322 , as amended, known as the Clean Air Act, which was formerly classified ... shall continue in full force and effect after the date of enactment of this ...
[USC02]42USCCh.85:AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROL
Result1of1
Current
2018Ed.andSupplementII(1/13/2021)Titles1to41
2018Ed.andSupplementI(1/24/2020)
2018MainEd.(1/14/2019)
2012Ed.andSupplementV(1/12/2018)
2012Ed.andSupplementIV(1/6/2017)
2012Ed.andSupplementIII(1/3/2016)
2012Ed.andSupplementII(1/5/2015)
2012Ed.andSupplementI(1/16/2014)
2012MainEd.(1/15/2013)
2006Ed.andSupplementV(1/3/2012)
2006Ed.andSupplementIV(1/7/2011)
2006Ed.andSupplementIII(2/1/2010)
2006Ed.andSupplementII(1/5/2009)
2006Ed.andSupplementI(1/8/2008)
2006MainEd.(1/3/2007)
2000Ed.andSupplementV(1/2/2006)
2000Ed.andSupplementIV(1/3/2005)
2000Ed.andSupplementIII(1/19/2004)
2000Ed.andSupplementII(1/6/2003)
2000Ed.andSupplementI(1/22/2002)
2000MainEd.(1/2/2001)
1994Ed.andSupplementV(1/23/2000)
1994Ed.andSupplementIV(1/5/1999)
1994Ed.andSupplementIII(1/26/1998)
1994Ed.andSupplementII(1/6/1997)
1994Ed.andSupplementI(1/16/1996)
1994MainEd.(1/4/1995)
BacktoOriginalDocument
<>
[Print]
[Printselection]
[OLRCHome]Help
TEXTOFPARTVOFSUBTITLEA(3001ETSEQ.),EFFECTIVEJANUARY1,2022,CURRENTLYSETOUTASAPREVIEW
42USCCh.85:AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROL
FromTitle42—THEPUBLICHEALTHANDWELFARE
CHAPTER85—AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROL
SUBCHAPTERI—PROGRAMSANDACTIVITIES
PartA—AirQualityandEmissionLimitations
Sec.
7401.Congressionalfindingsanddeclarationofpurpose.
7402.Cooperativeactivities.
7403.Research,investigation,training,andotheractivities.
7404.Researchrelatingtofuelsandvehicles.
7405.Grantsforsupportofairpollutionplanningandcontrolprograms.
7406.Interstateairqualityagencies;programcostlimitations.
7407.Airqualitycontrolregions.
7408.Airqualitycriteriaandcontroltechniques.
7409.Nationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandards.
7410.Stateimplementationplansfornationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandards.
7411.Standardsofperformancefornewstationarysources.
7412.Hazardousairpollutants.
7413.Federalenforcement.
7414.Recordkeeping,inspections,monitoring,andentry.
7415.Internationalairpollution.
7416.RetentionofStateauthority.
7417.Advisorycommittees.
7418.ControlofpollutionfromFederalfacilities.
7419.Primarynonferroussmelterorders.
7420.Noncompliancepenalty.
7421.Consultation.
7422.Listingofcertainunregulatedpollutants.
7423.Stackheights.
7424.AssuranceofadequacyofStateplans.
7425.Measurestopreventeconomicdisruptionorunemployment.
7426.Interstatepollutionabatement.
7427.Publicnotification.
7428.Stateboards.
7429.Solidwastecombustion.
7430.Emissionfactors.
7431.Landuseauthority.
PartB—OzoneProtection
7450to7459.Repealed.
PartC—PreventionofSignificantDeteriorationofAirQuality
subparti—cleanair
7470.Congressionaldeclarationofpurpose.
7471.Planrequirements.
7472.Initialclassifications.
7473.Incrementsandceilings.
7474.Arearedesignation.
7475.Preconstructionrequirements.
7476.Otherpollutants.
7477.Enforcement.
7478.Periodbeforeplanapproval.
7479.Definitions.
subpartii—visibilityprotection
7491.VisibilityprotectionforFederalclassIareas.
7492.Visibility.
PartD—PlanRequirementsforNonattainmentAreas
subpart1—nonattainmentareasingeneral
7501.Definitions.
7502.Nonattainmentplanprovisionsingeneral.
7503.Permitrequirements.
7504.Planningprocedures.
7505.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencygrants.
7505a.Maintenanceplans.
7506.LimitationsoncertainFederalassistance.
7506a.Interstatetransportcommissions.
7507.Newmotorvehicleemissionstandardsinnonattainmentareas.
7508.Guidancedocuments.
7509.Sanctionsandconsequencesoffailuretoattain.
7509a.Internationalborderareas.
subpart2—additionalprovisionsforozonenonattainmentareas
7511.Classificationsandattainmentdates.
7511a.Plansubmissionsandrequirements.
7511b.Federalozonemeasures.
7511c.Controlofinterstateozoneairpollution.
7511d.EnforcementforSevereandExtremeozonenonattainmentareasforfailuretoattain.
7511e.Transitionalareas.
7511f.NOxandVOCstudy.
subpart3—additionalprovisionsforcarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareas
7512.Classificationandattainmentdates.
7512a.Plansubmissionsandrequirements.
subpart4—additionalprovisionsforparticulatematternonattainmentareas
7513.Classificationsandattainmentdates.
7513a.Planprovisionsandschedulesforplansubmissions.
7513b.IssuanceofRACMandBACMguidance.
subpart5—additionalprovisionsforareasdesignatednonattainmentforsulfuroxides,nitrogendioxide,orlead
7514.Plansubmissiondeadlines.
7514a.Attainmentdates.
subpart6—savingsprovisions
7515.Generalsavingsclause.
SUBCHAPTERII—EMISSIONSTANDARDSFORMOVINGSOURCES
PartA—MotorVehicleEmissionandFuelStandards
7521.Emissionstandardsfornewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleengines.
7522.Prohibitedacts.
7523.Actionstorestrainviolations.
7524.Civilpenalties.
7525.Motorvehicleandmotorvehicleenginecompliancetestingandcertification.
7541.Compliancebyvehiclesandenginesinactualuse.
7542.Informationcollection.
7543.Statestandards.
7544.Stategrants.
7545.Regulationoffuels.
7546.Renewablefuel.
7547.Nonroadenginesandvehicles.
7548.Studyofparticulateemissionsfrommotorvehicles.
7549.Highaltitudeperformanceadjustments.
7550.Definitions.
7551.Omitted.
7552.Motorvehiclecomplianceprogramfees.
7553.Prohibitiononproductionofenginesrequiringleadedgasoline.
7554.Urbanbusstandards.
PartB—AircraftEmissionStandards
7571.Establishmentofstandards.
7572.Enforcementofstandards.
7573.Statestandardsandcontrols.
7574.Definitions.
PartC—CleanFuelVehicles
7581.Definitions.
7582.Requirementsapplicabletoclean-fuelvehicles.
7583.Standardsforlight-dutyclean-fuelvehicles.
7584.AdministrationandenforcementasperCaliforniastandards.
7585.Standardsforheavy-dutyclean-fuelvehicles(GVWRabove8,500upto26,000lbs.).
7586.Centrallyfueledfleets.
7587.Vehicleconversions.
7588.Federalagencyfleets.
7589.Californiapilottestprogram.
7590.Generalprovisions.
SUBCHAPTERIII—GENERALPROVISIONS
7601.Administration.
7602.Definitions.
7603.Emergencypowers.
7604.Citizensuits.
7605.Representationinlitigation.
7606.Federalprocurement.
7607.Administrativeproceedingsandjudicialreview.
7608.Mandatorylicensing.
7609.Policyreview.
7610.Otherauthority.
7611.Recordsandaudit.
7612.Economicimpactanalyses.
7613.Repealed.
7614.Laborstandards.
7615.Separability.
7616.Sewagetreatmentgrants.
7617.Economicimpactassessment.
7618.Repealed.
7619.Airqualitymonitoring.
7620.Standardizedairqualitymodeling.
7621.Employmenteffects.
7622.Employeeprotection.
7623.Repealed.
7624.Costofvaporrecoveryequipment.
7625.Vaporrecoveryforsmallbusinessmarketersofpetroleumproducts.
7625–1.Exemptionsforcertainterritories.
7625a.Statutoryconstruction.
7626.Authorizationofappropriations.
7627.AirpollutionfromOuterContinentalShelfactivities.
7628.Demonstrationgrantprogramforlocalgovernments.
SUBCHAPTERIV—NOISEPOLLUTION
7641.Noiseabatement.
7642.Authorizationofappropriations.
SUBCHAPTERIV–A—ACIDDEPOSITIONCONTROL
7651.Findingsandpurposes.
7651a.Definitions.
7651b.Sulfurdioxideallowanceprogramforexistingandnewunits.
7651c.PhaseIsulfurdioxiderequirements.
7651d.PhaseIIsulfurdioxiderequirements.
7651e.AllowancesforStateswithemissionsratesatorbelow0.80lbs/mmBtu.
7651f.Nitrogenoxidesemissionreductionprogram.
7651g.Permitsandcomplianceplans.
7651h.Repoweredsources.
7651i.Electionforadditionalsources.
7651j.Excessemissionspenalty.
7651k.Monitoring,reporting,andrecordkeepingrequirements.
7651l.Generalcompliancewithotherprovisions.
7651m.Enforcement.
7651n.Cleancoaltechnologyregulatoryincentives.
7651o.Contingencyguarantee,auctions,reserve.
SUBCHAPTERV—PERMITS
7661.Definitions.
7661a.Permitprograms.
7661b.Permitapplications.
7661c.Permitrequirementsandconditions.
7661d.NotificationtoAdministratorandcontiguousStates.
7661e.Otherauthorities.
7661f.Smallbusinessstationarysourcetechnicalandenvironmentalcomplianceassistanceprogram.
SUBCHAPTERVI—STRATOSPHERICOZONEPROTECTION
7671.Definitions.
7671a.ListingofclassIandclassIIsubstances.
7671b.Monitoringandreportingrequirements.
7671c.Phase-outofproductionandconsumptionofclassIsubstances.
7671d.Phase-outofproductionandconsumptionofclassIIsubstances.
7671e.Acceleratedschedule.
7671f.Exchangeauthority.
7671g.Nationalrecyclingandemissionreductionprogram.
7671h.Servicingofmotorvehicleairconditioners.
7671i.Nonessentialproductscontainingchlorofluorocarbons.
7671j.Labeling.
7671k.Safealternativespolicy.
7671l.Federalprocurement.
7671m.Relationshiptootherlaws.
7671n.AuthorityofAdministrator.
7671o.TransfersamongPartiestoMontrealProtocol.
7671p.Internationalcooperation.
7671q.Miscellaneousprovisions.
SUBCHAPTERVII—AMERICANINNOVATIONANDMANUFACTURING
7675.Americaninnovationandmanufacturing.
EditorialNotes
Codification
ActJuly14,1955,ch.360,69Stat.322,asamended,knownastheCleanAirAct,whichwasformerlyclassifiedtochapter15B(§1857etseq.)ofthistitle,wascompletelyrevisedbyPub.L.95–95,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.685,andwasreclassifiedtothischapter.
SUBCHAPTERI—PROGRAMSANDACTIVITIES
PartA—AirQualityandEmissionLimitations
EditorialNotes
Codification
Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§117(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.712,designatedsections7401to7428ofthistitleaspartA.
§7401.Congressionalfindingsanddeclarationofpurpose
(a)Findings
TheCongressfinds—
(1)thatthepredominantpartoftheNation'spopulationislocatedinitsrapidlyexpandingmetropolitanandotherurbanareas,whichgenerallycrosstheboundarylinesoflocaljurisdictionsandoftenextendintotwoormoreStates;
(2)thatthegrowthintheamountandcomplexityofairpollutionbroughtaboutbyurbanization,industrialdevelopment,andtheincreasinguseofmotorvehicles,hasresultedinmountingdangerstothepublichealthandwelfare,includinginjurytoagriculturalcropsandlivestock,damagetoandthedeteriorationofproperty,andhazardstoairandgroundtransportation;
(3)thatairpollutionprevention(thatis,thereductionorelimination,throughanymeasures,oftheamountofpollutantsproducedorcreatedatthesource)andairpollutioncontrolatitssourceistheprimaryresponsibilityofStatesandlocalgovernments;and
(4)thatFederalfinancialassistanceandleadershipisessentialforthedevelopmentofcooperativeFederal,State,regional,andlocalprogramstopreventandcontrolairpollution.
(b)Declaration
Thepurposesofthissubchapterare—
(1)toprotectandenhancethequalityoftheNation'sairresourcessoastopromotethepublichealthandwelfareandtheproductivecapacityofitspopulation;
(2)toinitiateandaccelerateanationalresearchanddevelopmentprogramtoachievethepreventionandcontrolofairpollution;
(3)toprovidetechnicalandfinancialassistancetoStateandlocalgovernmentsinconnectionwiththedevelopmentandexecutionoftheirairpollutionpreventionandcontrolprograms;and
(4)toencourageandassistthedevelopmentandoperationofregionalairpollutionpreventionandcontrolprograms.
(c)Pollutionprevention
AprimarygoalofthischapteristoencourageorotherwisepromotereasonableFederal,State,andlocalgovernmentalactions,consistentwiththeprovisionsofthischapter,forpollutionprevention.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§101,formerly§1,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.392;renumbered§101andamendedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(2),(3),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;Pub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.485;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§108(k),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2468.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Provisionssimilartothoseinthissectionwerecontainedinapriorsection1857ofthistitle,actofJuly14,1955,ch.360,§1,69Stat.322,priortothegeneralamendmentofthischapterbyPub.L.88–206.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.101–549,§108(k)(1),amendedpar.(3)generally.Priortoamendment,par.(3)readasfollows:"thatthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionatitssourceistheprimaryresponsibilityofStatesandlocalgovernments;and".
Subsec.(b)(4).Pub.L.101–549,§108(k)(2),inserted"preventionand"after"pollution".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.101–549,§108(k)(3),addedsubsec.(c).
1967—Subsec.(b)(1).Pub.L.90–148inserted"andenhancethequalityof"after"toprotect".
1965—Subsec.(b).Pub.L.89–272substituted"thistitle"for"thisAct",whichforpurposesofcodificationhasbeenchangedto"thissubchapter".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1990Amendment
Pub.L.101–549,titleVII,§711(b),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2684,providedthat:
"(1)Exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,theamendmentsmadebythisAct[seeTablesforclassification]shallbeeffectiveonthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Nov.15,1990].
"(2)TheAdministrator'sauthoritytoassesscivilpenaltiesundersection205(c)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7524(c)],asamendedbythisAct,shallapplytoviolationsthatoccurorcontinueonorafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct.CivilpenaltiesforviolationsthatoccurpriortosuchdateanddonotcontinueaftersuchdateshallbeassessedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7401etseq.]ineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofthisAct.
"(3)Thecivilpenaltiesprescribedundersections205(a)and211(d)(1)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7524(a),7545(d)(1)],asamendedbythisAct,shallapplytoviolationsthatoccuronorafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct.Violationsthatoccurpriortosuchdateshallbesubjecttothecivilpenaltyprovisionsprescribedinsections205(a)and211(d)oftheCleanAirActineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofthisAct.Theinjunctiveauthorityprescribedundersection211(d)(2)oftheCleanAirAct,asamendedbythisAct,shallapplytoviolationsthatoccurorcontinueonorafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct.
"(4)Forpurposesofparagraphs(2)and(3),wherethedateofaviolationcannotbedetermineditwillbeassumedtobethedateonwhichtheviolationisdiscovered."
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment;PendingActions;ContinuationofRules,Contracts,Authorizations,Etc.;ImplementationPlans
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§406,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.795,asamendedbyPub.L.95–190,§14(b)(6),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1405,providedthat:
"(a)Nosuit,action,orotherproceedinglawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesundertheCleanAirAct[thischapter],asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.7,1977]shallabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectoftheamendmentsmadebythisAct[seeShortTitleof1977Amendmentnotebelow].Thecourtmay,onitsownmotionorthatofanypartymadeatanytimewithintwelvemonthsaftersuchtakingeffect,allowthesametobemaintainedbyoragainsttheAdministratororsuchofficeroremployee.
"(b)Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttotheCleanAirAct[thischapter],asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.7,1977],andpertainingtoanyfunctions,powers,requirements,anddutiesundertheCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofthisAct,andnotsuspendedbytheAdministratororthecourts,shallcontinueinfullforceandeffectafterthedateofenactmentofthisActuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewiththeCleanAirActasamendedbythisAct[seeShortTitleof1977Amendmentnotebelow].
"(c)NothinginthisAct[seeShortTitleof1977Amendmentnotebelow]noranyactiontakenpursuanttothisActshallinanywayaffectanyrequirementofanapprovedimplementationplanineffectundersection110oftheCleanAirAct[section7410ofthistitle]oranyotherprovisionoftheActineffectundertheCleanAirActbeforethedateofenactmentofthissection[Aug.7,1977]untilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewiththeCleanAirAct[thischapter]asamendedbythisAct[seeShortTitleof1977Amendmentnotebelow].
"(d)(1)Exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,theamendmentsmadebythisAct[seeShortTitleof1977Amendmentnotebelow]shallbeeffectiveondateofenactment[Aug.7,1977].
"(2)Exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,eachStaterequiredtoreviseitsapplicableimplementationplanbyreasonofanyamendmentmadebythisAct[seeShortTitleof1977Amendmentnotebelow]shalladoptandsubmittotheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationsuchplanrevisionbeforethelaterofthedate—
"(A)oneyearafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.7,1977],or
"(B)ninemonthsafterthedateofpromulgationbytheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofanyregulationsunderanamendmentmadebythisActwhicharenecessaryfortheapprovalofsuchplanrevision."
ShortTitleof1999Amendment
Pub.L.106–40,§1,Aug.5,1999,113Stat.207,providedthat:"ThisAct[amendingsection7412ofthistitleandenactingprovisionssetoutasnotesundersection7412ofthistitle]maybecitedasthe'ChemicalSafetyInformation,SiteSecurityandFuelsRegulatoryReliefAct'."
ShortTitleof1998Amendment
Pub.L.105–286,§1,Oct.27,1998,112Stat.2773,providedthat:"ThisAct[amendingsection7511bofthistitleandenactingprovisionssetoutasanoteundersection7511bofthistitle]maybecitedasthe'BorderSmogReductionActof1998'."
ShortTitleof1990Amendment
Pub.L.101–549,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2399,ispopularlyknownasthe"CleanAirActAmendmentsof1990".SeeTablesforclassification.
ShortTitleof1981Amendment
Pub.L.97–23,§1,July17,1981,95Stat.139,provided:"ThatthisAct[amendingsections7410and7413ofthistitle]maybecitedasthe'SteelIndustryComplianceExtensionActof1981'."
ShortTitleof1977Amendment
Pub.L.95–95,§1,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.685,providedthat:"ThisAct[enactingsections4362,7419to7428,7450to7459,7470to7479,7491,7501to7508,7548,7549,7551,7617to7625,and7626ofthistitle,amendingsections7403,7405,7407to7415,7417,7418,7521to7525,7541,7543,7544,7545,7550,7571,7601to7605,7607,7612,7613,and7616ofthistitle,repealingsection1857c–10ofthistitle,andenactingprovisionssetoutasnotesunderthissection,sections7403,7422,7470,7479,7502,7521,7548,and7621ofthistitle,andsection792ofTitle15,CommerceandTrade]maybecitedasthe'CleanAirActAmendmentsof1977'."
ShortTitleof1970Amendment
Pub.L.91–604,§1,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1676,provided:"ThatthisAct[amendingthischaptergenerally]maybecitedasthe'CleanAirAmendmentsof1970'."
ShortTitleof1967Amendment
Pub.L.90–148,§1,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.485,provided:"ThatthisAct[amendingthischaptergenerally]maybecitedasthe'AirQualityActof1967'."
ShortTitleof1966Amendment
Pub.L.89–675,§1,Oct.15,1966,80Stat.954,provided:"ThatthisAct[amendingsections7405and7616ofthistitleandrepealingsection1857f–8ofthistitle]maybecitedasthe'CleanAirActAmendmentsof1966'."
ShortTitle
ActJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§317,formerly§14,asaddedbyPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.401;renumbered§307byPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;renumbered§310byPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.499;renumbered§317byPub.L.91–604,§12(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1705,providedthat:"ThisAct[enactingthischapter]maybecitedasthe'CleanAirAct'."
ActJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§201,asaddedbyPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(8),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992,andamendedbyPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.499,providedthat:"Thistitle[enactingsubchapterIIofthischapter]maybecitedasthe'NationalEmissionStandardsAct'."PriortoitsamendmentbyPub.L.90–148,titleIIofactJune14,1955,wasknownasthe"MotorVehicleAirPollutionControlAct".
ActJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§401,asaddedbyDec.31,1970,Pub.L.91–604,§14,84Stat.1709,providedthat:"Thistitle[enactingsubchapterIVofthischapter]maybecitedasthe'NoisePollutionandAbatementActof1970'."
SavingsProvision
Pub.L.101–549,titleVII,§711(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2684,providedthat:"ExceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthisAct[seeTablesforclassification],nosuit,action,orotherproceedinglawfullycommencedbytheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesundertheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7401etseq.],asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofthisAct[Nov.15,1990],shallabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectoftheamendmentsmadebythisAct."
TransferofFunctions
Reorg.PlanNo.3of1970,§2(a)(3),eff.Dec.2,1970,35F.R.15623,84Stat.2086,transferredtoAdministratorofEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyfunctionsvestedbylawinSecretaryofHealth,Education,andWelfareorinDepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfarewhichareadministeredthroughEnvironmentalHealthService,includingfunctionsexercisedbyNationalAirPollutionControlAdministration,andEnvironmentalControlAdministration'sBureauofSolidWasteManagement,BureauofWaterHygiene,andBureauofRadiologicalHealth,exceptinsofarasfunctionscarriedoutbyBureauofRadiologicalHealthpertaintoregulationofradiationfromconsumerproducts,includingelectronicproductradiation,radiationasusedinhealingarts,occupationalexposuretoradiation,andresearch,technicalassistance,andtrainingrelatedtoradiationfromconsumerproducts,radiationasusedinhealingarts,andoccupationalexposuretoradiation.
ImpactonSmallCommunities
Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§810,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2690,providedthat:"BeforeimplementingaprovisionofthisAct[seeTablesforclassification],theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallconsultwiththeSmallCommunitiesCoordinatoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytodeterminetheimpactofsuchprovisiononsmallcommunities,includingtheestimatedcostofcompliancewithsuchprovision."
RadonAssessmentandMitigation
Pub.L.99–499,titleI,§118(k),Oct.17,1986,100Stat.1659,asamendedbyPub.L.105–362,titleV,§501(i),Nov.10,1998,112Stat.3284,providedthat:
"(1)Nationalassessmentofradongas.—NolaterthanoneyearaftertheenactmentofthisAct[Oct.17,1986],theAdministratorshallsubmittotheCongressareportwhichshall,totheextentpossible—
"(A)identifythelocationsintheUnitedStateswhereradonisfoundinstructureswherepeoplenormallyliveorwork,includingeducationalinstitutions;
"(B)assessthelevelsofradongasthatarepresentinsuchstructures;
"(C)determinethelevelofradongasandradondaughterswhichposesathreattohumanhealthandassessforeachlocationidentifiedundersubparagraph(A)theextentofthethreattohumanhealth;
"(D)determinemethodsofreducingoreliminatingthethreattohumanhealthofradongasandradondaughters;and
"(E)includeguidanceandpublicinformationmaterialsbasedonthefindingsorresearchofmitigatingradon.
"(2)Radonmitigationdemonstrationprogram.—
"(A)Demonstrationprogram.—TheAdministratorshallconductademonstrationprogramtotestmethodsandtechnologiesofreducingoreliminatingradongasandradondaughterswhereitposesathreattohumanhealth.TheAdministratorshalltakeintoconsiderationanydemonstrationprogramunderwayintheReadingProngofPennsylvania,NewJersey,andNewYorkandatothersitespriortoenactment.ThedemonstrationprogramunderthissectionshallbeconductedintheReadingProng,andatsuchothersitesastheAdministratorconsidersappropriate.
"(B)Liability.—Liability,ifany,forpersonsundertakingactivitiespursuanttotheradonmitigationdemonstrationprogramauthorizedunderthissubsectionshallbedeterminedunderprinciplesofexistinglaw.
"(3)Constructionofsection.—NothinginthissubsectionshallbeconstruedtoauthorizetheAdministratortocarryoutanyregulatoryprogramoranyactivityotherthanresearch,development,andrelatedreporting,informationdissemination,andcoordinationactivitiesspecifiedinthissubsection.Nothinginparagraph(1)or(2)shallbeconstruedtolimittheauthorityoftheAdministratororofanyotheragencyorinstrumentalityoftheUnitedStatesunderanyotherauthorityoflaw."
SpillControlTechnology
Pub.L.99–499,titleI,§118(n),Oct.17,1986,100Stat.1660,providedthat:
"(1)Establishmentofprogram.—Within180daysofenactmentofthissubsection[Oct.17,1986],theSecretaryoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergyisdirectedtocarryoutaprogramoftestingandevaluationoftechnologieswhichmaybeutilizedinrespondingtoliquefiedgaseousandotherhazardoussubstancespillsattheLiquefiedGaseousFuelsSpillTestFacilitythatthreatenpublichealthortheenvironment.
"(2)Technologytransfer.—Incarryingouttheprogramestablishedunderthissubsection,theSecretaryshallconductatechnologytransferprogramthat,ataminimum—
"(A)documentsandarchivesspillcontroltechnology;
"(B)investigatesandanalyzessignificanthazardousspillincidents;
"(C)developsandprovidesgenericemergencyactionplans;
"(D)documentsandarchivesspilltestresults;
"(E)developsemergencyactionplanstorespondtospills;
"(F)conductstrainingofspillresponsepersonnel;and
"(G)establishessafetystandardsforpersonnelengagedinspillresponseactivities.
"(3)Contractsandgrants.—TheSecretaryisdirectedtoenterintocontractsandgrantswithanonprofitorganizationinAlbanyCounty,Wyoming,thatiscapableofprovidingthenecessarytechnicalsupportandwhichisinvolvedinenvironmentalactivitiesrelatedtosuchhazardoussubstancerelatedemergencies.
"(4)Useofsite.—TheSecretaryshallarrangefortheuseoftheLiquefiedGaseousFuelsSpillTestFacilitytocarryouttheprovisionsofthissubsection."
RadonGasandIndoorAirQualityResearch
Pub.L.99–499,titleIV,Oct.17,1986,100Stat.1758,providedthat:
"SEC.401.SHORTTITLE.
"Thistitlemaybecitedasthe'RadonGasandIndoorAirQualityResearchActof1986'.
"SEC.402.FINDINGS.
"TheCongressfindsthat:
"(1)Highlevelsofradongasposeaserioushealththreatinstructuresincertainareasofthecountry.
"(2)Variousscientificstudieshavesuggestedthatexposuretoradon,includingexposuretonaturallyoccurringradonandindoorairpollutants,posesapublichealthrisk.
"(3)ExistingFederalradonandindoorairpollutantresearchprogramsarefragmentedandunderfunded.
"(4)AnadequateinformationbaseconcerningexposuretoradonandindoorairpollutantsshouldbedevelopedbytheappropriateFederalagencies.
"SEC.403.RADONGASANDINDOORAIRQUALITYRESEARCHPROGRAM.
"(a)DesignofProgram.—TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallestablisharesearchprogramwithrespecttoradongasandindoorairquality.Suchprogramshallbedesignedto—
"(1)gatherdataandinformationonallaspectsofindoorairqualityinordertocontributetotheunderstandingofhealthproblemsassociatedwiththeexistenceofairpollutantsintheindoorenvironment;
"(2)coordinateFederal,State,local,andprivateresearchanddevelopmenteffortsrelatingtotheimprovementofindoorairquality;and
"(3)assessappropriateFederalGovernmentactionstomitigatetheenvironmentalandhealthrisksassociatedwithindoorairqualityproblems.
"(b)ProgramRequirements.—Theresearchprogramrequiredunderthissectionshallinclude—
"(1)researchanddevelopmentconcerningtheidentification,characterization,andmonitoringofthesourcesandlevelsofindoorairpollution,includingradon,whichincludesresearchanddevelopmentrelatingto—
"(A)themeasurementofvariouspollutantconcentrationsandtheirstrengthsandsources,
"(B)high-riskbuildingtypes,and
"(C)instrumentsforindoorairqualitydatacollection;
"(2)researchrelatingtotheeffectsofindoorairpollutionandradononhumanhealth;
"(3)researchanddevelopmentrelatingtocontroltechnologiesorothermitigationmeasurestopreventorabateindoorairpollution(includingthedevelopment,evaluation,andtestingofindividualandgenericcontroldevicesandsystems);
"(4)demonstrationofmethodsforreducingoreliminatingindoorairpollutionandradon,includingsealing,venting,andothermethodsthattheAdministratordeterminesmaybeeffective;
"(5)research,tobecarriedoutinconjunctionwiththeSecretaryofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,forthepurposeofdeveloping—
"(A)methodsforassessingthepotentialforradoncontaminationofnewconstruction,including(butnotlimitedto)considerationofthemoisturecontentofsoil,porosityofsoil,andradoncontentofsoil;and
"(B)designmeasurestoavoidindoorairpollution;and
"(6)thedisseminationofinformationtoassurethepublicavailabilityofthefindingsoftheactivitiesunderthissection.
"(c)AdvisoryCommittees.—TheAdministratorshallestablishacommitteecomprisedofindividualsrepresentingFederalagenciesconcernedwithvariousaspectsofindoorairqualityandanadvisorygroupcomprisedofindividualsrepresentingtheStates,thescientificcommunity,industry,andpublicinterestorganizationstoassisthimincarryingouttheresearchprogramforradongasandindoorairquality.
"(d)ImplementationPlan.—Notlaterthan90daysaftertheenactmentofthisAct[Oct.17,1986],theAdministratorshallsubmittotheCongressaplanforimplementationoftheresearchprogramunderthissection.SuchplanshallalsobesubmittedtotheEPAScienceAdvisoryBoard,whichshall,withinareasonableperiodoftime,submititscommentsonsuchplantoCongress.
"(e)Report.—Notlaterthan2yearsaftertheenactmentofthisAct[Oct.17,1986],theAdministratorshallsubmittoCongressareportrespectinghisactivitiesunderthissectionandmakingsuchrecommendationsasappropriate.
"SEC.404.CONSTRUCTIONOFTITLE.
"NothinginthistitleshallbeconstruedtoauthorizetheAdministratortocarryoutanyregulatoryprogramoranyactivityotherthanresearch,development,andrelatedreporting,informationdissemination,andcoordinationactivitiesspecifiedinthistitle.NothinginthistitleshallbeconstruedtolimittheauthorityoftheAdministratororofanyotheragencyorinstrumentalityoftheUnitedStatesunderanyotherauthorityoflaw.
"SEC.405.AUTHORIZATIONS.
"Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedtocarryouttheactivitiesunderthistitleandundersection118(k)oftheSuperfundAmendmentsandReauthorizationActof1986(relatingtoradongasassessmentanddemonstrationprogram)[section118(k)ofPub.L.99–499,setoutasanoteabove]nottoexceed$5,000,000foreachofthefiscalyears1987,1988,and1989.Ofsuchsumsappropriatedinfiscalyears1987and1988,two-fifthsshallbereservedfortheimplementationofsection118(k)(2)."
StudyofOdorsandOdorousEmissions
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§403(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.792,directedAdministratorofEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytoconductastudyandreporttoCongressnotlaterthanJan.1,1979,oneffectsonpublichealthandwelfareofodorsandodorousemissions,sourceofsuchemissions,technologyorothermeasuresavailableforcontrolofsuchemissionsandcostsofsuchtechnologyormeasures,andcostsandbenefitsofalternativemeasuresorstrategiestoabatesuchemissions.
ListofChemicalContaminantsFromEnvironmentalPollutionFoundinHumanTissue
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§403(c),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.792,directedAdministratorofEPA,notlaterthantwelvemonthsafterAug.7,1977,topublishthroughouttheUnitedStatesalistofallknownchemicalcontaminantsresultingfromenvironmentalpollutionwhichhavebeenfoundinhumantissueincludingblood,urine,breastmilk,andallotherhumantissue,suchlisttobepreparedfortheUnitedStatesandtoindicateapproximatenumberofcases,rangeoflevelsfound,andmeanlevelsfound,directedAdministrator,notlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterAug.7,1977,topublishinsamemanneranexplanationofwhatisknownaboutthemannerinwhichchemicalsenteredtheenvironmentandthereafterhumantissue,anddirectedAdministrator,inconsultationwithNationalInstitutesofHealth,theNationalCenterforHealthStatistics,andtheNationalCenterforHealthServicesResearchandDevelopment,to,iffeasible,conductanepidemiologicalstudytodemonstratetherelationshipbetweenlevelsofchemicalsintheenvironmentandinhumantissue,suchstudytobemadeinappropriateregionsorareasoftheUnitedStatesinordertodetermineanydifferentresultsinsuchregionsorareas,andtheresultsofsuchstudytobereported,assoonaspracticable,toappropriatecommitteeofCongress.
StudyonRegionalAirQuality
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§403(d),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.793,directedAdministratorofEPAtoconductastudyofairqualityinvariousareasthroughoutthecountryincludingthegulfcoastregion,suchstudytoincludeanalysisofliquidandsolidaerosolsandotherfineparticulatematterandcontributionofsuchsubstancestovisibilityandpublichealthproblemsinsuchareas,withAdministratortouseenvironmentalhealthexpertsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthandotheroutsideagenciesandorganizations.
RailroadEmissionStudy
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§404,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.793,asamendedbyH.Res.549,Mar.25,1980,directedAdministratorofEPAtoconductastudyandinvestigationofemissionsofairpollutantsfromrailroadlocomotives,locomotiveengines,andsecondarypowersourcesonrailroadrollingstock,inordertodetermineextenttowhichsuchemissionsaffectairqualityinairqualitycontrolregionsthroughouttheUnitedStates,technologicalfeasibilityandcurrentstateoftechnologyforcontrollingsuchemissions,andstatusandeffectofcurrentandproposedStateandlocalregulationsaffectingsuchemissions,andwithinonehundredandeightydaysaftercommencingsuchstudyandinvestigation,Administratortosubmitareportofsuchstudyandinvestigation,togetherwithrecommendationsforappropriatelegislation,toSenateCommitteeonEnvironmentandPublicWorksandHouseCommitteeonEnergyandCommerce.
StudyandReportConcerningEconomicApproachestoControllingAirPollution
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§405,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.794,directedAdministrator,inconjunctionwithCouncilofEconomicAdvisors,toundertakeastudyandassessmentofeconomicmeasuresforcontrolofairpollutionwhichcouldstrengtheneffectivenessofexistingmethodsofcontrollingairpollution,provideincentivestoabateairpollutiongreaterthanthatrequiredbyCleanAirAct,andserveasprimaryincentiveforcontrollingairpollutionproblemsnotaddressedbyCleanAirAct,anddirectedthatnotlaterthan2yearsafterAug.7,1977,AdministratorandCouncilconcludestudyandsubmitareporttoPresidentandCongress.
ExecutiveDocuments
NationalIndustrialPollutionControlCouncil
ForprovisionsrelatingtoestablishmentofNationalIndustrialPollutionControlCouncil,seeEx.Ord.No.11523,Apr.9,1970,35F.R.5993,setoutasanoteundersection4321ofthistitle.
FederalComplianceWithPollutionControlStandards
ForprovisionsrelatingtoresponsibilityofheadofeachExecutiveagencyforcompliancewithapplicablepollutioncontrolstandards,seeEx.Ord.No.12088,Oct.13,1978,43F.R.47707,setoutasanoteundersection4321ofthistitle.
ExecutiveOrderNo.10779
Ex.Ord.No.10779,Aug.21,1958,23F.R.6487,whichrelatedtocooperationofFederalagencieswithStateandlocalauthorities,wassupersededbyEx.Ord.No.11282,May26,1966,31F.R.7663,formerlysetoutundersection7418ofthistitle.
ExecutiveOrderNo.11507
Ex.Ord.No.11507,Feb.4,1970,35F.R.2573,whichprovidedforprevention,control,andabatementofairpollutionatFederalfacilities,wassupersededbyEx.Ord.No.11752,Dec.17,1973,38F.R.34793,formerlysetoutasanoteundersection4331ofthistitle.
PromotingDomesticManufacturingandJobCreation—PoliciesandProceduresRelatingtoImplementationofAirQualityStandards
MemorandumofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,Apr.12,2018,83F.R.16761,whichrelatedtoStateImplementationPlansfortheRegionalHazeProgram,wasrevokedbyEx.Ord.No.13990,§7(d),Jan.20,2021,86F.R.7042,setoutinanoteundersection4321ofthistitle.
§7402.Cooperativeactivities
(a)Interstatecooperation;uniformStatelaws;Statecompacts
TheAdministratorshallencouragecooperativeactivitiesbytheStatesandlocalgovernmentsforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollution;encouragetheenactmentofimprovedand,sofaraspracticableinthelightofvaryingconditionsandneeds,uniformStateandlocallawsrelatingtothepreventionandcontrolofairpollution;andencouragethemakingofagreementsandcompactsbetweenStatesforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollution.
(b)Federalcooperation
TheAdministratorshallcooperatewithandencouragecooperativeactivitiesbyallFederaldepartmentsandagencieshavingfunctionsrelatingtothepreventionandcontrolofairpollution,soastoassuretheutilizationintheFederalairpollutioncontrolprogramofallappropriateandavailablefacilitiesandresourceswithintheFederalGovernment.
(c)ConsentofCongresstocompacts
TheconsentoftheCongressisherebygiventotwoormoreStatestonegotiateandenterintoagreementsorcompacts,notinconflictwithanylawortreatyoftheUnitedStates,for(1)cooperativeeffortandmutualassistanceforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionandtheenforcementoftheirrespectivelawsrelatingthereto,and(2)theestablishmentofsuchagencies,jointorotherwise,astheymaydeemdesirableformakingeffectivesuchagreementsorcompacts.NosuchagreementorcompactshallbebindingorobligatoryuponanyStateapartytheretounlessanduntilithasbeenapprovedbyCongress.ItistheintentofCongressthatnoagreementorcompactenteredintobetweenStatesafterNovember21,1967,whichrelatestothecontrolandabatementofairpollutioninanairqualitycontrolregion,shallprovideforparticipationbyaStatewhichisnotincluded(inwholeorinpart)insuchairqualitycontrolregion.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§102,formerly§2,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.393;renumbered§102,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(3),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.485;Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1713.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857aofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Provisionssimilartothoseinthefirstclauseofsubsec.(a)ofthissectionwerecontainedinsubsec.(b)(1)ofapriorsection1857a,ofthistitle,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,§2,69Stat.322,priortothegeneralamendmentofthischapterbyPub.L.88–206.
Amendments
1970—Subsecs.(a),(b).Pub.L.91–604substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing.
