Rakuten - Wikipedia

Rakuten Group, Inc. (楽天グループ株式会社, Rakuten Group Kabushiki-gaisha) (Japanese pronunciation: [ɾakɯ̥teɴ]) is a Japanese electronic commerce and online ... Rakuten FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Japanesee-commercecompany ThisarticleisabouttheJapanesecorporation.ForitsU.S.e-commercewebsite,seeRakuten.com. RakutenGroup,Inc.RakutenCrimsonHouse,thecompany'sheadquartersinSetagaya,JapanNativename楽天グループ株式会社RomanizednameRakutenGroupkabushikikaishaFormerlyMDM,Inc.(1997–1999)TypePublicKKTradedasTYO:4755TOPIXLarge70ComponentIndustryE-commerceFinancialtechnologyFounded7 February1997;25yearsago (1997-02-07)FounderHiroshiMikitaniHeadquartersSetagaya,Tokyo,JapanAreaserved29countriesandregionsKeypeopleHiroshiMikitani(CEO)ServicesOnlineshoppingRevenue¥1,681.76billion(2021)[1]Operatingincome¥−194.7billion(2021)[1]Netincome¥−135.8billion(2021)[1]Totalassets¥16,831.2billion(2021)[1]Totalequity¥629.01billion(2021)[1]OwnerHiroshiMikitani(25.5%)HarukoMikitani(8.40%)JapanPostHoldings(8.30%)Tencent(3.64%)Numberofemployees18,364(2019)Subsidiaries RakutenFrance RakutenUK RakutenDX RakutenKobo RakutenViber RakutenViki Websiteglobal.rakuten.com RakutenGroup,Inc.(楽天グループ株式会社,RakutenGroupKabushiki-gaisha)(Japanesepronunciation: [ɾakɯ̥teɴ])isaJapaneseelectroniccommerceandonlineretailingcompanybasedinTokyo,foundedbyHiroshiMikitaniin1997.CenteredaroundRakutenIchiba,itsbusiness-to-manyecommerceplatformandoneofthelargeste-commercesitesintheworld,itsbusinessesincludefinancialservicesutilizingfinancialtechnology,aswellasdigitalcontentandcommunicationsservicessuchasmessagingappViber,e-bookdistributorKobo,andJapan'sfourthmobilecarrierRakutenMobile.[2]Rakutenhas14,826employeesworldwide,operatingin29countriesandregions,anditsrevenuestotaledUS$7.2billionwithoperatingprofitsofaboutUS$347.9millionasof2016.RakutenistheofficialsponsoroftheSpanishfootballclubFCBarcelonaasof2021,[3][4]andtheGoldenStateWarriorsoftheNBA,asof2022.Itisoftenreferredtoasthe"AmazonofJapan".[5] ItsmajorinvestmentsincludeBuy.com(nowRakuten.comintheUS),Priceminister(France,nowRakuten.fr),[6]Ikeda,Tradoria,Play.com,Wuaki.tv,Ebates,Viki,TheGrommet.ThecompanyalsohasstakesinOzon.ru,AHALife,Lyft,Cabify,Careem,CarousellandAcorns. Contents 1Businesses 2History 2.1Earlyyears(1997–1999) 2.22000s 2.32010s 2.42020s 3Acquisitionsandinvestment 4Sponsorship 5Criticism 6Recentrecognition/awards 7Seealso 8References 9Externallinks Businesses[edit] Rakuten,Inc.hasmorethan70services[7]operatingthroughthethreesegments:InternetServices,FinTech,andMobile.[8] TheservicesconstitutetheInternetServicessegmentareasfollows: E-commerce RakutenIchiba Rakuten.co.uk Rakuten.fr Messagingapp Viber Fooddelivery RakutenDelivery Travelbooking Voyagin Onlinecash-back RakutenRewards Internetportalanddigitalcontentsites Viki RakutenTV KoboInc. RakutenDX(formerlyAquafadas) Marketinganddataanalysis RakutenAdvertising OnlineSurvey Rakuteninsight TheFinTechsegmentoperatesthefollowingbusinesses: Bankingandsecurities Creditcards Lifeinsurance Digitalwallet TheservicesoperatingundertheMobilesegmentare: Telecommunicationsnetwork&saleofmobiledevices RakutenMobile Defunctservices: Rakuten.com History[edit] Earlyyears(1997–1999)[edit] HiroshiMikitani,founderandCEOofRakuten RakutenwasfoundedasMDM,Inc.byHiroshiMikitanion7February1997.