Expatriate - Wikipedia

An expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person who resides outside his or her native country. ... In common usage, the term often refers to educated ... Expatriate FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Individualstemporarilyorpermanentlyresidinginacountryotherthantheirnativeone "Expat"redirectshere.FortheXMLparser,seeExpat(library).Forthefree"ExpatLicense"softwarelicense,seeMITLicense. Forotheruses,seeExpatriate(disambiguation). ExpatriateFrenchvotersqueueinLausanne,Switzerlandforthefirstroundofthepresidentialelectionof2007 Anexpatriate(oftenshortenedtoexpat)isapersonwhoresidesoutsidehisorhernativecountry.[1]Incommonusage,thetermoftenreferstoeducatedprofessionals,skilledworkers,orartiststakingpositionsoutsidetheirhomecountry,eitherindependentlyorsentabroadbytheiremployers.[2]However,theterm'expatriate'isalsousedforretireesandotherswhohavechosentoliveoutsidetheirnativecountry.Historically,ithasalsoreferredtoexiles.[3] Incontrasttoanimmigrant,expatriatesmaintaintheculturaltiessuchaslanguageoftheircountryoforigin—therebynotassimilating.Expatriatesusuallyalsodonotseektobecomecitizensoftheirnewcountry. Contents 1Etymology 2Semantics 3History 3.1Typesofexpatcommunity 3.2Worldwidedistributionofexpats 4Businessexpatriates 4.1Reasonsandmotivationsforexpatriation 4.2Recenttrends 5Academicresearch 6Literaryandscreenportrayals 6.1Fiction 6.2Memoirs 6.3Film 6.4Television 7Seealso 8References 9Externallinks Etymology[edit] ThewordexpatriatecomesfromtheLatintermsex("outof")andpatria("nativecountry,fatherland"). Semantics[edit] Dictionarydefinitionsforthecurrentmeaningofthewordinclude: Expatriate: 'Apersonwholivesoutsidetheirnativecountry'(Oxford),[3]or 'livinginaforeignland'(Webster's).[4] Thesedefinitionscontrastwiththoseofotherwordswithasimilarmeaning,suchas: Migrant: 'Apersonwhomovesfromoneplacetoanotherinordertofindworkorbetterlivingconditions'(Oxford),[5]or 'onethatmigrates:suchasa:apersonwhomovesregularlyinordertofindworkespeciallyinharvestingcrops'(Webster's);[6] or Immigrant 'Apersonwhocomestolivepermanentlyinaforeigncountry'(Oxford),[7]or 'onethatimmigrates:suchasa:apersonwhocomestoacountrytotakeuppermanentresidence(Webster's).[8] Thevaryinguseofthesetermsfordifferentgroupsofforeignerscanbeseenasimplyingnuancesaboutwealth,intendedlengthofstay,perceivedmotivesformoving,nationality,andevenrace.Thishascausedcontroversy,withsomecommentatorsassertingthatthetraditionaluseoftheword"expat"hashadracistconnotations.[9][10] Anolderusageofthewordexpatriatereferredtoanexile.[3]Alternatively,whenusedasaverbalnoun,expatriationcanmeantheactofsomeonerenouncingallegiancetotheirnativecountry,asinthepreambletotheUnitedStatesExpatriationActof1868whichstates:'therightofexpatriationisanaturalandinherentrightofallpeople,indispensabletotheenjoymentoftherightsoflife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness'.[11] Someneologismshavebeencoined,including: dispatriate,anexpatriatewhointentionallydistancesthemselvesfromtheirnationoforigin;[12] flexpatriate,anemployeewhooftentravelsinternationallyforbusiness(see"Businessexpatriates"below);[13] inpatriate,anemployeesentfromaforeignsubsidiarytoworkinthecountrywhereacompanyhasitsheadquarters;[14] rex-pat,arepeatexpatriate,oftensomeonewhohaschosentoreturntoaforeigncountryaftercompletingaworkassignment;[15] sexpat,asextourist.