1967—Subsec.(c).Pub.L.90–148inserteddeclarationthatitistheintentofCongressthatnoagreementorcompactenteredintobetweenStatesafterthedateofenactmentoftheAirQualityActof1967,whichforpurposesofcodificationwaschangedtoNovember21,1967,thedateofapprovalofsuchAct,relatingtothecontrolandabatementofairpollutioninanairqualitycontrolregion,shallprovideforparticipationbyaStatewhichisnotincluded(inwholeorinpart)insuchairqualitycontrolregion.
§7403.Research,investigation,training,andotheractivities
(a)Researchanddevelopmentprogramforpreventionandcontrolofairpollution
TheAdministratorshallestablishanationalresearchanddevelopmentprogramforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionandaspartofsuchprogramshall—
(1)conduct,andpromotethecoordinationandaccelerationof,research,investigations,experiments,demonstrations,surveys,andstudiesrelatingtothecauses,effects(includinghealthandwelfareeffects),extent,prevention,andcontrolofairpollution;
(2)encourage,cooperatewith,andrendertechnicalservicesandprovidefinancialassistancetoairpollutioncontrolagenciesandotherappropriatepublicorprivateagencies,institutions,andorganizations,andindividualsintheconductofsuchactivities;
(3)conductinvestigationsandresearchandmakesurveysconcerninganyspecificproblemofairpollutionincooperationwithanyairpollutioncontrolagencywithaviewtorecommendingasolutionofsuchproblem,ifheisrequestedtodosobysuchagencyorif,inhisjudgment,suchproblemmayaffectanycommunityorcommunitiesinaStateotherthanthatinwhichthesourceofthemattercausingorcontributingtothepollutionislocated;
(4)establishtechnicaladvisorycommitteescomposedofrecognizedexpertsinvariousaspectsofairpollutiontoassistintheexaminationandevaluationofresearchprogressandproposalsandtoavoidduplicationofresearch;and
(5)conductandpromotecoordinationandaccelerationoftrainingforindividualsrelatingtothecauses,effects,extent,prevention,andcontrolofairpollution.
(b)AuthorizedactivitiesofAdministratorinestablishingresearchanddevelopmentprogram
IncarryingouttheprovisionsoftheprecedingsubsectiontheAdministratorisauthorizedto—
(1)collectandmakeavailable,throughpublicationsandotherappropriatemeans,theresultsofandotherinformation,includingappropriaterecommendationsbyhiminconnectiontherewith,pertainingtosuchresearchandotheractivities;
(2)cooperatewithotherFederaldepartmentsandagencies,withairpollutioncontrolagencies,withotherpublicandprivateagencies,institutions,andorganizations,andwithanyindustriesinvolved,inthepreparationandconductofsuchresearchandotheractivities;
(3)makegrantstoairpollutioncontrolagencies,tootherpublicornonprofitprivateagencies,institutions,andorganizations,andtoindividuals,forpurposesstatedinsubsection(a)(1)ofthissection;
(4)contractwithpublicorprivateagencies,institutions,andorganizations,andwithindividuals,withoutregardtosection3324(a)and(b)oftitle31andsection6101oftitle41;
(5)establishandmaintainresearchfellowships,intheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandatpublicornonprofitprivateeducationalinstitutionsorresearchorganizations;
(6)collectanddisseminate,incooperationwithotherFederaldepartmentsandagencies,andwithotherpublicorprivateagencies,institutions,andorganizationshavingrelatedresponsibilities,basicdataonchemical,physical,andbiologicaleffectsofvaryingairqualityandotherinformationpertainingtoairpollutionandthepreventionandcontrolthereof;
(7)developeffectiveandpracticalprocesses,methods,andprototypedevicesforthepreventionorcontrolofairpollution;and
(8)constructfacilities,provideequipment,andemploystaffasnecessarytocarryoutthischapter.
Incarryingouttheprovisionsofsubsection(a),theAdministratorshallprovidetrainingfor,andmaketraininggrantsto,personnelofairpollutioncontrolagenciesandotherpersonswithsuitablequalificationsandmakegrantstosuchagencies,tootherpublicornonprofitprivateagencies,institutions,andorganizationsforthepurposesstatedinsubsection(a)(5).Reasonablefeesmaybechargedforsuchtrainingprovidedtopersonsotherthanpersonnelofairpollutioncontrolagenciesbutsuchtrainingshallbeprovidedtosuchpersonnelofairpollutioncontrolagencieswithoutcharge.
(c)Airpollutantmonitoring,analysis,modeling,andinventoryresearch
Incarryingoutsubsection(a),theAdministratorshallconductaprogramofresearch,testing,anddevelopmentofmethodsforsampling,measurement,monitoring,analysis,andmodelingofairpollutants.Suchprogramshallincludethefollowingelements:
(1)Considerationofindividual,aswellascomplexmixturesof,airpollutantsandtheirchemicaltransformationsintheatmosphere.
(2)Establishmentofanationalnetworktomonitor,collect,andcompiledatawithquantificationofcertaintyinthestatusandtrendsofairemissions,deposition,airquality,surfacewaterquality,forestcondition,andvisibilityimpairment,andtoensurethecomparabilityofairqualitydatacollectedindifferentStatesandobtainedfromdifferentnations.
(3)Developmentofimprovedmethodsandtechnologiesforsampling,measurement,monitoring,analysis,andmodelingtoincreaseunderstandingofthesourcesofozoneprecursors,ozoneformation,ozonetransport,regionalinfluencesonurbanozone,regionalozonetrends,andinteractionsofozonewithotherpollutants.Emphasisshallbeplacedonthosetechniqueswhich—
(A)improvetheabilitytoinventoryemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsandnitrogenoxidesthatcontributetourbanairpollution,includinganthropogenicandnaturalsources;
(B)improvetheunderstandingofthemechanismthroughwhichanthropogenicandbiogenicvolatileorganiccompoundsreacttoformozoneandotheroxidants;and
(C)improvetheabilitytoidentifyandevaluateregion-specificpreventionandcontroloptionsforozonepollution.
(4)SubmissionofperiodicreportstotheCongress,notlessthanonceevery5years,whichevaluateandassesstheeffectivenessofairpollutioncontrolregulationsandprogramsusingmonitoringandmodelingdataobtainedpursuanttothissubsection.
(d)Environmentalhealtheffectsresearch
(1)TheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofHealthandHumanServices,shallconductaresearchprogramontheshort-termandlong-termeffectsofairpollutants,includingwoodsmoke,onhumanhealth.InconductingsuchresearchprogramtheAdministrator—
(A)shallconductstudies,includingepidemiological,clinical,andlaboratoryandfieldstudies,asnecessarytoidentifyandevaluateexposuretoandeffectsofairpollutantsonhumanhealth;
(B)mayutilize,onareimbursablebasis,thefacilitiesofexistingFederalscientificlaboratoriesandresearchcenters;and
(C)shallconsultwithotherFederalagenciestoensurethatsimilarresearchbeingconductedinotheragenciesiscoordinatedtoavoidduplication.
(2)Inconductingtheresearchprogramunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshalldevelopmethodsandtechniquesnecessarytoidentifyandassesstheriskstohumanhealthfrombothroutineandaccidentalexposurestoindividualairpollutantsandcombinationsthereof.Suchresearchprogramshallincludethefollowingelements:
(A)ThecreationofanInteragencyTaskForcetocoordinatesuchprogram.TheTaskForceshallincluderepresentativesoftheNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalHealthSciences,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theAgencyforToxicSubstancesandDiseaseRegistry,theNationalToxicologyProgram,theNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,theNationalScienceFoundation,theSurgeonGeneral,andtheDepartmentofEnergy.ThisInteragencyTaskForceshallbechairedbyarepresentativeoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandshallconveneitsfirstmeetingwithin60daysafterNovember15,1990.
(B)Anevaluation,within12monthsafterNovember15,1990,ofeachofthehazardousairpollutantslistedundersection7412(b)ofthistitle,todecide,onthebasisofavailableinformation,theirrelativepriorityforpreparationofenvironmentalhealthassessmentspursuanttosubparagraph(C).Theevaluationshallbebasedonreasonablyanticipatedtoxicitytohumansandexposurefactorssuchasfrequencyofoccurrenceasanairpollutantandvolumeofemissionsinpopulatedareas.SuchevaluationshallbereviewedbytheInteragencyTaskForceestablishedpursuanttosubparagraph(A).
(C)Preparationofenvironmentalhealthassessmentsforeachofthehazardousairpollutantsreferredtoinsubparagraph(B),beginning6monthsafterthefirstmeetingoftheInteragencyTaskForceandtobecompletedwithin96monthsthereafter.Nofewerthan24assessmentsshallbecompletedandpublishedannually.TheassessmentsshallbepreparedinaccordancewithguidelinesdevelopedbytheAdministratorinconsultationwiththeInteragencyTaskForceandtheScienceAdvisoryBoardoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Eachsuchassessmentshallinclude—
(i)anexamination,summary,andevaluationofavailabletoxicologicalandepidemiologicalinformationforthepollutanttoascertainthelevelsofhumanexposurewhichposeasignificantthreattohumanhealthandtheassociatedacute,subacute,andchronicadversehealtheffects;
(ii)adeterminationofgapsinavailableinformationrelatedtohumanhealtheffectsandexposurelevels;and
(iii)whereappropriate,anidentificationofadditionalactivities,includingtoxicologicalandinhalationtesting,neededtoidentifythetypesorlevelsofexposurewhichmaypresentsignificantriskofadversehealtheffectsinhumans.
(e)Ecosystemresearch
Incarryingoutsubsection(a),theAdministrator,incooperation,whereappropriate,withtheUnderSecretaryofCommerceforOceansandAtmosphere,theDirectoroftheFishandWildlifeService,andtheSecretaryofAgriculture,shallconductaresearchprogramtoimproveunderstandingoftheshort-termandlong-termcauses,effects,andtrendsofecosystemsdamagefromairpollutantsonecosystems.Suchprogramshallincludethefollowingelements:
(1)Identificationofregionallyrepresentativeandcriticalecosystemsforresearch.
(2)Evaluationofriskstoecosystemsexposedtoairpollutants,includingcharacterizationofthecausesandeffectsofchronicandepisodicexposurestoairpollutantsanddeterminationofthereversibilityofthoseeffects.
(3)Developmentofimprovedatmosphericdispersionmodelsandmonitoringsystemsandnetworksforevaluatingandquantifyingexposuretoandeffectsofmultipleenvironmentalstressesassociatedwithairpollution.
(4)Evaluationoftheeffectsofairpollutiononwaterquality,includingassessmentsoftheshort-termandlong-termecologicaleffectsofaciddepositionandotheratmosphericallyderivedpollutantsonsurfacewater(includingwetlandsandestuaries)andgroundwater.
(5)Evaluationoftheeffectsofairpollutiononforests,materials,crops,biologicaldiversity,soils,andotherterrestrialandaquaticsystemsexposedtoairpollutants.
(6)Estimationoftheassociatedeconomiccostsofecologicaldamagewhichhaveoccurredasaresultofexposuretoairpollutants.
Consistentwiththepurposeofthisprogram,theAdministratormayusetheestuarineresearchreservesestablishedpursuanttosection1461oftitle16tocarryoutthisresearch.
(f)LiquefiedGaseousFuelsSpillTestFacility
(1)TheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergyandtheFederalCoordinatingCouncilforScience,Engineering,andTechnology,shalloverseeanexperimentalandanalyticalresearcheffort,withtheexperimentalresearchtobecarriedoutattheLiquefiedGaseousFuelsSpillTestFacility.InconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,theAdministratorshalldevelopalistofchemicalsandascheduleforfieldtestingattheFacility.Analysisofaminimumof10chemicalsperyearshallbecarriedout,withtheselectionofaminimumof2chemicalsforfieldtestingeachyear.Highestpriorityshallbegiventothosechemicalsthatwouldpresentthegreatestpotentialrisktohumanhealthasaresultofanaccidentalrelease—
(A)fromafixedsite;or
(B)relatedtothetransportofsuchchemicals.
(2)Thepurposeofsuchresearchshallbeto—
(A)developimprovedpredictivemodelsforatmosphericdispersionwhichataminimum—
(i)describedensegasreleasesincomplexterrainincludingman-madestructuresorobstacleswithvariablewinds;
(ii)improveunderstandingoftheeffectsofturbulenceondispersionpatterns;and
(iii)considerrealisticbehaviorofaerosolsbyincludingphysicochemicalreactionswithwatervapor,grounddeposition,andremovalbywaterspray;
(B)evaluateexistingandfutureatmosphericdispersionmodelsby—
(i)thedevelopmentofarigorous,standardizedmethodologyfordensegasmodels;and
(ii)theapplicationofsuchmethodologytocurrentdensegasdispersionmodelsusingdatageneratedfromfieldexperiments;and
(C)evaluatetheeffectivenessofhazardmitigationandemergencyresponsetechnologyforfixedsiteandtransportationrelatedaccidentalreleasesoftoxicchemicals.
Modelspertainingtoaccidentalreleaseshallbeevaluatedandimprovedperiodicallyfortheirutilityinplanningandimplementingevacuationproceduresandothermitigativestrategiesdesignedtominimizehumanexposuretohazardousairpollutantsreleasedaccidentally.
(3)TheSecretaryofEnergyshallmakeavailabletointerestedpersons(includingotherFederalagenciesandbusinesses)theuseoftheLiquefiedGaseousFuelsSpillTestFacilitytoconductresearchandotheractivitiesinconnectionwiththeactivitiesdescribedinthissubsection.
(g)Pollutionpreventionandemissionscontrol
(1)Ingeneral
Incarryingoutsubsection(a),theAdministratorshallconductabasicengineeringresearchandtechnologyprogramtodevelop,evaluate,anddemonstratenonregulatorystrategiesandtechnologiesforairpollutionprevention.
(2)Participationrequirement
Suchstrategiesandtechnologiesdescribedinparagraph(1)shallbedevelopedwithpriorityonthosepollutantswhichposeasignificantrisktohumanhealthandtheenvironment,andwithopportunitiesforparticipationbyindustry,publicinterestgroups,scientists,States,institutionsofhighereducation,andotherinterestedpersonsinthedevelopmentofsuchstrategiesandtechnologies.
(3)Programinclusions
Theprogramunderthissubsectionshallincludethefollowingelements:
(A)Improvementsinnonregulatorystrategiesandtechnologiesforpreventingorreducingmultipleairpollutants,includingsulfuroxides,nitrogenoxides,heavymetals,PM–10(particulatematter),carbonmonoxide,andcarbondioxide,fromstationarysources,includingfossilfuelpowerplants.Suchstrategiesandtechnologiesshallincludeimprovementsintherelativecosteffectivenessandlong-rangeimplicationsofvariousairpollutantreductionandnonregulatorycontrolstrategiessuchasenergyconservation,includingend-useefficiency,andfuel-switchingtocleanerfuels.Suchstrategiesandtechnologiesshallbeconsideredforexistingandnewfacilities.
(B)Improvementsinnonregulatorystrategiesandtechnologiesforreducingairemissionsfromareasources.
(C)Improvementsinnonregulatorystrategiesandtechnologiesforpreventing,detecting,andcorrectingaccidentalreleasesofhazardousairpollutants.
(D)Improvementsinnonregulatorystrategiesandtechnologiesthatdisposeoftiresinwaysthatavoidadverseairqualityimpacts.
(4)Effectofsubsection
Nothinginthissubsectionshallbeconstruedtoauthorizetheimpositiononanypersonofairpollutioncontrolrequirements.
(5)Coordinationandavoidanceofduplication
TheAdministratorshallconsultwithotherappropriateFederalagenciestoensurecoordinationandtoavoidduplicationofactivitiesauthorizedunderthissubsection.
(6)Certaincarbondioxideactivities
(A)Ingeneral
Incarryingoutparagraph(3)(A)withrespecttocarbondioxide,theAdministrator—
(i)isauthorizedtocarryouttheactivitiesdescribedinsubparagraph(B);and
(ii)shallcarryouttheactivitiesdescribedinsubparagraph(C).
(B)Directaircaptureresearch
(i)Definitions
Inthissubparagraph:
(I)Board
Theterm"Board"meanstheDirectAirCaptureTechnologyAdvisoryBoardestablishedbyclause(iii)(I).
(II)Dilute
Theterm"dilute"meansaconcentrationoflessthan1percentbyvolume.
(III)Directaircapture
(aa)Ingeneral
Theterm"directaircapture",withrespecttoafacility,technology,orsystem,meansthatthefacility,technology,orsystemusescarboncaptureequipmenttocapturecarbondioxidedirectlyfromtheair.
(bb)Exclusion
Theterm"directaircapture"doesnotincludeanyfacility,technology,orsystemthatcapturescarbondioxide—
(AA)thatisdeliberatelyreleasedfromanaturallyoccurringsubsurfacespring;or
(BB)usingnaturalphotosynthesis.
(IV)Intellectualproperty
Theterm"intellectualproperty"means—
(aa)aninventionthatispatentableundertitle35;and
(bb)anypatentonaninventiondescribedinitem(aa).
(ii)Technologyprizes
(I)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan1yearafterDecember27,2020,theAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,isauthorizedtoestablishaprogramtoprovidefinancialawardsonacompetitivebasisfordirectaircapturefrommediainwhichtheconcentrationofcarbondioxideisdilute.
(II)Duties
Incarryingoutthisclause,theAdministratorshall—
(aa)subjecttosubclause(III),developspecificrequirementsfor—
(AA)thecompetitionprocess;and
(BB)thedemonstrationofperformanceofapprovedprojects;
(bb)offerfinancialawardsforaprojectdesigned—
(AA)tothemaximumextentpracticable,tocapturemorethan10,000tonsofcarbondioxideperyear;
(BB)tooperateinamannerthatwouldbecommerciallyviableintheforeseeablefuture(asdeterminedbytheBoard);and
(CC)toimprovethetechnologiesorinformationsystemsthatenablemonitoringandverificationmethodsfordirectaircaptureprojects;and
(cc)tothemaximumextentpracticable,makefinancialawardstogeographicallydiverseprojects,includingatleast—
(AA)1projectinacoastalState;and
(BB)1projectinaruralState.
(III)Publicparticipation
Incarryingoutsubclause(II)(aa),theAdministratorshall—
(aa)providenoticeofand,foraperiodofnotlessthan60days,anopportunityforpubliccommenton,anydraftorproposedversionoftherequirementsdescribedinsubclause(II)(aa);and
(bb)takeintoaccountpubliccommentsreceivedindevelopingthefinalversionofthoserequirements.
(iii)DirectAirCaptureTechnologyAdvisoryBoard
(I)Establishment
TheAdministratormayestablishanadvisoryboardtobeknownasthe"DirectAirCaptureTechnologyAdvisoryBoard".
(II)Composition
TheBoard,ontheestablishmentoftheBoard,shallbecomposedof9membersappointedbytheAdministrator,whoshallprovideexpertisein—
(aa)climatescience;
(bb)physics;
(cc)chemistry;
(dd)biology;
(ee)engineering;
(ff)economics;
(gg)businessmanagement;and
(hh)suchotherdisciplinesastheAdministratordeterminestobenecessarytoachievethepurposesofthissubparagraph.
(III)Term;vacancies
(aa)Term
AmemberoftheBoardshallserveforatermof6years.
(bb)Vacancies
AvacancyontheBoard—
(AA)shallnotaffectthepowersoftheBoard;and
(BB)shallbefilledinthesamemannerastheoriginalappointmentwasmade.
(IV)Initialmeeting
Notlaterthan30daysafterthedateonwhichallmembersoftheBoardhavebeenappointed,theBoardshallholdtheinitialmeetingoftheBoard.
(V)Meetings
TheBoardshallmeetatthecalloftheChairpersonorontherequestoftheAdministrator.
(VI)Quorum
AmajorityofthemembersoftheBoardshallconstituteaquorum,butalessernumberofmembersmayholdhearings.
(VII)ChairpersonandViceChairperson
TheBoardshallselectaChairpersonandViceChairpersonfromamongthemembersoftheBoard.
(VIII)Compensation
EachmemberoftheBoardmaybecompensatedatnottoexceedthedailyequivalentoftheannualrateofbasicpayineffectforapositionatlevelVoftheExecutiveScheduleundersection5316oftitle5foreachdayduringwhichthememberisengagedintheactualperformanceofthedutiesoftheBoard.
(IX)Duties
TheBoardshall—
(aa)advisetheAdministratoroncarryingoutthedutiesoftheAdministratorunderthissubparagraph;and
(bb)provideotherassistanceandadviceasrequestedbytheAdministrator.
(iv)Intellectualproperty
(I)Ingeneral
Asaconditionofreceivingafinancialawardunderthissubparagraph,anapplicantshallagreetovesttheintellectualpropertyoftheapplicantderivedfromthetechnologyin1ormoreentitiesthatareincorporatedintheUnitedStates.
(II)Reservationoflicense
TheUnitedStates—
(aa)mayreserveanonexclusive,nontransferable,irrevocable,paid-uplicense,tohavepracticedfororonbehalfoftheUnitedStates,inconnectionwithanyintellectualpropertydescribedinsubclause(I);but
(bb)shallnot,intheexerciseofalicensereservedunderitem(aa),publiclydiscloseproprietaryinformationrelatingtothelicense.
(III)Transferoftitle
Titletoanyintellectualpropertydescribedinsubclause(I)shallnotbetransferredorpassed,excepttoanentitythatisincorporatedintheUnitedStates,untiltheexpirationofthefirstpatentobtainedinconnectionwiththeintellectualproperty.
(v)Authorizationofappropriations
Thereisauthorizedtobeappropriatedtocarryoutthissubparagraph$35,000,000,toremainavailableuntilexpended.
(vi)Terminationofauthority
Notwithstandingsection14oftheFederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct(5U.S.C.App.),theBoardandallauthorityprovidedunderthissubparagraphshallterminatenotlaterthan12yearsafterDecember27,2020.
(C)Deepsalineformationreport
(i)Definitionofdeepsalineformation
(I)Ingeneral
Inthissubparagraph,theterm"deepsalineformation"meansaformationofsubsurfacegeographicallyextensivesedimentaryrocklayerssaturatedwithwatersorbrinesthathaveahightotaldissolvedsolidscontentandthatarebelowthedepthwherecarbondioxidecanexistintheformationasasupercriticalfluid.
(II)Clarification
Inthissubparagraph,theterm"deepsalineformation"doesnotincludeoilandgasreservoirs.
(ii)Report
InconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,and,asappropriate,withtheheadofanyotherrelevantFederalagencyandrelevantstakeholders,notlaterthan1yearafterDecember27,2020,theAdministratorshallprepare,submittoCongress,andmakepubliclyavailableareportthatincludes—
(I)acomprehensiveidentificationofpotentialrisksandbenefitstoprojectdevelopersassociatedwithincreasedstorageofcarbondioxidecapturedfromstationarysourcesindeepsalineformations,usingexistingresearch;
(II)recommendationsformanagingthepotentialrisksidentifiedundersubclause(I),includingpotentialrisksuniquetopublicland;and
(III)recommendationsforFederallegislationorotherpolicychangestomitigateanypotentialrisksidentifiedundersubclause(I).
(D)GAOreport
Notlaterthan5yearsafterDecember27,2020,theComptrollerGeneraloftheUnitedStatesshallsubmittoCongressareportthat—
(i)identifiesallFederalgrantprogramsinwhichapurposeofagrantundertheprogramistoperformresearchoncarboncaptureandutilizationtechnologies,includingdirectaircapturetechnologies;and
(ii)examinestheextenttowhichtheFederalgrantprogramsidentifiedpursuanttoclause(i)overlaporareduplicative.
(h)NIEHSstudies
(1)TheDirectoroftheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencesmayconductaprogramofbasicresearchtoidentify,characterize,andquantifyriskstohumanhealthfromairpollutants.Suchresearchshallbeconductedprimarilythroughacombinationofuniversityandmedicalschool-basedgrants,aswellasthroughintramuralstudiesandcontracts.
(2)TheDirectoroftheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencesshallconductaprogramfortheeducationandtrainingofphysiciansinenvironmentalhealth.
(3)TheDirectorshallassurethatsuchprogramsshallnotconflictwithresearchundertakenbytheAdministrator.
(4)ThereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedtotheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencessuchsumsasmaybenecessarytocarryoutthepurposesofthissubsection.
(i)Coordinationofresearch
TheAdministratorshalldevelopandimplementaplanforidentifyingareasinwhichactivitiesauthorizedunderthissectioncanbecarriedoutinconjunctionwithotherFederalecologicalandairpollutionresearchefforts.Theplan,whichshallbesubmittedtoCongresswithin6monthsafterNovember15,1990,shallinclude—
(1)anassessmentofambientmonitoringstationsandnetworkstodeterminecosteffectivewaystoexpandmonitoringcapabilitiesinbothurbanandruralenvironments;
(2)aconsiderationoftheextentofthefeasibilityandscientificvalueofconductingtheresearchprogramundersubsection(e)toincludeconsiderationoftheeffectsofatmosphericprocessesandairpollutioneffects;and
(3)amethodologyforevaluatingandrankingpollutionpreventiontechnologies,suchasthosedevelopedundersubsection(g),intermsoftheirabilitytoreducecosteffectivelytheemissionsofairpollutantsandotherairbornechemicalsofconcern.
Notlaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990,andevery4yearsthereafter,theAdministratorshallreporttoCongressontheprogressmadeinimplementingtheplandevelopedunderthissubsection,andshallincludeinsuchreportanyrevisionsoftheplan.
(j)Continuationofnationalacidprecipitationassessmentprogram
(1)TheacidprecipitationresearchprogramsetforthintheAcidPrecipitationActof1980[42U.S.C.8901etseq.]shallbecontinuedwithmodificationspursuanttothissubsection.
(2)TheAcidPrecipitationTaskForceshallconsistoftheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theSecretaryofEnergy,theSecretaryoftheInterior,theSecretaryofAgriculture,theAdministratoroftheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,theAdministratoroftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,andsuchadditionalmembersasthePresidentmayselect.ThePresidentshallappointachairmanfortheTaskForcefromamongitsmemberswithin30daysafterNovember15,1990.
(3)TheresponsibilitiesoftheTaskForceshallincludethefollowing:
(A)ReviewofthestatusofresearchactivitiesconductedtodateunderthecomprehensiveresearchplandevelopedpursuanttotheAcidPrecipitationActof1980[42U.S.C.8901etseq.],anddevelopmentofarevisedplanthatidentifiessignificantresearchgapsandestablishesacoordinatedprogramtoaddresscurrentandfutureresearchpriorities.AdraftoftherevisedplanshallbesubmittedbytheTaskForcetoCongresswithin6monthsafterNovember15,1990.Theplanshallbeavailableforpubliccommentduringthe60dayperiodafteritssubmission,andafinalplanshallbesubmittedbythePresidenttotheCongresswithin45daysafterthecloseofthecommentperiod.
(B)CoordinationwithparticipatingFederalagencies,augmentingtheagencies'researchandmonitoringeffortsandsponsoringadditionalresearchinthescientificcommunityasnecessarytoensuretheavailabilityandqualityofdataandmethodologiesneededtoevaluatethestatusandeffectivenessoftheaciddepositioncontrolprogram.Suchresearchandmonitoringeffortsshallinclude,butnotbelimitedto—
(i)continuousmonitoringofemissionsofprecursorsofaciddeposition;
(ii)maintenance,upgrading,andapplicationofmodels,suchastheRegionalAcidDepositionModel,thatdescribetheinteractionsofemissionswiththeatmosphere,andmodelsthatdescribetheresponseofecosystemstoaciddeposition;and
(iii)analysisofthecosts,benefits,andeffectivenessoftheaciddepositioncontrolprogram.
(C)PublicationandmaintenanceofaNationalAcidLakesRegistrythattrackstheconditionandchangeovertimeofastatisticallyrepresentativesampleoflakesinregionsthatareknowntobesensitivetosurfacewateracidification.
(D)SubmissioneverytwoyearsofaunifiedbudgetrecommendationtothePresidentforactivitiesoftheFederalGovernmentinconnectionwiththeresearchprogramdescribedinthissubsection.
(E)Beginningin1992andbienniallythereafter,submissionofareporttoCongressdescribingtheresultsofitsinvestigationsandanalyses.Thereportingoftechnicalinformationaboutaciddepositionshallbeprovidedinaformatthatfacilitatescommunicationwithpolicymakersandthepublic.Thereportshallinclude—
(i)actualandprojectedemissionsandaciddepositiontrends;
(ii)averageambientconcentrationsofaciddepositionpercursors 2andtheirtransformationproducts;
(iii)thestatusofecosystems(includingforestsandsurfacewaters),materials,andvisibilityaffectedbyaciddeposition;
(iv)thecausesandeffectsofsuchdeposition,includingchangesinsurfacewaterqualityandforestandsoilconditions;
(v)theoccurrenceandeffectsofepisodicacidification,particularlywithrespecttohighelevationwatersheds;and
(vi)theconfidencelevelassociatedwitheachconclusiontoaidpolicymakersinuseoftheinformation.
(F)Beginningin1996,andevery4yearsthereafter,thereportundersubparagraph(E)shallinclude—
(i)thereductionindepositionratesthatmustbeachievedinordertopreventadverseecologicaleffects;and
(ii)thecostsandbenefitsoftheaciddepositioncontrolprogramcreatedbysubchapterIV–Aofthischapter.
(k)Airpollutionconferences
If,inthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,anairpollutionproblemofsubstantialsignificancemayresultfromdischargeordischargesintotheatmosphere,theAdministratormaycallaconferenceconcerningthispotentialairpollutionproblemtobeheldinornearoneormoreoftheplaceswheresuchdischargeordischargesareoccurringorwilloccur.Allinterestedpersonsshallbegivenanopportunitytobeheardatsuchconference,eitherorallyorinwriting,andshallbepermittedtoappearinpersonorbyrepresentativeinaccordancewithproceduresprescribedbytheAdministrator.IftheAdministratorfinds,onthebasisoftheevidencepresentedatsuchconference,thatthedischargeordischargesifpermittedtotakeplaceorcontinuearelikelytocauseorcontributetoairpollutionsubjecttoabatementunderthispart,theAdministratorshallsendsuchfindings,togetherwithrecommendationsconcerningthemeasureswhichtheAdministratorfindsreasonableandsuitabletopreventsuchpollution,tothepersonorpersonswhoseactionswillresultinthedischargeordischargesinvolved;toairpollutionagenciesoftheStateorStatesandofthemunicipalityormunicipalitieswheresuchdischargeordischargeswilloriginate;andtotheinterstateairpollutioncontrolagency,ifany,inthejurisdictionalareaofwhichanysuchmunicipalityislocated.Suchfindingsandrecommendationsshallbeadvisoryonly,butshallbeadmittedtogetherwiththerecordoftheconference,aspartoftheproceedingsundersubsections(b),(c),(d),(e),and(f)ofsection7408ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§103,formerly§3,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.394;renumbered§103andamendedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§§101(3),103,Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992,996;Pub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.486;Pub.L.91–604,§§2(a),4(2),15(a)(2),(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1676,1689,1710,1713;Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§101(a),(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.686,687;Pub.L.101–549,titleIX,§901(a)–(c),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2700–2703;Pub.L.116–260,div.S,§102(b),Dec.27,2020,134Stat.2243.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section14oftheFederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct,referredtoinsubsec.(g)(6)(B)(vi),issection14ofPub.L.92–463,whichissetoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
TheAcidPrecipitationActof1980,referredtoinsubsec.(j)(1),(3)(A),istitleVIIofPub.L.96–294,June30,1980,94Stat.770,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter97(§8901etseq.)ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection8901ofthistitleandTables.
Codification
Insubsec.(b)(4),"section3324(a)and(b)oftitle31andsection6101oftitle41"substitutedfor"sections3648and3709oftheRevisedStatutes(31U.S.C.529;41U.S.C.5)"onauthorityofPub.L.97–258,§4(b),Sept.13,1982,96Stat.1067,whichActenactedTitle31,MoneyandFinance,andPub.L.111–350,§6(c),Jan.4,2011,124Stat.3854,whichActenactedTitle41,PublicContracts.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857bofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Provisionssimilartothoseinsubsec.(a)(3)ofthissectionwerecontainedinsubsec.(a)ofapriorsection1857bofthistitle,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,§3,69Stat.322,asamendedOct.9,1962,Pub.L.87–761,§2,76Stat.760,priortothegeneralamendmentofthischapterbyPub.L.88–206.
Provisionssimilartothoseinthissectionwerecontainedinpriorsections1857ato1857dofthistitle,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,§§2to5,69Stat.322(section1857basamendedOct.9,1962,Pub.L.87–761,§2,76Stat.760;section1857dasamendedSept.22,1959,Pub.L.86–365,§1,73Stat.646andOct.9,1962,Pub.L.87–761,§1,76Stat.760),priortothegeneralamendmentofthischapterbyPub.L.88–206.
Amendments
2020—Subsec.(c)(3).Pub.L.116–260,§102(b)(1),substituted"precursors"for"percursors"inintroductoryprovisions.
Subsec.(g)(1).Pub.L.116–260,§102(b)(2)(C)(iii),designatedfirstsentenceofintroductoryprovisionsaspar.(1)andinsertedheading.Formerpar.(1)redesignatedsubpar.(A)ofpar.(3).
Subsec.(g)(2).Pub.L.116–260,§102(b)(2)(C)(ii),designatedsecondsentenceofintroductoryprovisionsaspar.(2),insertedheading,substituted"Suchstrategiesandtechnologiesdescribedinparagraph(1)shallbedeveloped"for"Suchstrategiesandtechnologiesshallbedeveloped",andinserted"States,institutionsofhighereducation,"after"scientists,".Formerpar.(2)redesignatedsubpar.(B)ofpar.(3).
Subsec.(g)(3).Pub.L.116–260,§102(b)(2)(C)(i),designatedthirdsentenceofintroductoryprovisionsaspar.(3),insertedheading,andsubstituted"Theprogramunderthissubsection"for"Suchprogram".Formerpar.(3)redesignatedsubpar.(C)ofpar.(3).
Subsec.(g)(3)(A)to(D).Pub.L.116–260,§102(b)(2)(A),redesignatedpars.(1)to(4)ofsubsec.(g)assubpars.(A)to(D),respectively,ofpar.(3).
Subsec.(g)(4),(5).Pub.L.116–260,§102(b)(2)(B),designatedfirstandsecondsentencesofconcludingprovisionsaspars.(4)and(5),respectively,andinsertedheadings.Formerpar.(4)redesignatedsubpar.(D)ofpar.(3).
Subsec.(g)(6).Pub.L.116–260,§102(b)(2)(D),addedpar.(6).
1990—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§901(a)(1),inserted"(includinghealthandwelfareeffects)"after"effects".
Subsec.(b)(8).Pub.L.101–549,§901(a)(2),whichdirectedamendmentofsubsec.(b)byaddingpar.(8)atend,wasexecutedbyaddingpar.(8)afterpar.(7)toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Subsecs.(c)to(f).Pub.L.101–549,§901(b),amendedsubsecs.(c)to(f)generally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionswhichrelatedto:insubsec.(c),resultsofotherscientificstudies;insubsec.(d),constructionoffacilities;insubsec.(e),potentialairpollutionproblems,conferences,andfindingsandrecommendationsoftheAdministrator;and,insubsec.(f),acceleratedresearchprograms.
Subsecs.(g)to(k).Pub.L.101–549,§901(c),addedsubsecs.(g)to(k).
1977—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.95–95,§101(b),struckoutreferenceto"training"inpar.(1)andaddedpar.(5).
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–95,§101(a),struckoutpar.(5)whichprovidedfortrainingandtraininggrantstopersonnelofairpollutioncontrolagenciesandotherpersonswithsuitablequalifications,redesignatedpars.(6),(7),and(8)as(5),(6),and(7),respectively,and,followingpar.(7)assoredesignated,insertedprovisionsdirectingtheAdministrator,incarryingoutsubsec.(a),toprovidetrainingfor,andmaketraininggrantsto,personnelofairpollutioncontrolagenciesandotherpersonswithsuitablequalificationsandtomakegrantstosuchagencies,tootherpublicornonprofitprivateagencies,institutions,andorganizationsforthepurposesstatedinsubsec.(a)(5)andallowingreasonablefeestobechargedforsuchtrainingprovidedtopersonsotherthanpersonnelofairpollutioncontrolagenciesbutrequiringthatsuchtrainingbeprovidedtosuchpersonnelofairpollutioncontrolagencieswithoutcharge.
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"and"EnvironmentalProtectionAgency"for"DepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfare".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.91–604,§15(a)(2),(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"and"airpollutants"for"airpollutionagents(orcombinationsofagents)".
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing,substituted"7415"for"7415(a)",andinsertedreferencestosubsecs.(b)and(c)ofsection7415ofthistitle.
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.91–604,§2(a),addedsubsec.(f).
1967—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.90–148substituted"establishtechnicaladvisorycommitteescomposedofrecognizedexpertsinvariousaspectsofairpollutiontoassistintheexaminationandevaluationofresearchprogressandproposalsandtoavoidduplicationofresearch"for"initiateandconductaprogramofresearchdirectedtowardthedevelopmentofimproved,low-costtechniquesforextractingsulfurfromfuels"ascl.(4)andstruckoutcl.(5)whichrelatedtoresearchprogramsrelatingtothecontrolofhydrocarbonemissionsfromevaporationofgasolineandnitrogenandaldehydeoxideemissionfromgasolineanddieselpoweredvehiclesandrelatingtothedevelopmentofimprovedlow-costtechniquestoreduceemissionsofoxidesofsulfurproducedbythecombustionofsulfur-containingfuels.
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.90–148struckoutprovisionforpromulgationofcriteriainthecaseofparticularairpollutionagentspresentintheairincertainquantitiesreflectingthelatestscientificknowledgeandallowingforavailabilityandrevisionandprovidedforrecommendationbySecretaryofairqualitycriteria.
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.90–148substitutedreferencestosubsections(d),(e),and(f)ofsection7415ofthistitleforreferencestosubsections(c),(d),and(e)ofsection7415ofthistitleinprovisionforadmissionofadvisoryfindingsandrecommendationstogetherwiththerecordoftheconferenceandmadesuchfindingsandrecommendationspartoftheproceedingsoftheconference,notmerelypartoftherecordofproceedings.
1965—Subsec.(a)(5).Pub.L.89–272,§103(3),addedpar.(5).
Subsecs.(d),(e).Pub.L.89–272,§103(4),addedsubsecs.(d)and(e).
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
TerminationofReportingRequirements
Fortermination,effectiveMay15,2000,ofprovisionsinsubsec.(i)ofthissectionrequiringquadrennialreportstoCongressandofreportingprovisionsinsubsec.(j)(3)(E)and(F)ofthissection,seesection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance,andthe7thand8thitemsonpage163ofHouseDocumentNo.103–7.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TerminationofAdvisoryCommittees
AdvisorycommitteesinexistenceonJan.5,1973,toterminatenotlaterthantheexpirationofthe2-yearperiodfollowingJan.5,1973,unless,inthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbythePresidentoranofficeroftheFederalGovernment,suchcommitteeisrenewedbyappropriateactionpriortotheexpirationofsuch2-yearperiod,orinthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbytheCongress,itsdurationisotherwiseprovidedbylaw.Seesection14ofPub.L.92–463,Oct.6,1972,86Stat.776,setoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
PilotDesignPrograms
Pub.L.106–246,div.B,titleII,§2603,July13,2000,114Stat.558,requiredtheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytomakegrantstocarryouta2-yearprogramtoimplementinfivemetropolitanareaspilotdesignprogramsandreporttoCongressontheresultsnotlaterthan360daysfromfirstdayofthesecondyearofthe2-yearprogram.