[9]TheonlineshoppingmarketplaceRakutenShoppingMall(楽天市場,RakutenIchiba)wasofficiallylaunchedonMay1,1997.[10]Thecompanyhadsixemployeesandthewebsitehad13merchants.[11] ThenamewaschangedtoRakuteninJune1999.[10]TheJapaneseword"rakuten"(楽天)means"optimism".[12] Harvard-educatedformerbankerMikitanienvisionedthesiteasanonlineshoppingmall,offeringtheoppositeofwhatthelargercompanieslikeIBMweretryingtodowithsimilarservices,byofferingempowermenttomerchantsratherthantryingtotightlycontrolthevirtualstorefront.TheservicewasofferedforasmallerfeethanthelargerInternetmallswerecharging,andmerchantsweregivenmorecontrol,suchastheabilitytocustomizetheirstorefrontsonthesite.[13][14] 2000s[edit] ThecompanywentpublicthroughanIPOontheJASDAQmarketonApril19,2000.[10][14][15]Atthetime,theonlinemarketplacehad2,300storesand95millionpageviewspermonth,makingitoneofthemostpopularsitesinJapan.[15] InMarch2001,theonlinehotelreservationserviceRakutenTravelwaslaunched.[10] InApril2002,anewsystemwasintroducedformerchants,combiningmonthlyfixedfeeswithcommissionsonsales.ThatNovember,theRakutenSuperPointProgram,amembershiployaltyprogram,wasintroduced.[10] InSeptember2004,RakutengrewitsfinancialservicesbusinessesbyacquiringconsumerfinancecompanyAozoraCardCo.,Ltd.,laterrenamingitRakutenCardCo.,Ltd.[10][16]ThecompanybeganofferingaRakutencreditcardin2005.[17] ByNovember2016,theRakutencardwasheldbyover13millionpeople,andnearly40%ofRakuten'srevenuewasfromfinancialservices,asitwasoperatingJapan'slargestInternetbankandthird-largestcreditcompany.[18]Rakutencardholdersareapartofapoint-basedmembershipprogram,andcanusethosepointstomakepurchasesontheInternetmall.[18] In2016,thecompanyintroducedRakutenPay,anapp-basedsmartphonepaymentsystem.[18] InOctober2004,RakutenBaseballwascreated,andthebaseballteamTohokuRakutenGoldenEagleswasformedandjoinedNipponProfessionalBaseball.[10] In2005,RakutenstartedexpandingoutsideJapan,mainlythroughacquisitionsandjointventures.[19] InDecember2005,RakutenestablishedtheRakutenInstituteofTechnologyinTokyoasitsdepartmentinchargeofresearchanddevelopment.[10] InajointventureinFebruary2008,RakutenandPresidentChainStoreestablishedRakuten'sfirste-commercesiteoutsideofJapanwithRakutenIchibaTaiwan.[10] 2010s[edit] Around2011,RakutenstartedheavilyexpandingoutsideofJapan,withprominentmovesincludingastakeinCanadiane-bookmakerKoboInc.andaninvestmentinPinterest.[20] In2011,RakutenlaunchedIndonesia'sRakutenBelanjaOnline. Bylate2012,RakutenhadmovedintoonlineretailinAustria,Canada,Spain,TaiwanandThailandandintotheonlinetravelmarketsinFrance—withVoyagerMoinsCher.com—andChina,HongKong,KoreaandTaiwan—withitsTokyo-basedinternationalRakutenTravelplatform.InNorthAmerica,RakutenGolfmadebookingteetimeonlinepossible.Toincreaseitsglobalcompetitiveness,andtobetterincorporatenon-Japanesespeakers,RakutendecidedtoadoptEnglishasthecompany'sofficiallanguagestartingin2012.