Architectural lighting design - Wikipedia

Architectural lighting design is a field of work or study that is concerned with the design of lighting systems within the built environment, both interior ... Architecturallightingdesign FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Fieldwithinarchitecture,interiordesignandelectricalengineering PlayoflightinsideJatiyoSangshadBhaban ExteriorlightingoftheLloyd'sbuildinginLondon Architecturallightingdesignisafieldofworkorstudythatisconcernedwiththedesignoflightingsystemswithinthe builtenvironment,bothinteriorandexterior.Itcanincludemanipulationanddesignofboth daylight and electriclightorboth,toservehumanneeds.[1][2] Lightingdesignisbasedinbothscienceandthevisualarts.Thebasicaimoflightingwithinthebuiltenvironmentistoenableoccupantstoseeclearlyandwithoutdiscomfort.[1]Theobjectiveofarchitecturallightingdesignistobalancetheartandthescienceoflightingtocreatemood,visualinterestandenhancetheexperienceofaspaceorplacewhilststillmeetingthetechnicalandsafetyrequirements.[3][4][5] Contents 1Overview 2History 3Asaprofession 3.1Education 3.2Process 4Daylighting 5Fixtures 6Photometricstudies 7Correlatedcolortemperature 8Methods 9Designmedia 9.1Terminology 10Lamptypes 10.1Incandescentlightbulb 10.2Fluorescentlamp 10.3LEDlamp 11Seealso 12References 13Externallinks Overview[edit] ThepredominantlydaylitauditoriumoftheViipuriMunicipalLibraryinthe1930s Thepurposeofarchitecturallightingdesignistobalancethecharacteristicsoflightwithinaspacetooptimizethetechnical,thevisualand,mostrecently,thenon-visualcomponents[6]ofergonomicswithrespecttoilluminationofbuildingsorspaces.[7] Thetechnicalrequirementsincludetheamountoflightneededtoperformatask,theenergyconsumedbythelightingwithinthespaceandtherelativedistributionanddirectionoftravelforthelightsoasnottocauseunnecessaryglareanddiscomfort.Thevisualaspectsofthelightarethosethatareconcernedwiththeaestheticsandthenarrativeofthespace(e.g.themoodofarestaurant,theexperienceofanexhibitionwithinamuseum,thepromotionofgoodswithinaretailspace,thereinforcementofcorporatebrand)andthenon-visualaspectsarethoseconcernedwithhumanhealthandwell-being. Aspartofthelightingdesignprocessbothculturalandcontextualfactorsalsoneedtobeconsidered.Forexample,brightlightingwasamarkofwealththroughmuchofChinesehistory,[8]butifuncontrolledbrightlightsareknowntobedetrimentaltheeffectofinsects,birdandtheviewofstars.[9] History[edit] Thehistoryofelectriclightiswelldocumented,[10]andwiththedevelopmentsinlightingtechnologytheprofessionoflightingdevelopedalongsideit.Thedevelopmentofhigh-efficiency,low-costfluorescentlampsledtoarelianceonelectriclightandauniformblanketapproachtolighting,buttheenergycrisisofthe1970srequiredmoredesignconsiderationandreinvigoratedtheuseofdaylight.[11][12] TheIlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofNorthAmerica(IESNA)wasformedin1906andUKversionwasestablishedin1909(nowknownastheSocietyofLightandLightingandpartofCIBSE).TheInternationalCommissiononIllumination(CIE)wasestablishedin1913andhasbecomeaprofessionalorganizationacceptedasrepresentingthebestauthorityonthesubjectmatteroflightandlighting.[13]TheInstitutionofLightingProfessionalswasestablishedastheAssociationofPublicLightingEngineersin1924.Aroundtheworldsimilarprofessionalorganizationsevolved.[14][15] Initially,theseindustryorganizationswereprimarilyfocusedonthescienceandengineeringoflightingratherthantheaestheticdesign,[16]butin1969agroupofdesignersestablishedtheInternationalAssociationofLightingDesigners(IALD).