NationalAcidLakesRegistry
Pub.L.101–549,titleIV,§405,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2632,providedthat:"TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallcreateaNationalAcidLakesRegistrythatshalllist,totheextentpractical,alllakesthatareknowntobeacidifiedduetoaciddeposition,andshallpublishsuchlistwithinoneyearoftheenactmentofthisAct[Nov.15,1990].Lakesshallbeaddedtotheregistryastheybecomeacidicorasdatabecomesavailabletoshowtheyareacidic.Lakesshallbedeletedfromtheregistryastheybecomenonacidic."
AssessmentofInternationalAirPollutionControlTechnologies
Pub.L.101–549,titleIX,§901(e),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2706,directedAdministratorofEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytoconductastudythatcomparesinternationalairpollutioncontroltechnologiesofselectedindustrializedcountriestodetermineifthereexistairpollutioncontroltechnologiesincountriesoutsidetheUnitedStatesthatmayhavebeneficialapplicationstothisNation'sairpollutioncontrolefforts,including,withrespecttoeachcountrystudied,thetopicsofurbanairquality,motorvehicleemissions,toxicairemissions,andaciddeposition,andwithin2yearsafterNov.15,1990,submittoCongressareportdetailingtheresultsofsuchstudy.
WesternStatesAcidDepositionResearch
Pub.L.101–549,titleIX,§901(g),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2707,providedthat:
"(1)TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallsponsormonitoringandresearchandsubmittoCongressannualandperiodicassessmentreportson—
"(A)theoccurrenceandeffectsofaciddepositiononsurfacewaterslocatedinthatpartoftheUnitedStateswestoftheMississippiRiver;
"(B)theoccurrenceandeffectsofaciddepositiononhighelevationecosystems(includingforests,andsurfacewaters);and
"(C)theoccurrenceandeffectsofepisodicacidification,particularlywithrespecttohighelevationwatersheds.
"(2)TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallanalyzedatageneratedfromthestudiesconductedunderparagraph(1),datafromtheWesternLakesSurvey,andotherappropriateresearchandutilizepredictivemodelingtechniquesthattakeintoaccounttheuniquegeographic,climatological,andatmosphericconditionswhichexistinthewesternUnitedStatestodeterminethepotentialoccurrenceandeffectsofaciddepositionduetoanyprojectedincreasesintheemissionofsulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesinthatpartoftheUnitedStateslocatedwestoftheMississippiRiver.TheAdministratorshallincludetheresultsoftheprojectconductedunderthisparagraphinthereportsissuedtoCongressunderparagraph(1)."
ConsultationWithandTransmissionofReportsandStudiestoCongressionalCommittee
Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§101(c),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.687,providedthat:"TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallconsultwiththeHouseCommitteeonScienceandTechnology[nowCommitteeonScience,Space,andTechnology]ontheenvironmentalandatmosphericresearch,development,anddemonstrationaspectsofthisAct[seeShortTitleof1977Amendmentnotesetoutundersection7401ofthistitle].Inaddition,thereportsandstudiesrequiredbythisActthatrelatetoresearch,development,anddemonstrationissuesshallbetransmittedtotheCommitteeonScienceandTechnology[nowCommitteeonScience,Space,andTechnology]atthesametimetheyaremadeavailabletoothercommitteesoftheCongress."
StudyofSubstancesDischargedFromExhaustsofMotorVehicles
Pub.L.86–493,June8,1960,74Stat.162,directedSurgeonGeneralofPublicHealthServicetoconductathoroughstudyforpurposesofdetermining,withrespecttothevarioussubstancesdischargedfromexhaustsofmotorvehicles,theamountsandkindsofsuchsubstanceswhich,fromthestandpointofhumanhealth,itissafeformotorvehiclestodischargeintotheatmosphereunderthevariousconditionsunderwhichsuchvehiclesmayoperate,and,notlaterthantwoyearsafterJune8,1960,submittoCongressareportonresultsofthestudy,togetherwithsuchrecommendations,ifany,baseduponthefindingsmadeinsuchstudy,ashedeemednecessaryfortheprotectionofthepublichealth.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"precursors".
§7404.Researchrelatingtofuelsandvehicles
(a)Researchprograms;grants;contracts;pilotanddemonstrationplants;byproductsresearch
TheAdministratorshallgivespecialemphasistoresearchanddevelopmentintonewandimprovedmethods,havingindustry-wideapplication,forthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionresultingfromthecombustionoffuels.Infurtheranceofsuchresearchanddevelopmentheshall—
(1)conductandaccelerateresearchprogramsdirectedtowarddevelopmentofimproved,cost-effectivetechniquesfor—
(A)controlofcombustionbyproductsoffuels,
(B)removalofpotentialairpollutantsfromfuelspriortocombustion,
(C)controlofemissionsfromtheevaporationoffuels,
(D)improvingtheefficiencyoffuelscombustionsoastodecreaseatmosphericemissions,and
(E)producingsyntheticornewfuelswhich,whenused,resultindecreasedatmosphericemissions.1
(2)provideforFederalgrantstopublicornonprofitagencies,institutions,andorganizationsandtoindividuals,andcontractswithpublicorprivateagencies,institutions,orpersons,forpaymentof(A)partofthecostofacquiring,constructing,orotherwisesecuringforresearchanddevelopmentpurposes,neworimproveddevicesormethodshavingindustrywideapplicationofpreventingorcontrollingdischargesintotheairofvarioustypesofpollutants;(B)partofthecostofprogramstodeveloplowemissionalternativestothepresentinternalcombustionengine;(C)thecosttopurchasevehiclesandvehicleengines,orportionsthereof,forresearch,development,andtestingpurposes;and(D)carryingouttheotherprovisionsofthissection,withoutregardtosection3324(a)and(b)oftitle31andsection6101oftitle41:Provided,Thatresearchordemonstrationcontractsawardedpursuanttothissubsection(includingcontractsforconstruction)maybemadeinaccordancewith,andsubjecttothelimitationsprovidedwithrespecttoresearchcontractsofthemilitarydepartmentsin,section2353oftitle10,exceptthatthedetermination,approval,andcertificationrequiredtherebyshallbemadebytheAdministrator;Providedfurther,Thatnograntmaybemadeunderthisparagraphinexcessof$1,500,000;
(3)determine,bylaboratoryandpilotplanttesting,theresultsofairpollutionresearchandstudiesinordertodevelopneworimprovedprocessesandplantdesignstothepointwheretheycanbedemonstratedonalargeandpracticalscale;
(4)construct,operate,andmaintain,orassistinmeetingthecostoftheconstruction,operation,andmaintenanceofneworimproveddemonstrationplantsorprocesseswhichhavepromiseofaccomplishingthepurposesofthischapter; 2
(5)studyneworimprovedmethodsfortherecoveryandmarketingofcommerciallyvaluablebyproductsresultingfromtheremovalofpollutants.
(b)PowersofAdministratorinestablishingresearchanddevelopmentprograms
Incarryingouttheprovisionsofthissection,theAdministratormay—
(1)conductandaccelerateresearchanddevelopmentofcost-effectiveinstrumentationtechniquestofacilitatedeterminationofquantityandqualityofairpollutantemissions,including,butnotlimitedto,automotiveemissions;
(2)utilize,onareimbursablebasis,thefacilitiesofexistingFederalscientificlaboratories;
(3)establishandoperatenecessaryfacilitiesandtestsitesatwhichtocarryontheresearch,testing,development,andprogrammingnecessarytoeffectuatethepurposesofthissection;
(4)acquiresecretprocesses,technicaldata,inventions,patentapplications,patents,licenses,andaninterestinlands,plants,andfacilities,andotherpropertyorrightsbypurchase,license,lease,ordonation;and
(5)causeon-siteinspectionstobemadeofpromisingdomesticandforeignprojects,andcooperateandparticipateintheirdevelopmentininstancesinwhichthepurposesofthechapterwillbeservedthereby.
(c)Cleanalternativefuels
TheAdministratorshallconductaresearchprogramtoidentify,characterize,andpredictairemissionsrelatedtotheproduction,distribution,storage,anduseofcleanalternativefuelstodeterminetherisksandbenefitstohumanhealthandtheenvironmentrelativetothosefromusingconventionalgasolineanddieselfuels.TheAdministratorshallconsultwithotherFederalagenciestoensurecoordinationandtoavoidduplicationofactivitiesauthorizedunderthissubsection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§104,asaddedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.487;amendedPub.L.91–137,Dec.5,1969,83Stat.283;Pub.L.91–604,§§2(b),(c),13(a),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1676,1677,1709,1713;Pub.L.93–15,§1(a),Apr.9,1973,87Stat.11;Pub.L.93–319,§13(a),June22,1974,88Stat.265;Pub.L.101–549,titleIX,§901(d),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2706.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Insubsec.(a)(2)(D),"section3324(a)and(b)oftitle31andsection6101oftitle41"substitutedfor"sections3648and3709oftheRevisedStatutes(31U.S.C.529;41U.S.C.5)"onauthorityofPub.L.97–258,§4(b),Sept.13,1982,96Stat.1067,whichActenactedTitle31,MoneyandFinance,andPub.L.111–350,§6(c),Jan.4,2011,124Stat.3854,whichActenactedTitle41,PublicContracts.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857b–1ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection104ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection105byPub.L.90–148andisclassifiedtosection7405ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsecs.(a)(1),(b)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§901(d)(1),substituted"cost-effective"for"low-cost".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.101–549,§901(d)(2),amendedsubsec.(c)generally.Priortoamendment,subsec.(c)readasfollows:"Forthepurposesofthissectionthereareauthorizedtobeappropriated$75,000,000forthefiscalyearendingJune30,1971,$125,000,000forthefiscalyearendingJune30,1972,$150,000,000forthefiscalyearendingJune30,1973,and$150,000,000forthefiscalyearendingJune30,1974,and$150,000,000forthefiscalyearendingJune30,1975.Amountsappropriatedpursuanttothissubsectionshallremainavailableuntilexpended."
1974—Subsec.(c).Pub.L.93–319authorizedappropriationof$150,000,000forfiscalyearendingJune30,1975.
1973—Subsec.(c).Pub.L.93–15authorizedappropriationof$150,000,000forfiscalyearendingJune30,1974.
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.91–604,§2(b),insertedprovisionsauthorizingresearchprogramsdirectedtowarddevelopmentoftechniquesforimprovingtheefficiencyoffuelscombustionsoastodecreaseatmosphericemissions,andproducingsyntheticornewfuelswhichresultindecreasedatmosphericemissions.
Subsec.(a)(2).Pub.L.91–604,§2(c),addedcls.(B)and(C)andredesignatedformercl.(B)as(D).
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.91–604,§13(a),substitutedprovisionsauthorizingappropriationsforfiscalyearsendingJune30,1971,1972,and1973,forprovisionsauthorizingappropriationsforfiscalyearsendingJune30,1968and1969.
1969—Subsec.(c).Pub.L.91–137authorizedappropriationof$45,000,000forfiscalyearendingJune30,1970.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
HydrogenFuelCellVehicleStudyandTestProgram
Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§807,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2689,providedthattheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,inconjunctionwiththeNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationandtheDepartmentofEnergy,wouldconductastudy,performedintheuniversityoruniversitieswhicharebestexhibitingthefacilitiesandexpertisetodevelopsuchafuelcellvehicleandtestprogramonthedevelopmentofahydrogenfuelcellelectricvehicle,todeterminehowbesttotransferexistingNASAhydrogenfuelcelltechnologyintotheformofamass-producible,costeffectivehydrogenfuelcellvehicleandincludeataminimumafeasibility-designstudy,theconstructionofaprototype,andademonstration,andprovidedthatthestudyandtestprogramweretobecompletedandareportsubmittedtoCongresswithin3yearsafterNov.15,1990.
CombustionofContaminatedUsedOilinShips
Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§813,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2693,directedthatwithin2yearsafterNov.15,1990,theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencywastocompleteastudyandsubmitareporttoCongressevaluatingthehealthandenvironmentalimpactsofthecombustionofcontaminatedusedoilinships,thereasonsforusingsuchoil,thealternatives,andthecostsofsuchalternatives,andotherrelevantfactorsandimpacts.
ExtensiontoAug.31,1970ofAuthorizationPeriodforFiscalYear1970
Pub.L.91–316,July10,1970,84Stat.416,providedinpartthattheauthorizationcontainedinsection104(c)oftheCleanAirAct[subsec.(c)ofthissection]forthefiscalyearendingJune30,1970,shouldremainavailablethroughAug.31,1970,notwithstandinganyprovisionsofthissection.
1 Soinoriginal.Theperiodprobablyshouldbeasemicolon.
2 Soinoriginal.Theword"and"probablyshouldappear.
§7405.Grantsforsupportofairpollutionplanningandcontrolprograms
(a)Amounts;limitations;assurancesofplandevelopmentcapability
(1)(A)TheAdministratormaymakegrantstoairpollutioncontrolagencies,withinthemeaningofparagraph(1),(2),(3),(4),or(5)ofsection7602ofthistitle,inanamountuptothree-fifthsofthecostofimplementingprogramsforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionorimplementationofnationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandards.Forthepurposeofthissection,"implementing"meansanyactivityrelatedtotheplanning,developing,establishing,carrying-out,improving,ormaintainingofsuchprograms.
(B)Subjecttosubsections(b)and(c)ofthissection,anairpollutioncontrolagencywhichreceivesagrantundersubparagraph(A)andwhichcontributeslessthantherequiredtwo-fifthsminimumshallhave3yearsfollowingNovember15,1990,inwhichtocontributesuchamount.Ifsuchanagencyfailstomeetandmaintainthisrequiredlevel,theAdministratorshallreducetheamountoftheFederalcontributionaccordingly.
(C)Withrespecttoanyairqualitycontrolregionorportionthereofforwhichthereisanapplicableimplementationplanundersection7410ofthistitle,grantsundersubparagraph(A)maybemadeonlytoairpollutioncontrolagencieswhichhavesubstantialresponsibilitiesforcarryingoutsuchapplicableimplementationplan.
(2)Beforeapprovinganygrantunderthissubsectiontoanyairpollutioncontrolagencywithinthemeaningofsections7602(b)(2)and7602(b)(4)ofthistitle,theAdministratorshallreceiveassurancesthatsuchagencyprovidesforadequaterepresentationofappropriateState,interstate,local,and(whenappropriate)international,interestsintheairqualitycontrolregion.
(3)Beforeapprovinganyplanninggrantunderthissubsectiontoanyairpollutioncontrolagencywithinthemeaningofsections7602(b)(2)and7602(b)(4)ofthistitle,theAdministratorshallreceiveassurancesthatsuchagencyhasthecapabilityofdevelopingacomprehensiveairqualityplanfortheairqualitycontrolregion,whichplanshallinclude(whenappropriate)arecommendedsystemofalertstoavertandreducetheriskofsituationsinwhichtheremaybeimminentandseriousdangertothepublichealthorwelfarefromairpollutantsandthevariousaspectsrelevanttotheestablishmentofairqualitystandardsforsuchairqualitycontrolregion,includingtheconcentrationofindustries,othercommercialestablishments,populationandnaturallyoccurringfactorswhichshallaffectsuchstandards.
(b)Termsandconditions;regulations;factorsforconsideration;Stateexpenditurelimitations
(1)Fromthesumsavailableforthepurposesofsubsection(a)ofthissectionforanyfiscalyear,theAdministratorshallfromtimetotimemakegrantstoairpollutioncontrolagenciesuponsuchtermsandconditionsastheAdministratormayfindnecessarytocarryoutthepurposeofthissection.InestablishingregulationsforthegrantingofsuchfundstheAdministratorshall,sofaraspracticable,givedueconsiderationto(A)thepopulation,(B)theextentoftheactualorpotentialairpollutionproblem,and(C)thefinancialneedoftherespectiveagencies.
(2)Notmorethan10percentumofthetotaloffundsappropriatedorallocatedforthepurposesofsubsection(a)ofthissectionshallbegrantedforairpollutioncontrolprogramsinanyoneState.InthecaseofagrantforaprograminanareacrossingStateboundaries,theAdministratorshalldeterminetheportionofsuchgrantthatischargeabletothepercentagelimitationunderthissubsectionforeachStateintowhichsuchareaextends.Subjecttotheprovisionsofparagraph(1)ofthissubsection,noStateshallhavemadeavailabletoitforapplicationlessthanone-halfof1percentumoftheannualappropriationforgrantsunderthissectionforgrantstoagencieswithinsuchState.
(c)Maintenanceofeffort
(1)Noagencyshallreceiveanygrantunderthissectionduringanyfiscalyearwhenitsexpendituresofnon-Federalfundsforrecurrentexpendituresforairpollutioncontrolprogramswillbelessthanitsexpenditureswereforsuchprogramsduringtheprecedingfiscalyear.InorderfortheAdministratortoawardgrantsunderthissectioninatimelymannereachfiscalyear,theAdministratorshallcompareanagency'sprospectiveexpenditureleveltothatofitssecondprecedingfiscalyear.TheAdministratorshallrevisethecurrentregulationswhichdefineapplicablenonrecurrentandrecurrentexpenditures,andinsodoing,givedueconsiderationtoexemptinganagencyfromthelimitationsofthisparagraphandsubsection(a)duetoperiodicincreasesexperiencedbythatagencyfromtimetotimeinitsannualexpendituresforpurposesacceptabletotheAdministratorforthatfiscalyear.
(2)TheAdministratormaystillawardagranttoanagencynotmeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(l) 1ofthissubsectioniftheAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,determinesthatareductioninexpendituresisattributabletoanon-selectivereductionintheexpendituresintheprogramsofallExecutivebranchagenciesoftheapplicableunitofGovernment.NoagencyshallreceiveanygrantunderthissectionwithrespecttothemaintenanceofaprogramforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionunlesstheAdministratorissatisfiedthatsuchagrantwillbesousedtosupplementand,totheextentpracticable,increasethelevelofState,local,orothernon-Federalfunds.NograntsshallbemadeunderthissectionuntiltheAdministratorhasconsultedwiththeappropriateofficialasdesignatedbytheGovernororGovernorsoftheStateorStatesaffected.
(d)Reductionofpayments;availabilityofreducedamounts;reducedamountasdeemedpaidtoagencyforpurposeofdeterminingamountofgrant
TheAdministrator,withtheconcurrenceofanyrecipientofagrantunderthissection,mayreducethepaymentstosuchrecipientbytheamountofthepay,allowances,travelingexpenses,andanyothercostsinconnectionwiththedetailofanyofficeroremployeetotherecipientundersection7601ofthistitle,whensuchdetailisfortheconvenienceof,andattherequestof,suchrecipientandforthepurposeofcarryingouttheprovisionsofthischapter.TheamountbywhichsuchpaymentshavebeenreducedshallbeavailableforpaymentofsuchcostsbytheAdministrator,butshall,forthepurposeofdeterminingtheamountofanygranttoarecipientundersubsection(a)ofthissection,bedeemedtohavebeenpaidtosuchagency.
(e)Noticeandopportunityforhearingwhenaffectedbyadverseaction
NoapplicationbyaStateforagrantunderthissectionmaybedisapprovedbytheAdministratorwithoutpriornoticeandopportunityforapublichearingintheaffectedState,andnocommitmentorobligationofanyfundsunderanysuchgrantmayberevokedorreducedwithoutpriornoticeandopportunityforapublichearingintheaffectedState(orinoneoftheaffectedStatesifmorethanoneStateisaffected).
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§105,formerly§4,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.395;renumbered§104andamendedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(2)–(4),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;Pub.L.89–675,§3,Oct.15,1966,80Stat.954;renumbered§105andamendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.489;Pub.L.91–604,§§3(a),(b)(1),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1677,1713;Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§102,titleIII,§305(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.687,776;Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§802(a)–(e),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2687,2688.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857cofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection105ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection108byPub.L.90–148andisclassifiedtosection7415ofthistitle.
Provisionssimilartothoseinsubsecs.(a)and(b)ofthissectionwerecontainedinapriorsection1857dofthistitle,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,§5,69Stat.322,asamendedSept.22,1959,Pub.L.86–365,§1,73Stat.646;Oct.9,1962,Pub.L.87–761,§1,76Stat.760,priortothegeneralamendmentbyPub.L.88–206.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a)(1)(A),(B).Pub.L.101–549,§802(a),amendedsubpars.(A)and(B)generally.Priortoamendment,subpars.(A)and(B)readasfollows:
"(A)TheAdministratormaymakegrantstoairpollutioncontrolagenciesinanamountuptotwo-thirdsofthecostofplanning,developing,establishing,orimproving,anduptoone-halfofthecostofmaintaining,programsforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionorimplementationofnationalprimaryandsecondry[sic]ambientairqualitystandards.
"(B)Subjecttosubparagraph(C),theAdministratormaymakegrantstoairpollutioncontrolagencieswithinthemeaningofparagraph(1),(2),or(4)ofsection7602(b)ofthistitleinanamountuptothree-fourthsofthecostofplanning,developing,establishing,orimproving,anduptothree-fifthsofthecostofmaintaining,anyprogramforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionorimplementationofnationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandardsinanareathatincludestwoormoremunicipalities,whetherinthesameordifferentStates."
Subsec.(a)(1)(C).Pub.L.101–549,§802(b),substituted"subparagraph(A)"for"subparagraph(B)".
Subsec.(b)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§802(c),designatedexistingprovisionsofsubsec.(b)aspar.(1),redesignatedformercls.(1)to(3)ascls.(A)to(C),respectively,andstruckoutatend"Noagencyshallreceiveanygrantunderthissectionduringanyfiscalyearwhenitsexpendituresofnon-Federalfundsforotherthannonrecurrentexpendituresforairpollutioncontrolprogramswillbelessthanitsexpenditureswereforsuchprogramsduringtheprecedingfiscalyear,unlesstheAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,determinesthatareductioninexpendituresisattributabletoanonselectivereductioninexpendituresintheprogramsofallexecutivebranchagenciesoftheapplicableunitofGovernment;andnoagencyshallreceiveanygrantunderthissectionwithrespecttothemaintenanceofaprogramforthepreventionandcontrolofairpollutionunlesstheAdministratorissatisfiedthatsuchgrantwillbesousedtosupplementand,totheextentpracticable,increasethelevelofState,local,orothernon-Federalfundsthatwouldintheabsenceofsuchgrantbemadeavailableforthemaintenanceofsuchprogram,andwillinnoeventsupplantsuchState,local,orothernon-Federalfunds.NograntshallbemadeunderthissectionuntiltheAdministratorhasconsultedwiththeappropriateofficialasdesignatedbytheGovernororGovernorsoftheStateorStatesaffected."
Subsec.(b)(2).Pub.L.101–549,§802(d),redesignatedsubsec.(c)assubsec.(b)(2)andsubstituted"Subjecttotheprovisionsofparagraph(1)ofthissubsection,noStateshallhavemadeavailabletoitforapplicationlessthanone-halfof1percentumoftheannualappropriationforgrantsunderthissectionforgrantstoagencieswithinsuchState."for"Infiscalyear1978andsubsequentfiscalyears,subjecttotheprovisionsofsubsection(b)ofthissection,noStateshallreceivelessthanone-halfof1percentumoftheannualappropriationforgrantsunderthissectionforgrantstoagencieswithinsuchState."
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.101–549,§802(e),addedsubsec.(c).Formersubsec.(c)redesignated(b)(2).
1977—Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–95,§102(a),inserted", unlesstheAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforhearing,determinesthatareductioninexpendituresisattributabletoanonselectivereductioninexpendituresintheprogramsofallexecutivebranchagenciesoftheapplicableunitofGovernment"after"willbelessthanitsexpenditureswereforsuchprogramsduringtheprecedingfiscalyear".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.95–95,§102(b),providedthatinfiscalyear1978andsubsequentfiscalyears,subjecttoprovisionsofsubsec.(b)ofthissection,noStateshallreceivelessthanone-halfof1percentumoftheannualappropriationforgrantsunderthissectionforgrantstoagencieswithinsuchState.
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.95–95,§305(b),addedsubsec.(e).
1970—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.91–604,§3(a),substitutedprovisionsauthorizingtheAdministratortomakegrants,forprovisionsauthorizingtheSecretarytomakegrants,andprovisionsauthorizinggrantsforprogramsimplementingnationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandards,forprovisionsauthorizinggrantsforprogramsimplementingairqualitystandardsauthorizedbythissubchapter,andinsertedtheprovisionrequiringgrantstoairpollutioncontrolagenciesbemadetoagencieshavingsubstantialresponsibilitiesforcarryingouttheapplicableimplementationplanwithrespecttotheairqualitycontrolregionorportionthereof.
Subsecs.(a)(2),(3),(b),(c).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing.
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.91–604,§3(b)(1),addedsubsec.(d).
1967—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.90–148designatedexistingprovisionsaspar.(1),substituted"regionalairqualitycontrolprogram"for"regionalairpollutioncontrolprogram,"addedplanningtolistofauthorizedactivities,andaddedprogramsforimplementationofairqualitystandardsauthorizedbythischaptertolistofauthorizedprograms,andaddedpars.(2)and(3).
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.90–148mademinorchangesintheorderofprovisions.
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.90–148reducedpercentagelimitationonportionoftotalfundswhichmightbegrantedforairpollutioncontrolprogramsinanyoneStatefrom12½percentumto10percentum.
1966—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.89–675,§3(a)(1),struckoutprovisionslimitingavailablefundsto20percentumofsumsappropriatedannuallyforpurposeofthissubchapter,insertedprovisionsallowinggrantstoairpollutioncontrolagenciesuptoone-halfofcostofmaintainingprogramsforpreventionandcontrolofairpollution,andauthorizedSecretarytomakegrantsofuptothree-fifthsofcostofmaintainingregionalairpollutioncontrolprograms.
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.89–675,§3(a)(2),substituted"forthepurposeof"for"under",permittedgranteestoreduceannualexpenditurestotheextentthatnonrecurrentcostsareinvolvedforpurposesofapplicationoftheprovisionthatnoagencymayreceivegrantsduringanyfiscalyearwhenitsexpendituresofnon-Federalfundsforairpollutioncontrolprogramsarelessthanitsexpendituresforsuchprogramsduringtheprecedingyear,andinsertedprovisionsinsuringthatFederalfundswillinnoeventbeusedtosupplantStateorlocalgovernmentfundsinmaintainingairpollutioncontrolprograms.
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.89–675,§3(b),substituted"totaloffundsappropriatedorallocatedforthepurposesofsubsection(a)ofthissectionshallbegrantedforairpollutioncontrolprograms"for"grantfundsavailableundersubsection(a)ofthissectionshallbeexpended"andauthorizedtheSecretarytodeterminetheportionofgrantstointerstateagenciestobechargedagainstthetwelveandone-halfpercentlimitationofgrantfundstoanyoneState.
1965—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.89–272substituted"thistitle"for"thisAct",whichforpurposesofcodificationhasbeenchangedto"thissubchapter",and"section302(b)(2)and(4)"for"section9(b)(2)and(4)",whichforpurposesofcodificationhasbeenchangedto"section7602(b)(2)and(4)ofthistitle".
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbeparagraph"(1)".
§7406.Interstateairqualityagencies;programcostlimitations
Forthepurposeofdevelopingimplementationplansforanyinterstateairqualitycontrolregiondesignatedpursuanttosection7407ofthistitleorofimplementingsection7506aofthistitle(relatingtocontrolofinterstateairpollution)orsection7511cofthistitle(relatingtocontrolofinterstateozonepollution),theAdministratorisauthorizedtopay,fortwoyears,upto100percentumoftheairqualityplanningprogramcostsofanycommissionestablishedundersection7506aofthistitle(relatingtocontrolofinterstateairpollution)orsection7511cofthistitle(relatingtocontrolofinterstateozonepollution)oranyagencydesignatedbytheGovernorsoftheaffectedStates,whichagencyshallbecapableofrecommendingtotheGovernorsplansforimplementationofnationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandardsandshallincluderepresentationfromtheStatesandappropriatepoliticalsubdivisionswithintheairqualitycontrolregion.Aftertheinitialtwo-yearperiodtheAdministratorisauthorizedtomakegrantstosuchagencyorsuchcommissioninanamountuptothree-fifthsoftheairqualityimplementationprogramcostsofsuchagencyorcommission.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§106,asaddedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.490;amendedPub.L.91–604,§3(c),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1677;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§102(f)(2),titleVIII,§802(f),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2420,2688.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857c–1ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection106ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection117byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7417ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549,§102(f)(2)(A),inserted"orofimplementingsection7506aofthistitle(relatingtocontrolofinterstateairpollution)orsection7511cofthistitle(relatingtocontrolofinterstateozonepollution)"after"section7407ofthistitle".
Pub.L.101–549,§102(f)(2)(B),whichdirectedinsertionof"anycommissionestablishedundersection7506aofthistitle(relatingtocontrolofinterstateairpollution)orsection7511cofthistitle(relatingtocontrolofinterstateozonepollution)or"after"programcostsof",wasexecutedbymakingtheinsertionafterthatphrasethefirstplaceitappearedtoreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Pub.L.101–549,§102(f)(2)(C),whichdirectedinsertionof"orsuchcommission"after"suchagency"inlastsentence,wasexecutedbymakinginsertionafter"suchagency"thefirstplaceitappearedinthelastsentencetoreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Pub.L.101–549,§§102(f)(2)(D),802(f),substituted"three-fifthsoftheairqualityimplementationprogramcostsofsuchagencyorcommission"for"three-fourthsoftheairqualityplanningprogramcostsofsuchagency".
1970—Pub.L.91–604struckoutdesignation"(a)",substitutedprovisionsauthorizingFederalgrantsforthepurposeofdevelopingimplementationplansandprovisionsrequiringthedesignatedStateagencytobecapableofrecommendingplansforimplementationofnationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandards,forprovisionsauthorizingFederalgrantsforthepurposeofexpeditingtheestablishmentofairqualitystandardsandprovisionsrequiringthedesignatedStateagencytobecapableofrecommendingstandardsofairqualityandplansforimplementationthereof,respectively,andstruckoutsubsec.(b)whichauthorizedestablishmentofairqualityplanningcommissions.
§7407.Airqualitycontrolregions
(a)ResponsibilityofeachStateforairquality;submissionofimplementationplan
EachStateshallhavetheprimaryresponsibilityforassuringairqualitywithintheentiregeographicareacomprisingsuchStatebysubmittinganimplementationplanforsuchStatewhichwillspecifythemannerinwhichnationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandardswillbeachievedandmaintainedwithineachairqualitycontrolregioninsuchState.
(b)Designatedregions
Forpurposesofdevelopingandcarryingoutimplementationplansundersection7410ofthistitle—
(1)anairqualitycontrolregiondesignatedunderthissectionbeforeDecember31,1970,oraregiondesignatedaftersuchdateundersubsection(c),shallbeanairqualitycontrolregion;and
(2)theportionofsuchStatewhichisnotpartofanysuchdesignatedregionshallbeanairqualitycontrolregion,butsuchportionmaybesubdividedbytheStateintotwoormoreairqualitycontrolregionswiththeapprovaloftheAdministrator.
(c)AuthorityofAdministratortodesignateregions;notificationofGovernorsofaffectedStates
TheAdministratorshall,within90daysafterDecember31,1970,afterconsultationwithappropriateStateandlocalauthorities,designateasanairqualitycontrolregionanyinterstateareaormajorintrastateareawhichhedeemsnecessaryorappropriatefortheattainmentandmaintenanceofambientairqualitystandards.TheAdministratorshallimmediatelynotifytheGovernorsoftheaffectedStatesofanydesignationmadeunderthissubsection.
(d)Designations
(1)Designationsgenerally
(A)SubmissionbyGovernorsofinitialdesignationsfollowingpromulgationofneworrevisedstandards
BysuchdateastheAdministratormayreasonablyrequire,butnotlaterthan1yearafterpromulgationofaneworrevisednationalambientairqualitystandardforanypollutantundersection7409ofthistitle,theGovernorofeachStateshall(andatanyothertimetheGovernorofaStatedeemsappropriatetheGovernormay)submittotheAdministratoralistofallareas(orportionsthereof)intheState,designatingas—
(i)nonattainment,anyareathatdoesnotmeet(orthatcontributestoambientairqualityinanearbyareathatdoesnotmeet)thenationalprimaryorsecondaryambientairqualitystandardforthepollutant,
(ii)attainment,anyarea(otherthananareaidentifiedinclause(i))thatmeetsthenationalprimaryorsecondaryambientairqualitystandardforthepollutant,or
(iii)unclassifiable,anyareathatcannotbeclassifiedonthebasisofavailableinformationasmeetingornotmeetingthenationalprimaryorsecondaryambientairqualitystandardforthepollutant.
TheAdministratormaynotrequiretheGovernortosubmittherequiredlistsoonerthan120daysafterpromulgatinganeworrevisednationalambientairqualitystandard.
(B)PromulgationbyEPAofdesignations
(i)Uponpromulgationorrevisionofanationalambientairqualitystandard,theAdministratorshallpromulgatethedesignationsofallareas(orportionsthereof)submittedundersubparagraph(A)asexpeditiouslyaspracticable,butinnocaselaterthan2yearsfromthedateofpromulgationoftheneworrevisednationalambientairqualitystandard.SuchperiodmaybeextendedforuptooneyearintheeventtheAdministratorhasinsufficientinformationtopromulgatethedesignations.
(ii)Inmakingthepromulgationsrequiredunderclause(i),theAdministratormaymakesuchmodificationsastheAdministratordeemsnecessarytothedesignationsoftheareas(orportionsthereof)submittedundersubparagraph(A)(includingtotheboundariesofsuchareasorportionsthereof).WhenevertheAdministratorintendstomakeamodification,theAdministratorshallnotifytheStateandprovidesuchStatewithanopportunitytodemonstratewhyanyproposedmodificationisinappropriate.TheAdministratorshallgivesuchnotificationnolaterthan120daysbeforethedatetheAdministratorpromulgatesthedesignation,includinganymodificationthereto.IftheGovernorfailstosubmitthelistinwholeorinpart,asrequiredundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshallpromulgatethedesignationthattheAdministratordeemsappropriateforanyarea(orportionthereof)notdesignatedbytheState.
(iii)IftheGovernorofanyState,ontheGovernor'sownmotion,undersubparagraph(A),submitsalistofareas(orportionsthereof)intheStatedesignatedasnonattainment,attainment,orunclassifiable,theAdministratorshallactonsuchdesignationsinaccordancewiththeproceduresunderparagraph(3)(relatingtoredesignation).
(iv)Adesignationforanarea(orportionthereof)madepursuanttothissubsectionshallremainineffectuntilthearea(orportionthereof)isredesignatedpursuanttoparagraph(3)or(4).
(C)Designationsbyoperationoflaw
(i)Anyareadesignatedwithrespecttoanyairpollutantundertheprovisionsofparagraph(1)(A),(B),or(C)ofthissubsection(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)isdesignated,byoperationoflaw,asanonattainmentareaforsuchpollutantwithinthemeaningofsubparagraph(A)(i).
(ii)Anyareadesignatedwithrespecttoanyairpollutantundertheprovisionsofparagraph(1)(E)(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)isdesignatedbyoperationoflaw,asanattainmentareaforsuchpollutantwithinthemeaningofsubparagraph(A)(ii).
(iii)Anyareadesignatedwithrespecttoanyairpollutantundertheprovisionsofparagraph(1)(D)(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)isdesignated,byoperationoflaw,asanunclassifiableareaforsuchpollutantwithinthemeaningofsubparagraph(A)(iii).
(2)Publicationofdesignationsandredesignations
(A)TheAdministratorshallpublishanoticeintheFederalRegisterpromulgatinganydesignationunderparagraph(1)or(5),orannouncinganydesignationunderparagraph(4),orpromulgatinganyredesignationunderparagraph(3).
(B)Promulgationorannouncementofadesignationunderparagraph(1),(4)or(5)shallnotbesubjecttotheprovisionsofsections553through557oftitle5(relatingtonoticeandcomment),exceptnothinghereinshallbeconstruedasprecludingsuchpublicnoticeandcommentwheneverpossible.
(3)Redesignation
(A)Subjecttotherequirementsofsubparagraph(E),andonthebasisofairqualitydata,planningandcontrolconsiderations,oranyotherairquality-relatedconsiderationstheAdministratordeemsappropriate,theAdministratormayatanytimenotifytheGovernorofanyStatethatavailableinformationindicatesthatthedesignationofanyareaorportionofanareawithintheStateorinterstateareashouldberevised.Inissuingsuchnotification,whichshallbepublic,totheGovernor,theAdministratorshallprovidesuchinformationastheAdministratormayhaveavailableexplainingthebasisforthenotice.
(B)Nolaterthan120daysafterreceivinganotificationundersubparagraph(A),theGovernorshallsubmittotheAdministratorsuchredesignation,ifany,oftheappropriatearea(orareas)orportionthereofwithintheStateorinterstatearea,astheGovernorconsidersappropriate.
(C)Nolaterthan120daysafterthedatedescribedinsubparagraph(B)(orparagraph(1)(B)(iii)),theAdministratorshallpromulgatetheredesignation,ifany,oftheareaorportionthereof,submittedbytheGovernorinaccordancewithsubparagraph(B),makingsuchmodificationsastheAdministratormaydeemnecessary,inthesamemannerandunderthesameprocedureasisapplicableunderclause(ii)ofparagraph(1)(B),exceptthatthephrase"60days"shallbesubstitutedforthephrase"120days"inthatclause.IftheGovernordoesnotsubmit,inaccordancewithsubparagraph(B),aredesignationforanarea(orportionthereof)identifiedbytheAdministratorundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshallpromulgatesuchredesignation,ifany,thattheAdministratordeemsappropriate.
(D)TheGovernorofanyStatemay,ontheGovernor'sownmotion,submittotheAdministratorareviseddesignationofanyareaorportionthereofwithintheState.Within18monthsofreceiptofacompleteStateredesignationsubmittal,theAdministratorshallapproveordenysuchredesignation.ThesubmissionofaredesignationbyaGovernorshallnotaffecttheeffectivenessorenforceabilityoftheapplicableimplementationplanfortheState.
(E)TheAdministratormaynotpromulgatearedesignationofanonattainmentarea(orportionthereof)toattainmentunless—
(i)theAdministratordeterminesthattheareahasattainedthenationalambientairqualitystandard;
(ii)theAdministratorhasfullyapprovedtheapplicableimplementationplanfortheareaundersection7410(k)ofthistitle;
(iii)theAdministratordeterminesthattheimprovementinairqualityisduetopermanentandenforceablereductionsinemissionsresultingfromimplementationoftheapplicableimplementationplanandapplicableFederalairpollutantcontrolregulationsandotherpermanentandenforceablereductions;
(iv)theAdministratorhasfullyapprovedamaintenanceplanfortheareaasmeetingtherequirementsofsection7505aofthistitle;and
(v)theStatecontainingsuchareahasmetallrequirementsapplicabletotheareaundersection7410ofthistitleandpartD.