[16] Theterm"expatriate"issometimesmisspelledas"ex-patriot",whichauthorAnuGarghascharacterisedasanexampleofaneggcorn.[17] History[edit] Typesofexpatcommunity[edit] Inthe19thcentury,travelbecameeasierbywayofsteamshiportrain.Peoplecouldmorereadilychoosetoliveforseveralyearsinaforeigncountry,orbesenttherebyemployers.Thetablebelowaimstoshowsignificantexamplesofexpatriatecommunitieswhichhavedevelopedsincethattime: Thislistisincomplete;youcanhelpbyaddingmissingitems.(February2017) Group Period Countryoforigin Destination Hostcountry Notes AustraliansandNewZealandersinLondon 1960s-now Australia/NewZealand London UnitedKingdom BeatGeneration 1950s UnitedStates Tangier Morocco BeatGeneration 1960s UnitedStates Paris France SeeBeatHotel. Britishretirees 1970s–now UnitedKingdom CostadelSol Spain Arguablyimmigrantsifpermanent. Britishretirees current UnitedKingdom Dordogne France Arguablyimmigrantsifpermanent. BritishRaj 1721–1949 UnitedKingdom India Oftenreferredtoas"Anglo-Indians". Celebritiesandartists 1800s–now various LakeGeneva Switzerland Film-makers 1910s–now Europe LosAngeles UnitedStates "Hollywood" Jetset 1950s–1970s various various LostGeneration 1920s–30s UnitedStates Paris France SeeAMoveableFeast. Modernistartists&writers 1870s–1930s various FrenchRiviera France Oligarchs 1990s–current Russia London[18] UnitedKingdom Salarymen current Japan various SeeJapanesediaspora ShanghaiFrenchConcession 1849–1943 France Shanghai China ShanghaiInternationalSettlement 1863–1945 UnitedKingdom Shanghai China PrecededbyBritishConcession ShanghaiInternationalSettlement 1863–1945 UnitedStates Shanghai China PrecededbyAmericanConcession Taxexiles 1860s(?)–now various MonteCarlo Monaco Thirdculturekids current various various Includes'militarybrats'and'diplobrats'. Duringthe1930s,NaziGermanyrevokedthecitizenshipofmanyopponents,suchasAlbertEinstein,OskarMariaGraf,WillyBrandtandThomasMann,oftenexpatriatingentirefamilies.[19][20] Studentswhostudyinanothercountrymayormaynotbereferredtoasexpatriates.[21][22] Worldwidedistributionofexpats[edit] Furtherinformation:Listofsovereignstatesanddependentterritoriesbyimmigrantpopulation In2002,terroristattacksagainstWesternersattimescurtailedthepartylifestyleofsomeexpatriatecommunities,especiallyintheMiddleEast.[23] Thenumberofexpatriatesintheworldisdifficulttodetermine,sincethereisnogovernmentalcensus.[24]Finaccordestimatedthenumbertobe66.2millionin2017.[25] In2013,theUnitedNationsestimatedthat232millionpeople,or3.2%oftheworldpopulation,livedoutsidetheirhomecountry.[citationneeded] Asof2019,accordingtotheUnitedNations,thenumberofinternationalmigrantsgloballyreachedanestimated272million,or3.5%oftheworldpopulation.[26] Businessexpatriates[edit] Longamongthecomplexitiesoflivinginforeigncountrieshasbeenthemanagementoffinances,includingthepaymentoftaxes;here,a32-pageIRSpublicationfrom1965forAmericanslivingabroad Somemultinationalcorporationssendemployeestoforeigncountriestoworkinbranchofficesorsubsidiaries.Expatriateemployeesallowaparentcompanytomorecloselycontrolitsforeignsubsidiaries.Theycanalsoimproveglobalcoordination.[27] A2007studyfoundthekeydriversforexpatriatestopursueinternationalcareerswere:breadthofresponsibilities,natureoftheinternationalenvironment(riskandchallenge),highlevelsofautonomyofinternationalposts,andculturaldifferences(rethinkingoldways).