Lighting designer - Wikipedia

In theatre, a lighting designer (or LD) works with the director, choreographer, set designer, costume designer, and sound designer to create the lighting, ... Lightingdesigner FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch "Lightingdesign"redirectshere.Forlightingdesigninarchitecture,seeArchitecturallightingdesign. Thisarticlehasmultipleissues.Pleasehelpimproveitordiscusstheseissuesonthetalkpage.(Learnhowandwhentoremovethesetemplatemessages) Theexamplesandperspectiveinthisarticlemaynotrepresentaworldwideviewofthesubject.Youmayimprovethisarticle,discusstheissueonthetalkpage,orcreateanewarticle,asappropriate.(December2010)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Thisarticleincludesalistofreferences,relatedreadingorexternallinks,butitssourcesremainunclearbecauseitlacksinlinecitations.Pleasehelptoimprovethisarticlebyintroducingmoreprecisecitations.(March2014)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) (Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) TheBroadwaymusicalAChorusLinewaslitusingconventionallightinginstruments Lightingatthe2005ClassicalSpectacularConcert Intheatre,alightingdesigner(orLD)workswiththedirector,choreographer,setdesigner,costumedesigner,andsounddesignertocreatethelighting,atmosphere,andtimeofdayfortheproductioninresponsetothetext,whilekeepinginmindissuesofvisibility,safety,andcost.TheLDalsoworkscloselywiththestagemanagerorshowcontrolprogramming,ifshowcontrolsystemsareusedinthatproduction.Outsidestagelighting,thejobofaLightingDesignercanbemuchmorediverseandtheycanbefoundworkingonrockandpoptours,corporatelaunches,artinstallations,orlightingeffectsatsportingevents. Contents 1Duringpre-production 2Insmalltheatres 3Advancesinvisualizationandpresentation 4Mockupsandlightingscalemodels 5Additionalmembersofthelightingdesignteam 5.1Associatelightingdesigner 5.2Assistantlightingdesigner 6Seealso 7References 8Externallinks Duringpre-production[edit] Theroleofthelightingdesignervariesgreatlywithinprofessionalandamateurtheater.ForaBroadwayshow,atouringproductionandmostregionalandsmallproductionstheLDisusuallyanoutsidefreelancespecialisthiredearlyintheproductionprocess.Smallertheatrecompaniesmayhavearesidentlightingdesignerresponsibleformostofthecompany'sproductionsorrelyonavarietyoffreelanceorevenvolunteerhelptolighttheirproductions.Attheoff-Broadwayoroff-off-Broadwaylevel,theLDwilloccasionallyberesponsibleformuchofthehands-ontechnicalwork(suchashanginginstruments,programmingthelightboard,etc.)thatwouldbetheworkofthelightingcrewinalargertheater. TheLDwillreadthescriptcarefullyandmakenotesonchangesinplaceandtimebetweenscene—andwillhavemeetings(calleddesignorproductionmeetings)withthedirector,designers,stagemanager,andproductionmanagertodiscussideasfortheshowandestablishbudgetandschedulingdetails.TheLDwillalsoattendseverallaterrehearsalstoobservethewaytheactorsarebeingdirectedtousethestagearea('blocking')duringdifferentscenesandwillreceiveupdatesfromthestagemanageronanychangesthatoccur.TheLDwillalsomakesurethatheorshehasanaccurateplanofthetheatre'slightingpositionsandalistoftheirequipment,aswellasanaccuratecopyofthesetdesign,especiallythegroundplanandsection.TheLDmusttakeintoaccounttheshow'smoodandthedirector'svisionincreatingalightingdesign.[1] TohelptheLDcommunicateartisticvision,heorshemayemployrenderings,storyboards,photographs,reproductionsofartwork,ormockupsofeffectstohelpcommunicatehowthelightingshouldlook.VariousformsofpaperworkareessentialfortheLDtosuccessfullycommunicatetheirdesigntovariousmembersoftheproductionteam.Examplesoftypicalpaperworkincludecuesheets,lightplots,instrumentschedules,shoporders,andfocuscharts.CuesheetscommunicatetheplacementofcuesthattheLDhascreatedfortheshow,usingartisticterminologyratherthantechnicallanguage,andinformationonexactlywheneachcueiscalledsothatthestagemanagerandtheassistantsknowwhenandwheretocallthecue.Cuesheetsareofthemostvaluetostagemanagement. Thelightplotisascaledrawingthatcommunicatesthelocationoflightingfixturesandlightingpositionssoateamofelectricianscanindependentlyinstallthelightingsystem.Nexttoeachinstrumentontheplanwillbeinformationforanycolorgel,gobo,orotheraccessoriesthatneedtogowithit,anditschannelnumber.Often,paperworklistingallofthisinformationisalsogeneratedbyusingaprogramsuchasLightwright.Thelightingdesignerusesthispaperworktoaidinthevisualizationofnotonlyideasbutsimpleliststoassistthemasterelectricianduringload-in,focus,andtechnicalrehearsals.ProfessionalLDsgenerallyusespecialcomputer-aideddesignpackagestocreateaccurateandeasilyreadabledraftedplotsthatcanbeswiftlyupdatedasnecessary.TheLDwilldiscusstheplotwiththeshow'sproductionmanagerandthetheatre'smasterelectricianortechnicaldirectortomakesuretherearenounforeseenproblemsduringload-in. Thelightingdesignerisresponsible,inconjunctionwiththeproduction'sindependentlyhiredproductionelectricianwhowillinterfacewiththetheatre'smasterelectrician,fordirectingthetheatre'selectricscrewintherealizationofhisorherdesignsduringthetechnicalrehearsals.AftertheElectricianshavehung,circuited,andpatchedthelightingunits,theLDwilldirectthefocusing(pointing,shapingandsizingofthelightbeams)andgelling(coloring)ofeachunit. AfterfocushasoccurredtheLDusuallysitsatatemporarydesk(techtable)inthetheater(typicallyonthecenterlineinthemiddleofthehouse)whereheorshehasagoodviewofthestageandworkwiththelightboardoperator,whowilleitherbeseatedalongsidehimorherataportablecontrolconsoleortalkviaheadsettothecontrolroom.Atthetechtable,theLDwillgenerallyuseaMagicSheet,whichisapictoriallayoutofhowthelightsrelatetothestage,soheorshecanhavequickaccesstochannelnumbersthatcontrolparticularlightinginstruments.TheLDmayalsohaveacopyofthelightplotandchannelhookup,aremotelightingconsole,acomputermonitorconnectedtothelightboard(sotheycanseewhattheboardopisdoing),andaheadset,thoughinsmallertheatresthisislesscommon.Theremaybeaperiodoftimeallowedforpre-lightingor"pre-cueing",apracticethatisoftendonewithpeopleknownasLightWalkerswhostandinforperformerssotheLDcanseewhatthelightlookslikeonbodies.Atanarrangedtime,theperformersarriveandtheproductionisworkedthroughinchronologicalorder,withoccasionalstopstocorrectsound,lighting,entrances,etc.;knownasa"cue-to-cue"ortechrehearsal.Thelightingdesignerwillworkconstantlywiththeboardoperatortorefinethelightingstatesasthetechnicalrehearsalcontinues,butbecausethefocusofa"tech"rehearsalistheproduction'stechnicalaspects,theLDmayrequiretheperformerstopause("hold")frequently.Nevertheless,anyerrorsoffocusingorchangestothelightingplanarecorrectedonlywhentheperformersarenotonstage.Thesechangestakeplaceduring'work'or'note'calls.TheLDonlyattendsthesenotescallsifunitsarehungorrehungandrequireadditionalfocusing.TheLDorAssistantLightingDirector(alsoknownastheALD,seebelowfordescription)willbeinchargeifinattendance.Iftheonlyworktobedoneismaintenance(i.e.changingalamporburntoutgel)thentheProductionorMasterElectricianwillbeinchargeandwilldirecttheelectricscrew. Afterthetechprocess,theperformancemay(ormaynot,dependingontimeconstraints)gointodressrehearsalwithoutaticketedaudienceorpreviewswithaticketedaudience.Duringthistime,ifthecueingisfinished,theLDwillsitintheaudienceandtakenotesonwhatworksandwhatneedschanging.Atthispoint,thestagemanagerwillbegintotakeovertheworkofcallingcuesforthelightboardoptofollow.Generally,theLDwillstayontheheadset,andmaystillhaveamonitorconnectedtothelightboardincaseofproblems,orwillbeinthecontrolboothwiththeboardoperatorwhenamonitorisnotavailable.Often,changeswilltakeplaceduringnotescall,butifseriousproblemsoccurtheperformancemaybehaltedandtheissuewillberesolvedthen. Oncetheshowisopentothepublic,thelightingdesignerwilloftenstayandwatchseveralperformancesoftheshow,makingnoteseachnightandmakingdesiredchangesthenextdayduringnotescall.Iftheshowisstillinpreviews,thentheLDwillmakechanges,butoncetheproductionofficiallyopens,normallythelightingdesignerwillnotmakefurtherchanges. Changesshouldnotbemadeafterthelightingdesignisfinished,andneverwithouttheLD'sapproval.Theremaybetimeswhenchangesarenecessaryaftertheproductionhasofficiallyopened.Reasonsforchangesafteropeningnightinclude:castingchanges;significantchangesinblocking;addition,deletionorrearrangementofscenes;orthetechand/orpreviewperiod(iftherewasapreviewperiod)wastooshorttoaccommodateasthoroughacueingaswasneeded(thisisparticularlycommonindanceproductions).Ifsignificantchangesneedtobemade,theLDwillcomeinandmakethem,however,ifonlysmallerchangesareneeded,theLDmayopttosendtheALD.IfashowrunsforaparticularlylongtimethentheLDmaycomeinperiodicallytocheckthefocusofeachlightinginstrumentandiftheyareretainingtheircolor(somegel,especiallysaturatedgel,losesitsrichnessandcanfadeor'burnout'overtime).TheLDmayalsositinonaperformancetomakesurethatthecuesarestillbeingcalledattherightplaceandtime.Thegoalisoftentofinishbytheopeningoftheshow,butwhatismostimportantisthattheLDandthedirectorsbelievethatthedesignisfinishedtoeach'ssatisfaction.Ifthathappenstobebyopeningnight,thenafteropeningnochangesarenormallymadetothatparticularproductionrunatthatvenue.ThegeneralmaintenanceofthelightingrigthenbecomestheresponsibilityoftheMasterElectrician. Insmalltheatres[edit] Itisuncommonforasmalltheatretohaveaverylargetechnicalcrew,asthereislessworktodo.Manytimes,thelightingcrewofasmalltheatrewillconsistofasinglelightingdesignerandonetothreepeople,whocollectivelyareinchargeofhanging,focusingandpatchingalllightinginstruments.Thelightingdesigner,inthissituation,commonlyworksdirectlywiththissmallteam,fulfillingtheroleofbothmasterelectricianandlightingdesigner.Manytimesthedesignerwilldirectlyparticipateinthefocusingoflights.Thesamecrewwillgenerallyalsoprogramcuesandoperatethelightboardduringrehearsalsandperformances.Insomecases,thelightboardandsoundboardareoperatedbythesameperson,dependingonthecomplexityoftheshow.Thelightingdesignermayalsotakeonotherrolesinadditiontolightswhentheyarefinishedhanginglightsandprogrammingcuesontheboard. Advancesinvisualizationandpresentation[edit] Aspreviouslymentioned,itisdifficulttofullycommunicatetheintentofalightingdesignbeforeallthelightsareinstalledandallthecuesarewritten.Withtheadvancementincomputerprocessingandvisualizationsoftware,lightingdesignersarenowabletocreatecomputergeneratedimages(CGI)thatrepresenttheirideas.Thelightingdesignerentersthelightplotintothevisualizationsoftwareandthenentersthegroundplanofthetheaterandsetdesign,givingasmuchthree-dimensionaldataaspossible(whichhelpsincreatingcompleterenderings).Thiscreatesa3Dmodelincomputerspacethatcanbelitandmanipulated.Usingthesoftware,theLDcanusethelightsfromhisplottocreateactuallightinginthe3Dmodelwiththeabilitytodefineparameterssuchascolor,focus,gobo,beamangleetc.Thedesignercanthentakerenderingsor"snapshots"ofvariouslooksthatcanthenbeprintedoutandshowntothedirectorandothermembersofthedesignteam. Mockupsandlightingscalemodels[edit] Inadditiontocomputervisualization,eitherfullscaleorsmallscalemockupsareagoodmethodfordepictingalightingdesigner'sideas.FiberopticsystemssuchasLightBoxorLuxamallowauserstolightascalemodeloftheset.Forexample,asetdesignercancreateamodelofthesetin1/4"scale,thelightingdesignercanthentakethefiberopticcablesandattachthemtoscaleddownlightingunitsthatcanaccuratelyreplicatethebeamanglesofspecifiedlightingfixtures.These'minilights'canthenbeattachedtocrosspiecessimulatingdifferentlightingpositions.Fiberopticfixtureshavethecapacitytosimulateattributesoffullscaletheatricallightingfixturesincluding;color,beamangle,intensity,andgobos.ThemostsophisticatedfiberopticsystemsarecontrollablethroughcomputersoftwareoraDMXcontrolledLightboard.Thisgivesthelightingdesignertheabilitytomockuprealtimelightingeffectsastheywilllookduringtheshow. Additionalmembersofthelightingdesignteam[edit] Iftheproductionislargeorespeciallycomplex,thelightingdesignermayhireadditionallightingprofessionalstohelpexecutethedesign. Associatelightingdesigner[edit] Theassociatelightingdesigner(associateLD)willhelpassistthelightingdesignerincreatingandexecutingthelightingdesign.WhilethedutiesthatanLDmayexpecttheassociateLDtoperformmaydifferfrompersontoperson,usuallytheAss'tLDwilldothefollowing: AttenddesignandproductionmeetingswithorinplaceoftheLD AttendrehearsalswithorinplaceofLDandtakenotesofspecificdesignideasandtasksthatthelightingdepartmentneedstoaccomplish AssisttheLDingeneratingthelightplot,channelhookupandsketches Ifneeded,theAssociatemayneedtotakethesetdrawingsandputthemintoaCADprogramtobemanipulatedbytheLD(however,thisjobisusuallygiventotheassistantLDifthereisone). TheassistantLDmaybeinchargeofrunningfocus,andmayevendirectwherethelightsaretobefocused. TheassociateisgenerallyauthorizedtospeakonbehalfoftheLDandcanmakecreativeanddesigndecisionswhenneeded(andwhenauthorizedbytheLD).ThisisoneofthebiggestdifferencesbetweentheAssociateandtheAssistant. Assistantlightingdesigner[edit] Theassistantlightingdesigner(assistantLD)assiststhelightingdesignerandtheassociatelightingdesigner.DependingontheparticulararrangementtheALDmayreportdirectlytotheLD,ortheymayinessencebetheAssociate'sassistant.Therealsomaybemorethanoneassistantonashowdependingonthesizeoftheproduction.TheALDwillusually: AttenddesignandproductionmeetingswiththeLDortheassociateLD AttendrehearsalswiththeLDortheassociateLD AssisttheLDingeneratingthelightplotandchannelhookup.Iftheplotistobecomputergenerated,theALDistheonewhophysicallyenterstheinformationintothecomputer. TheALDmayrunerrandsfortheLDsuchaspickingupsuppliesorgettingthelightplotprintedinlargeformat. TheALDwillhelptheAssociateLDinrunningfocus. TheALDmaytakeFocusChartsduringfocus. Trackandcoordinatefollowspots(ifanyexistfortheproduction)andgeneratepaperworktoaidintheircueingandcolorchanges. InrareinstancestheALDmaybethelightboardoperator. Seealso[edit] Theatreportal Listoflightingdesigners Architecturallightingdesign Landscapelighting MasterElectrician PLASA References[edit] ^PrinciplesofLightingDesign StageLightingDesign:TheArt,theCraft,theLife,byRichardPilbrowonbooks.google.com StageLightingDesign:APracticalGuide,NeilFraser,onbooks.google.com APracticalGuidetoStageLighting,ByStevenLouisShelley,onbooks.google.com TheLightingArt:TheAestheticsofStageLightingDesign,byRichardH.Palmer,onbooks.google.com StagelightingdesigninBritain:theemergenceofthelightingdesigner,1881-1950,byNigelH.Morgan,onbooks.google.com SceneDesignandStageLightingByR.Wolf,DickBlock,onbooks.google.com Externallinks[edit] stagelightingprimer.com,StageLightingforStudents northern.edu,Abriefhistoryofstagelighting vteStagecraftandscenographySceneshopTheatricalsceneryFields Setconstruction Scenicpainting Scenicdesign Rigging Technicaldirection Hardware Batten Curtains Flats Flysystem Platforms Scenerywagons Weights StagelightingFields Lightingdesign Lightingtechnician Masterelectrician Hardware Barndoors C-clamp Colorgel Colorscroller Cyclorama Gobo Lightingcontrolconsole Socapexconnector Stagepinconnector Tophat Theatricalsmokeandfog Instruments Beamprojector Ellipsoidalreflectorspotlight Fresnellantern Intelligentlighting Parabolicaluminizedreflectorlight Scoop Striplight Spotlight Accessories Stagemanagement Blocking Cue Promptcorner Promptbook Otherfields Costumedesign Runningcrew Sounddesign Prop Theatricalmakeup Videodesign Outline vteDesign Outline Designer DisciplinesCommunicationdesign Advertising Bookdesign Branddesign Exhibitdesign Filmtitledesign Graphicdesign Motion Postagestampdesign Printdesign Illustration Informationdesign Instructionaldesign Newsdesign Photography Retaildesign Signage /Trafficsigndesign Typography /Typedesign Videodesign Visualmerchandising Environmentaldesign Architecture Architecturallightingdesign Buildingdesign Passivesolar Ecologicaldesign Environmentalimpactdesign Gardendesign 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