(F)TheAdministratorshallnotpromulgateanyredesignationofanyarea(orportionthereof)fromnonattainmenttounclassifiable.
(4)Nonattainmentdesignationsforozone,carbonmonoxideandparticulatematter(PM–10)
(A)Ozoneandcarbonmonoxide
(i)Within120daysafterNovember15,1990,eachGovernorofeachStateshallsubmittotheAdministratoralistthatdesignates,affirmsorreaffirmsthedesignationof,orredesignates(asthecasemaybe),allareas(orportionsthereof)oftheGovernor'sStateasattainment,nonattainment,orunclassifiablewithrespecttothenationalambientairqualitystandardsforozoneandcarbonmonoxide.
(ii)Nolaterthan120daysafterthedatetheGovernorisrequiredtosubmitthelistofareas(orportionsthereof)requiredunderclause(i)ofthissubparagraph,theAdministratorshallpromulgatesuchdesignations,makingsuchmodificationsastheAdministratormaydeemnecessary,inthesamemanner,andunderthesameprocedure,asisapplicableunderclause(ii)ofparagraph(1)(B),exceptthatthephrase"60days"shallbesubstitutedforthephrase"120days"inthatclause.IftheGovernordoesnotsubmit,inaccordancewithclause(i)ofthissubparagraph,adesignationforanarea(orportionthereof),theAdministratorshallpromulgatethedesignationthattheAdministratordeemsappropriate.
(iii)Nononattainmentareamayberedesignatedasanattainmentareaunderthissubparagraph.
(iv)Notwithstandingparagraph(1)(C)(ii)ofthissubsection,ifanozoneorcarbonmonoxidenonattainmentarealocatedwithinametropolitanstatisticalareaorconsolidatedmetropolitanstatisticalarea(asestablishedbytheBureauoftheCensus)isclassifiedunderpartDofthissubchapterasaSerious,Severe,orExtremeArea,theboundariesofsuchareaareherebyrevised(onthedate45daysaftersuchclassification)byoperationoflawtoincludetheentiremetropolitanstatisticalareaorconsolidatedmetropolitanstatisticalarea,asthecasemaybe,unlesswithinsuch45-dayperiodtheGovernor(inconsultationwithStateandlocalairpollutioncontrolagencies)notifiestheAdministratorthatadditionaltimeisnecessarytoevaluatetheapplicationofclause(v).WheneveraGovernorhassubmittedsuchanoticetotheAdministrator,suchboundaryrevisionshalloccuronthelaterofthedate8monthsaftersuchclassificationor14monthsafterNovember15,1990,unlesstheGovernormakesthefindingreferredtoinclause(v),andtheAdministratorconcursinsuchfinding,withinsuchperiod.Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinthisparagraph,aboundaryrevisionunderthisclauseorclause(v)shallapplyforpurposesofanyStateimplementationplanrevisionrequiredtobesubmittedafterNovember15,1990.
(v)WhenevertheGovernorofaStatehassubmittedanoticeunderclause(iv),theGovernor,inconsultationwithStateandlocalairpollutioncontrolagencies,shallundertakeastudytoevaluatewhethertheentiremetropolitanstatisticalareaorconsolidatedmetropolitanstatisticalareashouldbeincludedwithinthenonattainmentarea.WheneveraGovernorfindsanddemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministrator,andtheAdministratorconcursinsuchfinding,thatwithrespecttoaportionofametropolitanstatisticalareaorconsolidatedmetropolitanstatisticalarea,sourcesintheportiondonotcontributesignificantlytoviolationofthenationalambientairqualitystandard,theAdministratorshallapprovetheGovernor'srequesttoexcludesuchportionfromthenonattainmentarea.Inmakingsuchfinding,theGovernorandtheAdministratorshallconsiderfactorssuchaspopulationdensity,trafficcongestion,commercialdevelopment,industrialdevelopment,meteorologicalconditions,andpollutiontransport.
(B)PM–10designations
Byoperationoflaw,untilredesignationbytheAdministratorpursuanttoparagraph(3)—
(i)eachareaidentifiedin52FederalRegister29383(Aug.7,1987)asaGroupIarea(excepttotheextentthatsuchidentificationwasmodifiedbytheAdministratorbeforeNovember15,1990)isdesignatednonattainmentforPM–10;
(ii)anyareacontainingasiteforwhichairqualitymonitoringdatashowaviolationofthenationalambientairqualitystandardforPM–10beforeJanuary1,1989(asdeterminedunderpart50,appendixKoftitle40oftheCodeofFederalRegulations)isherebydesignatednonattainmentforPM–10;and
(iii)eachareanotdescribedinclause(i)or(ii)isherebydesignatedunclassifiableforPM–10.
Anydesignationforparticulatematter(measuredintermsoftotalsuspendedparticulates)thattheAdministratorpromulgatedpursuanttothissubsection(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)shallremainineffectforpurposesofimplementingthemaximumallowableincreasesinconcentrationsofparticulatematter(measuredintermsoftotalsuspendedparticulates)pursuanttosection7473(b)ofthistitle,untiltheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchdesignationisnolongernecessaryforthatpurpose.
(5)Designationsforlead
TheAdministratormay,intheAdministrator'sdiscretionatanytimetheAdministratordeemsappropriate,requireaStatetodesignateareas(orportionsthereof)withrespecttothenationalambientairqualitystandardforleadineffectasofNovember15,1990,inaccordancewiththeproceduresundersubparagraphs(A)and(B)ofparagraph(1),exceptthatinapplyingsubparagraph(B)(i)ofparagraph(1)thephrase"2yearsfromthedateofpromulgationoftheneworrevisednationalambientairqualitystandard"shallbereplacedbythephrase"1yearfromthedatetheAdministratornotifiestheStateoftherequirementtodesignateareaswithrespecttothestandardforlead".
(6)Designations
(A)Submission
Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,notlaterthanFebruary15,2004,theGovernorofeachStateshallsubmitdesignationsreferredtoinparagraph(1)fortheJuly1997PM2.5nationalambientairqualitystandardsforeachareawithintheState,basedonairqualitymonitoringdatacollectedinaccordancewithanyapplicableFederalreferencemethodsfortherelevantareas.
(B)Promulgation
Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,notlaterthanDecember31,2004,theAdministratorshall,consistentwithparagraph(1),promulgatethedesignationsreferredtoinsubparagraph(A)foreachareaofeachStatefortheJuly1997PM2.5nationalambientairqualitystandards.
(7)Implementationplanforregionalhaze
(A)Ingeneral
Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,notlaterthan3yearsafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorpromulgatesthedesignationsreferredtoinparagraph(6)(B)foraState,theStateshallsubmit,fortheentireState,theStateimplementationplanrevisionstomeettherequirementspromulgatedbytheAdministratorundersection7492(e)(1)ofthistitle(referredtointhisparagraphas"regionalhazerequirements").
(B)Nopreclusionofotherprovisions
NothinginthisparagraphprecludestheimplementationoftheagreementsandrecommendationsstemmingfromtheGrandCanyonVisibilityTransportCommissionReportdatedJune1996,includingthesubmissionofStateimplementationplanrevisionsbytheStatesofArizona,California,Colorado,Idaho,Nevada,NewMexico,Oregon,Utah,orWyomingbyDecember31,2003,forimplementationofregionalhazerequirementsapplicabletothoseStates.
(e)Redesignationofairqualitycontrolregions
(1)Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinparagraph(2),theGovernorofeachStateisauthorized,withtheapprovaloftheAdministrator,toredesignatefromtimetotimetheairqualitycontrolregionswithinsuchStateforpurposesofefficientandeffectiveairqualitymanagement.Uponsuchredesignation,thelistundersubsection(d)shallbemodifiedaccordingly.
(2)InthecaseofanairqualitycontrolregioninaState,orpartofsuchregion,whichtheAdministratorfindsmaysignificantlyaffectairpollutionconcentrationsinanotherState,theGovernoroftheStateinwhichsuchregion,orpartofaregion,islocatedmayredesignatefromtimetotimetheboundariesofsomuchofsuchairqualitycontrolregionasislocatedwithinsuchStateonlywiththeapprovaloftheAdministratorandwiththeconsentofallGovernorsofallStateswhichtheAdministratordeterminesmaybesignificantlyaffected.
(3)Nocompliancedateextensiongrantedundersection7413(d)(5) 1ofthistitle(relatingtocoalconversion)shallceasetobeeffectivebyreasonoftheregionallimitationprovidedinsection7413(d)(5) 1ofthistitleiftheviolationofsuchlimitationisduesolelytoaredesignationofaregionunderthissubsection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§107,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§4(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1678;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§103,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.687;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§101(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2399;Pub.L.108–199,div.G,titleIV,§425(a),Jan.23,2004,118Stat.417.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7413ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(e)(3),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,subsec.(d)ofsection7413nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857c–2ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection107ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedNov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.490,relatedtoairqualitycontrolregionsandwasclassifiedtosection1857c–2ofthistitle,priortorepealbyPub.L.91–604.
Anotherpriorsection107ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedDec.17,1963,Pub.L.88–206,§1,77Stat.399,wasrenumberedsection111byPub.L.90–148andisclassifiedtosection7411ofthistitle.
Amendments
2004—Subsec.(d)(6),(7).Pub.L.108–199addedpars.(6)and(7).
1990—Subsec.(d).Pub.L.101–549amendedsubsec.(d)generally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionswhichrequiredStatestosubmitlistsofregionsnotincomplianceonAug.7,1977,withcertainairqualitystandardstobesubmittedtotheAdministrator,andwhichauthorizedStatestoreviseandresubmitsuchlistsfromtimetotime.
1977—Subsecs.(d),(e).Pub.L.95–95addedsubsecs.(d)and(e).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
OzoneandParticulateMatterStandards
Pub.L.108–199,div.G,titleIV,§425(b),Jan.23,2004,118Stat.417,providedthat:"Exceptasprovidedinparagraphs(6)and(7)ofsection107(d)oftheCleanAirAct[subsec.(d)(6),(7)ofthissection](asaddedbysubsection(a)),section6101,subsections(a)and(b)ofsection6102,andsection6103oftheTransportationEquityActforthe21stCentury[Pub.L.105–178](42U.S.C.7407note;112Stat.463),asineffectonthedaybeforethedateofenactmentofthisAct[Jan.23,2004],shallremainineffect."
Pub.L.105–178,titleVI,June9,1998,112Stat.463,asamendedbyPub.L.109–59,titleVI,§6012(a),Aug.10,2005,119Stat.1882,providedthat:
"SEC.6101.FINDINGSANDPURPOSE.
"(a)TheCongressfindsthat—
"(1)thereisalackofairqualitymonitoringdataforfineparticlelevels,measuredasPM2.5,intheUnitedStatesandtheStatesshouldreceivefullfundingforthemonitoringefforts;
"(2)suchdatawouldprovideabasisfordesignatingareasasattainmentornonattainmentforanyPM2.5nationalambientairqualitystandardspursuanttothestandardspromulgatedinJuly1997;
"(3)thePresidentoftheUnitedStatesdirectedtheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(referredtointhistitleasthe'Administrator')inamemorandumdatedJuly16,1997,tocompletethenextperiodicreviewoftheparticulatematternationalambientairqualitystandardsbyJuly2002inordertodetermine'whethertoreviseormaintainthestandards';
"(4)theAdministratorhasstatedthat3yearsofairqualitymonitoringdataforfineparticlelevels,measuredasPM2.5andperformedinaccordancewithanyapplicableFederalreferencemethods,isappropriatefordesignatingareasasattainmentornonattainmentpursuanttotheJuly1997promulgatedstandards;and
"(5)theAdministratorhasacknowledgedthatindrawingboundariesforattainmentandnonattainmentareasfortheJuly1997ozonenationalairqualitystandards,GovernorswouldbenefitfromconsideringimplementationguidancefromEPAondrawingareaboundaries.
"(b)Thepurposesofthistitleare—
"(1)toensurethat3yearsofairqualitymonitoringdataregardingfineparticlelevelsaregatheredforuseinthedeterminationofareaattainmentornonattainmentdesignationsrespectinganyPM2.5nationalambientairqualitystandards;
"(2)toensurethattheGovernorshaveadequatetimetoconsiderimplementationguidancefromEPAondrawingareaboundariespriortosubmittingareadesignationsrespectingtheJuly1997ozonenationalambientairqualitystandards;
"(3)toensurethatthescheduleforimplementationoftheJuly1997revisionsoftheambientairqualitystandardsforparticulatematterandtheschedulefortheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency'svisibilityregulationsrelatedtoregionalhazeareconsistentwiththetimetableforimplementationofsuchparticulatematterstandardsassetforthinthePresident'sImplementationMemorandumdatedJuly16,1997.
"SEC.6102.PARTICULATEMATTERMONITORINGPROGRAM.
"(a)Throughgrantsundersection103oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7403]theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshalluseappropriatedfundsnolaterthanfiscalyear2000tofund100percentofthecostoftheestablishment,purchase,operationandmaintenanceofaPM2.5monitoringnetworknecessarytoimplementthenationalambientairqualitystandardsforPM2.5undersection109oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7409].ThisimplementationshallnotresultinadiversionorreprogrammingoffundsfromotherFederal,StateorlocalCleanAirActactivities.Anyfundspreviouslydivertedorreprogrammedfromsection105CleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7405]grantsforPM2.5monitorsmustberestoredtoStateorlocalairprogramsinfiscalyear1999.
"(b)EPAandtheStates,consistentwiththeirrespectiveauthoritiesundertheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7401etseq.],shallensurethatthenationalnetwork(designatedinsubsection(a))whichconsistsofthePM2.5monitorsnecessarytoimplementthenationalambientairqualitystandardsisestablishedbyDecember31,1999.
"(c)(1)TheGovernorsshallberequiredtosubmitdesignationsreferredtoinsection107(d)(1)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7407(d)(1)]foreachareafollowingpromulgationoftheJuly1997PM2.5nationalambientairqualitystandardwithin1yearafterreceiptof3yearsofairqualitymonitoringdataperformedinaccordancewithanyapplicableFederalreferencemethodsfortherelevantareas.Onlydatafromthemonitoringnetworkdesignatedinsubsection(a)andotherFederalreferencemethodPM2.5monitorsshallbeconsideredforsuchdesignations.NothingintheprevioussentenceshallbeconstruedasaffectingtheGovernor'sauthoritytodesignateanareainitiallyasnonattainment,andtheAdministrator'sauthoritytopromulgatethedesignationofanareaasnonattainment,undersection107(d)(1)oftheCleanAirAct,basedonitscontributiontoambientairqualityinanearbynonattainmentarea.
"(2)ForanyareadesignatedasnonattainmentfortheJuly1997PM2.5nationalambientairqualitystandardinaccordancewiththeschedulesetforthinthissection,notwithstandingthetimelimitprescribedinparagraph(2)ofsection169B(e)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7492(e)(2)],theAdministratorshallrequireStateimplementationplanrevisionsreferredtoinsuchparagraph(2)tobesubmittedatthesametimeasStateimplementationplanrevisionsreferredtoinsection172oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7502]implementingtherevisednationalambientairqualitystandardforfineparticulatematterarerequiredtobesubmitted.Foranyareadesignatedasattainmentorunclassifiableforsuchstandard,theAdministratorshallrequiretheStateimplementationplanrevisionsreferredtoinsuchparagraph(2)tobesubmitted1yearaftertheareahasbeensodesignated.TheprecedingprovisionsofthisparagraphshallnotprecludetheimplementationoftheagreementsandrecommendationssetforthintheGrandCanyonVisibilityTransportCommissionReportdatedJune1996.
"(d)TheAdministratorshallpromulgatethedesignationsreferredtoinsection107(d)(1)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7407(d)(1)]foreachareafollowingpromulgationoftheJuly1997PM2.5nationalambientairqualitystandardbytheearlierof1yearaftertheinitialdesignationsrequiredundersubsection(c)(1)arerequiredtobesubmittedorDecember31,2005.
"(e)FieldStudy.—Notlaterthan2yearsafterthedateofenactmentoftheSAFETEA–LU[Aug.10,2005],theAdministratorshall—
"(1)conductafieldstudyoftheabilityofthePM2.5FederalReferenceMethodtodifferentiatethoseparticlesthatarelargerthan2.5micrometersindiameter;
"(2)developaFederalreferencemethodtomeasuredirectlyparticlesthatarelargerthan2.5micrometersindiameterwithoutrelianceonsubtractingfromcoarseparticlemeasurementsthoseparticlesthatareequaltoorsmallerthan2.5micrometersindiameter;
"(3)developamethodofmeasuringthecompositionofcoarseparticles;and
"(4)submitareportonthestudyandresponsibilitiesoftheAdministratorunderparagraphs(1)through(3)to—
"(A)theCommitteeonEnergyandCommerceoftheHouseofRepresentatives;and
"(B)theCommitteeonEnvironmentandPublicWorksoftheSenate.
"SEC.6103.OZONEDESIGNATIONREQUIREMENTS.
"(a)TheGovernorsshallberequiredtosubmitthedesignationsreferredtoinsection107(d)(1)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7407(d)(1)]within2yearsfollowingthepromulgationoftheJuly1997ozonenationalambientairqualitystandards.
"(b)TheAdministratorshallpromulgatefinaldesignationsnolaterthan1yearafterthedesignationsrequiredundersubsection(a)arerequiredtobesubmitted.
"SEC.6104.ADDITIONALPROVISIONS.
"Nothinginsections6101through6103shallbeconstruedbytheAdministratorofEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyoranycourt,State,orpersontoaffectanypendinglitigationortobearatificationoftheozoneorPM2.5standards."
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7408.Airqualitycriteriaandcontroltechniques
(a)Airpollutantlist;publicationandrevisionbyAdministrator;issuanceofairqualitycriteriaforairpollutants
(1)Forthepurposeofestablishingnationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandards,theAdministratorshallwithin30daysafterDecember31,1970,publish,andshallfromtimetotimethereafterrevise,alistwhichincludeseachairpollutant—
(A)emissionsofwhich,inhisjudgment,causeorcontributetoairpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare;
(B)thepresenceofwhichintheambientairresultsfromnumerousordiversemobileorstationarysources;and
(C)forwhichairqualitycriteriahadnotbeenissuedbeforeDecember31,1970butforwhichheplanstoissueairqualitycriteriaunderthissection.
(2)TheAdministratorshallissueairqualitycriteriaforanairpollutantwithin12monthsafterhehasincludedsuchpollutantinalistunderparagraph(1).Airqualitycriteriaforanairpollutantshallaccuratelyreflectthelatestscientificknowledgeusefulinindicatingthekindandextentofallidentifiableeffectsonpublichealthorwelfarewhichmaybeexpectedfromthepresenceofsuchpollutantintheambientair,invaryingquantities.Thecriteriaforanairpollutant,totheextentpracticable,shallincludeinformationon—
(A)thosevariablefactors(includingatmosphericconditions)whichofthemselvesorincombinationwithotherfactorsmayaltertheeffectsonpublichealthorwelfareofsuchairpollutant;
(B)thetypesofairpollutantswhich,whenpresentintheatmosphere,mayinteractwithsuchpollutanttoproduceanadverseeffectonpublichealthorwelfare;and
(C)anyknownoranticipatedadverseeffectsonwelfare.
(b)IssuancebyAdministratorofinformationonairpollutioncontroltechniques;standingconsultingcommitteesforairpollutants;establishment;membership
(1)Simultaneouslywiththeissuanceofcriteriaundersubsection(a),theAdministratorshall,afterconsultationwithappropriateadvisorycommitteesandFederaldepartmentsandagencies,issuetotheStatesandappropriateairpollutioncontrolagenciesinformationonairpollutioncontroltechniques,whichinformationshallincludedatarelatingtothecostofinstallationandoperation,energyrequirements,emissionreductionbenefits,andenvironmentalimpactoftheemissioncontroltechnology.Suchinformationshallincludesuchdataasareavailableonavailabletechnologyandalternativemethodsofpreventionandcontrolofairpollution.Suchinformationshallalsoincludedataonalternativefuels,processes,andoperatingmethodswhichwillresultineliminationorsignificantreductionofemissions.
(2)Inordertoassistinthedevelopmentofinformationonpollutioncontroltechniques,theAdministratormayestablishastandingconsultingcommitteeforeachairpollutantincludedinalistpublishedpursuanttosubsection(a)(1),whichshallbecomprisedoftechnicallyqualifiedindividualsrepresentativeofStateandlocalgovernments,industry,andtheacademiccommunity.Eachsuchcommitteeshallsubmit,asappropriate,totheAdministratorinformationrelatedtothatrequiredbyparagraph(1).
(c)Review,modification,andreissuanceofcriteriaorinformation
TheAdministratorshallfromtimetotimereview,and,asappropriate,modify,andreissueanycriteriaorinformationoncontroltechniquesissuedpursuanttothissection.NotlaterthansixmonthsafterAugust7,1977,theAdministratorshallreviseandreissuecriteriarelatingtoconcentrationsofNO2oversuchperiod(notmorethanthreehours)ashedeemsappropriate.Suchcriteriashallincludeadiscussionofnitricandnitrousacids,nitrites,nitrates,nitrosamines,andothercarcinogenicandpotentiallycarcinogenicderivativesofoxidesofnitrogen.
(d)PublicationinFederalRegister;availabilityofcopiesforgeneralpublic
TheissuanceofairqualitycriteriaandinformationonairpollutioncontroltechniquesshallbeannouncedintheFederalRegisterandcopiesshallbemadeavailabletothegeneralpublic.
(e)Transportationplanningandguidelines
TheAdministratorshall,afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportation,andafterprovidingpublicnoticeandopportunityforcomment,andwithStateandlocalofficials,withinninemonthsafterNovember15,1990,1andperiodicallythereafterasnecessarytomaintainacontinuoustransportation-airqualityplanningprocess,updatetheJune1978Transportation-AirQualityPlanningGuidelinesandpublishguidanceonthedevelopmentandimplementationoftransportationandothermeasuresnecessarytodemonstrateandmaintainattainmentofnationalambientairqualitystandards.Suchguidelinesshallincludeinformationon—
(1)methodstoidentifyandevaluatealternativeplanningandcontrolactivities;
(2)methodsofreviewingplansonaregularbasisasconditionschangeornewinformationispresented;
(3)identificationoffundsandotherresourcesnecessarytoimplementtheplan,includinginteragencyagreementsonprovidingsuchfundsandresources;
(4)methodstoassureparticipationbythepublicinallphasesoftheplanningprocess;and
(5)suchothermethodsastheAdministratordeterminesnecessarytocarryoutacontinuousplanningprocess.
(f)Informationregardingprocesses,procedures,andmethodstoreduceorcontrolpollutantsintransportation;reductionofmobilesourcerelatedpollutants;reductionofimpactonpublichealth
(1)TheAdministratorshallpublishandmakeavailabletoappropriateFederal,State,andlocalenvironmentalandtransportationagenciesnotlaterthanoneyearafterNovember15,1990,andfromtimetotimethereafter—
(A)informationprepared,asappropriate,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportation,andafterprovidingpublicnoticeandopportunityforcomment,regardingtheformulationandemissionreductionpotentialoftransportationcontrolmeasuresrelatedtocriteriapollutantsandtheirprecursors,including,butnotlimitedto—
(i)programsforimprovedpublictransit;
(ii)restrictionofcertainroadsorlanesto,orconstructionofsuchroadsorlanesforuseby,passengerbusesorhighoccupancyvehicles;
(iii)employer-basedtransportationmanagementplans,includingincentives;
(iv)trip-reductionordinances;
(v)trafficflowimprovementprogramsthatachieveemissionreductions;
(vi)fringeandtransportationcorridorparkingfacilitiesservingmultipleoccupancyvehicleprogramsortransitservice;
(vii)programstolimitorrestrictvehicleuseindowntownareasorotherareasofemissionconcentrationparticularlyduringperiodsofpeakuse;
(viii)programsfortheprovisionofallformsofhigh-occupancy,shared-rideservices;
(ix)programstolimitportionsofroadsurfacesorcertainsectionsofthemetropolitanareatotheuseofnon-motorizedvehiclesorpedestrianuse,bothastotimeandplace;
(x)programsforsecurebicyclestoragefacilitiesandotherfacilities,includingbicyclelanes,fortheconvenienceandprotectionofbicyclists,inbothpublicandprivateareas;
(xi)programstocontrolextendedidlingofvehicles;
(xii)programstoreducemotorvehicleemissions,consistentwithsubchapterII,whicharecausedbyextremecoldstartconditions;
(xiii)employer-sponsoredprogramstopermitflexibleworkschedules;
(xiv)programsandordinancestofacilitatenon-automobiletravel,provisionandutilizationofmasstransit,andtogenerallyreducetheneedforsingle-occupantvehicletravel,aspartoftransportationplanninganddevelopmenteffortsofalocality,includingprogramsandordinancesapplicabletonewshoppingcenters,specialevents,andothercentersofvehicleactivity;
(xv)programsfornewconstructionandmajorreconstructionsofpaths,tracksorareassolelyfortheusebypedestrianorothernon-motorizedmeansoftransportationwheneconomicallyfeasibleandinthepublicinterest.Forpurposesofthisclause,theAdministratorshallalsoconsultwiththeSecretaryoftheInterior;and
(xvi)programtoencouragethevoluntaryremovalfromuseandthemarketplaceofpre-1980modelyearlightdutyvehiclesandpre-1980modellightdutytrucks.2
(B)informationonadditionalmethodsorstrategiesthatwillcontributetothereductionofmobilesourcerelatedpollutantsduringperiodsinwhichanyprimaryambientairqualitystandardwillbeexceededandduringepisodesforwhichanairpollutionalert,warning,oremergencyhasbeendeclared;
(C)informationonothermeasureswhichmaybeemployedtoreducetheimpactonpublichealthorprotectthehealthofsensitiveorsusceptibleindividualsorgroups;and
(D)informationontheextenttowhichanyprocess,procedure,ormethodtoreduceorcontrolsuchairpollutantmaycauseanincreaseintheemissionsorformationofanyotherpollutant.
(2)InpublishingsuchinformationtheAdministratorshallalsoincludeanassessmentof—
(A)therelativeeffectivenessofsuchprocesses,procedures,andmethods;
(B)thepotentialeffectofsuchprocesses,procedures,andmethodsontransportationsystemsandtheprovisionoftransportationservices;and
(C)theenvironmental,energy,andeconomicimpactofsuchprocesses,procedures,andmethods.
(g)Assessmentofriskstoecosystems
TheAdministratormayassesstheriskstoecosystemsfromexposuretocriteriaairpollutants(asidentifiedbytheAdministratorintheAdministrator'ssolediscretion).
(h)RACT/BACT/LAERclearinghouse
TheAdministratorshallmakeinformationregardingemissioncontroltechnologyavailabletotheStatesandtothegeneralpublicthroughacentraldatabase.SuchinformationshallincludeallcontroltechnologyinformationreceivedpursuanttoStateplanprovisionsrequiringpermitsforsources,includingoperatingpermitsforexistingsources.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§108,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§4(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1678;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§§104,105,titleIV,§401(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.689,790;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§§108(a)–(c),(o),111,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2465,2466,2469,2470;Pub.L.105–362,titleXV,§1501(b),Nov.10,1998,112Stat.3294.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
November15,1990,referredtoinsubsec.(e),wasintheoriginal"enactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1989",andwastranslatedasmeaningthedateoftheenactmentofPub.L.101–549,popularlyknownastheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990,toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857c–3ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection108ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection115byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7415ofthistitle.
Amendments
1998—Subsec.(f)(3),(4).Pub.L.105–362struckoutpar.(3),whichrequiredreportsbytheSecretaryofTransportationandtheAdministratortobesubmittedtoCongressbyJan.1,1993,andevery3yearsthereafter,reviewingandanalyzingexistingStateandlocalairqualityrelatedtransportationprograms,evaluatingachievementofgoals,andrecommendingchangestoexistingprograms,andpar.(4),whichrequiredthatineachreportafterthefirstreporttheSecretaryofTransportationincludeadescriptionoftheactionstakentoimplementthechangesrecommendedintheprecedingreport.
1990—Subsec.(e).Pub.L.101–549,§108(a),insertedfirstsentenceandstruckoutformerfirstsentencewhichreadasfollows:"TheAdministratorshall,afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportationandtheSecretaryofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentandStateandlocalofficialsandwithin180daysafterAugust7,1977,andfromtimetotimethereafter,publishguidelinesonthebasicprogramelementsfortheplanningprocessassistedundersection7505ofthistitle."
Subsec.(f)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§108(b),inintroductoryprovisions,substitutedpresentprovisionsforprovisionsrelatingtoFederalagencies,States,andairpollutioncontrolagencieswithineither6monthsoroneyearafterAug.7,1977.
Subsec.(f)(1)(A).Pub.L.101–549,§108(b),substitutedpresentprovisionsforprovisionsrelatingtoinformationpreparedincooperationwithSecretaryofTransportation,regardingprocesses,procedures,andmethodstoreducecertainpollutants.
Subsec.(f)(3),(4).Pub.L.101–549,§111,addedpars.(3)and(4).
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.101–549,§108(o),addedsubsec.(g).
Subsec.(h).Pub.L.101–549,§108(c),addedsubsec.(h).
1977—Subsec.(a)(1)(A).Pub.L.95–95,§401(a),substituted"emissionsofwhich,inhisjudgment,causeorcontributetoairpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare"for"whichinhisjudgmenthasanadverseeffectonpublichealthorwelfare".
Subsec.(b)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§104(a),substituted"costofinstallationandoperation,energyrequirements,emissionreductionbenefits,andenvironmentalimpactoftheemissioncontroltechnology"for"technologyandcostsofemissioncontrol".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.95–95,§104(b),insertedprovisiondirectingtheAdministrator,notlaterthansixmonthsafterAug.7,1977,toreviseandreissuecriteriarelatingtoconcentrationsofNO2oversuchperiod(notmorethanthreehours)ashedeemsappropriate,withthecriteriatoincludeadiscussionofnitricandnitrousacids,nitrites,nitrates,nitrosamines,andothercarcinogenicandpotentiallycarcinogenicderivativesofoxidesofnitrogen.
Subsecs.(e),(f).Pub.L.95–95,§105,addedsubsecs.(e)and(f).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 SeeCodificationnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.Theperiodprobablyshouldbeasemicolon.
§7409.Nationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandards
(a)Promulgation
(1)TheAdministrator—
(A)within30daysafterDecember31,1970,shallpublishproposedregulationsprescribinganationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardandanationalsecondaryambientairqualitystandardforeachairpollutantforwhichairqualitycriteriahavebeenissuedpriortosuchdate;and
(B)afterareasonabletimeforinterestedpersonstosubmitwrittencommentsthereon(butnolaterthan90daysaftertheinitialpublicationofsuchproposedstandards)shallbyregulationpromulgatesuchproposednationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandardswithsuchmodificationsashedeemsappropriate.
(2)WithrespecttoanyairpollutantforwhichairqualitycriteriaareissuedafterDecember31,1970,theAdministratorshallpublish,simultaneouslywiththeissuanceofsuchcriteriaandinformation,proposednationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandardsforanysuchpollutant.Theprocedureprovidedforinparagraph(1)(B)ofthissubsectionshallapplytothepromulgationofsuchstandards.
(b)Protectionofpublichealthandwelfare
(1)Nationalprimaryambientairqualitystandards,prescribedundersubsection(a)shallbeambientairqualitystandardstheattainmentandmaintenanceofwhichinthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,basedonsuchcriteriaandallowinganadequatemarginofsafety,arerequisitetoprotectthepublichealth.Suchprimarystandardsmayberevisedinthesamemanneraspromulgated.
(2)Anynationalsecondaryambientairqualitystandardprescribedundersubsection(a)shallspecifyalevelofairqualitytheattainmentandmaintenanceofwhichinthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,basedonsuchcriteria,isrequisitetoprotectthepublicwelfarefromanyknownoranticipatedadverseeffectsassociatedwiththepresenceofsuchairpollutantintheambientair.Suchsecondarystandardsmayberevisedinthesamemanneraspromulgated.
(c)Nationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardfornitrogendioxide
TheAdministratorshall,notlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977,promulgateanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforNO2concentrationsoveraperiodofnotmorethan3hoursunless,basedonthecriteriaissuedundersection7408(c)ofthistitle,hefindsthatthereisnosignificantevidencethatsuchastandardforsuchaperiodisrequisitetoprotectpublichealth.
(d)Reviewandrevisionofcriteriaandstandards;independentscientificreviewcommittee;appointment;advisoryfunctions
(1)NotlaterthanDecember31,1980,andatfive-yearintervalsthereafter,theAdministratorshallcompleteathoroughreviewofthecriteriapublishedundersection7408ofthistitleandthenationalambientairqualitystandardspromulgatedunderthissectionandshallmakesuchrevisionsinsuchcriteriaandstandardsandpromulgatesuchnewstandardsasmaybeappropriateinaccordancewithsection7408ofthistitleandsubsection(b)ofthissection.TheAdministratormayreviewandrevisecriteriaorpromulgatenewstandardsearlierormorefrequentlythanrequiredunderthisparagraph.
(2)(A)TheAdministratorshallappointanindependentscientificreviewcommitteecomposedofsevenmembersincludingatleastonememberoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,onephysician,andonepersonrepresentingStateairpollutioncontrolagencies.
(B)NotlaterthanJanuary1,1980,andatfive-yearintervalsthereafter,thecommitteereferredtoinsubparagraph(A)shallcompleteareviewofthecriteriapublishedundersection7408ofthistitleandthenationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandardspromulgatedunderthissectionandshallrecommendtotheAdministratoranynewnationalambientairqualitystandardsandrevisionsofexistingcriteriaandstandardsasmaybeappropriateundersection7408ofthistitleandsubsection(b)ofthissection.
(C)Suchcommitteeshallalso(i)advisetheAdministratorofareasinwhichadditionalknowledgeisrequiredtoappraisetheadequacyandbasisofexisting,new,orrevisednationalambientairqualitystandards,(ii)describetheresearcheffortsnecessarytoprovidetherequiredinformation,(iii)advisetheAdministratorontherelativecontributiontoairpollutionconcentrationsofnaturalaswellasanthropogenicactivity,and(iv)advisetheAdministratorofanyadversepublichealth,welfare,social,economic,orenergyeffectswhichmayresultfromvariousstrategiesforattainmentandmaintenanceofsuchnationalambientairqualitystandards.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§109,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§4(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1679;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§106,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.691.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857c–4ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection109ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection116byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7416ofthistitle.
Amendments
1977—Subsec.(c).Pub.L.95–95,§106(b),addedsubsec.(c).
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.95–95,§106(a),addedsubsec.(d).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TerminationofAdvisoryCommittees
AdvisorycommitteesestablishedafterJan.5,1973,toterminatenotlaterthantheexpirationofthe2-yearperiodbeginningonthedateoftheirestablishment,unless,inthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbythePresidentoranofficeroftheFederalGovernment,suchcommitteeisrenewedbyappropriateactionpriortotheexpirationofsuch2-yearperiod,orinthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbytheCongress,itsdurationisotherwiseprovidedforbylaw.Seesection14ofPub.L.92–463,Oct.6,1972,86Stat.776,setoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
RoleofSecondaryStandards
Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§817,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2697,providedthat:
"(a)Report.—TheAdministratorshallrequesttheNationalAcademyofSciencestoprepareareporttotheCongressontheroleofnationalsecondaryambientairqualitystandardsinprotectingwelfareandtheenvironment.Thereportshall:
"(1)includeinformationontheeffectsonwelfareandtheenvironmentwhicharecausedbyambientconcentrationsofpollutantslistedpursuanttosection108[42U.S.C.7408]andotherpollutantswhichmaybelisted;
"(2)estimatewelfareandenvironmentalcostsincurredasaresultofsucheffects;
"(3)examinetheroleofsecondarystandardsandtheStateimplementationplanningprocessinpreventingsucheffects;
"(4)determineambientconcentrationsofeachsuchpollutantwhichwouldbeadequatetoprotectwelfareandtheenvironmentfromsucheffects;
"(5)estimatethecostsandotherimpactsofmeetingsecondarystandards;and
"(6)considerothermeansconsistentwiththegoalsandobjectivesoftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7401etseq.]whichmaybemoreeffectivethansecondarystandardsinpreventingormitigatingsucheffects.
"(b)SubmissiontoCongress;Comments;Authorization.—(1)ThereportshallbetransmittedtotheCongressnotlaterthan3yearsafterthedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990].
"(2)Atleast90daysbeforeissuingareporttheAdministratorshallprovideanopportunityforpubliccommentontheproposedreport.TheAdministratorshallincludeinthefinalreportasummaryofthecommentsreceivedontheproposedreport.
"(3)Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedsuchsumsasarenecessarytocarryoutthissection."
§7410.Stateimplementationplansfornationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandards
(a)AdoptionofplanbyState;submissiontoAdministrator;contentofplan;revision;newsources;indirectsourcereviewprogram;supplementalorintermittentcontrolsystems
(1)EachStateshall,afterreasonablenoticeandpublichearings,adoptandsubmittotheAdministrator,within3years(orsuchshorterperiodastheAdministratormayprescribe)afterthepromulgationofanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandard(oranyrevisionthereof)undersection7409ofthistitleforanyairpollutant,aplanwhichprovidesforimplementation,maintenance,andenforcementofsuchprimarystandardineachairqualitycontrolregion(orportionthereof)withinsuchState.Inaddition,suchStateshalladoptandsubmittotheAdministrator(eitherasapartofaplansubmittedundertheprecedingsentenceorseparately)within3years(orsuchshorterperiodastheAdministratormayprescribe)afterthepromulgationofanationalambientairqualitysecondarystandard(orrevisionthereof),aplanwhichprovidesforimplementation,maintenance,andenforcementofsuchsecondarystandardineachairqualitycontrolregion(orportionthereof)withinsuchState.Unlessaseparatepublichearingisprovided,eachStateshallconsideritsplanimplementingsuchsecondarystandardatthehearingrequiredbythefirstsentenceofthisparagraph.