[17]OtherassociationspurelyforlightingdesignincludetheProfessionalLightingDesigners'Association(PLDA)establishedin1994,theAssociationdeConcepteursEclairage(ACE)inFranceestablished1995,[18]theAssociazioneProfessionistidell'Illuminazione(APIL)inItalyestablishedin1998,[19]theAssociaçãoBrasileiradeArquitetosdeIluminaçãoinBrazilin1999[20]andtheProfessionalAssociationofLightingDesignersinSpain(APDI)establishedin2008.[21] Asaprofession[edit] Seealso:Lightingdesigner KimbellArtMuseuminteriorwithdaylightcontrolandelectriclightingdesignbyRichardKelly(1969) Architecturallightingdesignerisastand-aloneprofessionthatsitsalongsidetheprofessionsofarchitecture,interiordesign,landscapearchitectureandelectricalengineering.[22] OneoftheearliestproponentsofarchitecturallightingdesignwasRichardKellywhoestablishedhispracticein1935.[23][24]Kellydevelopedanapproachtoarchitecturallightingthatisstillusedtoday,basedontheperceptionofthreevisualelementsaspresentedina1952jointmeetingofTheAmericanInstituteofArchitects,theAmericanSocietyofIndustrialDesigners(nowtheIndustrialDesignersSocietyofAmerica),andtheIlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofNorthAmerica,inCleveland.[25] Education[edit] Whilemanyarchitecturallightingdesignershaveabackgroundinelectricalengineering,architecturalengineering,architecture,orluminairemanufacturing,severaluniversitiesandtechnicalschoolsnowofferdegreeprogramsspecificallyinarchitecturallightingdesign.[26][27] Process[edit] Theprocessofarchitecturallightingdesigngenerallyfollowsthearchitect'splanofworksintermsofkeyprojectstages:feasibility,concept,detail,constructiondocumentation,sitesupervisionandcommissioning.[28][29] Afterthefeasibilitystage,wheretheparametersfortheprojectareset,theconceptstageiswhenthelightingdesignisdevelopedintermsofliteffect,technicallightingtargetsandoverallvisualstrategyusuallyusingconceptsketches,renderings,ormoodboards.[citationneeded] Daylighting[edit] Forcolorsbasedonblack-bodytheory,blueoccursathighertemperatures,whileredoccursatlower,cooler,temperatures.Thisistheoppositeoftheculturalassociationsattributedtocolors,inwhichredrepresentshot,andbluecold.[30] Fixtures[edit] Mainarticle:Lightfixture ThePH5lamp,designedin1958 Lightingfixturescomeinawidevarietyofstylesforvariousfunctions.Themostimportantfunctionsareasaholderforthelightsource,toprovidedirectedlightandtoavoidvisualglare.Someareveryplainandfunctional,whilesomearepiecesofartinthemselves.Nearlyanymaterialcanbeused,solongasitcantoleratetheexcessheatandisinkeepingwithsafetycodes. Animportantpropertyoflightfixturesistheluminousefficacyorwall-plugefficiency,meaningtheamountofusablelightemanatingfromthefixtureperusedenergy,usuallymeasuredinlumenperwatt.Afixtureusingreplaceablelightsourcescanalsohaveitsefficiencyquotedasthepercentageoflightpassedfromthe"bulb"tothesurroundings.Themoretransparentthelightingfixtureis,thehigherefficacy.Shadingthelightwillnormallydecreaseefficiencybutincreasethedirectionalityandthevisualcomfortprobability. ThePH-lampsareaseriesoflightfixturesdesignedbyDanishdesignerandwriterPoulHenningsenfrom1926onwards.[31]Thelampisdesignedwithmultipleconcentricshadestoeliminatevisualglare,onlyemittingreflectedlight,obscuringthelightsource.[32] Photometricstudies[edit] TheCIE1931x,ychromaticityspace,alsoshowingthechromaticitiesofblack-bodylightsourcesofvarioustemperatures(Planckianlocus),andlinesofconstantcorrelatedcolortemperature Photometricstudiesareperformedtosimulatelightingdesignsforprojectsbeforetheyarebuiltorrenovated.Thisenablesarchitects,lightingdesigners,andengineerstodeterminewhetheraproposedlightinglayoutwilldelivertheamountoflightintended.