[21][22][23][24]By2016,nearly40%ofthecompany'sengineersinJapanwerenon-Japanese.[24] InSeptember2014,RakutenboughtEbatesfor$1billiontoenteronlineshoppingmembershiprewardsinCanada,China,Russia,SouthKorea,andtheUnitedStates.[25] InJanuary2015,RakutenenteredthesportoffootballbyacquiringVisselKobe,atopJ-Leagueteamformedin1995.[26] InMarch2015,Rakutenannouncedthatitwouldbeginacceptingbitcoinacrossitsglobalmarketplaces,shortlyafterinvestinginSanFrancisco–basedbitcoinpayments-processingstartupBitnetTechnologies.Rakutenhasbeenastrongsupporterofbitcoin'spotential,andwasoneofthefirstmajorcompaniestoacceptbitcoinforpayment.[27] In2016,RakutenshutdownretailingwebsitesintheUK,Spain,Austria,Singapore,IndonesiaandMalaysia.[18]Inthatyear,thecompanylostitslongstatusasthelargeste-commercesiteinJapantoAmazonJapan.[28] OnNovember16,2016,Rakutenannouncedithadagreedtoafour-yearpartnershipwiththeLaLigafootballclubFCBarcelona,oneofthemostsuccessfulfootballteamsinEurope.TheagreementwouldseeRakutenbecomeFCBarcelona'smainglobalpartnerbeginningwiththe2017-18season,withitsnameappearingonmatch-dayjerseys.Thedealwasworthatleast€220millionandincludesanoptionforaone-yearextension.[29] InFebruary2017,EbatesandRakutenacquiredShopstyleanditsinfluencermarketinggroup,Collective,toextendintofashioncurationanddiscoveryandproductsearch.[30] RakutenpartneredwithCalifornia-basedBlackstormLabstolaunchanonlinesocialgamingplatformcalledRGamesinApril2017,goinglivewith15freegamesoptimizedforsmartphones,includingPac-ManandSpaceInvaders.[31][32]ThegamesarebasedonHTML5,whichcanbeplayedacrossanydeviceandonanyplatform,andRakutenwilltapintoitsworldwidedatabaseof114milliononlineshoppers.RakutenplanstointegrateRGamesintoitsmessagingappViber.[32] InSeptember2017,Rakutensignedathree-year,$60milliondealtobecometheofficialsponsorforthejerseypatchonthefrontoftheuniformsfortheGoldenStateWarriorsoftheNBA.[33] RakutenpartneredwithWalmartforalatepushone-booksinJanuary2018.[34]ThecompanyannouncedplanstolaunchitsowncryptocurrencyinMarch.[35]InMay2018,RakutenannouncedthefourthwirelessmobilenetworkofJapan,namedRakutenMobile. InJune2018EbatesandRakutenacquiredCurbsidetoaccelerateitsonline-to-offlineofferingtomembersandmerchants.[36] InSeptember2019,negotiationswithLamigoMonkeystoacquiretheteamclosedsuccessfully.[37]Withthesale,RakutenbecamethefirstforeigncompanytoownaChineseProfessionalBaseballLeagueteam.[38]Termsofthesalewerenotdisclosed.[39]TheteamnamewasformallychangedtotheRakutenMonkeyson17December2019.Newuniforms,similarindesigntothoseoftheTohokuRakutenGoldenEagleswerereleased.[40] 2020s[edit] InJuly2020,Rakutenannouncedthatitwouldbeclosingitsonlineshop/marketplaceintheUnitedStates,whichformerlywentunderthenameBuy.com.Themarketplaceclosedtoneworderson15September,andshutdownafterallremainingordershavebeenfulfilled.[41] InSeptember2020,Rakutenlauncheditswirelesscarrierservice's5GnetworkinsomeareasinJapanafterithasstarted4GserviceinApril.