[28] However,expatriateprofessionalsandindependentexpatriatehiresareoftenmoreexpensivethanlocalemployees.Expatriatesalariesareusuallyaugmentedwithallowancestocompensateforahighercostoflivingorhardshipsassociatedwithaforeignposting.Otherexpensesmayneedtobepaid,suchashealthcare,housing,orfeesataninternationalschool.Thereisalsothecostofmovingafamilyandtheirbelongings.Anotherproblemcanbegovernmentrestrictionsintheforeigncountry.[29][30] Spousesmayhavetroubleadjustingduetocultureshock,lossoftheirusualsocialnetwork,interruptionstotheirowncareer,andhelpingchildrencopewithanewschool.Thesearechiefreasonsgivenforforeignassignmentsendingearly.[31]However,aspousecanalsoactasasourceofsupportforanexpatriateprofessional.[32]Familieswithchildrenhelptobridgethelanguageandcultureaspectofthehostandhomecountry,whilethespouseplaysacriticalroleinbalancingthefamiliesintegrationintotheculture.Somecorporationshavebeguntoincludespousesearlierwhenmakingdecisionsaboutaforeignposting,andoffercoachingoradjustmenttrainingbeforeafamilydeparts.[33]Researchsuggeststhattailoringpre-departurecross-culturaltraininganditsspecificrelevancepositivelyinfluencethefulfilmentofexpectationsinexpatriates'adjustment.[34]Accordingtothe2012GlobalRelocationTrendsSurveyReport,88percentofspousesresistaproposedmove.Themostcommonreasonsforrefusinganassignmentarefamilyconcernsandthespouse'scareer.[35][36] Expatriatefailureisatermwhichhasbeencoinedforanemployeereturningprematurelytotheirhomecountry,orresigning.About7%ofexpatriatesreturnearly,butthisfiguredoesnotincludethosewhoperformpoorlywhileonassignmentorresignentirelyfromacompany.[37]Whenaskedthecostofaprematureexpatriate'sreturn,asurveyof57multinationalcompaniesreportedanaveragecostofaboutUS$225,000.[38] Reasonsandmotivationsforexpatriation[edit] Peoplemoveabroadformanydifferentreasons.[39]Therealisationofwhatmakespeoplemoveisthefirststepintheexpatriationprocess.Peoplecouldbe‘pushed’awayasareactiontospecificsocio-economicorpoliticalconditionsinthehomecountry,or‘pulled’towardsadestinationcountrybecauseofbetterworkopportunities/conditions.The‘pull’canalsoincludepersonalpreferences,suchasclimate,abetterqualityoflife,orthefactthatfamily/friendsarelivingthere.[40][41] Forsomepeople,movingabroadisaconscious,thoroughlyplanneddecision,whileforothersitcouldbea‘spurofthemoment’,spontaneousdecision.Thisdecision,ofcourse,isinfluencedbytheindividual’sgeographic,socioeconomicandpoliticalenvironment;aswellastheirpersonalcircumstances.Themotivationformoving(orstaying)abroadalsogetsadjustedwiththedifferentlifechangesthepersonexperiences–forexample,iftheygetmarried,havechildren,etc.Also,differentpersonalities(orpersonalitytypes)havediversereactionstothechallengesofadjustingtoahost-countryculture;andthesereactionsaffecttheirmotivationstocontinue(ornot)livingabroad.[42][43][44] Inthiseraofinternationalcompetition,itisimportantforcompanies,aswellasforcountries,tounderstandwhatisthatmotivatespeopletomovetoanothercountrytowork.Understandingexpatriates’motivationsforinternationalmobilityallowsorganisationstotailorworkpackagestomatchexpatriates’expectationsinordertoattractand/orretainskilledworkersfromabroad.  