[33]Theywillalsobeabletodeterminethecontrastratiobetweenlightanddarkareas.InmanycasesthesestudiesarereferencedagainstIESNAorCIBSErecommendedlightingpracticesforthetypeofapplication.Dependingonthetypeofarea,differentdesignaspectsmaybeemphasizedforsafetyorpracticality(i.e.suchasmaintaininguniformlightlevels,avoidingglareorhighlightingcertainareas).Aspecializedlightingdesignapplicationisoftenusedtocreatethese,whichtypicallycombinetheuseoftwo-dimensionaldigitalCADdrawingsandlightingsimulationsoftware. Colortemperatureforwhitelightsourcesalsoaffectstheiruseforcertainapplications.Thecolortemperatureofawhitelightsourceisthetemperatureinkelvinofatheoreticalblackbodyemitterthatmostcloselymatchesthespectralcharacteristicsofthelamp.Incandescentlightbulbshaveacolortemperaturearound2700to3000kelvin;daylightisaround6400kelvin.Lowercolortemperaturelampshaverelativelymoreenergyintheyellowandredpartofthevisiblespectrum,whilehighcolortemperaturescorrespondtolampswithmoreofablue-whiteappearance.Forcriticalinspectionorcolormatchingtasks,orforretaildisplaysoffoodandclothing,thecolortemperatureofthelampswillbeselectedforthebestoveralllightingeffect.Colormayalsobeusedforfunctionalreasons.Forexample,bluelightmakesitdifficulttoseeveinsandthusmaybeusedtodiscouragedruguse.[34] Correlatedcolortemperature[edit] Temperature Source 1,700 K Matchflame,low-pressuresodiumlamps(LPS/SOX) 1,850 K Candleflame,sunrise,sunset 2,700–3,300 K Incandescentlamps,soft-whitefluorescentlamps 3,000 K Warm-whitefluorescentlamps 4,100–4,150 K Moonlight,[35]cool-whitefluorescentlamps 5,000 K Horizondaylight 5,500–6,000 K Verticaldaylight,electronicflash 6,200 K Xenonshort-arclamp[36] 6,500 K Daylight,overcast,daylightfluorescentlamps 6,500–10,500 K LCDorCRTscreen 15,000–27,000 K Clearbluepolewardsky Thesetemperaturesaremerelycharacteristic;considerablevariationmaybepresent. Thecorrelatedcolortemperature(CCT)ofalightsourceisthetemperatureofanidealblack-bodyradiatorthatradiateslightofcomparablehuetothatofthelightsource.Colortemperatureisacharacteristicofvisiblelightthathasimportantapplicationsinlighting,photography,videography,publishing,manufacturing,astrophysics,horticulture,andotherfields.Inpractice,colortemperatureisonlymeaningfulforlightsourcesthatdoinfactcorrespondsomewhatcloselytotheradiationofsomeblackbody,(i.e.thoseonalinefromred-orangeviayellowandmoreorlesswhitetoblueishwhite);itdoesnotmakesensetospeakofthecolortemperatureof(e.g.agreenorapurplelight).Colortemperatureisconventionallystatedintheunitofabsolutetemperature,thekelvin,havingtheunitsymbolK. Forlightingbuildinginteriors,itisoftenimportanttotakeintoaccountthecolortemperatureofillumination.Forexample,awarmer(i.e.lowercolortemperature)lightisoftenusedinpublicareastopromoterelaxation,whileacooler(highercolortemperature)lightisusedtoenhanceconcentrationinoffices.[37] CCTdimmingforLEDtechnologyisregardedasadifficulttask,sincebinning,ageandtemperaturedrifteffectsofLEDschangetheactualcolorvalueoutput.Herefeedbackloopsystemsareusedforexamplewithcolorsensors,toactivelymonitorandcontrolthecoloroutputofmultiplecolormixingLEDs.[38] ThecolortemperatureoftheelectromagneticradiationemittedfromanidealblackbodyisdefinedasitssurfacetemperatureinKelvin,oralternativelyinmireds(micro-reciprocalkelvin).[39]Thispermitsthedefinitionofastandardbywhichlightsourcesarecompared. Methods[edit] Forsimpleinstallations,hand-calculationsbasedontabulardatacanbeusedtoprovideanacceptablelightingdesign.Morecriticaloroptimizeddesignsnowroutinelyusemathematicalmodelingonacomputer. Basedonthepositionsandmountingheightsofthefixtures,andtheirphotometriccharacteristics,theproposedlightinglayoutcanbecheckedforuniformityandquantityofillumination.Forlargerprojectsorthosewithirregularfloorplans,lightingdesignsoftwarecanbeused.Eachfixturehasitslocationentered,andthereflectanceofwalls,ceiling,andfloorscanbeentered.Thecomputerprogramwillthenproduceasetofcontourchartsoverlaidontheprojectfloorplan,showingthelightleveltobeexpectedattheworkingheight.Moreadvancedprogramscanincludetheeffectoflightfromwindowsorskylights,allowingfurtheroptimizationoftheoperatingcostofthelightinginstallation.Theamountofdaylightreceivedinaninternalspacecantypicallybeanalyzedbyundertakingadaylightfactorcalculation. TheZonalCavityMethodisusedasabasisforbothhand,tabulated,andcomputercalculations.Thismethodusesthereflectancecoefficientsofroomsurfacestomodelthecontributiontousefulilluminationattheworkingleveloftheroomduetolightreflectedfromthewallsandtheceiling.Simplifiedphotometricvaluesareusuallygivenbyfixturemanufacturersforuseinthismethod. Computermodelingofoutdoorfloodlightingusuallyproceedsdirectlyfromphotometricdata.Thetotallightingpowerofalampisdividedintosmallsolidangularregions.Eachregionisextendedtothesurfacewhichistobelitandtheareacalculated,givingthelightpowerperunitofarea.Wheremultiplelampsareusedtoilluminatethesamearea,eachone'scontributionissummed.Againthetabulatedlightlevels(inluxorfoot-candles)canbepresentedascontourlinesofconstantlightingvalue,overlaidontheprojectplandrawing.Handcalculationsmightonlyberequiredatafewpoints,butcomputercalculationsallowabetterestimateoftheuniformityandlightinglevel. Designmedia[edit] Thissectionneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(May2020)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Terminology[edit] Recessedlight Theprotectivehousingisconcealedbehindaceilingorwall,leavingonlythefixtureitselfexposed.Theceiling-mountedversionisoftencalledadownlight. "Cans"withavarietyoflamps Jargonforinexpensivedownlightingproductsthatarerecessedintotheceiling,orsometimesforuplightsplacedonthefloor.Thenamecomesfromtheshapeofthehousing.Theterm"potlights"isoftenusedinCanadaandpartsoftheUS. Covelight Recessedintotheceilinginalongboxagainstawall Troffer Recessedfluorescentlightfixtures,usuallyrectangularinshapetofitintoadropceilinggrid[40] Surface-mountedlight Thefinishedhousingisexposed,notflushmountwithsurface. Chandelier Abranchedornamentallightfixturedesignedtobemountedonceilings[41]orwalls[42] Pendantlight Suspendedfromtheceilingwithachainorpipe[43] Sconce Provideupordownlights;canbeusedtoilluminateartwork,architecturaldetails;commonlyusedinhallwaysorasanalternativetooverheadlighting Tracklightingfixture Individualfixtures(calledtrackheads)canbepositionedanywherealongthetrack,whichprovideselectricpower. Under-cabinetlight Mountedbelowkitchenwallcabinets Emergencylightingorexitsign Connectedtoabatterybackuportoanelectriccircuitthathasemergencypowerifthemainspowerfails High-andlow-baylighting Typicallyusedforgenerallightingforindustrialbuildingsandoftenbig-boxstores StriplightsorIndustriallighting Oftenlonglinesoffluorescentlampsusedinawarehouseorfactory Outdoorlightingandlandscapelighting Usedtoilluminatewalkways,parkinglots,roadways,buildingexteriorsandarchitecturaldetails,gardens,andparks Bollard Atypeofarchitecturaloutdoorlightingthatisashort,uprightground-mountedunittypicallyusedtoprovidecutofftypeilluminationforegresslighting,tolightwalkways,steps,orotherpathways Streetlight Atypeofoutdoorpole-mountedlightusedtolightstreetsandroadways;similartopole-mountedfloodlightsbutwithatypeIIlens(sidetosidelightdistributionpattern)insteadoftypeIII[44] Floodlighting Usuallypole-orstanchion-mounted;forlandscape,roadways,andparkinglots[45] Lamptypes[edit] Differenttypesofelectriclightinghavevastlydifferingefficacyandcolortemperature:[46] Name Opticalspectrum Luminousefficacy(lm/W) Lifetime(MTTF)(hours) Colortemperature(kelvin) Colorappearance Colorrenderingindex Incandescentlightbulb Continuous 4–17 