7 key steps in lighting design process | EEP - Electrical ...

Identify the requirements · Determine the method of lighting · Select the lighting equipment · Calculate the lighting parameters and adjust the ... Searchfor:PremiumMembershipStudyspecializedelectricalengineeringarticlesandtechnicalpapersinlow/highvoltageareas.Save15%onPROplanwithcodeEEP21(3daysleft).MoreInformation»EnergyEfficiency/Lighting7keystepsinlightingdesignprocessByEdvard|August,3rd2015|17comments|Translate|SavetoPDF♛Subscribe|Share!Home/TechnicalArticles/7keystepsinlightingdesignprocessStructuredDesignProcessToachievethebestoveralloutcomeinalightinginstallation,itisimportanttoavoidthetendencyofrushingstraightintoluminaireselectionbeforedeterminingmorebroadlywhatisrequiredfromthesystem.Theuseofastructureddesignprocesshelpstoavoidthis.7keystepsinlightingdesignprocess(photocredit:webstaurantstore.com)Thekeystepsinthedesignprocessare:IdentifytherequirementsDeterminethemethodoflightingSelectthelightingequipmentCalculatethelightingparametersandadjustthedesignasrequiredDeterminethecontrolsystemChoiceofluminaireInspecttheinstallationuponcompletion(andifpossible,afewmonthsafteroccupation,todetermine whatworkedandwhatdidn’t.Thisistheonlywaytobuildupexperiencetoapplytofuturedesigns)Thefiveinitialstagesareconsideredinmoredetailinthefollowinglines.1. IdentifyingtherequirementsThisinvolvesgainingafullunderstandingofwhatthelightinginstallationisintendedtoachieve.Thisincludesthefollowing:TaskRequirements?IlluminanceGlareMoodofthespaceRelationtoshapeofspaceThingstobeemphasisedThingstohideDirectionoflightInteractionofdaylightGobacktoIndex ↑2. DeterminethemethodoflightingAtthisstage,considerationisgiventohowthelightistobedelivered,e.g.willitberecessed,surfacemounted,directorindirect,orwillup-lightingbeused,anditsprimarycharacteristics,e.g.willitbeprismatic,lowbrightnessormellowlight.Considerationshouldbegivenatthisstagetotheuseofdaylighttominimisetheneedforartificiallight.GobacktoIndex ↑3.SelectthelightingequipmentOncethemethodoflightinghasbeenselected,themostappropriatelightsourcecanthenbechosenfollowedbytheluminaire.Thefollowingattributesshouldbestudiedwhenchoosingthelightsource:Lightoutput(lumens)TotalinputwattageEfficacy(lumensperWatt)LifetimePhysicalsizeSurfacebrightness/glareColourcharacteristicsElectricalcharacteristicsRequirementforcontrolgearCompatibilitywithexistingelectricalsystemSuitabilityfortheoperatingenvironmentAnumberoffactorsalsoaffectluminairechoice:CharacteristicsofthelightsourceandcontrolgearLuminaireefficiency(%lamplightoutputtransmittedoutofthefixture)LightdistributionGlarecontrolFinishandappearanceSizeAccessibilityofcomponentsformaintenanceAbilitytohandleadverseoperatingconditionsAestheticsThermalmanagementGobacktoIndex ↑4. CalculatethelightingparametersLightingcalculationmethodsfallintothreebroadcategories:ManualcalculationmethodsThreedimensionalmodellingVisualisationPhotometricdataforlightsourcesandluminairesiscommerciallyavailabletocontributetothesecalculations.4.1ManualcalculationmethodsThereareawiderangeofmanualcomputationmethodsforthecalculationofdifferentlightingaspects.Theseincludecomplexmethodsforcalculatingtheilluminancefromawidevarietyofshapesofluminousobjects.Themajorityofthesehavenowbeensupersededbycomputerprograms(checkourfreesoftware).TheLumenMethodwasthemainstayforinteriorlightingandhasremainedinuseasaquickandrelativelyaccuratemethodofcalculatinginteriorilluminance.TheLumenMethodcalculatestheaverageilluminanceataspecificlevelinthespace,includinganallowanceforthelightreflectedfromtheinteriorsurfacesoftheroom.Thecalculationmethodhasasetofassumptionsthat,iffollowed,givesareasonablevisualenvironment.Inadequateattentiontotheassumptionswillproducepoorresults.Thebasicassumptionsare:AlltheluminairesintheroomarethesameandhavethesameorientationTheluminairesdonothaveadirectionaldistributionandareaimeddirectlytothefloorTheluminairesarearrangedinauniformarrayontheceilingandhavethesamemountingheightTheluminairesarespacedlessthanthemaximumspacingtomountingheightrationominatedinthe