Recenttrends[edit] Trendsinrecentyearsamongbusinessexpatriateshaveincluded: Reluctancebyemployeestoacceptforeignassignments,duetospousesalsohavingacareer. Reluctancebymultinationalcorporationstosponsoroverseasassignments,duetoincreasedsensitivitybothtocostsandtolocalcultures.[citationneeded]Itiscommonforanexpattocostatleastthreetimesmorethanacomparablelocalemployee.[45] Short-termassignmentsbecomingmorecommon.[46][35]Theseareassignmentsofseveralmonthstoayearwhichrarelyrequiretheexpatriatefamilytomove.Theycanincludespecificprojects,technologytransfer,orproblem-solvingtasks.[35]In2008,nearlytwo-thirdsofinternationalassignmentsconsistedoflong-termassignments(greaterthanoneyear,typicallythreeyears).In2014,thatnumberfelltojustoverhalf.[47] Self-initiatedexpatriation,whereindividualsthemselvesarrangeacontracttoworkoverseas,ratherthanbeingsentbyaparentcompanytoasubsidiary.[48][49][50][51][52]An'SIE'typicallydoesnotrequireasbigacompensationpackageasdoesatraditionalbusinessexpatriate.Also,spousesofSIEsarelessreluctanttointerrupttheirowncareers,atatimewhendual-careerissuesarearguablyshrinkingthepoolofwillingexpatriates.[53] LocalcompaniesinemergingmarketshiringWesternmanagersdirectly.[54][55][56][57] Commuterassignmentswhichinvolveemployeeslivinginonecountrybuttravellingtoanotherforwork.Thisusuallyoccursonaweeklyorbiweeklyrotation,withweekendsspentathome.[35] Flexpatriates,internationalbusinesstravellerswhotakeaplethoraofshorttripstolocationsaroundtheglobefornegotiations,meetings,trainingandconferences.Theseassignmentsareusuallyofseveralweeksdurationeach.Theirirregularnaturecancausestresswithinafamily.[35] Diversityisbecomingmoreofanissue.ConsultingfirmMercerreportedin2017thatwomenmadeuponly14percentoftheexpatriateworkforceglobally.[58] TheMunich-basedresearchfirmInterNationsconductsasurveyofexpatopinionsandtrends.[59] Academicresearch[edit] Therehasbeenanincreaseinscholarlyresearchintothefieldinrecentyears.Forinstance,EmeraldGroupPublishingin2013launchedTheJournalofGlobalMobility:Thehomeofexpatriatemanagementresearch.[60] S.KCanhilalandR.G.Shemuelisuggestthatsuccessfulexpatriationisdrivenbyacombinationofindividual,organizational,andcontext-relatedfactors.[61]Ofthesefactors,themostsignificanthavebeenoutlinedas:cross-culturalcompetences,spousalsupport,motivationalquestions,timeofassignment,emotionalcompetences,previousinternationalexperience,languagefluency,socialrelationalskills,culturaldifferences,andorganizationalrecruitmentandselectionprocess.[62] Literaryandscreenportrayals[edit] Fiction[edit] Expatriatemilieushavebeenthesettingofmanynovelsandshortstories,oftenwrittenbyauthorswhospentyearslivingabroad.Thefollowingisalistofnotableworksandauthors,byapproximatedateofpublication. 19thcentury:AmericanauthorHenryJamesmovedtoEuropeasayoungmanandmanyofhisnovels,suchasThePortraitofaLady(1881),TheAmbassadors(1903),andTheWingsoftheDove(1902),dealtwithrelationshipsbetweentheNewWorldandtheOld.Fromthe1890sto1920s,Polish-bornJosephConradwroteastringofEnglish-languagenovelsdrawingonhisseagoingexperiencesinfarflungcolonies,includingHeartofDarkness(1899),LordJim(1900)andNostromo(1904). 