In-Text Citations - APA (7th Edition) Referencing Guide - JCU ...

For APA, you use the authors' surnames only and the year in text. If you are using a direct quote, you will also need to use a page number. SkiptoMainContent Itlookslikeyou'reusingInternetExplorer11orolder.ThiswebsiteworksbestwithmodernbrowserssuchasthelatestversionsofChrome,Firefox,Safari,andEdge.Ifyoucontinuewiththisbrowser,youmayseeunexpectedresults. LibraryLibraryGuidesHowtoGuidesAPA(7thEdition)ReferencingGuideIn-TextCitations SearchthisGuide Search APA(7thEdition)ReferencingGuide GuidetoAPAcitationstyleusingthe7thEditionoftheAPAStyleManual. APA7thHomeToggleDropdownInformationforEndNoteUsersAuthors-Numbers,RulesandFormattingDatesIn-TextCitationsCheckwithyourlecturerEverythingmustmatch!TypesofcitationsIn-textcitationsQuoting,summarisingandparaphrasingExampletextwithin-textreferencingSlightlytrickyin-textcitationsOrganisationasanauthorReferenceListBooks&BookChaptersToggleDropdownBooks&eBooksBookchaptersJournalArticlesConferencePapersNewspaperArticlesWebPages&DocumentsSpecialisedHealthDatabasesImages,Figures&TablesToggleDropdownUsingVisualWorksinAssignments&ClassPresentationsUsingVisualWorksinThesesandPublicationsUsingTablesinAssignments&ClassPresentationsClassHandouts&LectureNotesToggleDropdownCustomTextbooks&BooksofReadingsOtherOnlineMaterialToggleDropdownABSANDAIHWVideos(YouTube),Podcasts&WebinarsBlogPostsandSocialMediaOtherSourcesToggleDropdownDictionaryandEncyclopediaEntriesLegalMapsPersonalCommunicationThesesandDissertationsFilm/TV/DVDOwnWorkWhatIf...?APAFormatforAssignmentsFAQsOtherGuides Checkwithyourlecturer Thisisaguidetothe7thEditionofAPAstyle,whichisarecentupdatetotheAPAcitationstyle. YourlecturermaypreferAPA6thEdition.CheckyoursubjectoutlinetoseewhichversionofAPAyouhavebeenaskedtouse.IfthesubjectoutlinedoesnotspecifywhichAPAeditionyoushouldbeusing,pleasecheckwithyourlecturer. IfyouaresupposedtouseAPA6thEdition,pleasegototheAPA(6thEdition)ReferencingGuide: In-textcitations(APA6th) Forthe6thEditionoftheAPAstyle Everythingmustmatch! Remember,youhavetociteeverypieceofinformationthatcamefromanothersource,whetherornotitisinyourownwords.Everythingcitedinthetextmustappearinthereferencelist,andeverythinginyourreferencelistmustbesomethingyouhavereferredtointext.Makesureyoudon'thaveanythinginoneplacethatisn'tintheother. Typesofcitations Therearetwobasicwaystocitesomeone'sworkintext. Innarrativecitations,theauthorsarepartofthesentence-youarereferringtothembyname.Forexample: Becker(2013)definedgamificationasgivingthemechanicsofprinciplesofagametootheractivities. ChoandCastañeda(2019)notedthatgame-likeactivitiesarefrequentlyusedinlanguageclassesthatadoptmobileandcomputertechnologies. Inparentheticalcitations,theauthorsarenotmentionedinthesentence,justthecontentoftheirwork.Placethecitationattheendofthesentenceorclausewhereyouhaveusedtheirinformation.Theauthor'snamesareplacedinthebrackets(parentheses)withtherestofthecitationdetails: Gamificationinvolvesgivingthemechanicsorprinciplesofagametoanotheractivity(Becker,2013). Increasingly,game-likeactivitiesarefrequentlyusedinlanguageclassesthatadoptmobileandcomputertechnologies(Cho&Castañeda,2019). In-textcitations Usingreferencesintext ForAPA,youusetheauthors'surnamesonlyandtheyearintext.Ifyouareusingadirectquote,youwillalsoneedtouseapagenumber. Narrativecitations: Ifanin-textcitationhastheauthors'namesaspartofthesentence(thatis,outsideofbrackets)placetheyearandpagenumbersinbracketsimmediatelyafterthename,anduse'and'betweentheauthors'names: JonesandSmith(2020,p.29) Parentheticalcitations: Ifanin-textcitationhastheauthors'names in bracketsuse "&"betweentheauthors'names: (Jones&Smith,2020,p.29). Note:Somelecturerswantpagenumbersforallcitations,whilesomeonlywantpagenumberswithdirectquotes.Checkwithyourlecturertoseewhatyouneedtodoforyourassignment. 