(2)EachimplementationplansubmittedbyaStateunderthischaptershallbeadoptedbytheStateafterreasonablenoticeandpublichearing.Eachsuchplanshall—
(A)includeenforceableemissionlimitationsandothercontrolmeasures,means,ortechniques(includingeconomicincentivessuchasfees,marketablepermits,andauctionsofemissionsrights),aswellasschedulesandtimetablesforcompliance,asmaybenecessaryorappropriatetomeettheapplicablerequirementsofthischapter;
(B)provideforestablishmentandoperationofappropriatedevices,methods,systems,andproceduresnecessaryto—
(i)monitor,compile,andanalyzedataonambientairquality,and
(ii)uponrequest,makesuchdataavailabletotheAdministrator;
(C)includeaprogramtoprovidefortheenforcementofthemeasuresdescribedinsubparagraph(A),andregulationofthemodificationandconstructionofanystationarysourcewithintheareascoveredbytheplanasnecessarytoassurethatnationalambientairqualitystandardsareachieved,includingapermitprogramasrequiredinpartsCandD;
(D)containadequateprovisions—
(i)prohibiting,consistentwiththeprovisionsofthissubchapter,anysourceorothertypeofemissionsactivitywithintheStatefromemittinganyairpollutantinamountswhichwill—
(I)contributesignificantlytononattainmentin,orinterferewithmaintenanceby,anyotherStatewithrespecttoanysuchnationalprimaryorsecondaryambientairqualitystandard,or
(II)interferewithmeasuresrequiredtobeincludedintheapplicableimplementationplanforanyotherStateunderpartCtopreventsignificantdeteriorationofairqualityortoprotectvisibility,
(ii)insuringcompliancewiththeapplicablerequirementsofsections7426and7415ofthistitle(relatingtointerstateandinternationalpollutionabatement);
(E)provide(i)necessaryassurancesthattheState(or,exceptwheretheAdministratordeemsinappropriate,thegeneralpurposelocalgovernmentorgovernments,oraregionalagencydesignatedbytheStateorgeneralpurposelocalgovernmentsforsuchpurpose)willhaveadequatepersonnel,funding,andauthorityunderState(and,asappropriate,local)lawtocarryoutsuchimplementationplan(andisnotprohibitedbyanyprovisionofFederalorStatelawfromcarryingoutsuchimplementationplanorportionthereof),(ii)requirementsthattheStatecomplywiththerequirementsrespectingStateboardsundersection7428ofthistitle,and(iii)necessaryassurancesthat,wheretheStatehasreliedonalocalorregionalgovernment,agency,orinstrumentalityfortheimplementationofanyplanprovision,theStatehasresponsibilityforensuringadequateimplementationofsuchplanprovision;
(F)require,asmaybeprescribedbytheAdministrator—
(i)theinstallation,maintenance,andreplacementofequipment,andtheimplementationofothernecessarysteps,byownersoroperatorsofstationarysourcestomonitoremissionsfromsuchsources,
(ii)periodicreportsonthenatureandamountsofemissionsandemissions-relateddatafromsuchsources,and
(iii)correlationofsuchreportsbytheStateagencywithanyemissionlimitationsorstandardsestablishedpursuanttothischapter,whichreportsshallbeavailableatreasonabletimesforpublicinspection;
(G)provideforauthoritycomparabletothatinsection7603ofthistitleandadequatecontingencyplanstoimplementsuchauthority;
(H)provideforrevisionofsuchplan—
(i)fromtimetotimeasmaybenecessarytotakeaccountofrevisionsofsuchnationalprimaryorsecondaryambientairqualitystandardortheavailabilityofimprovedormoreexpeditiousmethodsofattainingsuchstandard,and
(ii)exceptasprovidedinparagraph(3)(C),whenevertheAdministratorfindsonthebasisofinformationavailabletotheAdministratorthattheplanissubstantiallyinadequatetoattainthenationalambientairqualitystandardwhichitimplementsortootherwisecomplywithanyadditionalrequirementsestablishedunderthischapter;
(I)inthecaseofaplanorplanrevisionforanareadesignatedasanonattainmentarea,meettheapplicablerequirementsofpartD(relatingtononattainmentareas);
(J)meettheapplicablerequirementsofsection7421ofthistitle(relatingtoconsultation),section7427ofthistitle(relatingtopublicnotification),andpartC(relatingtopreventionofsignificantdeteriorationofairqualityandvisibilityprotection);
(K)providefor—
(i)theperformanceofsuchairqualitymodelingastheAdministratormayprescribeforthepurposeofpredictingtheeffectonambientairqualityofanyemissionsofanyairpollutantforwhichtheAdministratorhasestablishedanationalambientairqualitystandard,and
(ii)thesubmission,uponrequest,ofdatarelatedtosuchairqualitymodelingtotheAdministrator;
(L)requiretheowneroroperatorofeachmajorstationarysourcetopaytothepermittingauthority,asaconditionofanypermitrequiredunderthischapter,afeesufficienttocover—
(i)thereasonablecostsofreviewingandactinguponanyapplicationforsuchapermit,and
(ii)iftheowneroroperatorreceivesapermitforsuchsource,thereasonablecostsofimplementingandenforcingthetermsandconditionsofanysuchpermit(notincludinganycourtcostsorothercostsassociatedwithanyenforcementaction),
untilsuchfeerequirementissupersededwithrespecttosuchsourcesbytheAdministrator'sapprovalofafeeprogramundersubchapterV;and
(M)provideforconsultationandparticipationbylocalpoliticalsubdivisionsaffectedbytheplan.
(3)(A)Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§101(d)(1),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2409.
(B)Assoonaspracticable,theAdministratorshall,consistentwiththepurposesofthischapterandtheEnergySupplyandEnvironmentalCoordinationActof1974[15U.S.C.791etseq.],revieweachState'sapplicableimplementationplansandreporttotheStateonwhethersuchplanscanberevisedinrelationtofuelburningstationarysources(orpersonssupplyingfueltosuchsources)withoutinterferingwiththeattainmentandmaintenanceofanynationalambientairqualitystandardwithintheperiodpermittedinthissection.IftheAdministratordeterminesthatanysuchplancanberevised,heshallnotifytheStatethataplanrevisionmaybesubmittedbytheState.AnyplanrevisionwhichissubmittedbytheStateshall,afterpublicnoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,beapprovedbytheAdministratoriftherevisionrelatesonlytofuelburningstationarysources(orpersonssupplyingfueltosuchsources),andtheplanasrevisedcomplieswithparagraph(2)ofthissubsection.TheAdministratorshallapproveordisapproveanyrevisionnolaterthanthreemonthsafteritssubmission.
(C)NeithertheState,inthecaseofaplan(orportionthereof)approvedunderthissubsection,northeAdministrator,inthecaseofaplan(orportionthereof)promulgatedundersubsection(c),shallberequiredtoreviseanapplicableimplementationplanbecauseoneormoreexemptionsundersection7418ofthistitle(relatingtoFederalfacilities),enforcementordersundersection7413(d) 1ofthistitle,suspensionsundersubsection(f)or(g)(relatingtotemporaryenergyoreconomicauthority),ordersundersection7419ofthistitle(relatingtoprimarynonferroussmelters),orextensionsofcomplianceindecreesenteredundersection7413(e) 1ofthistitle(relatingtoiron-andsteel-producingoperations)havebeengranted,ifsuchplanwouldhavemettherequirementsofthissectionifnosuchexemptions,orders,orextensionshadbeengranted.
(4)Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§101(d)(2),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2409.
(5)(A)(i)AnyStatemayincludeinaStateimplementationplan,buttheAdministratormaynotrequireasaconditionofapprovalofsuchplanunderthissection,anyindirectsourcereviewprogram.TheAdministratormayapproveandenforce,aspartofanapplicableimplementationplan,anindirectsourcereviewprogramwhichtheStatechoosestoadoptandsubmitaspartofitsplan.
(ii)Exceptasprovidedinsubparagraph(B),noplanpromulgatedbytheAdministratorshallincludeanyindirectsourcereviewprogramforanyairqualitycontrolregion,orportionthereof.
(iii)AnyStatemayreviseanapplicableimplementationplanapprovedunderthissubsectiontosuspendorrevokeanysuchprogramincludedinsuchplan,providedthatsuchplanmeetstherequirementsofthissection.
(B)TheAdministratorshallhavetheauthoritytopromulgate,implementandenforceregulationsundersubsection(c)respectingindirectsourcereviewprogramswhichapplyonlytofederallyassistedhighways,airports,andothermajorfederallyassistedindirectsourcesandfederallyownedoroperatedindirectsources.
(C)Forpurposesofthisparagraph,theterm"indirectsource"meansafacility,building,structure,installation,realproperty,road,orhighwaywhichattracts,ormayattract,mobilesourcesofpollution.Suchtermincludesparkinglots,parkinggarages,andotherfacilitiessubjecttoanymeasureformanagementofparkingsupply(withinthemeaningofsubsection(c)(2)(D)(ii)),includingregulationofexistingoff-streetparkingbutsuchtermdoesnotincludeneworexistingon-streetparking.Directemissionssourcesorfacilitiesat,within,orassociatedwith,anyindirectsourceshallnotbedeemedindirectsourcesforthepurposeofthisparagraph.
(D)Forpurposesofthisparagraphtheterm"indirectsourcereviewprogram"meansthefacility-by-facilityreviewofindirectsourcesofairpollution,includingsuchmeasuresasarenecessarytoassure,orassistinassuring,thatanewormodifiedindirectsourcewillnotattractmobilesourcesofairpollution,theemissionsfromwhichwouldcauseorcontributetoairpollutionconcentrations—
(i)exceedinganynationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforamobilesource-relatedairpollutantaftertheprimarystandardattainmentdate,or
(ii)preventingmaintenanceofanysuchstandardaftersuchdate.
(E)Forpurposesofthisparagraphandparagraph(2)(B),theterm"transportationcontrolmeasure"doesnotincludeanymeasurewhichisan"indirectsourcereviewprogram".
(6)NoStateplanshallbetreatedasmeetingtherequirementsofthissectionunlesssuchplanprovidesthatinthecaseofanysourcewhichusesasupplemental,orintermittentcontrolsystemforpurposesofmeetingtherequirementsofanorderundersection7413(d) 1ofthistitleorsection7419ofthistitle(relatingtoprimarynonferroussmelterorders),theowneroroperatorofsuchsourcemaynottemporarilyreducethepayofanyemployeebyreasonoftheuseofsuchsupplementalorintermittentorotherdispersiondependentcontrolsystem.
(b)Extensionofperiodforsubmissionofplans
TheAdministratormay,whereverhedeterminesnecessary,extendtheperiodforsubmissionofanyplanorportionthereofwhichimplementsanationalsecondaryambientairqualitystandardforaperiodnottoexceed18monthsfromthedateotherwiserequiredforsubmissionofsuchplan.
(c)PreparationandpublicationbyAdministratorofproposedregulationssettingforthimplementationplan;transportationregulationsstudyandreport;parkingsurcharge;suspensionauthority;planimplementation
(1)TheAdministratorshallpromulgateaFederalimplementationplanatanytimewithin2yearsaftertheAdministrator—
(A)findsthataStatehasfailedtomakearequiredsubmissionorfindsthattheplanorplanrevisionsubmittedbytheStatedoesnotsatisfytheminimumcriteriaestablishedundersubsection(k)(1)(A),or
(B)disapprovesaStateimplementationplansubmissioninwholeorinpart,
unlesstheStatecorrectsthedeficiency,andtheAdministratorapprovestheplanorplanrevision,beforetheAdministratorpromulgatessuchFederalimplementationplan.
(2)(A)Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§101(d)(3)(A),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2409.
(B)NoparkingsurchargeregulationmayberequiredbytheAdministratorunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsectionasapartofanapplicableimplementationplan.AllparkingsurchargeregulationspreviouslyrequiredbytheAdministratorshallbevoiduponJune22,1974.ThissubparagraphshallnotpreventtheAdministratorfromapprovingparkingsurchargesiftheyareadoptedandsubmittedbyaStateaspartofanapplicableimplementationplan.TheAdministratormaynotconditionapprovalofanyimplementationplansubmittedbyaStateonsuchplan'sincludingaparkingsurchargeregulation.
(C)Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§101(d)(3)(B),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2409.
(D)Forpurposesofthisparagraph—
(i)Theterm"parkingsurchargeregulation"meansaregulationimposingorrequiringtheimpositionofanytax,surcharge,fee,orotherchargeonparkingspaces,oranyotherareausedforthetemporarystorageofmotorvehicles.
(ii)Theterm"managementofparkingsupply"shallincludeanyrequirementprovidingthatanynewfacilitycontainingagivennumberofparkingspacesshallreceiveapermitorotherpriorapproval,issuanceofwhichistobeconditionedonairqualityconsiderations.
(iii)Theterm"preferentialbus/carpoollane"shallincludeanyrequirementforthesettingasideofoneormorelanesofastreetorhighwayonapermanentortemporarybasisfortheexclusiveuseofbusesorcarpools,orboth.
(E)Nostandard,plan,orrequirement,relatingtomanagementofparkingsupplyorpreferentialbus/carpoollanesshallbepromulgatedafterJune22,1974,bytheAdministratorpursuanttothissection,unlesssuchpromulgationhasbeensubjectedtoatleastonepublichearingwhichhasbeenheldintheareaaffectedandforwhichreasonablenoticehasbeengiveninsucharea.Ifsubstantialchangesaremadefollowingpublichearings,oneormoreadditionalhearingsshallbeheldinsuchareaaftersuchnotice.
(3)Uponapplicationofthechiefexecutiveofficerofanygeneralpurposeunitoflocalgovernment,iftheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchunithasadequateauthorityunderStateorlocallaw,theAdministratormaydelegatetosuchunittheauthoritytoimplementandenforcewithinthejurisdictionofsuchunitanypartofaplanpromulgatedunderthissubsection.NothinginthisparagraphshallpreventtheAdministratorfromimplementingorenforcinganyapplicableprovisionofaplanpromulgatedunderthissubsection.
(4)Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§101(d)(3)(C),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2409.
(5)(A)AnymeasureinanapplicableimplementationplanwhichrequiresatollorotherchargefortheuseofabridgelocatedentirelywithinonecityshallbeeliminatedfromsuchplanbytheAdministratoruponapplicationbytheGovernoroftheState,whichapplicationshallincludeacertificationbytheGovernorthathewillrevisesuchplaninaccordancewithsubparagraph(B).
(B)Inthecaseofanyapplicableimplementationplanwithrespecttowhichameasurehasbeeneliminatedundersubparagraph(A),suchplanshall,notlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977,berevisedtoincludecomprehensivemeasuresto:
(i)establish,expand,orimprovepublictransportationmeasurestomeetbasictransportationneeds,asexpeditiouslyasispracticable;and
(ii)implementtransportationcontrolmeasuresnecessarytoattainandmaintainnationalambientairqualitystandards,
andsuchrevisedplanshall,forthepurposeofimplementingsuchcomprehensivepublictransportationmeasures,includerequirementstouse(insofarasisnecessary)Federalgrants,Stateorlocalfunds,oranycombinationofsuchgrantsandfundsasmaybeconsistentwiththetermsofthelegislationprovidingsuchgrantsandfunds.Suchmeasuresshall,asasubstituteforthetollsorchargeseliminatedundersubparagraph(A),provideforemissionsreductionsequivalenttothereductionswhichmayreasonablybeexpectedtobeachievedthroughtheuseofthetollsorchargeseliminated.
(C)Anyrevisionofanimplementationplanforpurposesofmeetingtherequirementsofsubparagraph(B)shallbesubmittedincoordinationwithanyplanrevisionrequiredunderpartD.
(d),(e)Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§101(d)(4),(5),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2409
(f)Nationalorregionalenergyemergencies;determinationbyPresident
(1)Uponapplicationbytheowneroroperatorofafuelburningstationarysource,andafternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,theGovernoroftheStateinwhichsuchsourceislocatedmaypetitionthePresidenttodeterminethatanationalorregionalenergyemergencyexistsofsuchseveritythat—
(A)atemporarysuspensionofanypartoftheapplicableimplementationplanorofanyrequirementundersection7651jofthistitle(concerningexcessemissionspenaltiesoroffsets)maybenecessary,and
(B)othermeansofrespondingtotheenergyemergencymaybeinadequate.
SuchdeterminationshallnotbedelegablebythePresidenttoanyotherperson.IfthePresidentdeterminesthatanationalorregionalenergyemergencyofsuchseverityexists,atemporaryemergencysuspensionofanypartofanapplicableimplementationplanorofanyrequirementundersection7651jofthistitle(concerningexcessemissionspenaltiesoroffsets)adoptedbytheStatemaybeissuedbytheGovernorofanyStatecoveredbythePresident'sdeterminationundertheconditionspecifiedinparagraph(2)andmaytakeeffectimmediately.
(2)AtemporaryemergencysuspensionunderthissubsectionshallbeissuedtoasourceonlyiftheGovernorofsuchStatefindsthat—
(A)thereexistsinthevicinityofsuchsourceatemporaryenergyemergencyinvolvinghighlevelsofunemploymentorlossofnecessaryenergysuppliesforresidentialdwellings;and
(B)suchunemploymentorlosscanbetotallyorpartiallyalleviatedbysuchemergencysuspension.
Notmorethanonesuchsuspensionmaybeissuedforanysourceonthebasisofthesamesetofcircumstancesoronthebasisofthesameemergency.
(3)AtemporaryemergencysuspensionissuedbyaGovernorunderthissubsectionshallremainineffectforamaximumoffourmonthsorsuchlesserperiodasmaybespecifiedinadisapprovalorderoftheAdministrator,ifany.TheAdministratormaydisapprovesuchsuspensionifhedeterminesthatitdoesnotmeettherequirementsofparagraph(2).
(4)ThissubsectionshallnotapplyinthecaseofaplanprovisionorrequirementpromulgatedbytheAdministratorundersubsection(c)ofthissection,butinanysuchcasethePresidentmaygrantatemporaryemergencysuspensionforafourmonthperiodofanysuchprovisionorrequirementifhemakesthedeterminationsandfindingsspecifiedinparagraphs(1)and(2).
(5)TheGovernormayincludeinanytemporaryemergencysuspensionissuedunderthissubsectionaprovisiondelayingforaperiodidenticaltotheperiodofsuchsuspensionanycomplianceschedule(orincrementofprogress)towhichsuchsourceissubjectundersection1857c–10 1ofthistitle,asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977,orsection7413(d) 1ofthistitle,uponafindingthatsuchsourceisunabletocomplywithsuchschedule(orincrement)solelybecauseoftheconditionsonthebasisofwhichasuspensionwasissuedunderthissubsection.
(g)Governor'sauthoritytoissuetemporaryemergencysuspensions
(1)InthecaseofanyStatewhichhasadoptedandsubmittedtotheAdministratoraproposedplanrevisionwhichtheStatedetermines—
(A)meetstherequirementsofthissection,and
(B)isnecessary(i)topreventtheclosingforoneyearormoreofanysourceofairpollution,and(ii)topreventsubstantialincreasesinunemploymentwhichwouldresultfromsuchclosing,and
whichtheAdministratorhasnotapprovedordisapprovedunderthissectionwithin12monthsofsubmissionoftheproposedplanrevision,theGovernormayissueatemporaryemergencysuspensionofthepartoftheapplicableimplementationplanforsuchStatewhichisproposedtoberevisedwithrespecttosuchsource.Thedeterminationundersubparagraph(B)maynotbemadewithrespecttoasourcewhichwouldclosewithoutregardtowhetherornottheproposedplanrevisionisapproved.
(2)AtemporaryemergencysuspensionissuedbyaGovernorunderthissubsectionshallremainineffectforamaximumoffourmonthsorsuchlesserperiodasmaybespecifiedinadisapprovalorderoftheAdministrator.TheAdministratormaydisapprovesuchsuspensionifhedeterminesthatitdoesnotmeettherequirementsofthissubsection.
(3)TheGovernormayincludeinanytemporaryemergencysuspensionissuedunderthissubsectionaprovisiondelayingforaperiodidenticaltotheperiodofsuchsuspensionanycomplianceschedule(orincrementofprogress)towhichsuchsourceissubjectundersection1857c–10 1ofthistitleasineffectbeforeAugust7,1977,orundersection7413(d) 1ofthistitleuponafindingthatsuchsourceisunabletocomplywithsuchschedule(orincrement)solelybecauseoftheconditionsonthebasisofwhichasuspensionwasissuedunderthissubsection.
(h)PublicationofcomprehensivedocumentforeachStatesettingforthrequirementsofapplicableimplementationplan
(1)Notlaterthan5yearsafterNovember15,1990,andevery3yearsthereafter,theAdministratorshallassembleandpublishacomprehensivedocumentforeachStatesettingforthallrequirementsoftheapplicableimplementationplanforsuchStateandshallpublishnoticeintheFederalRegisteroftheavailabilityofsuchdocuments.
(2)TheAdministratormaypromulgatesuchregulationsasmaybereasonablynecessarytocarryoutthepurposeofthissubsection.
(i)Modificationofrequirementsprohibited
Exceptforaprimarynonferroussmelterorderundersection7419ofthistitle,asuspensionundersubsection(f)or(g)(relatingtoemergencysuspensions),anexemptionundersection7418ofthistitle(relatingtocertainFederalfacilities),anorderundersection7413(d) 1ofthistitle(relatingtocomplianceorders),aplanpromulgationundersubsection(c),oraplanrevisionundersubsection(a)(3);noorder,suspension,planrevision,orotheractionmodifyinganyrequirementofanapplicableimplementationplanmaybetakenwithrespecttoanystationarysourcebytheStateorbytheAdministrator.
(j)Technologicalsystemsofcontinuousemissionreductiononnewormodifiedstationarysources;compliancewithperformancestandards
Asaconditionforissuanceofanypermitrequiredunderthissubchapter,theowneroroperatorofeachnewormodifiedstationarysourcewhichisrequiredtoobtainsuchapermitmustshowtothesatisfactionofthepermittingauthoritythatthetechnologicalsystemofcontinuousemissionreductionwhichistobeusedatsuchsourcewillenableittocomplywiththestandardsofperformancewhicharetoapplytosuchsourceandthattheconstructionormodificationandoperationofsuchsourcewillbeincompliancewithallotherrequirementsofthischapter.
(k)EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyactiononplansubmissions
(1)Completenessofplansubmissions
(A)Completenesscriteria
Within9monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateminimumcriteriathatanyplansubmissionmustmeetbeforetheAdministratorisrequiredtoactonsuchsubmissionunderthissubsection.ThecriteriashallbelimitedtotheinformationnecessarytoenabletheAdministratortodeterminewhethertheplansubmissioncomplieswiththeprovisionsofthischapter.
(B)Completenessfinding
Within60daysoftheAdministrator'sreceiptofaplanorplanrevision,butnolaterthan6monthsafterthedate,ifany,bywhichaStateisrequiredtosubmittheplanorrevision,theAdministratorshalldeterminewhethertheminimumcriteriaestablishedpursuanttosubparagraph(A)havebeenmet.AnyplanorplanrevisionthataStatesubmitstotheAdministrator,andthathasnotbeendeterminedbytheAdministrator(bythedate6monthsafterreceiptofthesubmission)tohavefailedtomeettheminimumcriteriaestablishedpursuanttosubparagraph(A),shallonthatdatebedeemedbyoperationoflawtomeetsuchminimumcriteria.
(C)Effectoffindingofincompleteness
WheretheAdministratordeterminesthataplansubmission(orpartthereof)doesnotmeettheminimumcriteriaestablishedpursuanttosubparagraph(A),theStateshallbetreatedasnothavingmadethesubmission(or,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,partthereof).
(2)Deadlineforaction
Within12monthsofadeterminationbytheAdministrator(oradeterminationdeemedbyoperationoflaw)underparagraph(1)thataStatehassubmittedaplanorplanrevision(or,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,partthereof)thatmeetstheminimumcriteriaestablishedpursuanttoparagraph(1),ifapplicable(or,ifthosecriteriaarenotapplicable,within12monthsofsubmissionoftheplanorrevision),theAdministratorshallactonthesubmissioninaccordancewithparagraph(3).
(3)Fullandpartialapprovalanddisapproval
InthecaseofanysubmittalonwhichtheAdministratorisrequiredtoactunderparagraph(2),theAdministratorshallapprovesuchsubmittalasawholeifitmeetsalloftheapplicablerequirementsofthischapter.Ifaportionoftheplanrevisionmeetsalltheapplicablerequirementsofthischapter,theAdministratormayapprovetheplanrevisioninpartanddisapprovetheplanrevisioninpart.TheplanrevisionshallnotbetreatedasmeetingtherequirementsofthischapteruntiltheAdministratorapprovestheentireplanrevisionascomplyingwiththeapplicablerequirementsofthischapter.
(4)Conditionalapproval
TheAdministratormayapproveaplanrevisionbasedonacommitmentoftheStatetoadoptspecificenforceablemeasuresbyadatecertain,butnotlaterthan1yearafterthedateofapprovaloftheplanrevision.AnysuchconditionalapprovalshallbetreatedasadisapprovaliftheStatefailstocomplywithsuchcommitment.
(5)Callsforplanrevisions
WhenevertheAdministratorfindsthattheapplicableimplementationplanforanyareaissubstantiallyinadequatetoattainormaintaintherelevantnationalambientairqualitystandard,tomitigateadequatelytheinterstatepollutanttransportdescribedinsection7506aofthistitleorsection7511cofthistitle,ortootherwisecomplywithanyrequirementofthischapter,theAdministratorshallrequiretheStatetorevisetheplanasnecessarytocorrectsuchinadequacies.TheAdministratorshallnotifytheStateoftheinadequacies,andmayestablishreasonabledeadlines(nottoexceed18monthsafterthedateofsuchnotice)forthesubmissionofsuchplanrevisions.Suchfindingsandnoticeshallbepublic.Anyfindingunderthisparagraphshall,totheextenttheAdministratordeemsappropriate,subjecttheStatetotherequirementsofthischaptertowhichtheStatewassubjectwhenitdevelopedandsubmittedtheplanforwhichsuchfindingwasmade,exceptthattheAdministratormayadjustanydatesapplicableundersuchrequirementsasappropriate(exceptthattheAdministratormaynotadjustanyattainmentdateprescribedunderpartD,unlesssuchdatehaselapsed).
(6)Corrections
WhenevertheAdministratordeterminesthattheAdministrator'sactionapproving,disapproving,orpromulgatinganyplanorplanrevision(orpartthereof),areadesignation,redesignation,classification,orreclassificationwasinerror,theAdministratormayinthesamemannerastheapproval,disapproval,orpromulgationrevisesuchactionasappropriatewithoutrequiringanyfurthersubmissionfromtheState.SuchdeterminationandthebasisthereofshallbeprovidedtotheStateandpublic.
(l)Planrevisions
EachrevisiontoanimplementationplansubmittedbyaStateunderthischaptershallbeadoptedbysuchStateafterreasonablenoticeandpublichearing.TheAdministratorshallnotapprovearevisionofaplaniftherevisionwouldinterferewithanyapplicablerequirementconcerningattainmentandreasonablefurtherprogress(asdefinedinsection7501ofthistitle),oranyotherapplicablerequirementofthischapter.
(m)Sanctions
TheAdministratormayapplyanyofthesanctionslistedinsection7509(b)ofthistitleatanytime(oratanytimeafter)theAdministratormakesafinding,disapproval,ordeterminationunderparagraphs(1)through(4),respectively,ofsection7509(a)ofthistitleinrelationtoanyplanorplanitem(asthattermisdefinedbytheAdministrator)requiredunderthischapter,withrespecttoanyportionoftheStatetheAdministratordeterminesreasonableandappropriate,forthepurposeofensuringthattherequirementsofthischapterrelatingtosuchplanorplanitemaremet.TheAdministratorshall,byrule,establishcriteriaforexercisinghisauthorityundertheprevioussentencewithrespecttoanydeficiencyreferredtoinsection7509(a)ofthistitletoensurethat,duringthe24-monthperiodfollowingthefinding,disapproval,ordeterminationreferredtoinsection7509(a)ofthistitle,suchsanctionsarenotappliedonastatewidebasiswhereoneormorepoliticalsubdivisionscoveredbytheapplicableimplementationplanareprincipallyresponsibleforsuchdeficiency.
(n)Savingsclauses
(1)Existingplanprovisions
AnyprovisionofanyapplicableimplementationplanthatwasapprovedorpromulgatedbytheAdministratorpursuanttothissectionasineffectbeforeNovember15,1990,shallremainineffectaspartofsuchapplicableimplementationplan,excepttotheextentthatarevisiontosuchprovisionisapprovedorpromulgatedbytheAdministratorpursuanttothischapter.
(2)Attainmentdates
Foranyareanotdesignatednonattainment,anyplanorplanrevisionsubmittedorrequiredtobesubmittedbyaState—
(A)inresponsetothepromulgationorrevisionofanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardineffectonNovember15,1990,or
(B)inresponsetoafindingofsubstantialinadequacyundersubsection(a)(2)(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990),
shallprovideforattainmentofthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardswithin3yearsofNovember15,1990,orwithin5yearsofissuanceofsuchfindingofsubstantialinadequacy,whicheverislater.
(3)Retentionofconstructionmoratoriumincertainareas
Inthecaseofanareatowhich,immediatelybeforeNovember15,1990,theprohibitiononconstructionormodificationofmajorstationarysourcesprescribedinsubsection(a)(2)(I)(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)appliedbyvirtueofafindingoftheAdministratorthattheStatecontainingsuchareahadnotsubmittedanimplementationplanmeetingtherequirementsofsection7502(b)(6)ofthistitle(relatingtoestablishmentofapermitprogram)(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)or7502(a)(1)ofthistitle(totheextentsuchrequirementsrelatetoprovisionforattainmentoftheprimarynationalambientairqualitystandardforsulfuroxidesbyDecember31,1982)asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990,nomajorstationarysourceoftherelevantairpollutantorpollutantsshallbeconstructedormodifiedinsuchareauntiltheAdministratorfindsthattheplanforsuchareameetstheapplicablerequirementsofsection7502(c)(5)ofthistitle(relatingtopermitprograms)orsubpart5ofpartD(relatingtoattainmentoftheprimarynationalambientairqualitystandardforsulfurdioxide),respectively.
(o)Indiantribes
IfanIndiantribesubmitsanimplementationplantotheAdministratorpursuanttosection7601(d)ofthistitle,theplanshallbereviewedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsforreviewsetforthinthissectionforStateplans,exceptasotherwiseprovidedbyregulationpromulgatedpursuanttosection7601(d)(2)ofthistitle.Whensuchplanbecomeseffectiveinaccordancewiththeregulationspromulgatedundersection7601(d)ofthistitle,theplanshallbecomeapplicabletoallareas(exceptasexpresslyprovidedotherwiseintheplan)locatedwithintheexteriorboundariesofthereservation,notwithstandingtheissuanceofanypatentandincludingrights-of-wayrunningthroughthereservation.
(p)Reports
AnyStateshallsubmit,accordingtosuchscheduleastheAdministratormayprescribe,suchreportsastheAdministratormayrequirerelatingtoemissionreductions,vehiclemilestraveled,congestionlevels,andanyotherinformationtheAdministratormaydeemnecessarytoassessthedevelopment 2effectiveness,needforrevision,orimplementationofanyplanorplanrevisionrequiredunderthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§110,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§4(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1680;amendedPub.L.93–319,§4,June22,1974,88Stat.256;Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§§107,108,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.691,693;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(1)–(6),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1399;Pub.L.97–23,§3,July17,1981,95Stat.142;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§§101(b)–(d),102(h),107(c),108(d),titleIV,§412,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2404–2408,2422,2464,2466,2634.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheEnergySupplyandEnvironmentalCoordinationActof1974,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(3)(B),isPub.L.93–319,June22,1974,88Stat.246,asamended,whichisclassifiedprincipallytochapter16C(§791etseq.)ofTitle15,CommerceandTrade.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection791ofTitle15andTables.
Section7413ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsecs.(a)(3)(C),(6),(f)(5),(g)(3),and(i),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,subsecs.(d)and(e)ofsection7413nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceordersandsteelindustrycomplianceextension,respectively.
Section1857c–10ofthistitle,asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977,referredtoinsubsecs.(f)(5)and(g)(3),wasintheoriginal"section119,asineffectbeforethedateoftheenactmentofthisparagraph",meaningsection119ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,asaddedJune22,1974,Pub.L.93–319,§3,88Stat.248,(whichwasclassifiedtosection1857c–10ofthistitle)asineffectpriortotheenactmentofsubsecs.(f)(5)and(g)(3)ofthissectionbyPub.L.95–95,§107,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.691,effectiveAug.7,1977.Section112(b)(1)ofPub.L.95–95repealedsection119ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,asaddedbyPub.L.93–319,andprovidedthatallreferencestosuchsection119inanysubsequentenactmentwhichsupersedesPub.L.93–319shallbeconstruedtorefertosection113(d)oftheCleanAirActandtoparagraph(5)thereofinparticularwhichisclassifiedtosection7413(d)(5)ofthistitle.Section7413ofthistitlewassubsequentlyamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,seenoteabove.Section117(b)ofPub.L.95–95addedanewsection119ofactJuly14,1955,whichisclassifiedtosection7419ofthistitle.
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857c–5ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection110ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection117byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7417ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(8),substituted"3years(orsuchshorterperiodastheAdministratormayprescribe)"for"ninemonths"intwoplaces.
Subsec.(a)(2).Pub.L.101–549,§101(b),amendedpar.(2)generally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionssettingthetimewithinwhichtheAdministratorwastoapproveordisapproveaplanorportionthereofandlistingtheconditionsunderwhichtheplanorportionthereofwastobeapprovedafterreasonablenoticeandhearing.
Subsec.(a)(3)(A).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(1),struckoutsubpar.(A)whichdirectedAdministratortoapproveanyrevisionofanimplementationplanifitmetcertainrequirementsandhadbeenadoptedbytheStateafterreasonablenoticeandpublichearings.
Subsec.(a)(3)(D).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(1),struckoutsubpar.(D)whichdirectedthatcertainimplementationplansberevisedtoincludecomprehensivemeasuresandrequirements.
Subsec.(a)(4).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(2),struckoutpar.(4)whichsetforthrequirementsforreviewprocedure.
Subsec.(c)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§102(h),amendedpar.(1)generally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionsrelatingtopreparationandpublicationofregulationssettingforthanimplementationplan,afteropportunityforahearing,uponfailureofaStatetomakerequiredsubmissionorrevision.
Subsec.(c)(2)(A).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(3)(A),struckoutsubpar.(A)whichrequiredastudyandreportonnecessityofparkingsurcharge,managementofparkingsupply,andpreferentialbus/carpoollaneregulationstoachieveandmaintainnationalprimaryambientairqualitystandards.
Subsec.(c)(2)(C).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(3)(B),struckoutsubpar.(C)whichauthorizedsuspensionofcertainregulationsandrequirementsrelatingtomanagementofparkingsupply.
Subsec.(c)(4).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(3)(C),struckoutpar.(4)whichpermittedGovernorstotemporarilysuspendmeasuresinimplementationplansrelatingtoretrofits,gasrationing,andreductionofon-streetparking.
Subsec.(c)(5)(B).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(3)(D),struckout"(includingthewrittenevidencerequiredbypartD),"after"includecomprehensivemeasures".
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(4),struckoutsubsec.(d)whichdefinedanapplicableimplementationplanforpurposesofthischapter.
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(5),struckoutsubsec.(e)whichpermittedanextensionoftimeforattainmentofanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandard.
Subsec.(f)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§412,inserted"orofanyrequirementundersection7651jofthistitle(concerningexcessemissionspenaltiesoroffsets)"insubpar.(A)andinlastsentence.
Subsec.(g)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(6),substituted"12monthsofsubmissionoftheproposedplanrevision"for"therequiredfourmonthperiod"inclosingprovisions.
Subsec.(h)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(7),substituted"5yearsafterNovember15,1990,andeverythreeyearsthereafter"for"oneyearafterAugust7,1977,andannuallythereafter"andstruckoutatend"Eachsuchdocumentshallberevisedasfrequentlyaspracticablebutnotlessoftenthanannually."
Subsecs.(k)to(n).Pub.L.101–549,§101(c),addedsubsecs.(k)to(n).
Subsec.(o).Pub.L.101–549,§107(c),addedsubsec.(o).
Subsec.(p).Pub.L.101–549,§108(d),addedsubsec.(p).
1981—Subsec.(a)(3)(C).Pub.L.97–23insertedreferencetoextensionsofcomplianceindecreesenteredundersection7413(e)ofthistitle(relatingtoiron-andsteel-producingoperations).
1977—Subsec.(a)(2)(A).Pub.L.95–95,§108(a)(1),substituted"(A)exceptasmaybeprovidedinsubparagraph(I)(i)inthecaseofaplan"for"(A)(i)inthecaseofaplan".
Subsec.(a)(2)(B).Pub.L.95–95,§108(a)(2),substituted"transportationcontrols,airqualitymaintenanceplans,andpreconstructionreviewofdirectsourcesofairpollutionasprovidedinsubparagraph(D)"for"landuseandtransportationcontrols".
Subsec.(a)(2)(D).Pub.L.95–95,§108(a)(3),substituted"itincludesaprogramtoprovidefortheenforcementofemissionlimitationsandregulationofthemodification,construction,andoperationofanystationarysource,includingapermitprogramasrequiredinpartsCandDandapermitorequivalentprogramforanymajoremittingfacility,withinsuchregionasnecessarytoassure(i)thatnationalambientairqualitystandardsareachievedandmaintained,and(ii)aprocedure"for"itincludesaprocedure".
Subsec.(a)(2)(E).Pub.L.95–95,§108(a)(4),substituted"itcontainsadequateprovisions(i)prohibitinganystationarysourcewithintheStatefromemittinganyairpollutantinamountswhichwill(I)preventattainmentormaintenancebyanyotherStateofanysuchnationalprimaryorsecondaryambientairqualitystandard,or(II)interferewithmeasuresrequiredtobeincludedintheapplicableimplementationplanforanyotherStateunderpartCtopreventsignificantdeteriorationofairqualityortoprotectvisibility,and(ii)insuringcompliancewiththerequirementsofsection7426ofthistitle,relatingtointerstatepollutionabatement"for"itcontainsadequateprovisionsforintergovernmentalcooperation,includingmeasuresnecessarytoinsurethatemissionsofairpollutantsfromsourceslocatedinanyairqualitycontrolregionwillnotinterferewiththeattainmentormaintenanceofsuchprimaryorsecondarystandardinanyportionofsuchregionoutsideofsuchStateorinanyotherairqualitycontrolregion".
Subsec.(a)(2)(F).Pub.L.95–95,§108(a)(5),addedcl.(vi).
Subsec.(a)(2)(H).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(1),substituted"1977;"for"1977".
Pub.L.95–95,§108(a)(6),inserted"exceptasprovidedinparagraph(3)(C),"after"or(ii)"and"ortootherwisecomplywithanyadditionalrequirementsestablishedundertheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1977"after"toachievethenationalambientairqualityprimaryorsecondarystandardwhichitimplements".
Subsec.(a)(2)(I).Pub.L.95–95,§108(b),addedsubpar.(I).
Subsec.(a)(2)(J).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(2),substituted"; and"for", and".
Pub.L.95–95,§108(b),addedsubpar.(J).
Subsec.(a)(2)(K).Pub.L.95–95,§108(b)addedsubpar.(K).
Subsec.(a)(3)(C).Pub.L.95–95,§108(c),addedsubpar.(C).
Subsec.(a)(3)(D).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(4),addedsubpar.(D).
Subsec.(a)(5).Pub.L.95–95,§108(e),addedpar.(5).
Subsec.(a)(5)(D).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(3),struckout"preconstructionorpremodification"before"review".
Subsec.(a)(6).Pub.L.95–95,§108(e),addedpar.(6).