coefficientofutilisationtablesTheaverageilluminanceproducedbyalightinginstallation,orthenumberofluminairesrequiredtoachievea specificaverageilluminance,canbecalculatedbymeansofutilizationfactors(UF),aUFbeingtheratioofthetotalfluxreceivedbyaparticularsurfacetothetotallampfluxoftheinstallation.Lumenmethodformula//TheaverageilluminanceE(h)overareferencesurfacescanbecalculatedfromthe“lumenmethod”formula.where:F– theinitialbarelampflux(lumens)n– thenumberoflampsperluminaireN– thenumberofluminairesLLF– thetotallightlossfactorUF(s)– theutilizationfactorforthereferencesurfacesofthechosenluminaireUtilizationfactorscanbedeterminedforanysurfaceorlayoutofluminaires.The“UF”symbolisnormallyshownfollowedbyanextraletterinbrackets,todenotethesurface,forexample,UF(F)istheutilisationfactorforthefloorcavityandUF(W)istheutilisationfactorforthewalls.Utilizationfactorsare,inpractice,onlycalculatedforgenerallightingsystemswithregulararraysofluminairesandforthreemainroomsurfaces.Thehighestofthesesurfaces,theCsurface(forceilingcavity),isanimaginaryhorizontalplaneattheleveloftheluminaireshavingareflectanceequaltothatoftheceilingcavity.Thelowestsurface,theFsurface(forfloorCavity),isahorizontalplaneatnormalworkingheight(i.e.tableheight),whichisoftenassumedtobe0.85mabovethefloor.Themiddlesurface,theWsurface(forwalls),consistsofallthewallsbetweentheCandFplanes.Althoughthelightingdesignercancalculateutilizationfactors,lightingcompaniespublishutilizationfactorsforstandardconditionsfortheirluminaires.Thestandardmethodofpresentationisshownbelow.Tousethistable,itisonlynecessarytoknowtheRoomIndexandtheeffectivereflectanceofthethreestandardsurfaces(floorcavity,wallsandceilingcavity).RoomIndexCalculationRoomIndex//TheRoomIndexisameasureoftheangularsizeoftheroom,andistheratioofthesumoftheplanareasoftheFandCsurfacestotheareaoftheWsurface.Forrectangularroomstheroomindexisgivenby:Where:L– thelengthoftheroomW– thewidthoftheroomHm– theheightoftheluminaireplaneabovethehorizontalreferenceplane.Iftheroomisre-entrantinshape,forexampleLshaped,thenitmustbedividedintotwoormorenon-re-entrantsections,whichcanbetreatedseparately.SpacingtoMountingHeightRatio(SHR)TheSpacingtoMountingHeightRatio(SHR)isthespacingbetweenluminairesdividedbytheirheightabovethehorizontalreferenceplane.Itaffectstheuniformityofilluminanceonthatplane.WhentheUFtablesaredetermined,foranominalspacingtoheightratioSHRNOM,themaximumspacingtoheightratioSHRMAXoftheluminaireisalsocalculated,andisavaluethatshouldnotbeexceedediftheuniformityistobeacceptable.GobacktoLightingparameters ↑4.2ThreedimensionalmodellingDIALuxworkplaneAlthoughitwaspossibletocalculatetheluminanceofallthesurfacesinaroom,thecalculationswereextremelylaboriousandcouldonlybejustifiedinthemostspecialcases.However,theadventofcomputermodellingenabledamoreflexibleapproachtolightingdesignandsignificantlyincreasedtheinformationavailabletothedesigner.IncontrasttotheLumenMethod,lightingprogramsenablethelightingdesignertobroadentheassumptions:AmixtureofluminairescanbeusedTheluminairesnolongerhavetobearrangedinaregulararrayDirectionalluminairescanbemodelledAlargenumberofcalculationpointscanbeconsideredtogiveameaningfuluniformitycalculationTheilluminanceandluminanceofallsurfacescanbecalculateThisgivesthelightingdesigneramuchgreaterunderstandingofwhatishappeningintheroom.Howevertherehasbeenconsiderableresearch,experienceanddocumentationoverthepast80yearsthathasdevelopedthecurrentthinkingintheadequacyofvariousilluminancelevelsforvarioustasksandfunctions.Althoughthereissomegeneralunderstandingoftheneedforappropriateluminancedistributionintheverticalplane,thereislittleinformation