1 author Smith(2020)foundthat"themicedisappearedwithinminutes"(pp.29-30). Theauthor stated"themicedisappearedwithinminutes"(Smith,2020,p.29). 2authors JonesandSmith(2020)foundthat"themicedisappearedwithinminutes"(pp.29-30). Theauthorsstated"themicedisappearedwithinminutes"(Jones&Smith,2020,p.29). For3ormoreauthors,usethefirstauthorand"etal."forallin-textcitations Greenetal.'s(2019)findingsindicatedthattheinterventionwasnotbasedonevidencefromclinicaltrials. Itappearstheinterventionwasnotbasedonevidencefromclinicaltrials(Greenetal.,2019).   Ifyoucitemorethanoneworkinthesamesetofbracketsintext,yourcitationswillgointhesameorderinwhichtheywillappearinyourreferencelist(i.e.alphabeticalorder,thenoldesttonewestforworksbythesameauthor)andbeseparatedbyasemi-colon.E.g.: (Corbin,2015;James&Waterson,2017;Smithetal.,2016). (Corbin,2015;2018) (QueenslandHealth,2017a;2017b) Useonlythe surnames ofyourauthors intext (e.g.,Smith&Brown,2014)-however,ifyouhavetwoauthorswiththesamesurnamewhohavepublishedinthesameyear,thenyouwillneedtousetheirinitialstodistinguishbetweenthetwoofthem(e.g.,K.Smith,2014;N.Smith,2014). Otherwise,donotuseinitialsintext. Quoting,summarisingandparaphrasing Quoting Summarising Paraphrasing Quotingiswhenyouhaveusedtheexactwordsfromyoursource.Youshouldalwaysputthewordsthatcomeexactly(wordforword)in"quotationmarks",andanin-textcitationinthecorrectformatforyourreferencingstyle. Itisalwaysagoodideatokeepdirectquotestoaminimum.Quotingdoesn'tshowcaseyourwritingability-allitshowsisthatyoucanread(plus,lecturershatereadingassignmentswithalotofquotes). Youshouldonlyusedirectquotesiftheexactwordingisimportant,otherwiseitisbettertoparaphrase. Ifyoufeeladirectquoteisappropriate,trytokeeponlythemostimportantpartofthequoteandavoidlettingittakeuptheentiresentence-alwaysstartorendthesentencewithyourownwordstotiethequotebackintoyourassignment.Longquotes(morethan40words)arecalled"blockquotes"andarerarelyusedinmostsubjectareas(theymostlybelonginLiterature,Historyorsimilarsubjects).Eachreferencingstylehasrulesforsettingoutablockquote.Checkwithyourstyleguide. Ithasbeenobservedthat"pinkfairyarmadillosseemtobeextremelysusceptibletostress"(Superina,2011,p.6). NB!Mostreferencingstyleswillrequireapagenumbertotellreaderswheretofindtheoriginalquote. Summarisingiswhenyoutakealargeamountoftext(forexample,severalparagraphsorawholedocument)and"boilitdown"tothemostimportantfactsortheessenceoftheargument.Youthengivethis"inanutshell"versioninyourownwords. Itisatypeofparaphrasing,andyouwillbeusingthisfrequentlyinyourassignments,butnotethatsummarisinganotherperson'sworkorargumentisn'tshowinghowyoumakeconnectionsorunderstandimplications.Thisispreferredtoquoting,butwherepossibletrytogobeyondsimplysummarisinganotherperson'sinformationwithout"addingvalue". And,remember,thewordsmustbeyourownwords.Ifyouusetheexactwordingfromtheoriginalatanytime,thosewordsmustbetreatedasadirectquote. Allinformationmustbecited,evenifitisinyourownwords. Superina(2011)observedacaptivepinkfairyarmadillo,andnoticedanyvariationinitsenvironmentcouldcausegreatstress. NB!Somelecturersandcitationstyleswantpagenumbersforeverythingyoucite,othersonlywantpagenumbersfordirectquotes.Checkwithyourlecturer. Paraphrasingiswhenyoutakethecoreideafromtheoriginaltext,andrewriteitcompletelyinyourownwords(and"voice"). Paraphrasingofteninvolvescommentingabouttheinformationatthesametime,andthisiswhereyoucanreallyshowyourunderstandingofthetopic.Youshouldtrytodothiswithineveryparagraphinthebodyofyourassignment. Whenparaphrasing,itisimportanttorememberthatusingathesaurustochangeeveryotherwordisn'treallyparaphrasing.It'spatchwriting,andit'sakindofplagiarism(asyouarenotcreatingoriginalwork). Useyourownvoice!Yousoundlikeyouwhenyouwrite-youhaveadistinctivestylethatisallyourown,andwhenyour"tone"suddenlychangesforasectionofyourassignment,itlookshighlysuspicious.Yourlecturerstartstowonderifyoureallywrotethatpartyourself.Makesureyouhavegenuinelythoughtabouthow*you*wouldwritethisinformation,andthattheparaphrasingreallyisinyourownwords. Alwaysciteyoursources!Evenifyouhavedrawnfromthreedifferentpaperstowritethisonesentence,whichiscompletelyinyourownwords,youstillhavetociteyoursourcesforthatsentence(oh,andexcellentwork,bytheway). Captivepinkfairyarmadillosdonotrespondwelltochangesintheirenvironmentandcanbeeasilystressed(Superina,2011). NB!Somelecturersandcitationstyleswantpagenumbersforallcitations,othersonlywantthemfordirectquotes.Checkwithyourlecturer. Exampletextwithin-textreferencing