1900s/1910s:German-AmericanwriterHermanGeorgeScheffauerwasactivefrom1900to1925.EnglishwriterW.SomersetMaugham,aformerspy,setmanyshortstoriesandnovelsoverseas,suchasTheMoonandSixpence(1919)inwhichanEnglishstockbrokerfleestoTahititobecomeanartist,andTheRazor'sEdge(1944)inwhichatraumatisedAmericanpilotseeksmeaninginFranceandIndia.FordMadoxFordusedspatownsinEuropeasthesettingforhisnovelTheGoodSoldier(1915)aboutanAmericancouple,aBritishcouple,andtheirinfidelities. 1920s:APassagetoIndia(1924),oneofthebest-knownbooksbyE.M.Forster,issetagainstthebackdropoftheindependencemovementinIndia.ErnestHemingwayportrayedAmericanmeninperilabroad,beginningwithhisdebutnovel,TheSunAlsoRises(1926). 1930s:GrahamGreenewasakeentravellerandanotherformerspy,andfromthe1930sto1980smanyofhisnovelsandshortstoriesdealtwithEnglishmenstrugglingtocopeinexoticforeignplaces.TenderistheNight(1934),thelastcompletenovelbyF.ScottFitzgerald,wasaboutaglamorousAmericancoupleunravellingintheSouthofFrance.GeorgeOrwelldrewheavilyonhisownexperiencesasacolonialpolicemanforhisnovelBurmeseDays(1934).EvelynWaughsatirisedforeigncorrespondentsinScoop(1938). 1940s:Fromthemid-1940stothe1990s,American-bornPaulBowlessetmanyshortstoriesandnovelsinhisadoptedhomeofMorocco,includingTheShelteringSky(1949).[63]MalcolmLowryinUndertheVolcano(1947)toldthetaleofanalcoholicBritishconsulinMexicoontheDayoftheDead.[64] 1950s:Fromthe1950stothe1990s,AmericanauthorPatriciaHighsmithsetmanyofherpsychologicalthrillersabroad,includingTheTalentedMr.Ripley(1955).JamesBaldwin'snovelGiovanni'sRoom(1956)wasaboutanAmericanmanhavinganaffairinPariswithanItalianbartender.AnthonyBurgessworkedasateacherinMalayaandmadeitthesettingofTheMalayanTrilogy(1956-1959).TheAlexandriaQuartet(1957-1960)wasthebest-knownworkofLawrenceDurrell,whowasborninIndiatoBritishparentsandlivedoverseasformostofhislife. 1960s:EnglishwriterPaulScottisbestknownforTheRajQuartet(1965-1975)dealingwiththefinalyearsoftheBritishEmpireinIndia.JohnleCarrémadeuseofoverseassettingsforTheSpyWhoCameinfromtheCold(1963)andmanyofhissubsequentnovelsaboutBritishspies. 1970s:InTheYearofLivingDangerously(1978),ChristopherKochportrayedthelead-uptoa1965coupinIndonesiathroughtheeyesofanAustralianjournalistandaBritishdiplomat.ACryintheJungleBar(1979)byRobertDreweportrayedanAustralianoutofhisdepthwhileworkingfortheUNinSouth-EastAsia. 1990s:InbothCocaineNights(1996)andSuper-Cannes(2000),J.G.Ballard'sEnglishprotagonistsuncoverdarksecretsinluxuriousgatedcommunitiesintheSouthofFrance. 2000s:Platform(2001)wasFrenchauthorMichelHouellebecq'snovelofEuropeansextouristsinThailand.Prague(2002)wasadebutnovelbyArthurPhillipswhichdealtwithAmericansandCanadiansinHungarytowardstheendoftheColdWar.Shantaram(2003)wasabestsellingnovelbyGregoryDavidRobertsaboutanAustraliancriminalwhofleestoIndia. 2010s:AmericannovelistChrisPavonehassetseveralthrillersoverseassincehisdebutTheExpats(2012).JaniceY.K.LeeinTheExpatriates(2016)dealtwithAmericansinHongKong.TomRachmaninhisdebutnovelTheImperfectionists(2010)wroteofjournalistsworkingforanEnglish-languagenewspaperinRome.[65] Memoirs[edit] Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(September2019) Memoirsofexpatriatelifecanbeconsideredaformoftravelliteraturewithanextendedstayinthehostcountry.Someofthemorenotableexamplesarelistedhereinorderoftheirpublicationdate,andrecountexperiencesofroughlythesamedecadeunlessnotedotherwise. Medieval:InTheTravelsofMarcoPolo(c.1300),RustichellodaPisarecountedthetalesofItalianmerchantMarcoPoloaboutjourneyingtheSilkRoadtoChina. 