,experienceorunderstandingformanydesignerstodetermine:WhattheluminanceofsurfacesshouldbeinvaryingsituationsWhatisanacceptableluminanceuniformityWhetherthereshouldtherebeamaximumluminanceuniformityWhatisthedesiredgraduationinluminanceAtwhatpointistheluminancedistributionofthewallunacceptableItisimportantinusingalightingcalculationprogramthattheoutputrecordsthetypeofluminaireused,thelocationoftheluminaires,theassumedlumenoutputofthelamp,thelightlossfactorandtheaimingpoints.Ifthisisnotrecordedyouhaveaprettypictureoftheinstallationandnowayofmakingitareality.GobacktoLightingparameters ↑4.3VisualisationTheseareprogramsthatcreateaperspectiverenderingofthespaceinlevelsofdetailthatvaryfromablockrepresentationofthespace,tophotographicqualityrenderings,dependingonthesophisticationoftheprogramandthelevelofdetailoftheinteriortobeentered.Theprogramsfallintotwobasictypes:FluxtransferorradiositycalculationsRaytracingcalculationsThemajordifferencebeinginhowtheyinterpretlightfromreflectivesurfaces.ALambertiansurfaceisaperfectdiffuser,wherelightisreflectedinalldirections,irrespectiveoftheangleofincidenceofthelightsuchthatirrespectiveoftheviewinganglethesurfacehasthesameluminance.Aspecularsurfaceisamirrorlikesurface,wheretheangleofreflectionofthelightisthesameastheangleofincidence.Left:Lambertiansurface;Middle:Specularsurface;Right:Semi-specularsurfaceAreallifesurfaceisacombinationofbothsurfaces(semi-specular)andhasbothspecularanddiffusecharacteristics.Somematerialsaremorespecularwhileothersaremorediffuse.AfluxtransferorradiosityprogramtreatsallsurfacesasdiffuseorLambertiansurfaces,asaresulttheirrenderingtendstoappearflatwithsoftshadowdetails.Itwilltendtooverestimatetheuniformity. Raytracingtracestheindividualraysoflightfromthesourcetotheeyeasitreflectsfromsurfacetosurfacearoundtheroom.Asaresultraytracingcanallowforthespecularcomponentofthesurfaces.Someprogramscalculatetheentirelightingbyraytracingwhileotherscalculatethespaceonafluxtransferbasisandhaveanoverlayofraytracingofspecificareastoimprovethequalityoftherendering.Whenraytracingisadded,reflectionsareaddedinpolishedsurfacesandshadowsbecomesharper.Visualisationprogramsareausefultoolinthepresentationofadesign,asatoolforthedesignertocheckthatthedesignisconsistentwithhisownvisualisationofthespace,andtomodelspecificlightingsolutions.Theprogramsarestillcalculationtoolsandnotdesignprograms.Theprogramscanshowthedesignerhowaspecificdesignwillperformbutthattheycannotreliablybeusedtoassesstheacceptabilityofadesign.Irrespectiveoftheformofthevisualisationoutput,itisimportantthattheprogramprovidesadequateinformationtoenabletheconstructionandverificationofthelightingdesign.Theoutputshouldinclude:Installationinformation–thetypeandlocationofallluminairesandtheaiminginformation.Thelampdetailsshouldbeincludedaswellasthespecificcataloguenumberofphotometricfilethathasbeenused.Lighttechnicalparameters–theilluminance,uniformityandotherparametersthathavebeencalculatedtoachievethedesign.Verificationinformation–adequatedetailstoenablethelightingcalculationtobeverified.Thisshouldincludetheluminairetype,thephotometricfile,surfacereflectancesthatwereassumed,lightlossfactors,lumenoutputoflampsandmountingandaiminglocations.GobacktoLightingparameters ↑|GobacktoIndex ↑5.DeterminethecontrolsystemEnergy-efficientlightingoptimization(photocredit:OSRAM)Theeffectivenessandefficiencyofanylightinginstallationisaffectedasmuchbythecontrolsystemasbythelightsourcesandfixtureschosen.Giveconsiderationto:Providingmultipleswitchestocontrolthenumberoflightsthatcomeonatanyonetime.Usingoneswitchtoturnonallthelightsinalargeroomisveryinefficient.Placingswitchesattheexitsfromroomsandusingtwo-wayswitchingtoencouragelightstobeturnedoffwhenleavingtheroom.Using‘smart’lightswitchesandfittingswhichusemovementsensorstoturnlightsonandoffautomatically.Theseareusefulinroomsusedinfrequentlywherelightsmaybeleftonbymistake,orfortheelderlyanddisabled.Makesuretheyhaveabuilt-indaylightsensorsothatthelightdoesn’tturnonunnecessarily.Modelswhichmustbeturnedonmanuallyandturnoffautomatically,butwithamanualover-ride,arepreferableinmostsituations.Beawarethatthesensorsusesomepowercontinuously,upto5Woreven10Winsomecases.Usingtimers,daylightcontrolsandmotionsensorstoswitchoutdoorsecuritylightsonandoffautomatically.controlsareparticularlyusefulforcommonareas,suchashallways,corridorsandstairwells,inmulti-unithousing.Usingsolarpoweredlightingforgardenandsecuritylights.Usingdimmercontrolsforincandescentlights(includinghalogens).Thiscansaveenergyandalsoincreasebulblife.Moststandardfluorescentlampscannotbedimmed,butspecialdimmersandlampsareavailable.Iflampsaretobedimmeditisimportanttoensurethatthecorrectequipmentisused,especiallywhenretrofittingmoreenergyefficientlamps.GobacktoIndex ↑6. ChoiceofLuminaireTheperformanceofaluminaireshouldbeconsideredjustascarefullyasitscost.Inthelongtermawelldesigned,wellconstructedluminairewillbecheaperthanapoorqualityunit;andthesalientfeaturesofagoodqualityluminaireare:SoundmechanicalandelectricalconstructionandadurablefinishAdequatescreeningofhighluminancelampstominimisediscomfortandglareAdequateheatdissipationtopreventover-heatingofthelamp,wiringandancillaryequipmentHighlightoutputratiowiththeappropriatelightdistributionEaseofinstallation,cleaningandmaintenanceGobacktoIndex ↑Reference//TheBasicsofEfficientLighting–AReferenceManualforTraininginEfficientLightingPrinciples–NationalFrameworkForEnergyEfficiencyRelatedEEP'scontentwithsponsoredlinksPremiumMembershipGetaccesstopremiumHV/MV/LVtechnicalarticles,electricalengineeringguides,researchstudiesandmuchmore!Ithelpsyoutoshapeupyourtechnicalskillsinyoureverydaylifeasanelectricalengineer.MoreInformationEdvardCsanyiElectricalengineer,programmerandfounderofEEP.HighlyspecializedfordesignofLV/MVswitchgearsandLVhighpowerbusbartrunking(<6300A)inpowersubstations,commercialbuildingsandindustryfacilities.ProfessionalinAutoCADprogramming.17CommentsKennedyMusembiJun20,2020Anarchitecturalplanofatwofloorpublichospitalwiththeelectricalwiringdesigndiagramasateachingguideformyelectricalengineeringdiplomaclass.ReplyChamilaOct31,2019ReallyusefulsincedocumentsinthisnaturearerareReplyK.A.Mar06,2018FunnyhowusuallysuchtechnicalarticlespublishedonEEportals,butinreallife,applicationsaredominatedbyarchitectsorinteriordesigners.ReplyMattMar19,2017SurprisedthatonlyDialuxwasmentionedandnotReluxandotherlightingdesignpackages.Perhapsyoushoulddoacomparisonarticle?ReplyHarshGoelJan03,2017CriteriaforselectionofTotalLightLossfactor.ReplykameltaljehAug09,2015AmazingarticlehowIcansaveit?ReplyEdvardAug09,2015Seethebluebutton‘GetPDF’onyourleft?That’syouranswer,createthePDFoutofthisoranytechnicalarticleandsaveit.ReplyDagnachewSep18,2015umveryhappytohavethisarticle.thankyouamillion.ReplykameltaljehAug07,2015Amazinginformation,Ineedthisarticletobesenttomyemail.ReplyEdvardAug09,2015Youcansubscribetofulltechnicalarticlesandyouwillreceivecompletetechnicalarticlesonyouremail:https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/subscribe-to-full-technical-articlesReplySomanaGanapathiAug07,2015Thearticleonilluminationisgood.IhavenotstudiedearlierthistypeofarticleReplykhalilurRahmanAug05,2015informative&valuablearticle,thanksReplyEdvardAug09,2015You’rewelcome,gladyoulikeit.ReplyMarkMoicoAug04,2015Averyinformativearticle.Conciseandcomplete.ReplyEdvardAug09,2015ThankyouMark.ReplySueMossAug03,2015Wow,thisisanamazinglycomprehensivearticleonatopicthatissorelevantandsoconfusing!ReplyEdvardAug09,2015Hehe,thankyoumate:)ReplyLeaveaCommentCancelReplyTelluswhatyou'rethinking...wecareaboutyouropinion!Pleasekeepinmindthatcommentsaremoderatedandrel="nofollow"isinuse.S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