[42]ThecompanynameditsnetworktechnologytheRakutenCommunicationsPlatform(RCP)whichmakesuseofcloudcomputingtolowerthepriceandstartedsalesactivityabroad,gainingatleastfifteeninternationalcustomersbythespringof2021.[43] OnSeptember24,2020,RakutenannouncedthattheywouldshutdowntheironlinemarketplaceinGermany.AsofOctober15,2020,theynolongeracceptneworderswhileallorderspriortothatdateweretobefulfilled.[44] InMarch2021,RakutenannouncedatajointpressconferenceattendedbyCEOMikitaniandthePresidentofJapanPostHoldingsthatRakutenwouldallotamorethan8percentstaketoJapanPostHoldingsfor150billionyen,acceptingJapanPostHoldingsasthethird-largestshareholderaftertheMikitanifamilyinthefirst-evermajorcapitaltie-upforRakuten,inordertobefinanciallyequippedtospendbillionsoninstallingtelecommunicationsinfrastructureacrossJapanincompetitionwithrivalAmazonJapan.TencentandWalmart,thepreviousownerofSeiyuGroupnowpartially-ownedbyRakuten,alsotookstakesof3.65%and0.9%respectively.[45] InFebruary2022,RakutenfounderHiroshiMikitanidonated¥1billion($8.7million)tohumanitarianactionsinUkraineamid2022RussianinvasionofUkraine.[46] Acquisitionsandinvestment[edit] Mainarticle:ListofacquisitionsbyRakuten InSeptember2002,thecompanyacquiredMyTrip.net,whichwasmergedwithRakutenTravelthefollowingyear.[10] In2005,RakutenboughtNewYorkCity-basedLinkShare,laterrebrandedasRakutenMarketingthenasRakutenAdvertising,offeringperformance-basedonlinesalesandmarketingprograms.[47][48][49][50]TheacquisitionspearheadedRakuten'snewglobalfocus.[10] InOctober2005,Rakutenboughta15%stakeinTokyoBroadcastingSystem,raisingitsstakeinthebroadcasterto19%.RakutenlaterwithdrewitsbidandsolditsshareholdingbacktoTokyoBroadcasting. In2010,RakutenboughtFrenchonlineretailerPriceMinisterfor€200million[51]andUS-basedBuy.comforUS$250million.[52][53]ThegrouphadbeenasignificantshareholderinCtrip,aChinesetravelsiteuntilitsolditsstakeinthecompanyinAugust2007and,in2010,itannouncedajointventurewithBaiduinChina(Lekutian).[54][55] InJune2011,RakutenacquiredBraziliane-commercefirmIkeda—sincerenamedRakutenBrazil.InJuly,itboughtGermane-commercestart-upTradoriaandrebrandeditRakutenDeutschland,andinSeptemberUKonlineretailerande-commercemarketplacePlay.comfor£25million(almost$41million),whichwasconvertedintothepoints-basedloyaltyprogramRakuten.co.uk.[56] InSeptember2011,RakutentookaminorityequitystakeinRussianonlineretailerOzon.ru,dubbed"Russia'sAmazon",whichhadreported2010salesworthUS$137million.[57]Afour-company-strongconsortium,ledbytheJapanesegroup,investedUS$100million.Rakuten'sstakewasnotrevealed.[58]RakutenannouncedanagreementtobuyCanadiane-bookreadercompanyKobofromIndigoBooksandMusic,operatedbyHeatherReisman(founder,ChairandCEO),inNovember,[59][60]withthedealfinalizedinJanuary2012.[61]ThepricewassaidtobeUS$315million.[62] InJuly2012,Rakutenleda$100millioninvestmentinPinterest,ata$1.5billionvaluation.[5]ItspartnerswereexistinginvestorsAndreessenHorowitz,BessemerVenturePartners,andFirstMarkCapital,andanumberofinvestment“angels”.ThatinvestmentmarkedthestartofadrivetoexpandPinterest'spresenceinJapanandRakuten's17otherglobalmarkets.