Subsec.(c)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§108(d)(1),(2),substituted"planwhichmeetstherequirementsofthissection"for"planforanynationalambientairqualityprimaryorsecondarystandardwithinthetimeprescribed"insubpar.(A)and,inprovisionsfollowingsubpar.(C),directedthatanyportionofaplanrelatingtoanymeasuredescribedinfirstsentenceof7421ofthistitle(relatingtoconsultation)ortheconsultationprocessrequiredundersuchsection7421ofthistitlenotberequiredtobepromulgatedbeforethedateeightmonthsaftersuchdaterequiredforsubmission.
Subsec.(c)(3)to(5).Pub.L.95–95,§108(d)(3),addedpars.(3)to(5).
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.95–95,§108(f),substituted"andwhichimplementstherequirementsofthissection"for"andwhichimplementsanationalprimaryorsecondaryambientairqualitystandardinaState".
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.95–95,§107(a),substitutedprovisionsrelatingtothehandlingofnationalorregionalenergyemergenciesforprovisionsrelatingtothepostponementofcompliancebystationarysourcesorclassesofmovingsourceswithanyrequirementofapplicableimplementationplans.
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.95–95,§108(g),addedsubsec.(g)relatingtopublicationofcomprehensivedocument.
Pub.L.95–95,§107(b),addedsubsec.(g)relatingtoGovernor'sauthoritytoissuetemporaryemergencysuspensions.
Subsec.(h).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(5),redesignatedsubsec.(g),addedbyPub.L.95–95,§108(g),as(h).Formersubsec.(h)redesignated(i).
Subsec.(i).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(5),redesignatedsubsec.(h),addedbyPub.L.95–95,§108(g),as(i).Formersubsec.(i)redesignated(j)andamended.
Subsec.(j).Pub.L.95–190§14(a)(5),(6),redesignatedsubsec.(i),addedbyPub.L.95–95,§108(g),as(j)andinsubsec.(j)assoredesignated,substituted"willenablesuchsource"for"atsuchsourcewillenableit".
1974—Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.93–319,§4(a),designatedexistingprovisionsassubpar.(A)andaddedsubpar.(B).
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.93–319,§4(b),designatedexistingprovisionsaspar.(1)andexistingpars.(1),(2),and(3)assubpars.(A),(B),and(C),respectively,ofsuchredesignatedpar.(1),andaddedpar.(2).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofImplementationPlansApprovedandInEffectPriortoAug.7,1977
NothingintheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1977[Pub.L.95–95]toaffectanyrequirementofanapprovedimplementationplanunderthissectionoranyotherprovisionineffectunderthischapterbeforeAug.7,1977,untilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewiththischapterasamendedbytheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1977,seesection406(c)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
SavingsProvision
Pub.L.91–604,§16,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1713,providedthat:
"(a)(1)AnyimplementationplanadoptedbyanyStateandsubmittedtotheSecretaryofHealth,Education,andWelfare,ortotheAdministratorpursuanttotheCleanAirAct[thischapter]priortoenactmentofthisAct[Dec.31,1970]maybeapprovedundersection110oftheCleanAirAct[thissection](asamendedbythisAct)[Pub.L.91–604]andshallremainineffect,unlesstheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchimplementationplan,oranyportionthereof,isnotconsistentwithapplicablerequirementsoftheCleanAirAct[thischapter](asamendedbythisAct)andwillnotprovidefortheattainmentofnationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardsinthetimerequiredbysuchAct.IftheAdministratorsodetermines,heshall,within90daysafterpromulgationofanynationalambientairqualitystandardspursuanttosection109(a)oftheCleanAirAct[section7409(a)ofthistitle],notifytheStateandspecifyinwhatrespectschangesareneededtomeettheadditionalrequirementsofsuchAct,includingrequirementstoimplementnationalsecondaryambientairqualitystandards.IfsuchchangesarenotadoptedbytheStateafterpublichearingsandwithinsixmonthsaftersuchnotification,theAdministratorshallpromulgatesuchchangespursuanttosection110(c)ofsuchAct[subsec.(c)ofthissection].
"(2)Theamendmentsmadebysection4(b)[amendingsections7403and7415ofthistitle]shallnotbeconstruedasrepealingormodifyingthepowersoftheAdministratorwithrespecttoanyconferenceconvenedundersection108(d)oftheCleanAirAct[section7415ofthistitle]beforethedateofenactmentofthisAct[Dec.31,1970].
"(b)RegulationsorstandardsissuedunderthistitleIIoftheCleanAirAct[subchapterIIofthischapter]priortotheenactmentofthisAct[Dec.31,1970]shallcontinueineffectuntilrevisedbytheAdministratorconsistentwiththepurposesofsuchAct[thischapter]."
FederalEnergyAdministrator
"FederalEnergyAdministrator",forpurposesofthischapter,tomeanAdministratorofFederalEnergyAdministrationestablishedbyPub.L.93–275,May7,1974,88Stat.97,whichisclassifiedtosection761etseq.ofTitle15,CommerceandTrade,butwiththetermtomeananyofficeroftheUnitedStatesdesignatedassuchbythePresidentuntilFederalEnergyAdministratortakesofficeandafterFederalEnergyAdministrationceasestoexist,seesection798ofTitle15,CommerceandTrade.
FederalEnergyAdministrationterminatedandfunctionsvestedbylawinAdministratorthereoftransferredtoSecretaryofEnergy(unlessotherwisespecificallyprovided)bysections7151(a)and7293ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbefollowedbyacomma.
§7411.Standardsofperformancefornewstationarysources
(a)Definitions
Forpurposesofthissection:
(1)Theterm"standardofperformance"meansastandardforemissionsofairpollutantswhichreflectsthedegreeofemissionlimitationachievablethroughtheapplicationofthebestsystemofemissionreductionwhich(takingintoaccountthecostofachievingsuchreductionandanynonairqualityhealthandenvironmentalimpactandenergyrequirements)theAdministratordetermineshasbeenadequatelydemonstrated.
(2)Theterm"newsource"meansanystationarysource,theconstructionormodificationofwhichiscommencedafterthepublicationofregulations(or,ifearlier,proposedregulations)prescribingastandardofperformanceunderthissectionwhichwillbeapplicabletosuchsource.
(3)Theterm"stationarysource"meansanybuilding,structure,facility,orinstallationwhichemitsormayemitanyairpollutant.NothinginsubchapterIIofthischapterrelatingtononroadenginesshallbeconstruedtoapplytostationaryinternalcombustionengines.
(4)Theterm"modification"meansanyphysicalchangein,orchangeinthemethodofoperationof,astationarysourcewhichincreasestheamountofanyairpollutantemittedbysuchsourceorwhichresultsintheemissionofanyairpollutantnotpreviouslyemitted.
(5)Theterm"owneroroperator"meansanypersonwhoowns,leases,operates,controls,orsupervisesastationarysource.
(6)Theterm"existingsource"meansanystationarysourceotherthananewsource.
(7)Theterm"technologicalsystemofcontinuousemissionreduction"means—
(A)atechnologicalprocessforproductionoroperationbyanysourcewhichisinherentlylow-pollutingornonpolluting,or
(B)atechnologicalsystemforcontinuousreductionofthepollutiongeneratedbyasourcebeforesuchpollutionisemittedintotheambientair,includingprecombustioncleaningortreatmentoffuels.
(8)Aconversiontocoal(A)byreasonofanorderundersection2(a)oftheEnergySupplyandEnvironmentalCoordinationActof1974[15U.S.C.792(a)]oranyamendmentthereto,oranysubsequentenactmentwhichsupersedessuchAct[15U.S.C.791etseq.],or(B)whichqualifiesundersection7413(d)(5)(A)(ii) 1ofthistitle,shallnotbedeemedtobeamodificationforpurposesofparagraphs(2)and(4)ofthissubsection.
(b)Listofcategoriesofstationarysources;standardsofperformance;informationonpollutioncontroltechniques;sourcesownedoroperatedbyUnitedStates;particularsystems;revisedstandards
(1)(A)TheAdministratorshall,within90daysafterDecember31,1970,publish(andfromtimetotimethereaftershallrevise)alistofcategoriesofstationarysources.Heshallincludeacategoryofsourcesinsuchlistifinhisjudgmentitcauses,orcontributessignificantlyto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare.
(B)Withinoneyearaftertheinclusionofacategoryofstationarysourcesinalistundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshallpublishproposedregulations,establishingFederalstandardsofperformancefornewsourceswithinsuchcategory.TheAdministratorshallaffordinterestedpersonsanopportunityforwrittencommentonsuchproposedregulations.Afterconsideringsuchcomments,heshallpromulgate,withinoneyearaftersuchpublication,suchstandardswithsuchmodificationsashedeemsappropriate.TheAdministratorshall,atleastevery8years,reviewand,ifappropriate,revisesuchstandardsfollowingtheprocedurerequiredbythissubsectionforpromulgationofsuchstandards.Notwithstandingtherequirementsoftheprevioussentence,theAdministratorneednotreviewanysuchstandardiftheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchreviewisnotappropriateinlightofreadilyavailableinformationontheefficacyofsuchstandard.Standardsofperformanceorrevisionsthereofshallbecomeeffectiveuponpromulgation.Whenimplementationandenforcementofanyrequirementofthischapterindicatethatemissionlimitationsandpercentreductionsbeyondthoserequiredbythestandardspromulgatedunderthissectionareachievedinpractice,theAdministratorshall,whenrevisingstandardspromulgatedunderthissection,considertheemissionlimitationsandpercentreductionsachievedinpractice.
(2)TheAdministratormaydistinguishamongclasses,types,andsizeswithincategoriesofnewsourcesforthepurposeofestablishingsuchstandards.
(3)TheAdministratorshall,fromtimetotime,issueinformationonpollutioncontroltechniquesforcategoriesofnewsourcesandairpollutantssubjecttotheprovisionsofthissection.
(4)TheprovisionsofthissectionshallapplytoanynewsourceownedoroperatedbytheUnitedStates.
(5)Exceptasotherwiseauthorizedundersubsection(h),nothinginthissectionshallbeconstruedtorequire,ortoauthorizetheAdministratortorequire,anynewormodifiedsourcetoinstallandoperateanyparticulartechnologicalsystemofcontinuousemissionreductiontocomplywithanynewsourcestandardofperformance.
(6)Therevisedstandardsofperformancerequiredbyenactmentofsubsection(a)(1)(A)(i)and(ii) 1shallbepromulgatednotlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977.Anynewormodifiedfossilfuelfiredstationarysourcewhichcommencesconstructionpriortothedateofpublicationoftheproposedrevisedstandardsshallnotberequiredtocomplywithsuchrevisedstandards.
(c)Stateimplementationandenforcementofstandardsofperformance
(1)EachStatemaydevelopandsubmittotheAdministratoraprocedureforimplementingandenforcingstandardsofperformancefornewsourceslocatedinsuchState.IftheAdministratorfindstheStateprocedureisadequate,heshalldelegatetosuchStateanyauthorityhehasunderthischaptertoimplementandenforcesuchstandards.
(2)NothinginthissubsectionshallprohibittheAdministratorfromenforcinganyapplicablestandardofperformanceunderthissection.
(d)Standardsofperformanceforexistingsources;remainingusefullifeofsource
(1)TheAdministratorshallprescriberegulationswhichshallestablishaproceduresimilartothatprovidedbysection7410ofthistitleunderwhicheachStateshallsubmittotheAdministratoraplanwhich(A)establishesstandardsofperformanceforanyexistingsourceforanyairpollutant(i)forwhichairqualitycriteriahavenotbeenissuedorwhichisnotincludedonalistpublishedundersection7408(a)ofthistitleoremittedfromasourcecategorywhichisregulatedundersection7412ofthistitlebut(ii)towhichastandardofperformanceunderthissectionwouldapplyifsuchexistingsourcewereanewsource,and(B)providesfortheimplementationandenforcementofsuchstandardsofperformance.RegulationsoftheAdministratorunderthisparagraphshallpermittheStateinapplyingastandardofperformancetoanyparticularsourceunderaplansubmittedunderthisparagraphtotakeintoconsideration,amongotherfactors,theremainingusefullifeoftheexistingsourcetowhichsuchstandardapplies.
(2)TheAdministratorshallhavethesameauthority—
(A)toprescribeaplanforaStateincaseswheretheStatefailstosubmitasatisfactoryplanashewouldhaveundersection7410(c)ofthistitleinthecaseoffailuretosubmitanimplementationplan,and
(B)toenforcetheprovisionsofsuchplanincaseswheretheStatefailstoenforcethemashewouldhaveundersections7413and7414ofthistitlewithrespecttoanimplementationplan.
Inpromulgatingastandardofperformanceunderaplanprescribedunderthisparagraph,theAdministratorshalltakeintoconsideration,amongotherfactors,remainingusefullivesofthesourcesinthecategoryofsourcestowhichsuchstandardapplies.
(e)Prohibitedacts
Aftertheeffectivedateofstandardsofperformancepromulgatedunderthissection,itshallbeunlawfulforanyowneroroperatorofanynewsourcetooperatesuchsourceinviolationofanystandardofperformanceapplicabletosuchsource.
(f)Newsourcestandardsofperformance
(1)ForthosecategoriesofmajorstationarysourcesthattheAdministratorlistedundersubsection(b)(1)(A)beforeNovember15,1990,andforwhichregulationshadnotbeenproposedbytheAdministratorbyNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshall—
(A)proposeregulationsestablishingstandardsofperformanceforatleast25percentofsuchcategoriesofsourceswithin2yearsafterNovember15,1990;
(B)proposeregulationsestablishingstandardsofperformanceforatleast50percentofsuchcategoriesofsourceswithin4yearsafterNovember15,1990;and
(C)proposeregulationsfortheremainingcategoriesofsourceswithin6yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(2)Indeterminingprioritiesforpromulgatingstandardsforcategoriesofmajorstationarysourcesforthepurposeofparagraph(1),theAdministratorshallconsider—
(A)thequantityofairpollutantemissionswhicheachsuchcategorywillemit,orwillbedesignedtoemit;
(B)theextenttowhicheachsuchpollutantmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare;and
(C)themobilityandcompetitivenatureofeachsuchcategoryofsourcesandtheconsequentneedfornationallyapplicablenewsourcestandardsofperformance.
(3)Beforepromulgatinganyregulationsunderthissubsectionorlistinganycategoryofmajorstationarysourcesasrequiredunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshallconsultwithappropriaterepresentativesoftheGovernorsandofStateairpollutioncontrolagencies.
(g)Revisionofregulations
(1)UponapplicationbytheGovernorofaStateshowingthattheAdministratorhasfailedtospecifyinregulationsundersubsection(f)(1)anycategoryofmajorstationarysourcesrequiredtobespecifiedundersuchregulations,theAdministratorshallrevisesuchregulationstospecifyanysuchcategory.
(2)UponapplicationoftheGovernorofaState,showingthatanycategoryofstationarysourceswhichisnotincludedinthelistundersubsection(b)(1)(A)contributessignificantlytoairpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare(notwithstandingthatsuchcategoryisnotacategoryofmajorstationarysources),theAdministratorshallrevisesuchregulationstospecifysuchcategoryofstationarysources.
(3)UponapplicationoftheGovernorofaStateshowingthattheAdministratorhasfailedtoapplyproperlythecriteriarequiredtobeconsideredundersubsection(f)(2),theAdministratorshallrevisethelistundersubsection(b)(1)(A)toapplyproperlysuchcriteria.
(4)UponapplicationoftheGovernorofaStateshowingthat—
(A)anew,innovative,orimprovedtechnologyorprocesswhichachievesgreatercontinuousemissionreductionhasbeenadequatelydemonstratedforanycategoryofstationarysources,and
(B)asaresultofsuchtechnologyorprocess,thenewsourcestandardofperformanceineffectunderthissectionforsuchcategorynolongerreflectsthegreatestdegreeofemissionlimitationachievablethroughapplicationofthebesttechnologicalsystemofcontinuousemissionreductionwhich(takingintoconsiderationthecostofachievingsuchemissionreduction,andanynon-airqualityhealthandenvironmentalimpactandenergyrequirements)hasbeenadequatelydemonstrated,
theAdministratorshallrevisesuchstandardofperformanceforsuchcategoryaccordingly.
(5)UnlesslaterdeadlinesforactionoftheAdministratorareotherwiseprescribedunderthissection,theAdministratorshall,notlaterthanthreemonthsfollowingthedateofreceiptofanyapplicationbyaGovernorofaState,either—
(A)findthatsuchapplicationdoesnotcontaintherequisiteshowinganddenysuchapplication,or
(B)grantsuchapplicationandtaketheactionrequiredunderthissubsection.
(6)Beforetakinganyactionrequiredbysubsection(f)orbythissubsection,theAdministratorshallprovidenoticeandopportunityforpublichearing.
(h)Design,equipment,workpractice,oroperationalstandard;alternativeemissionlimitation
(1)Forpurposesofthissection,ifinthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,itisnotfeasibletoprescribeorenforceastandardofperformance,hemayinsteadpromulgateadesign,equipment,workpractice,oroperationalstandard,orcombinationthereof,whichreflectsthebesttechnologicalsystemofcontinuousemissionreductionwhich(takingintoconsiderationthecostofachievingsuchemissionreduction,andanynon-airqualityhealthandenvironmentalimpactandenergyrequirements)theAdministratordetermineshasbeenadequatelydemonstrated.IntheeventtheAdministratorpromulgatesadesignorequipmentstandardunderthissubsection,heshallincludeaspartofsuchstandardsuchrequirementsaswillassuretheproperoperationandmaintenanceofanysuchelementofdesignorequipment.
(2)Forthepurposeofthissubsection,thephrase"notfeasibletoprescribeorenforceastandardofperformance"meansanysituationinwhichtheAdministratordeterminesthat(A)apollutantorpollutantscannotbeemittedthroughaconveyancedesignedandconstructedtoemitorcapturesuchpollutant,orthatanyrequirementfor,oruseof,suchaconveyancewouldbeinconsistentwithanyFederal,State,orlocallaw,or(B)theapplicationofmeasurementmethodologytoaparticularclassofsourcesisnotpracticableduetotechnologicaloreconomiclimitations.
(3)Ifafternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,anypersonestablishestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthatanalternativemeansofemissionlimitationwillachieveareductioninemissionsofanyairpollutantatleastequivalenttothereductioninemissionsofsuchairpollutantachievedundertherequirementsofparagraph(1),theAdministratorshallpermittheuseofsuchalternativebythesourceforpurposesofcompliancewiththissectionwithrespecttosuchpollutant.
(4)Anystandardpromulgatedunderparagraph(1)shallbepromulgatedintermsofstandardofperformancewheneveritbecomesfeasibletopromulgateandenforcesuchstandardinsuchterms.
(5)Anydesign,equipment,workpractice,oroperationalstandard,oranycombinationthereof,describedinthissubsectionshallbetreatedasastandardofperformanceforpurposesoftheprovisionsofthischapter(otherthantheprovisionsofsubsection(a)andthissubsection).
(i)Countryelevators
AnyregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratorunderthissectionapplicabletograinelevatorsshallnotapplytocountryelevators(asdefinedbytheAdministrator)whichhaveastoragecapacityoflessthantwomillionfivehundredthousandbushels.
(j)Innovativetechnologicalsystemsofcontinuousemissionreduction
(1)(A)AnypersonproposingtoownoroperateanewsourcemayrequesttheAdministratorforoneormorewaiversfromtherequirementsofthissectionforsuchsourceoranyportionthereofwithrespecttoanyairpollutanttoencouragetheuseofaninnovativetechnologicalsystemorsystemsofcontinuousemissionreduction.TheAdministratormay,withtheconsentoftheGovernoroftheStateinwhichthesourceistobelocated,grantawaiverunderthisparagraph,iftheAdministratordeterminesafternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,that—
(i)theproposedsystemorsystemshavenotbeenadequatelydemonstrated,
(ii)theproposedsystemorsystemswilloperateeffectivelyandthereisasubstantiallikelihoodthatsuchsystemorsystemswillachievegreatercontinuousemissionreductionthanthatrequiredtobeachievedunderthestandardsofperformancewhichwouldotherwiseapply,orachieveatleastanequivalentreductionatlowercostintermsofenergy,economic,ornonairqualityenvironmentalimpact,
(iii)theowneroroperatoroftheproposedsourcehasdemonstratedtothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheproposedsystemwillnotcauseorcontributetoanunreasonablerisktopublichealth,welfare,orsafetyinitsoperation,function,ormalfunction,and
(iv)thegrantingofsuchwaiverisconsistentwiththerequirementsofsubparagraph(C).
Inmakinganydeterminationunderclause(ii),theAdministratorshalltakeintoaccountanypreviousfailureofsuchsystemorsystemstooperateeffectivelyortomeetanyrequirementofthenewsourceperformancestandards.Indeterminingwhetheranunreasonableriskexistsunderclause(iii),theAdministratorshallconsider,amongotherfactors,whetherandtowhatextenttheuseoftheproposedtechnologicalsystemwillcause,increase,reduce,oreliminateemissionsofanyunregulatedpollutants;availablemethodsforreducingoreliminatinganyrisktopublichealth,welfare,orsafetywhichmaybeassociatedwiththeuseofsuchsystem;andtheavailabilityofothertechnologicalsystemswhichmaybeusedtoconformtostandardsunderthissectionwithoutcausingorcontributingtosuchunreasonablerisk.TheAdministratormayconductsuchtestsandmayrequiretheowneroroperatoroftheproposedsourcetoconductsuchtestsandprovidesuchinformationasisnecessarytocarryoutclause(iii)ofthissubparagraph.Suchrequirementsshallincludearequirementforpromptreportingoftheemissionofanyunregulatedpollutantfromasystemifsuchpollutantwasnotemitted,orwasemittedinsignificantlylesseramountswithoutuseofsuchsystem.
(B)AwaiverunderthisparagraphshallbegrantedonsuchtermsandconditionsastheAdministratordeterminestobenecessarytoassure—
(i)emissionsfromthesourcewillnotpreventattainmentandmaintenanceofanynationalambientairqualitystandards,and
(ii)properfunctioningofthetechnologicalsystemorsystemsauthorized.
Anysuchtermorconditionshallbetreatedasastandardofperformanceforthepurposesofsubsection(e)ofthissectionandsection7413ofthistitle.
(C)ThenumberofwaiversgrantedunderthisparagraphwithrespecttoaproposedtechnologicalsystemofcontinuousemissionreductionshallnotexceedsuchnumberastheAdministratorfindsnecessarytoascertainwhetherornotsuchsystemwillachievetheconditionsspecifiedinclauses(ii)and(iii)ofsubparagraph(A).
(D)Awaiverunderthisparagraphshallextendtothesoonerof—
(i)thedatedeterminedbytheAdministrator,afterconsultationwiththeowneroroperatorofthesource,takingintoconsiderationthedesign,installation,andcapitalcostofthetechnologicalsystemorsystemsbeingused,or
(ii)thedateonwhichtheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchsystemhasfailedto—
(I)achieveatleastanequivalentcontinuousemissionreductiontothatrequiredtobeachievedunderthestandardsofperformancewhichwouldotherwiseapply,or
(II)complywiththeconditionspecifiedinparagraph(1)(A)(iii),
andthatsuchfailurecannotbecorrected.
(E)Incarryingoutsubparagraph(D)(i),theAdministratorshallnotpermitanywaiverforasourceorportionthereoftoextendbeyondthedate—
(i)sevenyearsafterthedateonwhichanywaiverisgrantedtosuchsourceorportionthereof,or
(ii)fouryearsafterthedateonwhichsuchsourceorportionthereofcommencesoperation,
whicheverisearlier.
(F)Nowaiverunderthissubsectionshallapplytoanyportionofasourceotherthantheportiononwhichtheinnovativetechnologicalsystemorsystemsofcontinuousemissionreductionisused.
(2)(A)Ifawaiverunderparagraph(1)isterminatedunderclause(ii)ofparagraph(1)(D),theAdministratorshallgrantanextensionoftherequirementsofthissectionforsuchsourceforsuchminimumperiodasmaybenecessarytocomplywiththeapplicablestandardofperformanceunderthissection.Suchperiodshallnotextendbeyondthedatethreeyearsfromthetimesuchwaiveristerminated.
(B)Anextensiongrantedunderthisparagraphshallsetforthemissionlimitsandacomplianceschedulecontainingincrementsofprogresswhichrequirecompliancewiththeapplicablestandardsofperformanceasexpeditiouslyaspracticableandincludesuchmeasuresasarenecessaryandpracticableintheinterimtominimizeemissions.Suchscheduleshallbetreatedasastandardofperformanceforpurposesofsubsection(e)ofthissectionandsection7413ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§111,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§4(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1683;amendedPub.L.92–157,titleIII,§302(f),Nov.18,1971,85Stat.464;Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§109(a)–(d)(1),(e),(f),titleIV,§401(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.697–703,791;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(7)–(9),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1399;Pub.L.95–623,§13(a),Nov.9,1978,92Stat.3457;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§108(e)–(g),titleIII,§302(a),(b),titleIV,§403(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2467,2574,2631.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
SuchAct,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(8),meansPub.L.93–319,June22,1974,88Stat.246,asamended,knownastheEnergySupplyandEnvironmentalCoordinationActof1974,whichisclassifiedprincipallytochapter16C(§791etseq.)ofTitle15,CommerceandTrade.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection791ofTitle15andTables.
Section7413ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(8),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,subsec.(d)ofsection7413nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.
Subsection(a)(1)ofthissection,referredtoinsubsec.(b)(6),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§403(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2631,and,assoamended,nolongercontainssubpars.
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857c–6ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection111ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection118byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7418ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§403(a),amendedpar.(1)generally,substitutingprovisionsdefining"standardofperformance"withrespecttoanyairpollutantforprovisionsdefiningsuchtermwithrespecttosubsec.(b)fossilfuelfiredandotherstationarysourcesandsubsec.(d)particularsources.
Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.101–549,§108(f),insertedatend"NothinginsubchapterIIofthischapterrelatingtononroadenginesshallbeconstruedtoapplytostationaryinternalcombustionengines."
Subsec.(b)(1)(B).Pub.L.101–549,§108(e)(1),substituted"Withinoneyear"for"Within120days","withinoneyear"for"within90days",and"every8years"for"everyfouryears",insertedbeforelastsentence"Notwithstandingtherequirementsoftheprevioussentence,theAdministratorneednotreviewanysuchstandardiftheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchreviewisnotappropriateinlightofreadilyavailableinformationontheefficacyofsuchstandard.",andinsertedatend"Whenimplementationandenforcementofanyrequirementofthischapterindicatethatemissionlimitationsandpercentreductionsbeyondthoserequiredbythestandardspromulgatedunderthissectionareachievedinpractice,theAdministratorshall,whenrevisingstandardspromulgatedunderthissection,considertheemissionlimitationsandpercentreductionsachievedinpractice."
Subsec.(d)(1)(A)(i).Pub.L.101–549,§302(a),whichdirectedthesubstitutionof"7412(b)"for"7412(b)(1)(A)",couldnotbeexecuted,becauseoftheprioramendmentbyPub.L.101–549,§108(g),seebelow.
Pub.L.101–549,§108(g),substituted"oremittedfromasourcecategorywhichisregulatedundersection7412ofthistitle"for"or7412(b)(1)(A)".
Subsec.(f)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§108(e)(2),amendedpar.(1)generally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionsrequiringtheAdministratortopromulgateregulationslistingthecategoriesofmajorstationarysourcesnotontherequiredlistbyAug.7,1977,andregulationsestablishingstandardsofperformanceforsuchcategories.
Subsec.(g)(5)to(8).Pub.L.101–549,§302(b),redesignatedpar.(7)as(5)andstruckout"orsection7412ofthistitle"after"thissection",redesignatedpar.(8)as(6),andstruckoutformerpars.(5)and(6)whichreadasfollows:
"(5)UponapplicationbytheGovernorofaStateshowingthattheAdministratorhasfailedtolistanyairpollutantwhichcauses,orcontributesto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoresultinanincreaseinmortalityoranincreaseinseriousirreversible,orincapacitatingreversible,illnessasahazardousairpollutantundersection7412ofthistitletheAdministratorshallrevisethelistofhazardousairpollutantsundersuchsectiontoincludesuchpollutant.
"(6)UponapplicationbytheGovernorofaStateshowingthatanycategoryofstationarysourcesofahazardousairpollutantlistedundersection7412ofthistitleisnotsubjecttoemissionstandardsundersuchsection,theAdministratorshallproposeandpromulgatesuchemissionstandardsapplicabletosuchcategoryofsources."
1978—Subsecs.(d)(1)(A)(ii),(g)(4)(B).Pub.L.95–623,§13(a)(2),substituted"underthissection"for"undersubsection(b)ofthissection".
Subsec.(h)(5).Pub.L.95–623,§13(a)(1),addedpar.(5).
Subsec.(j).Pub.L.95–623,§13(a)(3),substitutedinpars.(1)(A)and(2)(A)"standardsunderthissection"and"underthissection"for"standardsundersubsection(b)ofthissection"and"undersubsection(b)ofthissection",respectively.
1977—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§109(c)(1)(A),addedsubpars.(A),(B),and(C),substituted"Forthepurposeofsubparagraphs(A)(i)and(ii)and(B),astandardofperformanceshallreflect"for"astandardforemissionsofairpollutantswhichreflects","andthepercentagereductionachievable"for"achievable",and"technologicalsystemofcontinuousemissionreductionwhich(takingintoconsiderationthecostofachievingsuchemissionreduction,andanynonairqualityhealthandenvironmentimpactandenergyrequirements)"for"systemofemissionreductionwhich(takingintoaccountthecostofachievingsuchreduction)"inexistingprovisions,andinsertedprovisionthat,forthepurposeofsubparagraph(1)(A)(ii),anycleaningofthefuelorreductioninthepollutioncharacteristicsofthefuelafterextractionandpriortocombustionmaybecredited,asdeterminedunderregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator,toasourcewhichburnssuchfuel.
Subsec.(a)(7).Pub.L.95–95,§109(c)(1)(B),addedpar.(7)defining"technologicalsystemofcontinuousemissionreduction".
Pub.L.95–95,§109(f),addedpar.(7)directingthatundercertaincircumstancesaconversiontocoalnotbedeemedamodificationforpurposesofpars.(2)and(4).
Subsec.(a)(7),(8).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(7),redesignatedsecondpar.(7)as(8).
Subsec.(b)(1)(A).Pub.L.95–95,§401(b),substituted"suchlistifinhisjudgmentitcauses,orcontributessignificantlyto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendanger"for"suchlistifhedeterminesitmaycontributesignificantlytoairpollutionwhichcausesorcontributestotheendangermentof".
Subsec.(b)(1)(B).Pub.L.95–95,§109(c)(2),substituted"shall,atleasteveryfouryears,reviewand,ifappropriate,"for"may,fromtimetotime,".
Subsec.(b)(5),(6).Pub.L.95–95,§109(c)(3),addedpars.(5)and(6).
Subsec.(c)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§109(d)(1),struckout"(exceptwithrespecttonewsourcesownedoroperatedbytheUnitedStates)"after"implementandenforcesuchstandards".
Subsec.(d)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§109(b)(1),substituted"standardsofperformance"for"emissionstandards"andinsertedprovisionsdirectingthatregulationsoftheAdministratorpermittheState,inapplyingastandardofperformancetoanyparticularsourceunderasubmittedplan,totakeintoconsideration,amongotherfactors,theremainingusefullifeoftheexistingsourcetowhichthestandardapplies.
Subsec.(d)(2).Pub.L.95–95,§109(b)(2),providedthat,inpromulgatingastandardofperformanceunderaplan,theAdministratortakeintoconsideration,amongotherfactors,theremainingusefullivesofthesourcesinthecategoryofsourcestowhichthestandardapplies.
Subsecs.(f)to(i).Pub.L.95–95,§109(a),addedsubsecs.(f)to(i).
Subsecs.(j),(k).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(8),(9),redesignatedsubsec.(k)as(j)and,assoredesignated,substituted"(B)"for"(8)"asdesignationforsecondsubpar.inpar.(2).Formersubsec.(j),addedbyPub.L.95–95,§109(e),whichrelatedtocompliancewithapplicablestandardsofperformance,wasstruckout.
Pub.L.95–95,§109(e),addedsubsec.(k).
1971—Subsec.(b)(1)(B).Pub.L.92–157substitutedinfirstsentence"publishproposed"for"propose".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
Regulations
Pub.L.101–549,titleIV,§403(b),(c),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2631,providedthat:
"(b)RevisedRegulations.—NotlaterthanthreeyearsafterthedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990],theAdministratorshallpromulgaterevisedregulationsforstandardsofperformancefornewfossilfuelfiredelectricutilityunitscommencingconstructionafterthedateonwhichsuchregulationsareproposedthat,ataminimum,requireanysourcesubjecttosuchrevisedstandardstoemitsulfurdioxideataratenotgreaterthanwouldhaveresultedfromcompliancebysuchsourcewiththeapplicablestandardsofperformanceunderthissection[amendingsections7411and7479ofthistitle]priortosuchrevision.
"(c)Applicability.—Theprovisionsofsubsections(a)[amendingthissection]and(b)applyonlysolongastheprovisionsofsection403(e)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7651b(e)]remainineffect."
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ExecutiveDocuments
TransferofFunctions
EnforcementfunctionsofAdministratororotherofficialinEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyrelatedtocompliancewithnewsourceperformancestandardsunderthissectionwithrespecttopre-construction,construction,andinitialoperationoftransportationsystemforCanadianandAlaskannaturalgastransferredtoFederalInspector,OfficeofFederalInspectorfortheAlaskaNaturalGasTransportationSystem,untilfirstanniversaryofdateofinitialoperationofAlaskaNaturalGasTransportationSystem,seeReorg.PlanNo.1of1979,eff.July1,1979,§§102(a),203(a),44F.R.33663,33666,93Stat.1373,1376,setoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.OfficeofFederalInspectorfortheAlaskaNaturalGasTransportationSystemabolishedandfunctionsandauthorityvestedinInspectortransferredtoSecretaryofEnergybysection3012(b)ofPub.L.102–486,setoutasanAbolitionofOfficeofFederalInspectornoteundersection719eofTitle15,CommerceandTrade.FunctionsandauthorityvestedinSecretaryofEnergysubsequentlytransferredtoFederalCoordinatorforAlaskaNaturalGasTransportationProjectsbysection720d(f)ofTitle15.
PowerSectorCarbonPollutionStandards
MemorandumofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,June25,2013,78F.R.39535,whichrelatedtocarbonpollutionstandardsforpowerplants,wasrevokedbyEx.Ord.No.13783,§3(a)(ii),Mar.28,2017,82F.R.16094,setoutasanoteundersection13201ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7412.Hazardousairpollutants
(a)Definitions
Forpurposesofthissection,exceptsubsection(r)—
(1)Majorsource
Theterm"majorsource"meansanystationarysourceorgroupofstationarysourceslocatedwithinacontiguousareaandundercommoncontrolthatemitsorhasthepotentialtoemitconsideringcontrols,intheaggregate,10tonsperyearormoreofanyhazardousairpollutantor25tonsperyearormoreofanycombinationofhazardousairpollutants.TheAdministratormayestablishalesserquantity,orinthecaseofradionuclidesdifferentcriteria,foramajorsourcethanthatspecifiedintheprevioussentence,onthebasisofthepotencyoftheairpollutant,persistence,potentialforbioaccumulation,othercharacteristicsoftheairpollutant,orotherrelevantfactors.
(2)Areasource
Theterm"areasource"meansanystationarysourceofhazardousairpollutantsthatisnotamajorsource.Forpurposesofthissection,theterm"areasource"shallnotincludemotorvehiclesornonroadvehiclessubjecttoregulationundersubchapterII.
(3)Stationarysource
Theterm"stationarysource"shallhavethesamemeaningassuchtermhasundersection7411(a)ofthistitle.
(4)Newsource
Theterm"newsource"meansastationarysourcetheconstructionorreconstructionofwhichiscommencedaftertheAdministratorfirstproposesregulationsunderthissectionestablishinganemissionstandardapplicabletosuchsource.
(5)Modification
Theterm"modification"meansanyphysicalchangein,orchangeinthemethodofoperationof,amajorsourcewhichincreasestheactualemissionsofanyhazardousairpollutantemittedbysuchsourcebymorethanademinimisamountorwhichresultsintheemissionofanyhazardousairpollutantnotpreviouslyemittedbymorethanademinimisamount.
(6)Hazardousairpollutant
Theterm"hazardousairpollutant"meansanyairpollutantlistedpursuanttosubsection(b).
(7)Adverseenvironmentaleffect
Theterm"adverseenvironmentaleffect"meansanysignificantandwidespreadadverseeffect,whichmayreasonablybeanticipated,towildlife,aquaticlife,orothernaturalresources,includingadverseimpactsonpopulationsofendangeredorthreatenedspeciesorsignificantdegradationofenvironmentalqualityoverbroadareas.
(8)Electricutilitysteamgeneratingunit
Theterm"electricutilitysteamgeneratingunit"meansanyfossilfuelfiredcombustionunitofmorethan25megawattsthatservesageneratorthatproduceselectricityforsale.Aunitthatcogeneratessteamandelectricityandsuppliesmorethanone-thirdofitspotentialelectricoutputcapacityandmorethan25megawattselectricaloutputtoanyutilitypowerdistributionsystemforsaleshallbeconsideredanelectricutilitysteamgeneratingunit.
(9)Owneroroperator
Theterm"owneroroperator"meansanypersonwhoowns,leases,operates,controls,orsupervisesastationarysource.
(10)Existingsource
Theterm"existingsource"meansanystationarysourceotherthananewsource.
(11)Carcinogeniceffect
Unlessrevised,theterm"carcinogeniceffect"shallhavethemeaningprovidedbytheAdministratorunderGuidelinesforCarcinogenicRiskAssessmentasofthedateofenactment.1AnyrevisionsintheexistingGuidelinesshallbesubjecttonoticeandopportunityforcomment.