Thisexampleparagraphcontainsmouse-overtext.Runyourmouseovertheparagraphtoseenotesonformatting. Excerptfrom"TheBigFakeEssay" Thepurposeofanessayistoexploreagiventopicoransweraquestion,sothecontentmustadequatelyfulfillthispurposeInAPAformatting,youshouldindentthefirstlineofeachparagraphonetabspace..Thewriterneedstoconsidertheaudienceforthepaper,thetaskthathasbeensetandthetopicthatneedstobecovered(Soles&Soles,2005)Yourlecturermaywantpagenumbersforeverycitation.Ifso,thiswouldbeformattedlikethis:(Soles&Soles,2005,pp.1-10).Alsonotetheuseofthe&symbol-youonlyusethisinthebrackets.Inthesentenceyouwouldusetheword"and"..Heorsheneedstounderstandthetopicwell,throughreadingwidelyandcritically,inordertowriteclearlyandcomfortablyinanacademicstyle(Caron,2008). Foraresearchessay,itisimportanttofindawidevarietyofinformationfromvarioussourcesandtouseiteffectivelyinthebodyoftheessay–aswellanensuringithasbeencitedcorrectly(Barnetetal.,2013;Drew&Bingham,2010).Notethatwhenthesameinformationhascomefrommorethanonesource,youputthecitationsinalphabeticalorderwithinthebracketsandseparatethemwithasemicolon.Appropriateandcorrectreferencingisimportantforavoidingplagiarism,whichisaconcernforundergraduatestudentsandtheirmarkers(Löfström,2011). Löfström(2011)goesontostatethat“students’conceptionsofplagiarismwerecharacterizedbyanxietyandfear,concernsaboutacademicandlegalconsequences,andperceivedsanctions”(p.259).Thissentenceincludesadirectquotefromthe Löfström text.Notetheauthordetailsarepartofthesentence.Thereforethepagenumberappearsattheendofthequote. Agoodwritermustbecriticalandthoughtfulinregardstotheresearchpresentedinhisorheressayandpresentthebestinformationthatcouldbefound. Whilesomeessaysmayrequiretheauthortoprovidetheirownexperiencesandopinions,formostacademicessaysitisnormallyexpectedthatthewriterwillconsiderthetopicobjectively(H.Hooper,personalcommunication,February14,2020).Becausetheydon'tproviderecoverabledata,personalcommunicationsarenotincludedinthereferencelist.Citeintextonly.Examplesofpersonalcommunicationsincludeemails,interviews,privateletters,telephoneconversations. Lecturesthatyouhaveheard"live"andarenotuploadedaswebcontentalsofallintothiscategory.Basically,whenthereisnoretrievablesourcedocument,onemayuseanin-text"personalcommunication"citationOnecanconcludethatchoosingappropriateacademiclanguage,aswellasofferingawell-researchedandcarefullyconsideredargument,isimportant.Thecompositionoftheessayreliesasmuchonthecontentasitdoesonthestructure.   YoucanreadtheentireBigFakeEssayontheWritingGuide.Itincludesmoredetailsaboutacademicwritingandtheformattingofessays. TheBigFakeEssay AcademicWritingWorkshop Slightlytrickyin-textcitations Whenyouhavemultipleauthorswiththesamesurnamewhopublishedinthesameyear: Ifyourauthorshavedifferentinitials,thenincludetheinitials: AsA.Smith(2016)noted... ...whichwasconfirmedbyJ.G.Smith's(2016)study. (A.Smith,2016;J.G.Smith,2016). Ifyourauthorshavethesameinitials,thenincludethename: AsAdamSmithnoted... ...whichwasconfirmedbyAmySmith's(2016)study. (AdamSmith,2016;AmySmith,2016). Note:Inyourreferencelist,youwouldincludetheauthor'sfirstnamein[squarebrackets]aftertheirinitials: Smith,A.[Adam].(2016)... Smith,A.[Amy].