[63] On13June2012,RakutenboughtWuaki.tv,aSpanishvideoondemand(VOD)service/companythatisoneofthelargestinEuropeandthemarketleaderinSpain;asofJuly2017,ithas5millionusersacross12marketsinEurope.[64]Thepurchaseopenednewopportunities,directlychallengingAmazon,NetflixandothersfordominationoftheVODmarket,startinginEurope.[65]InJuly2017,wuaki.tvwasrebrandedtoRakutenTV.InNovember2012,RakutenboughtFrenchonlineretaildeliverycompanyAlphaDirectServices,toincreasespeedandqualityofdelivery.[66] On10October2012,RakutenacquiredFrenchelectronicpublishingcompanyAquafadasviaitsKobosubsidiarytostrengthenitspositioninrichmediacategories.[67]InNovember2020,thesubsidiarywasrebrandedasRakutenDX.[68] InMay2013,Rakutenacquiredamajoritysharein"citizencommerce"siteDailyGrommet,[69]sincerebrandedasTheGrommet.[70]InJune2013,RakutenannounceditsacquisitionofU.S.-basedlogisticsandservicescompanyWebgistix,specializinginfulfillmenttechnologyfore-commerceretailers.[71]TheacquisitionwasRakuten'ssecondlogisticsinvestmentoutsideJapanandenablespromptfulfillmentintheU.S. InSeptember2013,RakutenacquiredSingapore-basedvideostreamingsiteViki.[72]InNovember2013,RakutenledaUS$800,000seedroundoffundingforSingapore-basedconsumer-to-consumermarketplaceappCarousell.[73] OnFebruary13,2014,RakutenannouncedtheacquisitionofTelAviv-basedwebmessagingcompanyViberMediafor$905million,tolinkupmessagingwithe-commerce.[74]TheViberappisformakingphonecallsandsendingfreemessages.[20][23] OnMay29,2014,RakutenMarketingacquiredDCStorm,aUK-basedtechnologycompanywhichspecializesinmarketingattributionmodelinganddata-drivenmarketing.[75] InAugust2014,RakutenannounceditspurchaseofSlice,aUScompanythatprovidesonlineshoppingservicesandsellsbusinessintelligencebasedondigitalcommercemeasurement,foranundisclosedsum.[76] InSeptember2014,itwasrevealedthatRakutenwouldacquireUSrebatesiteoperatorEbatesInc.forapproximatelyUS$952milliontogivethecompanymoreaccesstoUSconsumersandhelpitgrowabroad,asittakesonrivalssuchasAmazon.comandAlibaba.Ebatesofferscouponsandcashrebatestocustomerswhoshopatitsmorethan1,700partnerretailers.[23] InMarch2015,RakutenannouncedtheacquisitionofOverDrive,Inc.,awholesaledistributorofe-booksandotherdigitalcontentthatserveslibrariesandretailers,basedinCleveland,Ohio.Theacquisitionpricewas$410millionincash.[77]In2019privateequityfirmKRRannounceditwouldbepurchasingOverdrivefromRakuten.InJune2020theacquisitionwasfinalized.[78] In2015,RakutenrelocateditscorporateheadquartersfromShinagawatotheTamagawaneighbourhoodofSetagaya-ku,toconsolidateitsTokyoofficesandtoaccommodatefuturegrowth.[79] Since2015,Rakutenhasinvestedinseveralride-hailingservices.InMarch2015,Rakutenleda$530millionroundofventurefinancingforLyft,spending$300millionfora12%stakeinthecompany.[80][81]InApril2016,Rakutenannounceditwouldinvestanadditional$92millioninCabify,whichwasfoundedin2012inSpainandisoneofthelargestride-hailingservicesinLatinAmerica.Rakutenpreviouslyinvested$3millioninCabifyin2015.[82]Rakutenleda$500millionSeriesEroundoffundinginMiddleEasterntransportationstartupCareem,whichclosedoutinJune2017.