(b)Listofpollutants
(1)Initiallist
TheCongressestablishesforpurposesofthissectionalistofhazardousairpollutantsasfollows:
CASnumberChemicalname
75070
Acetaldehyde
60355
Acetamide
75058
Acetonitrile
98862
Acetophenone
53963
2-Acetylaminofluorene
107028
Acrolein
79061
Acrylamide
79107
Acrylicacid
107131
Acrylonitrile
107051
Allylchloride
92671
4-Aminobiphenyl
62533
Aniline
90040
o-Anisidine
1332214
Asbestos
71432
Benzene(includingbenzenefromgasoline)
92875
Benzidine
98077
Benzotrichloride
100447
Benzylchloride
92524
Biphenyl
117817
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)
542881
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
75252
Bromoform
106990
1,3-Butadiene
156627
Calciumcyanamide
105602
Caprolactam
133062
Captan
63252
Carbaryl
75150
Carbondisulfide
56235
Carbontetrachloride
463581
Carbonylsulfide
120809
Catechol
133904
Chloramben
57749
Chlordane
7782505
Chlorine
79118
Chloroaceticacid
532274
2-Chloroacetophenone
108907
Chlorobenzene
510156
Chlorobenzilate
67663
Chloroform
107302
Chloromethylmethylether
126998
Chloroprene
1319773
Cresols/Cresylicacid(isomersandmixture)
95487
o-Cresol
108394
m-Cresol
106445
p-Cresol
98828
Cumene
94757
2,4-D,saltsandesters
3547044
DDE
334883
Diazomethane
132649
Dibenzofurans
96128
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
84742
Dibutylphthalate
106467
1,4-Dichlorobenzene(p)
91941
3,3-Dichlorobenzidene
111444
Dichloroethylether(Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether)
542756
1,3-Dichloropropene
62737
Dichlorvos
111422
Diethanolamine
121697
N,N-Diethylaniline(N,N-Dimethylaniline)
64675
Diethylsulfate
119904
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine
60117
Dimethylaminoazobenzene
119937
3,3′-Dimethylbenzidine
79447
Dimethylcarbamoylchloride
68122
Dimethylformamide
57147
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
131113
Dimethylphthalate
77781
Dimethylsulfate
534521
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol,andsalts
51285
2,4-Dinitrophenol
121142
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
123911
1,4-Dioxane(1,4-Diethyleneoxide)
122667
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
106898
Epichlorohydrin(l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
106887
1,2-Epoxybutane
140885
Ethylacrylate
100414
Ethylbenzene
51796
Ethylcarbamate(Urethane)
75003
Ethylchloride(Chloroethane)
106934
Ethylenedibromide(Dibromoethane)
107062
Ethylenedichloride(1,2-Dichloroethane)
107211
Ethyleneglycol
151564
Ethyleneimine(Aziridine)
75218
Ethyleneoxide
96457
Ethylenethiourea
75343
Ethylidenedichloride(1,1-Dichloroethane)
50000
Formaldehyde
76448
Heptachlor
118741
Hexachlorobenzene
87683
Hexachlorobutadiene
77474
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
67721
Hexachloroethane
822060
Hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate
680319
Hexamethylphosphoramide
110543
Hexane
302012
Hydrazine
7647010
Hydrochloricacid
7664393
Hydrogenfluoride(Hydrofluoricacid)
123319
Hydroquinone
78591
Isophorone
58899
Lindane(allisomers)
108316
Maleicanhydride
67561
Methanol
72435
Methoxychlor
74839
Methylbromide(Bromomethane)
74873
Methylchloride(Chloromethane)
71556
Methylchloroform(1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
78933
Methylethylketone(2-Butanone)
60344
Methylhydrazine
74884
Methyliodide(Iodomethane)
108101
Methylisobutylketone(Hexone)
624839
Methylisocyanate
80626
Methylmethacrylate
1634044
Methyltertbutylether
101144
4,4-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
75092
Methylenechloride(Dichloromethane)
101688
Methylenediphenyldiisocyanate(MDI)
101779
4,4′-Methylenedianiline
91203
Naphthalene
98953
Nitrobenzene
92933
4-Nitrobiphenyl
100027
4-Nitrophenol
79469
2-Nitropropane
684935
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
62759
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
59892
N-Nitrosomorpholine
56382
Parathion
82688
Pentachloronitrobenzene(Quintobenzene)
87865
Pentachlorophenol
108952
Phenol
106503
p-Phenylenediamine
75445
Phosgene
7803512
Phosphine
7723140
Phosphorus
85449
Phthalicanhydride
1336363
Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(Aroclors)
1120714
1,3-Propanesultone
57578
beta-Propiolactone
123386
Propionaldehyde
114261
Propoxur(Baygon)
78875
Propylenedichloride(1,2-Dichloropropane)
75569
Propyleneoxide
75558
1,2-Propylenimine(2-Methylaziridine)
91225
Quinoline
106514
Quinone
100425
Styrene
96093
Styreneoxide
1746016
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
79345
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
127184
Tetrachloroethylene(Perchloroethylene)
7550450
Titaniumtetrachloride
108883
Toluene
95807
2,4-Toluenediamine
584849
2,4-Toluenediisocyanate
95534
o-Toluidine
8001352
Toxaphene(chlorinatedcamphene)
120821
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
79005
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
79016
Trichloroethylene
95954
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
88062
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
121448
Triethylamine
1582098
Trifluralin
540841
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
108054
Vinylacetate
593602
Vinylbromide
75014
Vinylchloride
75354
Vinylidenechloride(1,1-Dichloroethylene)
1330207
Xylenes(isomersandmixture)
95476
o-Xylenes
108383
m-Xylenes
106423
p-Xylenes
0
AntimonyCompounds
0
ArsenicCompounds(inorganicincludingarsine)
0
BerylliumCompounds
0
CadmiumCompounds
0
ChromiumCompounds
0
CobaltCompounds
0
CokeOvenEmissions
0
CyanideCompounds 1
0
Glycolethers 2
0
LeadCompounds
0
ManganeseCompounds
0
MercuryCompounds
0
Finemineralfibers 3
0
NickelCompounds
0
PolycylicOrganicMatter 4
0
Radionuclides(includingradon) 5
0
SeleniumCompounds
NOTE:Foralllistingsabovewhichcontaintheword"compounds"andforglycolethers,thefollowingapplies:Unlessotherwisespecified,theselistingsaredefinedasincludinganyuniquechemicalsubstancethatcontainsthenamedchemical(i.e.,antimony,arsenic,etc.)aspartofthatchemical'sinfrastructure.
1 X′CNwhereX=H′oranyothergroupwhereaformaldissociationmayoccur.ForexampleKCNorCa(CN)2.
2 Includesmono-anddi-ethersofethyleneglycol,diethyleneglycol,andtriethyleneglycolR–(OCH2CH2)n–OR′where
n=1,2,or3
R=alkylorarylgroups
R′=R,H,orgroupswhich,whenremoved,yieldglycoletherswiththestructure:R–(OCH2CH)n–OH.Polymersareexcludedfromtheglycolcategory.
3 Includesmineralfiberemissionsfromfacilitiesmanufacturingorprocessingglass,rock,orslagfibers(orothermineralderivedfibers)ofaveragediameter1micrometerorless.
4 Includesorganiccompoundswithmorethanonebenzenering,andwhichhaveaboilingpointgreaterthanorequalto100°C.
5 Atypeofatomwhichspontaneouslyundergoesradioactivedecay.
(2)Revisionofthelist
TheAdministratorshallperiodicallyreviewthelistestablishedbythissubsectionandpublishtheresultsthereofand,whereappropriate,revisesuchlistbyrule,addingpollutantswhichpresent,ormaypresent,throughinhalationorotherroutesofexposure,athreatofadversehumanhealtheffects(including,butnotlimitedto,substanceswhichareknowntobe,ormayreasonablybeanticipatedtobe,carcinogenic,mutagenic,teratogenic,neurotoxic,whichcausereproductivedysfunction,orwhichareacutelyorchronicallytoxic)oradverseenvironmentaleffectswhetherthroughambientconcentrations,bioaccumulation,deposition,orotherwise,butnotincludingreleasessubjecttoregulationundersubsection(r)asaresultofemissionstotheair.Noairpollutantwhichislistedundersection7408(a)ofthistitlemaybeaddedtothelistunderthissection,exceptthattheprohibitionofthissentenceshallnotapplytoanypollutantwhichindependentlymeetsthelistingcriteriaofthisparagraphandisaprecursortoapollutantwhichislistedundersection7408(a)ofthistitleortoanypollutantwhichisinaclassofpollutantslistedundersuchsection.Nosubstance,practice,processoractivityregulatedundersubchapterVIofthischaptershallbesubjecttoregulationunderthissectionsolelyduetoitsadverseeffectsontheenvironment.
(3)Petitionstomodifythelist
(A)Beginningatanytimeafter6monthsafterNovember15,1990,anypersonmaypetitiontheAdministratortomodifythelistofhazardousairpollutantsunderthissubsectionbyaddingordeletingasubstanceor,incaseoflistedpollutantswithoutCASnumbers(otherthancokeovenemissions,mineralfibers,orpolycyclicorganicmatter)removingcertainuniquesubstances.Within18monthsafterreceiptofapetition,theAdministratorshalleithergrantordenythepetitionbypublishingawrittenexplanationofthereasonsfortheAdministrator'sdecision.Anysuchpetitionshallincludeashowingbythepetitionerthatthereisadequatedataonthehealthorenvironmentaldefects 2ofthepollutantorotherevidenceadequatetosupportthepetition.TheAdministratormaynotdenyapetitionsolelyonthebasisofinadequateresourcesortimeforreview.
(B)TheAdministratorshalladdasubstancetothelistuponashowingbythepetitionerorontheAdministrator'sowndeterminationthatthesubstanceisanairpollutantandthatemissions,ambientconcentrations,bioaccumulationordepositionofthesubstanceareknowntocauseormayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseadverseeffectstohumanhealthoradverseenvironmentaleffects.
(C)TheAdministratorshalldeleteasubstancefromthelistuponashowingbythepetitionerorontheAdministrator'sowndeterminationthatthereisadequatedataonthehealthandenvironmentaleffectsofthesubstancetodeterminethatemissions,ambientconcentrations,bioaccumulationordepositionofthesubstancemaynotreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseanyadverseeffectstothehumanhealthoradverseenvironmentaleffects.
(D)TheAdministratorshalldeleteoneormoreuniquechemicalsubstancesthatcontainalistedhazardousairpollutantnothavingaCASnumber(otherthancokeovenemissions,mineralfibers,orpolycyclicorganicmatter)uponashowingbythepetitionerorontheAdministrator'sowndeterminationthatsuchuniquechemicalsubstancesthatcontainthenamedchemicalofsuchlistedhazardousairpollutantmeetthedeletionrequirementsofsubparagraph(C).TheAdministratormustgrantordenyadeletionpetitionpriortopromulgatinganyemissionstandardspursuanttosubsection(d)applicabletoanysourcecategoryorsubcategoryofalistedhazardousairpollutantwithoutaCASnumberlistedundersubsection(b)forwhichadeletionpetitionhasbeenfiledwithin12monthsofNovember15,1990.
(4)Furtherinformation
IftheAdministratordeterminesthatinformationonthehealthorenvironmentaleffectsofasubstanceisnotsufficienttomakeadeterminationrequiredbythissubsection,theAdministratormayuseanyauthorityavailabletotheAdministratortoacquiresuchinformation.
(5)Testmethods
TheAdministratormayestablish,byrule,testmeasuresandotheranalyticproceduresformonitoringandmeasuringemissions,ambientconcentrations,deposition,andbioaccumulationofhazardousairpollutants.
(6)Preventionofsignificantdeterioration
TheprovisionsofpartC(preventionofsignificantdeterioration)shallnotapplytopollutantslistedunderthissection.
(7)Lead
TheAdministratormaynotlistelementalleadasahazardousairpollutantunderthissubsection.
(c)Listofsourcecategories
(1)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpublish,andshallfromtimetotime,butnolessoftenthanevery8years,revise,ifappropriate,inresponsetopubliccommentornewinformation,alistofallcategoriesandsubcategoriesofmajorsourcesandareasources(listedunderparagraph(3))oftheairpollutantslistedpursuanttosubsection(b).Totheextentpracticable,thecategoriesandsubcategorieslistedunderthissubsectionshallbeconsistentwiththelistofsourcecategoriesestablishedpursuanttosection7411ofthistitleandpartC.NothingintheprecedingsentencelimitstheAdministrator'sauthoritytoestablishsubcategoriesunderthissection,asappropriate.
(2)Requirementforemissionsstandards
ForthecategoriesandsubcategoriestheAdministratorlists,theAdministratorshallestablishemissionsstandardsundersubsection(d),accordingtothescheduleinthissubsectionandsubsection(e).
(3)Areasources
TheAdministratorshalllistunderthissubsectioneachcategoryorsubcategoryofareasourceswhichtheAdministratorfindspresentsathreatofadverseeffectstohumanhealthortheenvironment(bysuchsourcesindividuallyorintheaggregate)warrantingregulationunderthissection.TheAdministratorshall,notlaterthan5yearsafterNovember15,1990,andpursuanttosubsection(k)(3)(B),list,basedonactualorestimatedaggregateemissionsofalistedpollutantorpollutants,sufficientcategoriesorsubcategoriesofareasourcestoensurethatareasourcesrepresenting90percentoftheareasourceemissionsofthe30hazardousairpollutantsthatpresentthegreatestthreattopublichealthinthelargestnumberofurbanareasaresubjecttoregulationunderthissection.Suchregulationsshallbepromulgatednotlaterthan10yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(4)Previouslyregulatedcategories
TheAdministratormay,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,listanycategoryorsubcategoryofsourcespreviouslyregulatedunderthissectionasineffectbeforeNovember15,1990.
(5)Additionalcategories
Inadditiontothosecategoriesandsubcategoriesofsourceslistedforregulationpursuanttoparagraphs(1)and(3),theAdministratormayatanytimelistadditionalcategoriesandsubcategoriesofsourcesofhazardousairpollutantsaccordingtothesamecriteriaforlistingapplicableundersuchparagraphs.Inthecaseofsourcecategoriesandsubcategorieslistedafterpublicationoftheinitiallistrequiredunderparagraph(1)or(3),emissionstandardsundersubsection(d)forthecategoryorsubcategoryshallbepromulgatedwithin10yearsafterNovember15,1990,orwithin2yearsafterthedateonwhichsuchcategoryorsubcategoryislisted,whicheverislater.
(6)Specificpollutants
Withrespecttoalkylatedleadcompounds,polycyclicorganicmatter,hexachlorobenzene,mercury,polychlorinatedbiphenyls,2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuransand2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,theAdministratorshall,notlaterthan5yearsafterNovember15,1990,listcategoriesandsubcategoriesofsourcesassuringthatsourcesaccountingfornotlessthan90percentumoftheaggregateemissionsofeachsuchpollutantaresubjecttostandardsundersubsection(d)(2)or(d)(4).Suchstandardsshallbepromulgatednotlaterthan10yearsafterNovember15,1990.ThisparagraphshallnotbeconstruedtorequiretheAdministratortopromulgatestandardsforsuchpollutantsemittedbyelectricutilitysteamgeneratingunits.
(7)Researchfacilities
TheAdministratorshallestablishaseparatecategorycoveringresearchorlaboratoryfacilities,asnecessarytoassuretheequitabletreatmentofsuchfacilities.Forpurposesofthissection,"researchorlaboratoryfacility"meansanystationarysourcewhoseprimarypurposeistoconductresearchanddevelopmentintonewprocessesandproducts,wheresuchsourceisoperatedundertheclosesupervisionoftechnicallytrainedpersonnelandisnotengagedinthemanufactureofproductsforcommercialsaleincommerce,exceptinademinimismanner.
(8)Boatmanufacturing
Whenestablishingemissionsstandardsforstyrene,theAdministratorshalllistboatmanufacturingasaseparatesubcategoryunlesstheAdministratorfindsthatsuchlistingwouldbeinconsistentwiththegoalsandrequirementsofthischapter.
(9)Deletionsfromthelist
(A)Wherethesolereasonfortheinclusionofasourcecategoryonthelistrequiredunderthissubsectionistheemissionofauniquechemicalsubstance,theAdministratorshalldeletethesourcecategoryfromthelistifitisappropriatebecauseofactiontakenundereithersubparagraphs(C)or(D)ofsubsection(b)(3).
(B)TheAdministratormaydeleteanysourcecategoryfromthelistunderthissubsection,onpetitionofanypersonorontheAdministrator'sownmotion,whenevertheAdministratormakesthefollowingdeterminationordeterminations,asapplicable:
(i)Inthecaseofhazardousairpollutantsemittedbysourcesinthecategorythatmayresultincancerinhumans,adeterminationthatnosourceinthecategory(orgroupofsourcesinthecaseofareasources)emitssuchhazardousairpollutantsinquantitieswhichmaycausealifetimeriskofcancergreaterthanoneinonemilliontotheindividualinthepopulationwhoismostexposedtoemissionsofsuchpollutantsfromthesource(orgroupofsourcesinthecaseofareasources).
(ii)Inthecaseofhazardousairpollutantsthatmayresultinadversehealtheffectsinhumansotherthancanceroradverseenvironmentaleffects,adeterminationthatemissionsfromnosourceinthecategoryorsubcategoryconcerned(orgroupofsourcesinthecaseofareasources)exceedalevelwhichisadequatetoprotectpublichealthwithanamplemarginofsafetyandnoadverseenvironmentaleffectwillresultfromemissionsfromanysource(orfromagroupofsourcesinthecaseofareasources).
TheAdministratorshallgrantordenyapetitionunderthisparagraphwithin1yearafterthepetitionisfiled.
(d)Emissionstandards
(1)Ingeneral
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsestablishingemissionstandardsforeachcategoryorsubcategoryofmajorsourcesandareasourcesofhazardousairpollutantslistedforregulationpursuanttosubsection(c)inaccordancewiththeschedulesprovidedinsubsections(c)and(e).TheAdministratormaydistinguishamongclasses,types,andsizesofsourceswithinacategoryorsubcategoryinestablishingsuchstandardsexceptthat,thereshallbenodelayinthecompliancedateforanystandardapplicabletoanysourceundersubsection(i)astheresultoftheauthorityprovidedbythissentence.
(2)Standardsandmethods
Emissionsstandardspromulgatedunderthissubsectionandapplicabletoneworexistingsourcesofhazardousairpollutantsshallrequirethemaximumdegreeofreductioninemissionsofthehazardousairpollutantssubjecttothissection(includingaprohibitiononsuchemissions,whereachievable)thattheAdministrator,takingintoconsiderationthecostofachievingsuchemissionreduction,andanynon-airqualityhealthandenvironmentalimpactsandenergyrequirements,determinesisachievableforneworexistingsourcesinthecategoryorsubcategorytowhichsuchemissionstandardapplies,throughapplicationofmeasures,processes,methods,systemsortechniquesincluding,butnotlimitedto,measureswhich—
(A)reducethevolumeof,oreliminateemissionsof,suchpollutantsthroughprocesschanges,substitutionofmaterialsorothermodifications,
(B)enclosesystemsorprocessestoeliminateemissions,
(C)collect,captureortreatsuchpollutantswhenreleasedfromaprocess,stack,storageorfugitiveemissionspoint,
(D)aredesign,equipment,workpractice,oroperationalstandards(includingrequirementsforoperatortrainingorcertification)asprovidedinsubsection(h),or
(E)areacombinationoftheabove.
Noneofthemeasuresdescribedinsubparagraphs(A)through(D)shall,consistentwiththeprovisionsofsection7414(c)ofthistitle,inanywaycompromiseanyUnitedStatespatentorUnitedStatestrademarkright,oranyconfidentialbusinessinformation,oranytradesecretoranyotherintellectualpropertyright.
(3)Newandexistingsources
Themaximumdegreeofreductioninemissionsthatisdeemedachievablefornewsourcesinacategoryorsubcategoryshallnotbelessstringentthantheemissioncontrolthatisachievedinpracticebythebestcontrolledsimilarsource,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator.Emissionstandardspromulgatedunderthissubsectionforexistingsourcesinacategoryorsubcategorymaybelessstringentthanstandardsfornewsourcesinthesamecategoryorsubcategorybutshallnotbelessstringent,andmaybemorestringentthan—
(A)theaverageemissionlimitationachievedbythebestperforming12percentoftheexistingsources(forwhichtheAdministratorhasemissionsinformation),excludingthosesourcesthathave,within18monthsbeforetheemissionstandardisproposedorwithin30monthsbeforesuchstandardispromulgated,whicheverislater,firstachievedalevelofemissionrateoremissionreductionwhichcomplies,orwouldcomplyifthesourceisnotsubjecttosuchstandard,withthelowestachievableemissionrate(asdefinedbysection7501ofthistitle)applicabletothesourcecategoryandprevailingatthetime,inthecategoryorsubcategoryforcategoriesandsubcategorieswith30ormoresources,or
(B)theaverageemissionlimitationachievedbythebestperforming5sources(forwhichtheAdministratorhasorcouldreasonablyobtainemissionsinformation)inthecategoryorsubcategoryforcategoriesorsubcategorieswithfewerthan30sources.
(4)Healththreshold
Withrespecttopollutantsforwhichahealththresholdhasbeenestablished,theAdministratormayconsidersuchthresholdlevel,withanamplemarginofsafety,whenestablishingemissionstandardsunderthissubsection.
(5)Alternativestandardforareasources
Withrespectonlytocategoriesandsubcategoriesofareasourceslistedpursuanttosubsection(c),theAdministratormay,inlieuoftheauthoritiesprovidedinparagraph(2)andsubsection(f),electtopromulgatestandardsorrequirementsapplicabletosourcesinsuchcategoriesorsubcategorieswhichprovidefortheuseofgenerallyavailablecontroltechnologiesormanagementpracticesbysuchsourcestoreduceemissionsofhazardousairpollutants.
(6)Reviewandrevision
TheAdministratorshallreview,andreviseasnecessary(takingintoaccountdevelopmentsinpractices,processes,andcontroltechnologies),emissionstandardspromulgatedunderthissectionnolessoftenthanevery8years.
(7)Otherrequirementspreserved
Noemissionstandardorotherrequirementpromulgatedunderthissectionshallbeinterpreted,construedorappliedtodiminishorreplacetherequirementsofamorestringentemissionlimitationorotherapplicablerequirementestablishedpursuanttosection7411ofthistitle,partCorD,orotherauthorityofthischapterorastandardissuedunderStateauthority.
(8)Cokeovens
(A)NotlaterthanDecember31,1992,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsestablishingemissionstandardsunderparagraphs(2)and(3)ofthissubsectionforcokeovenbatteries.Inestablishingsuchstandards,theAdministratorshallevaluate—
(i)theuseofsodiumsilicate(orequivalent)lutingcompoundstopreventdoorleaks,andotheroperatingpracticesandtechnologiesfortheireffectivenessinreducingcokeovenemissions,andtheirsuitabilityforuseonnewandexistingcokeovenbatteries,takingintoaccountcostsandreasonablecommercialdoorwarranties;and
(ii)asabasisforemissionstandardsunderthissubsectionfornewcokeovenbatteriesthatbeginconstructionafterthedateofproposalofsuchstandards,theJewelldesignThompsonnon-recoverycokeovenbatteriesandothernon-recoverycokeoventechnologies,andotherappropriateemissioncontrolandcokeproductiontechnologies,astotheireffectivenessinreducingcokeovenemissionsandtheircapabilityforproductionofsteelqualitycoke.
Suchregulationsshallrequireataminimumthatcokeovenbatterieswillnotexceed8percentumleakingdoors,1percentumleakinglids,5percentumleakingofftakes,and16secondsvisibleemissionspercharge,withnoexclusionforemissionsduringtheperiodaftertheclosingofself-sealingovendoors.Notwithstandingsubsection(i),thecompliancedateforsuchemissionstandardsforexistingcokeovenbatteriesshallbeDecember31,1995.
(B)TheAdministratorshallpromulgateworkpracticeregulationsunderthissubsectionforcokeovenbatteriesrequiring,asappropriate—
(i)theuseofsodiumsilicate(orequivalent)lutingcompounds,iftheAdministratordeterminesthatuseofsodiumsilicateisaneffectivemeansofemissionscontrolandisachievable,takingintoaccountcostsandreasonablecommercialwarrantiesfordoorsandrelatedequipment;and
(ii)doorandjamcleaningpractices.
Notwithstandingsubsection(i),thecompliancedateforsuchworkpracticeregulationsforcokeovenbatteriesshallbenotlaterthanthedate3yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(C)Forcokeovenbatterieselectingtoqualifyforanextensionofthecompliancedateforstandardspromulgatedundersubsection(f)inaccordancewithsubsection(i)(8),theemissionstandardsunderthissubsectionforcokeovenbatteriesshallrequirethatcokeovenbatteriesnotexceed8percentumleakingdoors,1percentumleakinglids,5percentumleakingofftakes,and16secondsvisibleemissionspercharge,withnoexclusionforemissionsduringtheperiodaftertheclosingofself-sealingdoors.Notwithstandingsubsection(i),thecompliancedateforsuchemissionstandardsforexistingcokeovenbatteriesseekinganextensionshallbenotlaterthanthedate3yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(9)SourceslicensedbytheNuclearRegulatoryCommission
NostandardforradionuclideemissionsfromanycategoryorsubcategoryoffacilitieslicensedbytheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(oranAgreementState)isrequiredtobepromulgatedunderthissectioniftheAdministratordetermines,byrule,andafterconsultationwiththeNuclearRegulatoryCommission,thattheregulatoryprogramestablishedbytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionpursuanttotheAtomicEnergyAct[42U.S.C.2011etseq.]forsuchcategoryorsubcategoryprovidesanamplemarginofsafetytoprotectthepublichealth.NothinginthissubsectionshallprecludeordenytherightofanyStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereoftoadoptorenforceanystandardorlimitationrespectingemissionsofradionuclideswhichismorestringentthanthestandardorlimitationineffectundersection7411ofthistitleorthissection.
(10)Effectivedate
Emissionstandardsorotherregulationspromulgatedunderthissubsectionshallbeeffectiveuponpromulgation.
(e)Scheduleforstandardsandreview
(1)Ingeneral
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsestablishingemissionstandardsforcategoriesandsubcategoriesofsourcesinitiallylistedforregulationpursuanttosubsection(c)(1)asexpeditiouslyaspracticable,assuringthat—
(A)emissionstandardsfornotlessthan40categoriesandsubcategories(notcountingcokeovenbatteries)shallbepromulgatednotlaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990;
(B)emissionstandardsforcokeovenbatteriesshallbepromulgatednotlaterthanDecember31,1992;
(C)emissionstandardsfor25percentumofthelistedcategoriesandsubcategoriesshallbepromulgatednotlaterthan4yearsafterNovember15,1990;
(D)emissionstandardsforanadditional25percentumofthelistedcategoriesandsubcategoriesshallbepromulgatednotlaterthan7yearsafterNovember15,1990;and
(E)emissionstandardsforallcategoriesandsubcategoriesshallbepromulgatednotlaterthan10yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(2)Priorities
Indeterminingprioritiesforpromulgatingstandardsundersubsection(d),theAdministratorshallconsider—
(A)theknownoranticipatedadverseeffectsofsuchpollutantsonpublichealthandtheenvironment;
(B)thequantityandlocationofemissionsorreasonablyanticipatedemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsthateachcategoryorsubcategorywillemit;and
(C)theefficiencyofgroupingcategoriesorsubcategoriesaccordingtothepollutantsemitted,ortheprocessesortechnologiesused.
(3)Publishedschedule
Notlaterthan24monthsafterNovember15,1990,andafteropportunityforcomment,theAdministratorshallpublishascheduleestablishingadateforthepromulgationofemissionstandardsforeachcategoryandsubcategoryofsourceslistedpursuanttosubsection(c)(1)and(3)whichshallbeconsistentwiththerequirementsofparagraphs(1)and(2).Thedeterminationofprioritiesforthepromulgationofstandardspursuanttothisparagraphisnotarulemakingandshallnotbesubjecttojudicialreview,exceptthat,failuretopromulgateanystandardpursuanttothescheduleestablishedbythisparagraphshallbesubjecttoreviewundersection7604ofthistitle.
(4)Judicialreview
Notwithstandingsection7607ofthistitle,noactionoftheAdministratoraddingapollutanttothelistundersubsection(b)orlistingasourcecategoryorsubcategoryundersubsection(c)shallbeafinalagencyactionsubjecttojudicialreview,exceptthatanysuchactionmaybereviewedundersuchsection7607ofthistitlewhentheAdministratorissuesemissionstandardsforsuchpollutantorcategory.
(5)Publiclyownedtreatmentworks
TheAdministratorshallpromulgatestandardspursuanttosubsection(d)applicabletopubliclyownedtreatmentworks(asdefinedintitleIIoftheFederalWaterPollutionControlAct[33U.S.C.1281etseq.])notlaterthan5yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(f)Standardtoprotecthealthandenvironment
(1)Report
Notlaterthan6yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallinvestigateandreport,afterconsultationwiththeSurgeonGeneralandafteropportunityforpubliccomment,toCongresson—
(A)methodsofcalculatingtherisktopublichealthremaining,orlikelytoremain,fromsourcessubjecttoregulationunderthissectionaftertheapplicationofstandardsundersubsection(d);
(B)thepublichealthsignificanceofsuchestimatedremainingriskandthetechnologicallyandcommerciallyavailablemethodsandcostsofreducingsuchrisks;
(C)theactualhealtheffectswithrespecttopersonslivinginthevicinityofsources,anyavailableepidemiologicalorotherhealthstudies,riskspresentedbybackgroundconcentrationsofhazardousairpollutants,anyuncertaintiesinriskassessmentmethodologyorotherhealthassessmenttechnique,andanynegativehealthorenvironmentalconsequencestothecommunityofeffortstoreducesuchrisks;and
(D)recommendationsastolegislationregardingsuchremainingrisk.
(2)Emissionstandards
(A)IfCongressdoesnotactonanyrecommendationsubmittedunderparagraph(1),theAdministratorshall,within8yearsafterpromulgationofstandardsforeachcategoryorsubcategoryofsourcespursuanttosubsection(d),promulgatestandardsforsuchcategoryorsubcategoryifpromulgationofsuchstandardsisrequiredinordertoprovideanamplemarginofsafetytoprotectpublichealthinaccordancewiththissection(asineffectbeforeNovember15,1990)ortoprevent,takingintoconsiderationcosts,energy,safety,andotherrelevantfactors,anadverseenvironmentaleffect.Emissionstandardspromulgatedunderthissubsectionshallprovideanamplemarginofsafetytoprotectpublichealthinaccordancewiththissection(asineffectbeforeNovember15,1990),unlesstheAdministratordeterminesthatamorestringentstandardisnecessarytoprevent,takingintoconsiderationcosts,energy,safety,andotherrelevantfactors,anadverseenvironmentaleffect.Ifstandardspromulgatedpursuanttosubsection(d)andapplicabletoacategoryorsubcategoryofsourcesemittingapollutant(orpollutants)classifiedasaknown,probableorpossiblehumancarcinogendonotreducelifetimeexcesscancerriskstotheindividualmostexposedtoemissionsfromasourceinthecategoryorsubcategorytolessthanoneinonemillion,theAdministratorshallpromulgatestandardsunderthissubsectionforsuchsourcecategory.
(B)Nothinginsubparagraph(A)orinanyotherprovisionofthissectionshallbeconstruedasaffecting,orapplyingtotheAdministrator'sinterpretationofthissection,asineffectbeforeNovember15,1990,andsetforthintheFederalRegisterofSeptember14,1989(54FederalRegister38044).
(C)TheAdministratorshalldeterminewhetherornottopromulgatesuchstandardsand,iftheAdministratordecidestopromulgatesuchstandards,shallpromulgatethestandards8yearsafterpromulgationofthestandardsundersubsection(d)foreachsourcecategoryorsubcategoryconcerned.Inthecaseofcategoriesorsubcategoriesforwhichstandardsundersubsection(d)arerequiredtobepromulgatedwithin2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallhave9yearsafterpromulgationofthestandardsundersubsection(d)tomakethedeterminationundertheprecedingsentenceand,ifrequired,topromulgatethestandardsunderthisparagraph.
(3)Effectivedate
Anyemissionstandardestablishedpursuanttothissubsectionshallbecomeeffectiveuponpromulgation.
(4)Prohibition
Noairpollutanttowhichastandardunderthissubsectionappliesmaybeemittedfromanystationarysourceinviolationofsuchstandard,exceptthatinthecaseofanexistingsource—
(A)suchstandardshallnotapplyuntil90daysafteritseffectivedate,and
(B)theAdministratormaygrantawaiverpermittingsuchsourceaperiodofupto2yearsaftertheeffectivedateofastandardtocomplywiththestandardiftheAdministratorfindsthatsuchperiodisnecessaryfortheinstallationofcontrolsandthatstepswillbetakenduringtheperiodofthewaivertoassurethatthehealthofpersonswillbeprotectedfromimminentendangerment.
(5)Areasources
TheAdministratorshallnotberequiredtoconductanyreviewunderthissubsectionorpromulgateemissionlimitationsunderthissubsectionforanycategoryorsubcategoryofareasourcesthatislistedpursuanttosubsection(c)(3)andforwhichanemissionstandardispromulgatedpursuanttosubsection(d)(5).
(6)Uniquechemicalsubstances
InestablishingstandardsforthecontrolofuniquechemicalsubstancesoflistedpollutantswithoutCASnumbersunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshallestablishsuchstandardswithrespecttothehealthandenvironmentaleffectsofthesubstancesactuallyemittedbysourcesanddirecttransformationbyproductsofsuchemissionsinthecategoriesandsubcategories.
(g)Modifications
(1)Offsets
(A)Aphysicalchangein,orchangeinthemethodofoperationof,amajorsourcewhichresultsinagreaterthandeminimisincreaseinactualemissionsofahazardousairpollutantshallnotbeconsideredamodification,ifsuchincreaseinthequantityofactualemissionsofanyhazardousairpollutantfromsuchsourcewillbeoffsetbyanequalorgreaterdecreaseinthequantityofemissionsofanotherhazardousairpollutant(orpollutants)fromsuchsourcewhichisdeemedmorehazardous,pursuanttoguidanceissuedbytheAdministratorundersubparagraph(B).TheowneroroperatorofsuchsourceshallsubmitashowingtotheAdministrator(ortheState)thatsuchincreasehasbeenoffsetundertheprecedingsentence.
(B)TheAdministratorshall,afternoticeandopportunityforcommentandnotlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,publishguidancewithrespecttoimplementationofthissubsection.Suchguidanceshallincludeanidentification,totheextentpracticable,oftherelativehazardtohumanhealthresultingfromemissionstotheambientairofeachofthepollutantslistedundersubsection(b)sufficienttofacilitatetheoffsetshowingauthorizedbysubparagraph(A).Suchguidanceshallnotauthorizeoffsetsbetweenpollutantswheretheincreasedpollutant(ormorethanonepollutantinastreamofpollutants)causesadverseeffectstohumanhealthforwhichnosafetythresholdforexposurecanbedeterminedunlesstherearecorrespondingdecreasesinsuchtypesofpollutant(s).
(2)Construction,reconstructionandmodifications
(A)AftertheeffectivedateofapermitprogramundersubchapterVinanyState,nopersonmaymodifyamajorsourceofhazardousairpollutantsinsuchState,unlesstheAdministrator(ortheState)determinesthatthemaximumachievablecontroltechnologyemissionlimitationunderthissectionforexistingsourceswillbemet.Suchdeterminationshallbemadeonacase-by-casebasiswherenoapplicableemissionslimitationshavebeenestablishedbytheAdministrator.
(B)AftertheeffectivedateofapermitprogramundersubchapterVinanyState,nopersonmayconstructorreconstructanymajorsourceofhazardousairpollutants,unlesstheAdministrator(ortheState)determinesthatthemaximumachievablecontroltechnologyemissionlimitationunderthissectionfornewsourceswillbemet.Suchdeterminationshallbemadeonacase-by-casebasiswherenoapplicableemissionlimitationshavebeenestablishedbytheAdministrator.
(3)Proceduresformodifications
TheAdministrator(ortheState)shallestablishreasonableproceduresforassuringthattherequirementsapplyingtomodificationsunderthissectionarereflectedinthepermit.
(h)Workpracticestandardsandotherrequirements
(1)Ingeneral
Forpurposesofthissection,ifitisnotfeasibleinthejudgmentoftheAdministratortoprescribeorenforceanemissionstandardforcontrolofahazardousairpollutantorpollutants,theAdministratormay,inlieuthereof,promulgateadesign,equipment,workpractice,oroperationalstandard,orcombinationthereof,whichintheAdministrator'sjudgmentisconsistentwiththeprovisionsofsubsection(d)or(f).IntheeventtheAdministratorpromulgatesadesignorequipmentstandardunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshallincludeaspartofsuchstandardsuchrequirementsaswillassuretheproperoperationandmaintenanceofanysuchelementofdesignorequipment.
(2)Definition
Forthepurposeofthissubsection,thephrase"notfeasibletoprescribeorenforceanemissionstandard"meansanysituationinwhichtheAdministratordeterminesthat—
(A)ahazardousairpollutantorpollutantscannotbeemittedthroughaconveyancedesignedandconstructedtoemitorcapturesuchpollutant,orthatanyrequirementfor,oruseof,suchaconveyancewouldbeinconsistentwithanyFederal,Stateorlocallaw,or
(B)theapplicationofmeasurementmethodologytoaparticularclassofsourcesisnotpracticableduetotechnologicalandeconomiclimitations.
(3)Alternativestandard
Ifafternoticeandopportunityforcomment,theowneroroperatorofanysourceestablishestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthatanalternativemeansofemissionlimitationwillachieveareductioninemissionsofanyairpollutantatleastequivalenttothereductioninemissionsofsuchpollutantachievedundertherequirementsofparagraph(1),theAdministratorshallpermittheuseofsuchalternativebythesourceforpurposesofcompliancewiththissectionwithrespecttosuchpollutant.
(4)Numericalstandardrequired
Anystandardpromulgatedunderparagraph(1)shallbepromulgatedintermsofanemissionstandardwheneveritisfeasibletopromulgateandenforceastandardinsuchterms.
(i)Scheduleforcompliance
(1)Preconstructionandoperatingrequirements
Aftertheeffectivedateofanyemissionstandard,limitation,orregulationundersubsection(d),(f)or(h),nopersonmayconstructanynewmajorsourceorreconstructanyexistingmajorsourcesubjecttosuchemissionstandard,regulationorlimitationunlesstheAdministrator(oraStatewithapermitprogramapprovedundersubchapterV)determinesthatsuchsource,ifproperlyconstructed,reconstructedandoperated,willcomplywiththestandard,regulationorlimitation.
(2)Specialrule
Notwithstandingtherequirementsofparagraph(1),anewsourcewhichcommencesconstructionorreconstructionafterastandard,limitationorregulationapplicabletosuchsourceisproposedandbeforesuchstandard,limitationorregulationispromulgatedshallnotberequiredtocomplywithsuchpromulgatedstandarduntilthedate3yearsafterthedateofpromulgationif—
(A)thepromulgatedstandard,limitationorregulationismorestringentthanthestandard,limitationorregulationproposed;and
(B)thesourcecomplieswiththestandard,limitation,orregulationasproposedduringthe3-yearperiodimmediatelyafterpromulgation.
(3)Compliancescheduleforexistingsources
(A)Aftertheeffectivedateofanyemissionsstandard,limitationorregulationpromulgatedunderthissectionandapplicabletoasource,nopersonmayoperatesuchsourceinviolationofsuchstandard,limitationorregulationexcept,inthecaseofanexistingsource,theAdministratorshallestablishacompliancedateordatesforeachcategoryorsubcategoryofexistingsources,whichshallprovideforcomplianceasexpeditiouslyaspracticable,butinnoeventlaterthan3yearsaftertheeffectivedateofsuchstandard,exceptasprovidedinsubparagraph(B)andparagraphs(4)through(8).
(B)TheAdministrator(oraStatewithaprogramapprovedundersubchapterV)mayissueapermitthatgrantsanextensionpermittinganexistingsourceupto1additionalyeartocomplywithstandardsundersubsection(d)ifsuchadditionalperiodisnecessaryfortheinstallationofcontrols.Anadditionalextensionofupto3yearsmaybeaddedforminingwasteoperations,ifthe4-yearcompliancetimeisinsufficienttodryandcoverminingwasteinordertoreduceemissionsofanypollutantlistedundersubsection(b).
