In-text citation - APA 6th Referencing Style Guide

In-text citations - Author and date · Put the title in quotation marks: · Crothers (2016) found that... · Use "and" between two authors in the text ... SkiptoMainContent Itlookslikeyou'reusingInternetExplorer11orolder.ThiswebsiteworksbestwithmodernbrowserssuchasthelatestversionsofChrome,Firefox,Safari,andEdge.Ifyoucontinuewiththisbrowser,youmayseeunexpectedresults. AUTLibraryLibraryGuidesAPA6thReferencingStyleGuideIn-textcitation SearchthisGuide Search APA6thReferencingStyleGuide ThisguideintroducestheAPAreferencingstylewithexamplesofcitationstylesfordifferenttypesofresources. ReferencingandAPAstyleAPAreferencingstyleIn-textcitationGeneralrulesIn-textcitations-AuthoranddateAuthors-summaryTwoormorereferencesinin-textcitationDirectquotesParaphrasingSecondarycitationsReferencelistArticlesBooksWebsitesTV,film&videoTables,figures&imagesReportsConferencesThesesPersonalcommunicationsLecturenotesSocialmediaComputersoftware&mobileapplicationsLegislation&casesStandards&patentsSpecifichealthexamplesExhibitioncatalogue Generalrules Authoranddatearethekeycomponentsinthein-textcitationoftheAPAreferencingstyle.    Noauthor:whenauthorinformationisnotavailable,usethesourcetitletoreplacetheauthor'sposition.   Dates: givethemonthformonthlies givethemonthanddayforweeklies ifthejournalormagazinegivesaseason,notamonth,includethat:e.g.(2008,Spring) Pagerange: Useanendash,NOTahyphen,forpageranges:e.g.21–27.Anendash(–)iswiderthanahyphen(-). Nogapsbetweenthepagenumbersandtheendash HowtoaddanendashinMicrosoftWordifyouareusingafullPCkeyboard:holdtheControlkeyandtypetheminussignonthesmallnumerickeypad.           NB:Ifyourkeyboard willnotproduceanendash,itisacceptabletouseahypheninstead. Seethe PublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation (2010,p.97)formoredetailontheuseofhyphensanddashesinAPAstyle. In-textcitations-Authoranddate Noauthor Usethefirstfewwordsofthetitle,orthecompletetitleifshort.  Putthetitleinquotationmarks:  Thisresearchhighlightsthedebatearoundnuclearweapons("NukeTestInquiry," 2009).  Thisdefinition("CollinsConciseNewZealandDictionary," 2008)shows... If itisthetitleofapublicationputitinitalicsinthetext:  Thisdefinitionfromthe CollinsConciseNewZealandDictionary (2008)shows... Oneauthor Crothers(2016)foundthat... or ...(Crothers,2016). Twoauthors Use"and"betweentwoauthorsinthetext:  WalkerandAllen(2004)said... Use"&"betweentwoauthorsinthecitation:  ...tostopsmoking(Walker&Allen,2004)... Three,fourorfiveauthors Firstcitation includeallauthors:  ...asthefindingssuggested(Alred, Brusaw,& Oliu,2009). Subsequentcitationsincludethefirstauthorandetal.:  ....inthesamestudy(Alred etal.,2009)... Sixormoreauthors Citeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthor,etal.andtheyear:  Kosslyn etal.(1996)foundthat... WithanAnonymousauthor (Anonymous,2016). Corporateauthors Wellknowncorporateauthor: Firstcitation:  Theresearchindicates(InlandRevenueDepartment[IRD],2007)... Subsequentcitation:  ...suggestedbyrecentstatistics(IRD,2010). Unabbreviatedcorporateauthors-writethecorporateauthorinfulleverytimeifitisnotwellknownbyabbreviation:  ...onstudentretention(TheUniversityofAuckland,2010)... Oneauthor,multipleworkspublishedinthesameyear Iftheyearofpublicationisthesameforbothadd'a'and'b'aftertheyear.  ...asresearchhasshown(Rush, 2015a,2015b).  Forreferencesthatareinpressorthathavenodate(n.d.)   (inpress-a)and(inpress-b)  (n.d.-a)and(n.d.-b) Twoormoreworksbythesameauthor ...Pastresearch(Gogel,1990,2006,inpress) Twoormoreworksbydifferent authors ...Severalstudies(Derryberry&Reed,2005a,2005b,inpress-a;Rothbart,2003) Listauthorsalphabetically Authorswiththesamesurname   F.Kelly(2010)andA.Kelly(2016)describedthat... or (F.Kelly,2010;A.Kelly,2016)....   Ifleadauthorssharethesamesurname,includeauthor'sinitialsinallin-textcitationseveniftheyearofpublicationdiffers.   Authorswiththesamesurnameandfirstinitial   (Paul,Janet,1876),(PierreJanet,1906)   Ifleadauthorssharethesamesurnameandfirstinitial,fullfirstnameshouldbeincludedinallin-textcitationseveniftheyearofpublicationdiffers.   