[83] InApril2016,Rakutenparticipatedina$30millionroundoffinancingforinvestingappAcorns.[84] InAugust2016,RakutenconfirmedthatithadacquiredtheassetsofbitcoinwalletstartupBitnet,withtheassetstobeusedtocreatearesearchfacility,RakutenBlockchainLab,basedinBelfastthatwillexplorethepotentialoftheblockchain.[85] InApril2017,RakuteninvestedUS$2.4millioninSingapore-basedMetroResidences,whichallowshomeownerstorenttheirpropertiesouttocompaniesandcorporatetenants.[86] InJanuary2018,theGrouppurchasedAsahiFireandMarinefromJapanesebankNomuraforanestimated45billionyen.ThiswillbethefirstforayforRakutenintothegeneralinsurancemarket,andAsahiwillbecomeawhollyownedsubsidiary.Thecompanyprovidesfire,automotiveandaccidentinsurancetoconsumerandcorporateclients.[87] InJune2018,RakutenpurchasedPaloAltobasedretailpickupstartup,CurbsideInc.[88]InOctober2018,CafeXCommunicationsannouncedthatRakutenCommunicationsCorp.,thetelecommunicationscompanywithinJapan-basedRakutenGroup,haslaunched'ConnectLive',acloudservicepoweredbyCafeXthatenablesbusinessuserstocollaboratemoreeasilyinwebbrowsersandmobiledevices.Employees,customersandonlinevisitorscansimplyclickalinkinawebbrowsertoconnectwithoutneedingtodownloadnewsoftwareorstepthroughasign-inprocess.Attendeescanalsojoinfrommobiledevicestoo.[89] InDecember2019,RakutenwasreportedlysellingOverDrivetoprivateequityinvestmentfirmKKR.Thepriceofthesalewasnotdisclosed,thoughRakutensaiditwouldrecognizeabout$365.6millioninprofitfromthesaleinthefirstquarterof2020.OverDrive'spurchasefromRakutenwasengineeredbyKKR’sRichardSarnoff,aone-timeexecutiveatRandomHousewhoalsowaspresidentofBertelsmannDigitalMediaInvestmentsuntilleavingforKKRin2011.[90] InFebruary2020,RakutenMarketingwasrebrandedasRakutenAdvertising.[91]Thatmonth,RakutenalsosolditsUS$1.4billionworthofstakesinvarioustechcompanies,includingitsentiresharesinPinterest.[92] InNovember2020,RakutenteamedupwithKKRtoacquire85%ofSeiyu,theJapanesenationwideretailchainownedbyWalmart.[93] Sponsorship[edit] VisselKobe GoldenStateWarriors Criticism[edit] InMarch2014,theUK-basedEnvironmentalInvestigationAgency(EIA)namedthecompanyastheworld'sbiggestonlineretailerofwhalemeatandelephantivory,callingonthecompanytostopsellingtheitems.Asaresultofthis,inApril2014,Rakutenannouncedthatitwasendingallonlinesalesofwhaleanddolphinmeatbytheendofthemonth.[94]InJuly2017,Rakutenannouncedthatitwasalsobanningivorysalesonitssites.[95] Recentrecognition/awards[edit] ForbesTop100DigitalCompanies2019[96] ForbesTopRegardedCompanies2019[96] LinkedinBestcompaniestoworkforinJapan2019[97] ForbesWorld’sMostInnovativeCompanies2017[96] Seealso[edit] JapanOpenTennisChampionships RakutenMonkeys TohokuRakutenGoldenEagles VisselKobe YukihiroMatsumoto FCBarcelona References[edit] ^abcdeEarningsReleaseforQ4ofFY2021FinancialResults(PDF)(Report).Rakuten.Retrieved2022-07-01. ^"RakutensettolaunchawirelessmobilenetworkinJapan-Tamebay".tamebay.com.17May2018.Retrieved2019-05-22. ^"GrossMerchandiseSales&NumberofEmployees",Rakuten 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