2–20000 2400–3400 Warmwhite(yellowish) 100 Halogenlamp Continuous 16–23 3000–6000 3200 Warmwhite(yellowish) 100 Fluorescentlamp Mercuryline+Phosphor 52–100(white) 8000–20000 2700–5000* White(variouscolortemperatures),aswellassaturatedcolorsavailable 15-85 Metalhalidelamp Quasi-continuous 50–115 6000–20000 3000–4500 Coldwhite 65–93 Sulfurlamp Continuous 80–110 15000–20000 6000 Palegreen 79 Highpressuresodium Broadband 55–140 10000–40000 1800–2200* Pinkishorange 0–70 Lowpressuresodium Narrowline 100–200 18000–20000 1800* Yellow,nocolorrendering 0 Light-emittingdiode(white)[failedverification] Lineplusphosphor 10–110 50,000–100,000 Variouswhitefrom2700to6000* Variouscolortemperatures,aswellassaturatedcolors 70–85(white) Inductionlamp[failedverification] Mercuryline+Phosphor 70–90 80,000–100,000 Variouswhitefrom2700to6000* Variouscolortemperatures,aswellassaturatedcolors 70–85(white) *Colortemperatureisdefinedasthetemperatureofablackbodyemittingasimilarspectrum;thesespectraarequitedifferentfromthoseofblackbodies. Themostefficientsourceofelectriclightisthelow-pressuresodiumlamp.Itproduces,forallpracticalpurposes,amonochromaticyellowlight,whichgivesasimilarlymonochromaticperceptionofanyilluminatedscene.Forthisreason,itisgenerallyreservedforoutdoorpubliclightingusages.Low-pressuresodiumlightsarefavoredforpubliclightingbyastronomers,sincethelightpollutionthattheygeneratecanbeeasilyfiltered,contrarytobroadbandorcontinuousspectra. Incandescentlightbulb[edit] Mainarticle:Incandescentlightbulb Themodernincandescentlightbulb,withacoiledfilamentoftungsten,wascommercializedinthe1920sdevelopedfromthecarbonfilamentlampintroducedinabout1880.Aswellasbulbsfornormalillumination,thereisaverywiderange,includinglowvoltage,low-powertypesoftenusedascomponentsinequipment,butnowlargelydisplacedbyLEDs.[citationneeded] Fluorescentlamp[edit] Mainarticle:Fluorescentlamp Fluorescentlampsconsistofaglasstubethatcontainsmercuryvapororargonunderlowpressure.Electricityflowingthroughthetubecausesthegasestogiveoffultravioletenergy.Theinsideofthetubesarecoatedwithphosphorsthatgiveoffvisiblelightwhenstruckbyultravioletenergy.[47]havemuchhigherefficiencythanIncandescentlamps.Forthesameamountoflightgenerated,theytypicallyusearoundone-quartertoone-thirdthepowerofanincandescent. LEDlamp[edit] Mainarticle:LEDlamp Light-emittingdiodes(LEDs)becamewidespreadasindicatorlightsinthe1970s.Withtheinventionofhigh-outputLEDsbyShujiNakamura,LEDsarenowinuseassolid-statelightingforgenerallightingapplications.[48] Initially,duetorelativelyhighcostperlumen,LEDlightingwasmostusedforlampassembliesofunder10 Wsuchasflashlights.Developmentofhigher-outputlampswasmotivatedbyprogramssuchastheU.S.LPrize.[49] Seealso[edit] Architecturalglass Architecturallightshelf Architectureofthenight Daylightharvesting Deckprism Halogenlamp Lightart Light+Building Lighttube Lightingcontrolsystem Lightingfortheelderly Listoflightingdesignapplications Lumenmethod Overillumination Passivesolarbuildingdesign ProfessionalLightingandSoundAssociation(PLASA) Seasonalaffectivedisorder(SAD) Skylight Smartglass Stagelighting Sunpath Sustainablelighting Transom(architectural) VividSydney References[edit] 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Externallinks[edit] Lightingdesignglossary vteLightingConcepts Accentlighting Colortemperature Efficiency Glare Lamp Lightfixture Lightpollution Lightbulbsocket Edisonscrew Bi-pinlampbase Lampcapsandholders Tasklighting MethodsofgenerationIncandescent Regular Halogen Nernst Luminescent Fluorescent Fluorescentlamp (compact) Fluorescentinduction Photoluminescent laserlamp Chemiluminescent Solid-state LEDbulb Cathodoluminescent Electron-stimulated