1930s-1960s:InthefirsthalfofDownandOutinParisandLondon(1933),GeorgeOrwelldescribedalifeoflow-paidsqualorwhileworkinginthekitchensofParisianrestaurants.InTheAmericaThatIHaveSeen(1949),EgyptianIslamistSayyidQutbdenouncedtheUnitedStatesafterstudyingthere.InMyFamilyandOtherAnimals(1956)anditssequels,GeraldDurrelldescribedgrowingupasthebuddingnaturalistinaneccentricEnglishfamilyontheGreekislandofCorfuduringthelate1930s.InAsIWalkedOutOneMidsummerMorning(1969),LaurieLeetoldofbuskingandtrampinginhisyouthacross1930sSpain. 1970s-1990s:InLettersfromHollywood(1986),MichaelMoorcockcorrespondedwithafriendaboutthelifeofanEnglishwriterinLosAngeles.InAYearinProvence(1989),PeterMayleandhisEnglishfamilyadapttolifeinSouthernFrancewhilerenovatinganoldfarmhouse.InNotesfromaSmallIsland(1995),AmericanwriterBillBrysondescribedafarewelltourofBritain. 2000s:InAYearintheMerde(2004)EnglishbachelorStephenClarkerecountedcomicescapadeswhileworkinginParis.InEat,Pray,Love(2006),divorcedAmericanElizabethGilbertsearchedformeaninginItaly,IndiaandIndonesia.IntheearlychaptersofMiraclesofLife(2008),J.G.BallardtoldofhischildhoodandearlyadolescenceinShanghaiduringthe1930sand1940s. 2010s:ThatBearAteMyPants Film[edit] Filmsaboutexpatriatesoftendealwithissuesofcultureshock.Theyincludedramas,comedies,thrillers,action/adventurefilmsandromances.Examples,groupedbyhostcountry,include: Argentina:HappyTogether Austria:BeforeSunrise,TheThirdMan. Belize:TheMosquitoCoast. Cambodia:CityofGhosts. China:IronandSilk,ThePaintedVeil,SevenYearsinTibet,Lucy.. France:AnAmericaninParis,Charade,DirtyRottenScoundrels,AGoodYear,KillingZoe,MidnightinParis,TheModerns,Ninotchka,ToCatchaThief,Breathless. HongKong:LoveIsaMany-SplendoredThing,TheWorldofSuzieWong. India:BestExoticMarigoldHotel,CarryOnUptheKhyber,Outsourced,APassagetoIndia. Indonesia:TheYearofLivingDangerously. Italy:ThreeCoinsintheFountain,UndertheTuscanSun. Japan:LostinTranslation,Mr.Baseball. Kenya:Clarence,theCross-EyedLion,BornFree,OutofAfrica. Mexico:TreasureoftheSierraMadre. Morocco:Casablanca,NakedLunch,TheShelteringSky. Peru:SecretoftheIncas. SaudiArabia:AHologramfortheKing. Spain:Barcelona,SexyBeast,VickyCristinaBarcelona. Thailand:TheBeach,TheKingandI Uganda:TheLastKingofScotland. UnitedKingdom:TheAdventuresofBarryMcKenzie,StrawDogs. UnitedStates:Borat,ComingtoAmerica,CrocodileDundee,HowToLoseFriendsAndAlienatePeople,LeningradCowboysGoAmerica. Vietnam:TheQuietAmerican(1958)and(2002). Unnamed/various:Eat,Pray,Love;TheUglyAmerican;TheWagesofFear,LostHorizon(1937)and(1973). Television[edit] Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(September2019) Realitytelevisionhasdealtwithoverseasrealestate(HouseHuntersInternationalandAPlaceintheSun),wealthyRussiansinLondon(MeettheRussians),Britishexpatcouples(NoGoingBack)andmismanagedrestaurants(Ramsay'sCostadelNightmares). ThefinaldecadesoftheBritishRajhavebeenportrayedindramas(TheJewelintheCrownandIndianSummers).Diplomatsonaforeignpostinghavebeenthebasisfordrama(Embassy),documentary(TheEmbassy)andcomedy(Ambassadors).BritishwritersinHollywoodhavebeenthesubjectofcomedy(Episodes).OthersettingsincludeBritishdoctorsincontemporaryIndia(TheGoodKarmaHospital)andaseriesofBritishdetectivespostedtoanidyllicCaribbeanisland(DeathinParadise). 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