(2016)... Whenyouhavemultipleworksbythesameauthorinthesameyear: Inyourreferencelist,youwillhavearrangedtheworksalphabeticallybytitle(seethepageonReferenceListsformoreinformation).Thisdecideswhichreferenceis"a","b","c",andsoon.Youcitethemintextaccordingly: AsthmaisthemostcommondiseaseaffectingtheQueenslandpopulation(QueenslandHealth,2017b).However,manypeopledonotknowhowtomanagetheirasthmasymptoms(QueenslandHealth,2017a). Whenyouhavemultipleworksbythesameauthorindifferent years: AsthmaisthemostcommondiseaseaffectingtheQueenslandpopulation(QueenslandHealth,2017,2018).  Whenyoudonothaveanauthor,andyourreferencelistentrybeginswiththetitle: Usethetitleinplaceoftheauthor'sname,andplaceitin"quotationmarks"ifitisthetitleofanarticleorbookchapter,orinitalicsifthetitlewouldgoinitalicsinyourreferencelist: Duringthe2017presidentialinauguration,thereweresomemomentsofawkwardness("Mrs.ObamaSays‘LovelyFrame’",2018). Note:Youdonotneedtousetheentiretitle,butareasonableportionsothatitdoesnotendtooabruptly-"Mrs.ObamaSays"wouldbetooabrupt,butthefulltitle"Mrs.ObamaSays'LovelyFrame'inBoxDuringAwkwardHandoff"isunecessarilylong.Youshouldalsousetitlecasefortitleswhenreferringtotheminthetextofyourwork. Iftherearenopagenumbers,youcanincludeanyofthefollowinginthein-textcitation: Ifparagraphnumbersarevisibleusetheminplaceofpagenumbers;alternatively,youcouldcountparagraphsdownfromthebeginningofthedocument.Usetheabbreviation'para.' "OnAustraliaDay1938WilliamCooper...joinedforceswithJackPattenandWilliamFerguson...toholdaDayofMourningtodrawattentiontothelossessufferedbyAboriginalpeopleatthehandsofthewhiteman" (NationalMuseumofAustralia,n.d.,para.4). Ifthedocumentcontainsheadingsbutnopagenumbersorparagraphnumbers,usethe headingplusaparagraphnumberwithinthatsection. "in1957newsofareportbytheWesternAustraliangovernmentprovidedthecatalystforareformmovement"(NationalMuseumofAustralia,n.d.,Thecatalystforchangesection,para.1) Iftheheadingistoolongyoucanshortenitandplaceitin"quotationmarks".Inthiscasethefullheadingwas"AlickJackomosrecallspetition-gatheringforthereferendumwithDougNicholls" "Bytheendofthisyearofintenseactivityover100,000signatureshadbeencollected"(NationalMuseumofAustralia,n.d.,"petitiongathering", para.1). Whenyouarecitingaclassicalwork,liketheBibleortheQuran: Referencestoworksofscriptureorotherclassicalworksaretreateddifferentlytoregularcitations.SeetheAPABlog'sentryformoredetails: HappyHolidayCiting:CitationofClassicalWorks.(Pleasenote,thisdocumentisfromthe6theditionofAPA). Organisationasanauthor Intextcitation: Ifthenameoftheorganisationfirstappearsinanarrativecitation,includetheabbreviationbeforetheyearinbrackets,separatedwithacomma.Usetheofficialacronym/abreviationifyoucanfindit.Otherwisecheckwithyourlecturerforpermissiontocreateyourownacronyms. AustralianBureauofStatistics(ABS,2013)showsthat... TheQueenslandDepartmentofEducation(DoE,2020)encouragesstudentsto...(pleasenote,Queenslandisn'tpartofthedepartment'sname,itisusedinthesentencetoprovideclarity) Ifthenameoftheorganisationfirstappearsinacitationinbrackets,includetheabbreviationinsquarebrackets. (AustralianBureauofStatistics[ABS],2013) (DepartmentofEducation[DoE],2020) Inthesecondandsubsequentcitations,onlyincludetheabbreviationoracronym ABS (2013)foundthat... DoE(2020)instructsteachersto... Thisisdisputed(ABS,2013). Resourcesaredesignedtosupport"emotionallearningpedagogy"(DoE,2020) Inthereferencelist: Usethefullnameoftheorganisationinthereferencelist. Example: AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare.(2017). Australia'swelfare2017.https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/australias-welfare-2017/contents/table-of-contents DepartmentofEducation.(2020,April22).Respectfulrelationshipseducationprogram.QueenslandGovernment.https://education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/stages-of-schooling/respectful-relationships <> WeacknowledgetheAustralianAboriginalandTorresStraitIslanderpeoplesasthefirstinhabitantsofthenationandacknowledgeTraditionalOwnersofthelandswhereourstaffandstudents,live,learnandwork.