Electroluminescent field-inducedpolymer Combustion Acetylene/Carbide Argand Campfire Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Lantern Limelight Oil Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Electricarc Carbonarc Klieglight Yablochkovcandle Gasdischarge Deuteriumarc Neon Plasma Sulfur Xenonarc Xenonflash High-intensitydischarge(HID) Mercury-vapor Metal-halide ceramic Hydrargyrummedium-arciodide(HMI) Hydrargyrumquartziodide(HQI) Sodiumvapor Stationary Reflector Parabolicaluminizedreflector(PAR) Multifacetedreflector Ellipsoidalreflector Aircraftwarning Balanced-armlamp Chandelier Emergencylight Gaslighting Goosenecklamp Intelligentstreetlighting Lighttube Nightlight Neonlighting Pendantlight Recessedlight Sconce Streetlight Torchère Tracklighting Troffer Mobile Flashlight tactical Glowstick Headlamp (outdoor) Lantern Laserpointer Navigationlight Searchlight Solarlamp TheatricalCinematic Floodlight Footlight Gobo Scoop Spotlight ellipsoidalreflector Stagelightinginstrument DisplayDecorative Aromalamp Blacklight Bubblelight Christmaslights Crackletube DJlighting Electroluminescentwire Lavalamp Marquee Plasmaglobe Strobelight IndustrialScientific Germicidal Growlight Infraredlamp Stroboscope Tanning Automotive Daytimerunninglamp Headlamp hidden high-intensitydischarge sealedbeam Rearpositionlamps Reversinglamps Safetyreflector retroreflector Stoplamps Turnsignals trafficators Automotivelightbulbtypes Relatedtopics Bioluminescence Chemiluminescence Electroluminescence Laser Photoluminescence Radioluminescence vteDesign Outline Designer DisciplinesCommunicationdesign Advertising Bookdesign Branddesign Exhibitdesign Filmtitledesign Graphicdesign Motion Postagestampdesign Printdesign Illustration Informationdesign Instructionaldesign Newsdesign Photography Retaildesign Signage /Trafficsigndesign Typography /Typedesign Videodesign Visualmerchandising Environmentaldesign Architecture Architecturallightingdesign Buildingdesign Passivesolar Ecologicaldesign Environmentalimpactdesign Gardendesign Computer-aided Healthycommunitydesign Hoteldesign Interiorarchitecture Interiordesign EID Keylinedesign Landscapearchitecture Sustainable Landscapedesign Spatialdesign Urbandesign Industrialdesign Automotivedesign Automotivesuspensiondesign CMFdesign Corrugatedboxdesign Electricguitardesign Furnituredesign Sustainable Hardwareinterfacedesign Motorcycledesign Packagingandlabeling Photographiclensdesign Productdesign Productiondesign Sensorydesign Servicedesign Interactiondesign Experiencedesign EED Gamedesign Leveldesign 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Cradle-to-cradle Creativeproblem-solving Creativitytechniques Critical Designfiction Defensive Design–bid–build Design–build architect-led Diffuse Domain-driven Ecologicaldesign Energyneutral Engineeringdesignprocess Probabilisticdesign Error-tolerant Fault-tolerant Framework-oriented Forassembly Forbehaviourchange Formanufacturability ForSixSigma Fortesting ForX Functional Generative Geodesign HCD High-level Inclusive Integrated Integratedtopside Intelligence-based Iterative KISSprinciple Low-level Metadesign Mindmapping Modular NewWave Object-oriented Open Parametric Participatory Platform-based Policy-based Process-centered Publicinterest Rational Regenerative Reliabilityengineering Research-based Responsibility-driven RWD Safe-life Sustainable Systemic SOD Tablelessweb Theoryofconstraints Top-downandbottom-up Transformation Transgenerational TRIZ Universal DesignforAll Usage-centered Use-centered User-centered Empathic Userinnovation Value-driven Valuesensitive Privacyby 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