,California Sacramento,California KansasCity,Missouri Mesa,Arizona Atlanta,Georgia Omaha,Nebraska ColoradoSprings,Colorado Raleigh,NorthCarolina LongBeach,California VirginiaBeach,Virginia Miami,Florida Oakland,California Minneapolis,Minnesota Tulsa,Oklahoma Bakersfield,California Wichita,Kansas Arlington,Texas Aurora,Colorado Tampa,Florida NewOrleans,Louisiana Cleveland,Ohio Honolulu,Hawaii Anaheim,California Lexington,Kentucky Stockton,California CorpusChristi,Texas Henderson,Nevada Riverside,California Newark,NewJersey SaintPaul,Minnesota SantaAna,California Cincinnati,Ohio Irvine,California Orlando,Florida Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania St.Louis,Missouri Greensboro,NorthCarolina JerseyCity,NewJersey Anchorage,Alaska Lincoln,Nebraska Plano,Texas Durham,NorthCarolina Buffalo,NewYork Chandler,Arizona ChulaVista,California Toledo,Ohio Madison,Wisconsin Gilbert,Arizona Reno,Nevada FortWayne,Indiana NorthLasVegas,Nevada St.Petersburg,Florida Lubbock,Texas Irving,Texas Laredo,Texas Winston-Salem,NorthCarolina Chesapeake,Virginia Glendale,Arizona Garland,Texas Scottsdale,Arizona Norfolk,Virginia Boise,Idaho Fremont,California Spokane,Washington SantaClarita,California BatonRouge,Louisiana Richmond,Virginia 2020UnitedStatescensus AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) ISNI 1 OnlinePWN VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries Spain France(data) Ukraine UnitedStates Japan CzechRepublic Greece Israel Croatia Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology MusicBrainzarea NationalArchives(US) SUDOC(France) 1 Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington,_D.C.&oldid=1066114948" 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