Utility maximisation - Economics Help
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Utility maximisation refers to the concept that individuals and firms seek to get the highest satisfaction from their economic decisions. Skiptocontent 0 Menu 0 Menu Utilitymaximisationreferstotheconceptthatindividualsandfirmsseektogetthehighestsatisfactionfromtheireconomicdecisions. Forexample,whendecidinghowtospendafixedsome,individualswillpurchasethecombinationofgoods/servicesthatgivethemostsatisfaction. Utilitymaximisationcanalsorefertootherdecisions–forexample,theoptimalnumberofhoursforlabourtosupplytheirlabour.Workingmoreincreasesincome,butreducesleisuretime. Classicaleconomics Utilitymaximisationisanimportantconceptinclassicaleconomics.ItdevelopedfromtheutilitarianphilosophersofJeremyBenthamandJohnStuartMill.EarlyeconomistssuchasAlfredMarshallincorporatedutilitymaximisationintoeconomictheory. Animportantassumptionofclassicaleconomicsisthatthepriceconsumersarewillingtopayisagoodapproximationtotheutilitythattheygetfromthegood.Ifpeoplearewillingtopay£800foraniPhoneX,thenthissuggeststheconsumermustgetautilityofatleast£800. Diminishingmarginalutility EconomistssuchasCarlMenger, WilliamStanleyJevonsandMarie-Esprit-LéonWalras.AndAlfredMarshalldevelopedideassuchasdiminishingmarginalutility.Theideathatafteracertainpoint,extraquantitiesofagoodleadtoadeclineinthemarginalutility.(Forexample–Thefirstcargiveshighutility,buttheutilityofasecondismuchlower. Marginalutilityshapesanindividualdemandcurve,astheutilityfromextraunitsdeclines,consumersarewillingtopayalowerprice–henceadownwardlyslopingdemandcurve. Howindividualsachieveutilitymaximisation Howmuchtoconsume? Aconsumerwillconsumeagooduptothepointwherethemarginalutilityisgreaterthanorequaltotheprice. Ifyoufeelasandwichgivesyoumoreutilitythanthecostofbuyingthenyouwillcontinuetobuy Inthisexample,theoptimalconsumptionofunitsis2.Athirdonegivesyouautilityequalto50p–butthisislessthantheprice. Whenchoosingbetweendifferentgoods,theEqui-Marginalprinciplearguesthatconsumerswillmaximisetotalutilityfromtheirincomesbyconsumingthatcombinationofgoodswhere: MUa=Pa —– —- MUb=Pb Anotherwayofshowingutilitymaximisationisthroughtheuseofindifferencecurvesandbudgetlines Indifferencecurvesshowdifferentcombinationsofgoodswhichgavethesameutility. Abudgelineshowsdisposableincomeandthemaximumpotentialgoodsthatcanbebought Indifferencecurvesfurthertotherightaremoredesirableastheyhavebiggercombinationsofgoods. Utilitywillbemaximisedatthefurthestindifferencecurvestillaffordable. Optimalchoiceofgoodsforconsumer Seemoreatindifferencecurves Limitationsofutilitymaximisation Ordinalutility.Ordinalutilitystatesconsumersfindithardtogiveexactvaluesofutility,buttheycanorderbypreference–e.g.Ipreferapplestobananas.ThistheoryofordinalutilitywasdevelopedbyJohnHicksandgiveslessprecisebutroughguidestoutilityofconsumers. Irrationalbehaviour.Classicaleconomicsgenerallyassumesindividualsarerationalandseektomaximiseutility.However,intherealworld,thismaynotbethecase.Otherfactorsaffectingchoice Impulsivebehaviour–buyinggoodswhicharelaterregretted. Loyalty,e.g.loyaltytolocalshopsratherthanbuycheaperfromsupermarkets. Senseofmorality,e.g.notdrinkingalcohol. 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