Authors-summary Authors-in-textcitations inbrackets use&betweenauthors: (Walker&Allen,2004) inasentence useandbetweenauthors:    WalkerandAllen(2004)arguethat.... Summary Author/s Firstcitation  intext Subsequentcitations intext Referencelist 1-2 Bothauthors Bothauthors Bothauthors 3-5 Allauthors Firstauthor etal. Allauthors 6-7 Firstauthoretal. Firstauthoretal. Allauthors 8+ Firstauthoretal. Firstauthoretal. First6authors ...lastauthor Corporateauthor (if abbreviated) inasentence: MinistryofHealth(MoH,2009) inbrackets: (MinistryofHealth[MoH],2009) inasentence: MoH(2009) inbrackets: (MoH,2009) MinistryofHealth Seesection6.1inthePublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6thedition. Twoormorereferencesinin-textcitation Ifyouneedtocitetwoormorereferencesinanin-textcitation,orderthecitationsalphabetically. (Allen,2004;Smith1999;Tsvetkova,2018) Directquotes Whenyouincludeasentenceorwordsreproducedfrom atext(book,article,etc.)inyourwriting,youshouldfollowtheAPAstylefordirectquotations.Yourin-textcitationfordirectquotationsshouldincludeauthor,date,andpagenumbers. Shortdirectquotes(fewerthan40words) Hearguedforwhathecalled"anewintellectualframework"(Smith,2001,p.378). Smith(2001)arguedthat"..."(p.378). Asshepostulated,"..."(Jones,2010,pp.111–112). Whenadirectquotationisincorporatedintoyourtext,enclosein"..."andgivetheexactpagenumberinyourcitationprecededbyp. Forquotesacrossmorethanonepage,usepp.   Quotesinthemiddleofasentence Smith(2001)foundthat"..."(p.378),whichcontributedtothefinalnegativeoutcome.   Longdirectquotes(40wordsormore) In2001,Smithfoundthefollowing:      Manyyoungpeoplecanbeencouragedtostopsmokingby      introducingspecificmeasuresincluding...dependenceupon      tobacco.(pp.378–379) Introducethequotationfirstwithacolon Quotationshouldstartonanewline Indenttheblockofthequotation1/2inchfromtheleftmargin(inthesamepositionyouwouldstartanewparagraph) Noquotationmarks Usethreespacedellipsispoints(...)formissingwordsinasentence Exactpagenumber,inbrackets,afterthefullstopattheendofthequote   Directquotebutnopagenumbers Generally,inorderofpreference,giveAuthor/s,year,plus: pagenumbers orparagraphnumbers(e.g.para.4). orheadings(e.g.Discussionsection,para.1). orshortenedheadings(e.g."MandatoryLabellingHasTargeted,"para.4). ReferenceList-referencethisarticleasusualbutwithoutpagenumbers   Quoteswithmistakes "Sicknessoccurredevenwhenreel[sic]drugswereadministered"(Miele,1993). Insert[sic]afterthemisspelledword.Sicshouldbeitalicisedandinbrackets   Addingemphasis "Futhermore,thebehaviourswereneverexhibitedagain[emphasisadded],evenwhenthecorrectdosagewasgiven."(Miele,1993). Whenyou,nottheauthor,areaddingemphasistothewordsinaquotation,italicisethewordsandfollowby[emphasisadded]. Seesections6.03-6.09and4.08inthePublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6thedition. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Whenyourewritesomeoneelse'sideasinyourownwordsyoumustacknowledgethemwithan intextcitation.Thecitationshouldfitsmoothlywithinyoursentence. McFeely(2001)arguesthatyoungpeoplecanbeencouragedtostopsmokingby... ...areprovenmethodstoencourageyoungpeopletostopsmoking(McFeely,2001).   Twoormorecitations (Read,2007;Smith,2009) (Edeline&Weinberger,1991,1993) Samealphabeticalorderasinyourreferencelist Separatedbyasemicolon; Givetheauthors'surnamesonceonly   Repeatedcitationsinthesameparagraph Amongepidemiologicalsamples,Kessler(2003)foundthatearlyonset socialanxietydisorder...resultsinamorepotentandseverediscourse. Kessleralsofoundbraindamage....Thestudyalsoshowedthattherewas ahighrateofcomorbiditywithalcoholabuseordependenceandmajor depression(Kessler,2003). Whentheauthor'snameispartofthenarrative,onlycitetheyearofpublicationinbrackets.Otherwise,alwaysgiveboththenameandtheyearinbrackets. Usethreespacedellipsispoints(...)formissingwordsinasentence; Usefourforanentiremissingsentence(thefirst.indicatesthefullstopattheendofthefirstquotedsentence) Whentoincludetheyearincitationsappearingmorethanonceinaparagraph Seesection6.11,p.174inthePublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6thedition. Seesection6.08,p.172inthePublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6thedition.   Noauthor Article,chapterorwebpage: ....onfreecare("StudyFindsCare,"2007) Usethefirstfewwordsofthereferencelistentry(usuallythetitle)andtheyear Putdoublequotationmarksaroundthetitleofanarticleorawebsite;usecapitals Periodical,book,brochureorreport: ....inthebookCollegeBoundSeniors(2008) Useitalicsandcapitals Seesections6.15inthePublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6thedition. Secondarycitations Asecondarycitationiswhereyouarecitinginformationorquotestheauthorofyourreference hastakenfromsourcethatyouhavenot read. In-textcitation: Seidenberg andMcClelland’sstudy,conductedin1990 (ascitedin Coltheart,Curtis,Atkins,& Haller,1993),showsthat... ...assomestudiesshow(Seidenberg & McClelland,ascitedin Coltheart,Curtis,Atkins,& Haller,1993). Nametheauthoroftheoriginalworkinyourtext,citethesecondarysourceinin-textcitation:(ascitedin...,1993) Referencelistentry:  Coltheart,M.,Curtis,B.Atkins,P.,&Haller,M.(1993).Modelsofreadingaloud:Dual-routeandparallel-distributed-processingapproaches.PsychologicalReview,100,589–608. Givethesecondarysourceinthereferencelist. <>