(4)Presidentialexemption
ThePresidentmayexemptanystationarysourcefromcompliancewithanystandardorlimitationunderthissectionforaperiodofnotmorethan2yearsifthePresidentdeterminesthatthetechnologytoimplementsuchstandardisnotavailableandthatitisinthenationalsecurityinterestsoftheUnitedStatestodoso.Anexemptionunderthisparagraphmaybeextendedfor1ormoreadditionalperiods,eachperiodnottoexceed2years.ThePresidentshallreporttoCongresswithrespecttoeachexemption(orextensionthereof)madeunderthisparagraph.
(5)Earlyreduction
(A)TheAdministrator(oraStateactingpursuanttoapermitprogramapprovedundersubchapterV)shallissueapermitallowinganexistingsource,forwhichtheowneroroperatordemonstratesthatthesourcehasachievedareductionof90percentumormoreinemissionsofhazardousairpollutants(95percentuminthecaseofhazardousairpollutantswhichareparticulates)fromthesource,tomeetanalternativeemissionlimitationreflectingsuchreductioninlieuofanemissionlimitationpromulgatedundersubsection(d)foraperiodof6yearsfromthecompliancedatefortheotherwiseapplicablestandard,providedthatsuchreductionisachievedbeforetheotherwiseapplicablestandardundersubsection(d)isfirstproposed.NothinginthisparagraphshallprecludeaStatefromrequiringreductionsinexcessofthosespecifiedinthissubparagraphasaconditionofgrantingtheextensionauthorizedbytheprevioussentence.
(B)Anexistingsourcewhichachievesthereductionreferredtoinsubparagraph(A)aftertheproposalofanapplicablestandardbutbeforeJanuary1,1994,mayqualifyundersubparagraph(A),ifthesourcemakesanenforceablecommitmenttoachievesuchreductionbeforetheproposalofthestandard.Suchcommitmentshallbeenforceabletothesameextentasaregulationunderthissection.
(C)Thereductionshallbedeterminedwithrespecttoverifiableandactualemissionsinabaseyearnotearlierthancalendaryear1987,providedthat,thereisnoevidencethatemissionsinthebaseyearareartificiallyorsubstantiallygreaterthanemissionsinotheryearspriortoimplementationofemissionsreductionmeasures.TheAdministratormayallowasourcetouseabaselineyearof1985or1986providedthatthesourcecandemonstratetothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthatemissionsdataforthesourcereflectsverifiabledatabasedoninformationforsuchsource,receivedbytheAdministratorpriortoNovember15,1990,pursuanttoaninformationrequestissuedundersection7414ofthistitle.
(D)ForeachsourcegrantedanalternativeemissionlimitationunderthisparagraphthereshallbeestablishedbyapermitissuedpursuanttosubchapterVanenforceableemissionlimitationforhazardousairpollutantsreflectingthereductionwhichqualifiesthesourceforanalternativeemissionlimitationunderthisparagraph.Analternativeemissionlimitationunderthisparagraphshallnotbeavailablewithrespecttostandardsorrequirementspromulgatedpursuanttosubsection(f)andtheAdministratorshall,forthepurposeofdeterminingwhetherastandardundersubsection(f)isnecessary,reviewemissionsfromsourcesgrantedanalternativeemissionlimitationunderthisparagraphatthesametimethatothersourcesinthecategoryorsubcategoryarereviewed.
(E)Withrespecttopollutantsforwhichhighrisksofadversepublichealtheffectsmaybeassociatedwithexposuretosmallquantitiesincluding,butnotlimitedto,chlorinateddioxinsandfurans,theAdministratorshallbyregulationlimittheuseofoffsettingreductionsinemissionsofotherhazardousairpollutantsfromthesourceascountingtowardthe90percentumreductioninsuchhigh-riskpollutantsqualifyingforanalternativeemissionslimitationunderthisparagraph.
(6)Otherreductions
Notwithstandingtherequirementsofthissection,noexistingsourcethathasinstalled—
(A)bestavailablecontroltechnology(asdefinedinsection7479(3)ofthistitle),or
(B)technologyrequiredtomeetalowestachievableemissionrate(asdefinedinsection7501ofthistitle),
priortothepromulgationofastandardunderthissectionapplicabletosuchsourceandthesamepollutant(orstreamofpollutants)controlledpursuanttoanactiondescribedinsubparagraph(A)or(B)shallberequiredtocomplywithsuchstandardunderthissectionuntilthedate5yearsafterthedateonwhichsuchinstallationorreductionhasbeenachieved,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator.TheAdministratormayissuesuchrulesandguidanceasarenecessarytoimplementthisparagraph.
(7)Extensionfornewsources
Asourceforwhichconstructionorreconstructioniscommencedafterthedateanemissionstandardapplicabletosuchsourceisproposedpursuanttosubsection(d)butbeforethedateanemissionstandardapplicabletosuchsourceisproposedpursuanttosubsection(f)shallnotberequiredtocomplywiththeemissionstandardundersubsection(f)untilthedate10yearsafterthedateconstructionorreconstructioniscommenced.
(8)Cokeovens
(A)Anycokeovenbatterythatcomplieswiththeemissionlimitationsestablishedundersubsection(d)(8)(C),subparagraph(B),andsubparagraph(C),andcomplieswiththeprovisionsofsubparagraph(E),shallnotberequiredtoachieveemissionlimitationspromulgatedundersubsection(f)untilJanuary1,2020.
(B)(i)NotlaterthanDecember31,1992,theAdministratorshallpromulgateemissionlimitationsforcokeovenemissionsfromcokeovenbatteries.Notwithstandingparagraph(3)ofthissubsection,thecompliancedateforsuchemissionlimitationsforexistingcokeovenbatteriesshallbeJanuary1,1998.Suchemissionlimitationsshallreflectthelowestachievableemissionrateasdefinedinsection7501ofthistitleforacokeovenbatterythatisrebuiltorareplacementatacokeovenplantforanexistingbattery.Suchemissionlimitationsshallbenolessstringentthan—
(I)3percentumleakingdoors(5percentumleakingdoorsforsixmeterbatteries);
(II)1percentumleakinglids;
(III)4percentumleakingofftakes;and
(IV)16secondsvisibleemissionspercharge,
withanexclusionforemissionsduringtheperiodaftertheclosingofself-sealingovendoors(orthetotalmassemissionsequivalent).Therulemakinginwhichsuchemissionlimitationsarepromulgatedshallalsoestablishanappropriatemeasurementmethodologyfordeterminingcompliancewithsuchemissionlimitations,andshallestablishsuchemissionlimitationsintermsofanequivalentlevelofmassemissionsreductionfromacokeovenbattery,unlesstheAdministratorfindsthatsuchamassemissionsstandardwouldnotbepracticableorenforceable.Suchmeasurementmethodology,totheextentitmeasuresleakingdoors,shalltakeintoconsiderationalternativetestmethodsthatreflectthebesttechnologyandpracticesactuallyappliedintheaffectedindustries,andshallassurethatthefinaltestmethodsareconsistentwiththeperformanceofsuchbesttechnologyandpractices.
(ii)IftheAdministratorfailstopromulgatesuchemissionlimitationsunderthissubparagraphpriortotheeffectivedateofsuchemissionlimitations,theemissionlimitationsapplicabletocokeovenbatteriesunderthissubparagraphshallbe—
(I)3percentumleakingdoors(5percentumleakingdoorsforsixmeterbatteries);
(II)1percentumleakinglids;
(III)4percentumleakingofftakes;and
(IV)16secondsvisibleemissionspercharge,
orthetotalmassemissionsequivalent(ifthetotalmassemissionsequivalentisdeterminedtobepracticableandenforceable),withnoexclusionforemissionsduringtheperiodaftertheclosingofself-sealingovendoors.
(C)NotlaterthanJanuary1,2007,theAdministratorshallreviewtheemissionlimitationspromulgatedundersubparagraph(B)andrevise,asnecessary,suchemissionlimitationstoreflectthelowestachievableemissionrateasdefinedinsection7501ofthistitleatthetimeforacokeovenbatterythatisrebuiltorareplacementatacokeovenplantforanexistingbattery.Suchemissionlimitationsshallbenolessstringentthantheemissionlimitationpromulgatedundersubparagraph(B).Notwithstandingparagraph(2)ofthissubsection,thecompliancedateforsuchemissionlimitationsforexistingcokeovenbatteriesshallbeJanuary1,2010.
(D)AtanytimepriortoJanuary1,1998,theowneroroperatorofanycokeovenbatterymayelecttocomplywithemissionlimitationspromulgatedundersubsection(f)bythedatesuchemissionlimitationswouldotherwiseapplytosuchcokeovenbattery,inlieuoftheemissionlimitationsandthecompliancedatesprovidedundersubparagraphs(B)and(C)ofthisparagraph.Anysuchowneroroperatorshallbelegallyboundtocomplywithsuchemissionlimitationspromulgatedundersubsection(f)withrespecttosuchcokeovenbatteryasofJanuary1,2003.Ifnosuchemissionlimitationshavebeenpromulgatedforsuchcokeovenbattery,theAdministratorshallpromulgatesuchemissionlimitationsinaccordancewithsubsection(f)forsuchcokeovenbattery.
(E)Cokeovenbatteriesqualifyingforanextensionundersubparagraph(A)shallmakeavailablenotlaterthanJanuary1,2000,tothesurroundingcommunitiestheresultsofanyriskassessmentperformedbytheAdministratortodeterminetheappropriatelevelofanyemissionstandardestablishedbytheAdministratorpursuanttosubsection(f).
(F)Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofthissection,reconstructionofanysourceofcokeovenemissionsqualifyingforanextensionunderthisparagraphshallnotsubjectsuchsourcetoemissionlimitationsundersubsection(f)morestringentthanthoseestablishedundersubparagraphs(B)and(C)untilJanuary1,2020.Forthepurposesofthissubparagraph,theterm"reconstruction"includesthereplacementofexistingcokeovenbatterycapacitywithnewcokeovenbatteriesofcomparableorlowercapacityandlowerpotentialemissions.
(j)Equivalentemissionlimitationbypermit
(1)Effectivedate
TherequirementsofthissubsectionshallapplyineachStatebeginningontheeffectivedateofapermitprogramestablishedpursuanttosubchapterVinsuchState,butnotpriortothedate42monthsafterNovember15,1990.
(2)Failuretopromulgateastandard
IntheeventthattheAdministratorfailstopromulgateastandardforacategoryorsubcategoryofmajorsourcesbythedateestablishedpursuanttosubsection(e)(1)and(3),andbeginning18monthsaftersuchdate(butnotpriortotheeffectivedateofapermitprogramundersubchapterV),theowneroroperatorofanymajorsourceinsuchcategoryorsubcategoryshallsubmitapermitapplicationunderparagraph(3)andsuchowneroroperatorshallalsocomplywithparagraphs(5)and(6).
(3)Applications
Bythedateestablishedbyparagraph(2),theowneroroperatorofamajorsourcesubjecttothissubsectionshallfileanapplicationforapermit.Iftheowneroroperatorofasourcehassubmittedatimelyandcompleteapplicationforapermitrequiredbythissubsection,anyfailuretohaveapermitshallnotbeaviolationofparagraph(2),unlessthedelayinfinalactionisduetothefailureoftheapplicanttotimelysubmitinformationrequiredorrequestedtoprocesstheapplication.TheAdministratorshallnotlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,andafternoticeandopportunityforcomment,establishrequirementsforapplicationsunderthissubsectionincludingastandardapplicationformandcriteriafordetermininginatimelymannerthecompletenessofapplications.
(4)Reviewandapproval
Permitapplicationssubmittedunderthissubsectionshallbereviewedandapprovedordisapprovedaccordingtotheprovisionsofsection7661dofthistitle.IntheeventthattheAdministrator(ortheState)disapprovesapermitapplicationsubmittedunderthissubsectionordeterminesthattheapplicationisincomplete,theapplicantshallhaveupto6monthstorevisetheapplicationtomeettheobjectionsoftheAdministrator(ortheState).
(5)Emissionlimitation
ThepermitshallbeissuedpursuanttosubchapterVandshallcontainemissionlimitationsforthehazardousairpollutantssubjecttoregulationunderthissectionandemittedbythesourcethattheAdministrator(ortheState)determines,onacase-by-casebasis,tobeequivalenttothelimitationthatwouldapplytosuchsourceifanemissionstandardhadbeenpromulgatedinatimelymannerundersubsection(d).Inthealternative,iftheapplicablecriteriaaremet,thepermitmaycontainanemissionslimitationestablishedaccordingtotheprovisionsofsubsection(i)(5).Forpurposesoftheprecedingsentence,thereductionrequiredbysubsection(i)(5)(A)shallbeachievedbythedateonwhichtherelevantstandardshouldhavebeenpromulgatedundersubsection(d).Nosuchpollutantmaybeemittedinamountsexceedinganemissionlimitationcontainedinapermitimmediatelyfornewsourcesand,asexpeditiouslyaspracticable,butnotlaterthanthedate3yearsafterthepermitisissuedforexistingsourcesorsuchothercompliancedateaswouldapplyundersubsection(i).
(6)Applicabilityofsubsequentstandards
IftheAdministratorpromulgatesanemissionstandardthatisapplicabletothemajorsourcepriortothedateonwhichapermitapplicationisapproved,theemissionlimitationinthepermitshallreflectthepromulgatedstandardratherthantheemissionlimitationdeterminedpursuanttoparagraph(5),providedthatthesourceshallhavethecomplianceperiodprovidedundersubsection(i).IftheAdministratorpromulgatesastandardundersubsection(d)thatwouldbeapplicabletothesourceinlieuoftheemissionlimitationestablishedbypermitunderthissubsectionafterthedateonwhichthepermithasbeenissued,theAdministrator(ortheState)shallrevisesuchpermituponthenextrenewaltoreflectthestandardpromulgatedbytheAdministratorprovidingsuchsourceareasonabletimetocomply,butnolongerthan8yearsaftersuchstandardispromulgatedor8yearsafterthedateonwhichthesourceisfirstrequiredtocomplywiththeemissionslimitationestablishedbyparagraph(5),whicheverisearlier.
(k)Areasourceprogram
(1)Findingsandpurpose
TheCongressfindsthatemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsfromareasourcesmayindividually,orintheaggregate,presentsignificantriskstopublichealthinurbanareas.Consideringthelargenumberofpersonsexposedandtherisksofcarcinogenicandotheradversehealtheffectsfromhazardousairpollutants,ambientconcentrationscharacteristicoflargeurbanareasshouldbereducedtolevelssubstantiallybelowthosecurrentlyexperienced.Itisthepurposeofthissubsectiontoachieveasubstantialreductioninemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsfromareasourcesandanequivalentreductioninthepublichealthrisksassociatedwithsuchsourcesincludingareductionofnotlessthan75percentumintheincidenceofcancerattributabletoemissionsfromsuchsources.
(2)Researchprogram
TheAdministratorshall,afterconsultationwithStateandlocalairpollutioncontrolofficials,conductaprogramofresearchwithrespecttosourcesofhazardousairpollutantsinurbanareasandshallincludewithinsuchprogram—
(A)ambientmonitoringforabroadrangeofhazardousairpollutants(including,butnotlimitedto,volatileorganiccompounds,metals,pesticidesandproductsofincompletecombustion)inarepresentativenumberofurbanlocations;
(B)analysistocharacterizethesourcesofsuchpollutionwithafocusonareasourcesandthecontributionthatsuchsourcesmaketopublichealthrisksfromhazardousairpollutants;and
(C)considerationofatmospherictransformationandotherfactorswhichcanelevatepublichealthrisksfromsuchpollutants.
Healtheffectsconsideredunderthisprogramshallinclude,butnotbelimitedto,carcinogenicity,mutagenicity,teratogenicity,neurotoxicity,reproductivedysfunctionandotheracuteandchroniceffectsincludingtheroleofsuchpollutantsasprecursorsofozoneoracidaerosolformation.TheAdministratorshallreportthepreliminaryresultsofsuchresearchnotlaterthan3yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(3)Nationalstrategy
(A)Consideringinformationcollectedpursuanttothemonitoringprogramauthorizedbyparagraph(2),theAdministratorshall,notlaterthan5yearsafterNovember15,1990,andafternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,prepareandtransmittotheCongressacomprehensivestrategytocontrolemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsfromareasourcesinurbanareas.
(B)Thestrategyshall—
(i)identifynotlessthan30hazardousairpollutantswhich,astheresultofemissionsfromareasources,presentthegreatestthreattopublichealthinthelargestnumberofurbanareasandthatareorwillbelistedpursuanttosubsection(b),and
(ii)identifythesourcecategoriesorsubcategoriesemittingsuchpollutantsthatareorwillbelistedpursuanttosubsection(c).Whenidentifyingcategoriesandsubcategoriesofsourcesunderthissubparagraph,theAdministratorshallassurethatsourcesaccountingfor90percentumormoreoftheaggregateemissionsofeachofthe30identifiedhazardousairpollutantsaresubjecttostandardspursuanttosubsection(d).
(C)ThestrategyshallincludeascheduleofspecificactionstosubstantiallyreducethepublichealthrisksposedbythereleaseofhazardousairpollutantsfromareasourcesthatwillbeimplementedbytheAdministratorundertheauthorityofthisorotherlaws(including,butnotlimitedto,theToxicSubstancesControlAct[15U.S.C.2601etseq.],theFederalInsecticide,FungicideandRodenticideAct[7U.S.C.136etseq.]andtheResourceConservationandRecoveryAct[42U.S.C.6901etseq.])orbytheStates.Thestrategyshallachieveareductionintheincidenceofcancerattributabletoexposuretohazardousairpollutantsemittedbystationarysourcesofnotlessthan75percentum,consideringcontrolofemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsfromallstationarysourcesandresultingfrommeasuresimplementedbytheAdministratororbytheStatesunderthisorotherlaws.
(D)Thestrategymayalsoidentifyresearchneedsinmonitoring,analyticalmethodology,modelingorpollutioncontroltechniquesandrecommendationsforchangesinlawthatwouldfurtherthegoalsandobjectivesofthissubsection.
(E)Nothinginthissubsectionshallbeinterpretedtoprecludeordelayimplementationofactionswithrespecttoareasourcesofhazardousairpollutantsunderconsiderationpursuanttothisoranyotherlawandthatmaybepromulgatedbeforethestrategyisprepared.
(F)TheAdministratorshallimplementthestrategyasexpeditiouslyaspracticableassuringthatallsourcesareincompliancewithallrequirementsnotlaterthan9yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(G)AspartofsuchstrategytheAdministratorshallprovideforambientmonitoringandemissionsmodelinginurbanareasasappropriatetodemonstratethatthegoalsandobjectivesofthestrategyarebeingmet.
(4)Areawideactivities
Inadditiontothenationalurbanairtoxicsstrategyauthorizedbyparagraph(3),theAdministratorshallalsoencourageandsupportareawidestrategiesdevelopedbyStateorlocalairpollutioncontrolagenciesthatareintendedtoreducerisksfromemissionsbyareasourceswithinaparticularurbanarea.Fromthefundsavailableforgrantsunderthissection,theAdministratorshallsetasidenotlessthan10percentumtosupportareawidestrategiesaddressinghazardousairpollutantsemittedbyareasourcesandshallawardsuchfundsonademonstrationbasistothoseStateswithinnovativeandeffectivestrategies.AttherequestofStateorlocalairpollutioncontrolofficials,theAdministratorshallprepareguidelinesforcontroltechnologiesormanagementpracticeswhichmaybeapplicabletovariouscategoriesorsubcategoriesofareasources.
(5)Report
TheAdministratorshallreporttotheCongressatintervalsnotlaterthan8and12yearsafterNovember15,1990,onactionstakenunderthissubsectionandotherpartsofthischaptertoreducetherisktopublichealthposedbythereleaseofhazardousairpollutantsfromareasources.Thereportsshallalsoidentifyspecificmetropolitanareasthatcontinuetoexperiencehighriskstopublichealthastheresultofemissionsfromareasources.
(l)Stateprograms
(1)Ingeneral
EachStatemaydevelopandsubmittotheAdministratorforapprovalaprogramfortheimplementationandenforcement(includingareviewofenforcementdelegationspreviouslygranted)ofemissionstandardsandotherrequirementsforairpollutantssubjecttothissectionorrequirementsforthepreventionandmitigationofaccidentalreleasespursuanttosubsection(r).AprogramsubmittedbyaStateunderthissubsectionmayprovideforpartialorcompletedelegationoftheAdministrator'sauthoritiesandresponsibilitiestoimplementandenforceemissionsstandardsandpreventionrequirementsbutshallnotincludeauthoritytosetstandardslessstringentthanthosepromulgatedbytheAdministratorunderthischapter.
(2)Guidance
Notlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpublishguidancethatwouldbeusefultotheStatesindevelopingprogramsforsubmittalunderthissubsection.Theguidanceshallalsoprovidefortheregistrationofallfacilitiesproducing,processing,handlingorstoringanysubstancelistedpursuanttosubsection(r)inamountsgreaterthanthethresholdquantity.TheAdministratorshallincludeasanelementinsuchguidanceanoptionalprogrambegunin1986forthereviewofhigh-riskpointsourcesofairpollutantsincluding,butnotlimitedto,hazardousairpollutantslistedpursuanttosubsection(b).
(3)Technicalassistance
TheAdministratorshallestablishandmaintainanairtoxicsclearinghouseandcentertoprovidetechnicalinformationandassistancetoStateandlocalagenciesand,onacostrecoverybasis,toothersoncontroltechnology,healthandecologicalriskassessment,riskanalysis,ambientmonitoringandmodeling,andemissionsmeasurementandmonitoring.TheAdministratorshallusetheauthorityofsection7403ofthistitletoexaminemethodsforpreventing,measuring,andcontrollingemissionsandevaluatingassociatedhealthandecologicalrisks.Whereappropriate,suchactivityshallbeconductedwithnot-for-profitorganizations.TheAdministratormayconductresearchonmethodsforpreventing,measuringandcontrollingemissionsandevaluatingassociatedhealthandenvironmentrisks.Allinformationcollectedunderthisparagraphshallbeavailabletothepublic.
(4)Grants
UponapplicationofaState,theAdministratormaymakegrants,subjecttosuchtermsandconditionsastheAdministratordeemsappropriate,tosuchStateforthepurposeofassistingtheStateindevelopingandimplementingaprogramforsubmittalandapprovalunderthissubsection.Programsassistedunderthisparagraphmayincludeprogramelementsaddressingairpollutantsorextremelyhazardoussubstancesotherthanthosespecificallysubjecttothissection.Grantsunderthisparagraphmayincludesupportforhigh-riskpointsourcereviewasprovidedinparagraph(2)andsupportforthedevelopmentandimplementationofareawideareasourceprogramspursuanttosubsection(k).
(5)Approvalordisapproval
Notlaterthan180daysafterreceivingaprogramsubmittedbyaState,andafternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,theAdministratorshalleitherapproveordisapprovesuchprogram.TheAdministratorshalldisapproveanyprogramsubmittedbyaState,iftheAdministratordeterminesthat—
(A)theauthoritiescontainedintheprogramarenotadequatetoassurecompliancebyallsourceswithintheStatewitheachapplicablestandard,regulationorrequirementestablishedbytheAdministratorunderthissection;
(B)adequateauthoritydoesnotexist,oradequateresourcesarenotavailable,toimplementtheprogram;
(C)thescheduleforimplementingtheprogramandassuringcompliancebyaffectedsourcesisnotsufficientlyexpeditious;or
(D)theprogramisotherwisenotincompliancewiththeguidanceissuedbytheAdministratorunderparagraph(2)orisnotlikelytosatisfy,inwholeorinpart,theobjectivesofthischapter.
IftheAdministratordisapprovesaStateprogram,theAdministratorshallnotifytheStateofanyrevisionsormodificationsnecessarytoobtainapproval.TheStatemayreviseandresubmittheproposedprogramforreviewandapprovalpursuanttotheprovisionsofthissubsection.
(6)Withdrawal
WhenevertheAdministratordetermines,afterpublichearing,thataStateisnotadministeringandenforcingaprogramapprovedpursuanttothissubsectioninaccordancewiththeguidancepublishedpursuanttoparagraph(2)ortherequirementsofparagraph(5),theAdministratorshallsonotifytheStateand,ifactionwhichwillassurepromptcomplianceisnottakenwithin90days,theAdministratorshallwithdrawapprovaloftheprogram.TheAdministratorshallnotwithdrawapprovalofanyprogramunlesstheStateshallhavebeennotifiedandthereasonsforwithdrawalshallhavebeenstatedinwritingandmadepublic.
(7)Authoritytoenforce
NothinginthissubsectionshallprohibittheAdministratorfromenforcinganyapplicableemissionstandardorrequirementunderthissection.
(8)Localprogram
TheAdministratormay,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,approveaprogramdevelopedandsubmittedbyalocalairpollutioncontrolagency(afterconsultationwiththeState)pursuanttothissubsectionandanysuchagencyimplementinganapprovedprogrammaytakeanyactionauthorizedtobetakenbyaStateunderthissection.
(9)Permitauthority
NothinginthissubsectionshallaffecttheauthoritiesandobligationsoftheAdministratorortheStateundersubchapterV.
(m)AtmosphericdepositiontoGreatLakesandcoastalwaters
(1)Depositionassessment
TheAdministrator,incooperationwiththeUnderSecretaryofCommerceforOceansandAtmosphere,shallconductaprogramtoidentifyandassesstheextentofatmosphericdepositionofhazardousairpollutants(andinthediscretionoftheAdministrator,otherairpollutants)totheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandcoastalwaters.Aspartofsuchprogram,theAdministratorshall—
(A)monitortheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandcoastalwaters,includingmonitoringoftheGreatLakesthroughthemonitoringnetworkestablishedpursuanttoparagraph(2)ofthissubsectionanddesigninganddeployinganatmosphericmonitoringnetworkforcoastalwaterspursuanttoparagraph(4);
(B)investigatethesourcesanddepositionratesofatmosphericdepositionofairpollutants(andtheiratmospherictransformationprecursors);
(C)conductresearchtodevelopandimprovemonitoringmethodsandtodeterminetherelativecontributionofatmosphericpollutantstototalpollutionloadingstotheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplain,andcoastalwaters;
(D)evaluateanyadverseeffectstopublichealthortheenvironmentcausedbysuchdeposition(includingeffectsresultingfromindirectexposurepathways)andassessthecontributionofsuchdepositiontoviolationsofwaterqualitystandardsestablishedpursuanttotheFederalWaterPollutionControlAct[33U.S.C.1251etseq.]anddrinkingwaterstandardsestablishedpursuanttotheSafeDrinkingWaterAct[42U.S.C.300fetseq.];and
(E)sampleforsuchpollutantsinbiota,fish,andwildlifeoftheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandcoastalwatersandcharacterizethesourcesofsuchpollutants.
(2)GreatLakesmonitoringnetwork
TheAdministratorshalloversee,inaccordancewithAnnex15oftheGreatLakesWaterQualityAgreement,theestablishmentandoperationofaGreatLakesatmosphericdepositionnetworktomonitoratmosphericdepositionofhazardousairpollutants(andintheAdministrator'sdiscretion,otherairpollutants)totheGreatLakes.
(A)Aspartofthenetworkprovidedforinthisparagraph,andnotlaterthanDecember31,1991,theAdministratorshallestablishineachofthe5GreatLakesatleast1facilitycapableofmonitoringtheatmosphericdepositionofhazardousairpollutantsinbothdryandwetconditions.
(B)TheAdministratorshallusethedataprovidedbythenetworktoidentifyandtrackthemovementofhazardousairpollutantsthroughtheGreatLakes,todeterminetheportionofwaterpollutionloadingsattributabletoatmosphericdepositionofsuchpollutants,andtosupportdevelopmentofremedialactionplansandothermanagementplansasrequiredbytheGreatLakesWaterQualityAgreement.
(C)TheAdministratorshallassurethatthedatacollectedbytheGreatLakesatmosphericdepositionmonitoringnetworkisinaformatcompatiblewithdatabasessponsoredbytheInternationalJointCommission,Canada,andtheseveralStatesoftheGreatLakesregion.
(3)MonitoringfortheChesapeakeBayandLakeChamplain
TheAdministratorshallestablishattheChesapeakeBayandLakeChamplainatmosphericdepositionstationstomonitordepositionofhazardousairpollutants(andintheAdministrator'sdiscretion,otherairpollutants)withintheChesapeakeBayandLakeChamplainwatersheds.TheAdministratorshalldeterminetheroleofairdepositioninthepollutantloadingsoftheChesapeakeBayandLakeChamplain,investigatethesourcesofairpollutantsdepositedinthewatersheds,evaluatethehealthandenvironmentaleffectsofsuchpollutantloadings,andshallsamplesuchpollutantsinbiota,fishandwildlifewithinthewatersheds,asnecessarytocharacterizesucheffects.
(4)Monitoringforcoastalwaters
TheAdministratorshalldesignanddeployatmosphericdepositionmonitoringnetworksforcoastalwatersandtheirwatershedsandshallmakeanyinformationcollectedthroughsuchnetworksavailabletothepublic.Aspartofthiseffort,theAdministratorshallconductresearchtodevelopandimprovedepositionmonitoringmethods,andtodeterminetherelativecontributionofatmosphericpollutantstopollutantloadings.Forpurposesofthissubsection,"coastalwaters"shallmeanestuariesselectedpursuanttosection320(a)(2)(A)oftheFederalWaterPollutionControlAct[33U.S.C.1330(a)(2)(A)]orlistedpursuanttosection320(a)(2)(B)ofsuchAct[33U.S.C.1330(a)(2)(B)]orestuarineresearchreservesdesignatedpursuanttosection1461oftitle16.
(5)Report
Within3yearsofNovember15,1990,andbienniallythereafter,theAdministrator,incooperationwiththeUnderSecretaryofCommerceforOceansandAtmosphere,shallsubmittotheCongressareportontheresultsofanymonitoring,studies,andinvestigationsconductedpursuanttothissubsection.Suchreportshallinclude,ataminimum,anassessmentof—
(A)thecontributionofatmosphericdepositiontopollutionloadingsintheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandcoastalwaters;
(B)theenvironmentalandpublichealtheffectsofanypollutionwhichisattributabletoatmosphericdepositiontotheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandcoastalwaters;
(C)thesourceorsourcesofanypollutiontotheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandcoastalwaterswhichisattributabletoatmosphericdeposition;
(D)whetherpollutionloadingsintheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainorcoastalwaterscauseorcontributetoexceedancesofdrinkingwaterstandardspursuanttotheSafeDrinkingWaterAct[42U.S.C.300fetseq.]orwaterqualitystandardspursuanttotheFederalWaterPollutionControlAct[33U.S.C.1251etseq.]or,withrespecttotheGreatLakes,exceedancesofthespecificobjectivesoftheGreatLakesWaterQualityAgreement;and
(E)adescriptionofanyrevisionsoftherequirements,standards,andlimitationspursuanttothischapterandotherapplicableFederallawsasarenecessarytoassureprotectionofhumanhealthandtheenvironment.
(6)Additionalregulation
AspartofthereporttoCongress,theAdministratorshalldeterminewhethertheotherprovisionsofthissectionareadequatetopreventseriousadverseeffectstopublichealthandseriousorwidespreadenvironmentaleffects,includingsucheffectsresultingfromindirectexposurepathways,associatedwithatmosphericdepositiontotheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,LakeChamplainandcoastalwatersofhazardousairpollutants(andtheiratmospherictransformationproducts).TheAdministratorshalltakeintoconsiderationthetendencyofsuchpollutantstobioaccumulate.Within5yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshall,basedonsuchreportanddetermination,promulgate,inaccordancewiththissection,suchfurtheremissionstandardsorcontrolmeasuresasmaybenecessaryandappropriatetopreventsucheffects,includingeffectsduetobioaccumulationandindirectexposurepathways.AnyrequirementspromulgatedpursuanttothisparagraphwithrespecttocoastalwatersshallonlyapplytothecoastalwatersoftheStateswhicharesubjecttosection7627(a)ofthistitle.
(n)Otherprovisions
(1)Electricutilitysteamgeneratingunits
(A)TheAdministratorshallperformastudyofthehazardstopublichealthreasonablyanticipatedtooccurasaresultofemissionsbyelectricutilitysteamgeneratingunitsofpollutantslistedundersubsection(b)afterimpositionoftherequirementsofthischapter.TheAdministratorshallreporttheresultsofthisstudytotheCongresswithin3yearsafterNovember15,1990.TheAdministratorshalldevelopanddescribeintheAdministrator'sreporttoCongressalternativecontrolstrategiesforemissionswhichmaywarrantregulationunderthissection.TheAdministratorshallregulateelectricutilitysteamgeneratingunitsunderthissection,iftheAdministratorfindssuchregulationisappropriateandnecessaryafterconsideringtheresultsofthestudyrequiredbythissubparagraph.
(B)TheAdministratorshallconduct,andtransmittotheCongressnotlaterthan4yearsafterNovember15,1990,astudyofmercuryemissionsfromelectricutilitysteamgeneratingunits,municipalwastecombustionunits,andothersources,includingareasources.Suchstudyshallconsidertherateandmassofsuchemissions,thehealthandenvironmentaleffectsofsuchemissions,technologieswhichareavailabletocontrolsuchemissions,andthecostsofsuchtechnologies.
(C)TheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencesshallconduct,andtransmittotheCongressnotlaterthan3yearsafterNovember15,1990,astudytodeterminethethresholdlevelofmercuryexposurebelowwhichadversehumanhealtheffectsarenotexpectedtooccur.Suchstudyshallincludeathresholdformercuryconcentrationsinthetissueoffishwhichmaybeconsumed(includingconsumptionbysensitivepopulations)withoutadverseeffectstopublichealth.
(2)Cokeovenproductiontechnologystudy
(A)TheSecretaryoftheDepartmentofEnergyandtheAdministratorshalljointlyundertakea6-yearstudytoassesscokeovenproductionemissioncontroltechnologiesandtoassistinthedevelopmentandcommercializationoftechnicallypracticableandeconomicallyviablecontroltechnologieswhichhavethepotentialtosignificantlyreduceemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsfromcokeovenproductionfacilities.Inidentifyingcontroltechnologies,theSecretaryandtheAdministratorshallconsidertherangeofexistingcokeovenoperationsandbatterydesignandtheavailabilityofsourcesofmaterialsforsuchcokeovensaswellasalternativestoexistingcokeovenproductiondesign.
(B)TheSecretaryandtheAdministratorareauthorizedtoenterintoagreementswithpersonswhoproposetodevelop,installandoperatecokeproductionemissioncontroltechnologieswhichhavethepotentialforsignificantemissionsreductionsofhazardousairpollutantsprovidedthatFederalfundsshallnotexceed50percentumofthecostofanyprojectassistedpursuanttothisparagraph.
(C)Oncompletionofthestudy,theSecretaryshallsubmittoCongressareportontheresultsofthestudyandshallmakerecommendationstotheAdministratoridentifyingpracticableandeconomicallyviablecontroltechnologiesforcokeovenproductionfacilitiestoreduceresidualrisksremainingafterimplementationofthestandardundersubsection(d).
(D)Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriated$5,000,000foreachofthefiscalyears1992through1997tocarryouttheprogramauthorizedbythisparagraph.
(3)Publiclyownedtreatmentworks
TheAdministratormayconduct,incooperationwiththeownersandoperatorsofpubliclyownedtreatmentworks,studiestocharacterizeemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsemittedbysuchfacilities,toidentifyindustrial,commercialandresidentialdischargesthatcontributetosuchemissionsandtodemonstratecontrolmeasuresforsuchemissions.Whenpromulgatinganystandardunderthissectionapplicabletopubliclyownedtreatmentworks,theAdministratormayprovideforcontrolmeasuresthatincludepretreatmentofdischargescausingemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsandprocessorproductsubstitutionsorlimitationsthatmaybeeffectiveinreducingsuchemissions.TheAdministratormayprescribeuniformsampling,modelingandriskassessmentmethodsforuseinimplementingthissubsection.
(4)Oilandgaswells;pipelinefacilities
(A)Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsubsection(a),emissionsfromanyoilorgasexplorationorproductionwell(withitsassociatedequipment)andemissionsfromanypipelinecompressororpumpstationshallnotbeaggregatedwithemissionsfromothersimilarunits,whetherornotsuchunitsareinacontiguousareaorundercommoncontrol,todeterminewhethersuchunitsorstationsaremajorsources,andinthecaseofanyoilorgasexplorationorproductionwell(withitsassociatedequipment),suchemissionsshallnotbeaggregatedforanypurposeunderthissection.
(B)TheAdministratorshallnotlistoilandgasproductionwells(withitsassociatedequipment)asanareasourcecategoryundersubsection(c),exceptthattheAdministratormayestablishanareasourcecategoryforoilandgasproductionwellslocatedinanymetropolitanstatisticalareaorconsolidatedmetropolitanstatisticalareawithapopulationinexcessof1million,iftheAdministratordeterminesthatemissionsofhazardousairpollutantsfromsuchwellspresentmorethananegligibleriskofadverseeffectstopublichealth.
(5)Hydrogensulfide
TheAdministratorisdirectedtoassessthehazardstopublichealthandtheenvironmentresultingfromtheemissionofhydrogensulfideassociatedwiththeextractionofoilandnaturalgasresources.Totheextentpracticable,theassessmentshallbuilduponandnotduplicateworkconductedforanassessmentpursuanttosection8002(m)oftheSolidWasteDisposalAct[42U.S.C.6982(m)]andshallreflectconsultationwiththeStates.TheassessmentshallincludeareviewofexistingStateandindustrycontrolstandards,techniquesandenforcement.TheAdministratorshallreporttotheCongresswithin24monthsafterNovember15,1990,withthefindingsofsuchassessment,togetherwithanyrecommendations,andshall,asappropriate,developandimplementacontrolstrategyforemissionsofhydrogensulfidetoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment,basedonthefindingsofsuchassessment,usingauthoritiesunderthischapterincludingsections 37411ofthistitleandthissection.
(6)Hydrofluoricacid
Notlaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshall,forthoseregionsofthecountrywhichdonothavecomprehensivehealthandsafetyregulationswithrespecttohydrofluoricacid,completeastudyofthepotentialhazardsofhydrofluoricacidandtheusesofhydrofluoricacidinindustrialandcommercialapplicationstopublichealthandtheenvironmentconsideringarangeofeventsincludingworst-caseaccidentalreleasesandshallmakerecommendationstotheCongressforthereductionofsuchhazards,ifappropriate.
(7)RCRAfacilities
InthecaseofanycategoryorsubcategoryofsourcestheairemissionsofwhichareregulatedundersubtitleCoftheSolidWasteDisposalAct[42U.S.C.6921etseq.],theAdministratorshalltakeintoaccountanyregulationsofsuchemissionswhicharepromulgatedundersuchsubtitleandshall,tothemaximumextentpracticableandconsistentwiththeprovisionsofthissection,ensurethattherequirementsofsuchsubtitleandthissectionareconsistent.
(o)NationalAcademyofSciencesstudy
(1)RequestoftheAcademy
Within3monthsofNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallenterintoappropriatearrangementswiththeNationalAcademyofSciencestoconductareviewof—
(A)riskassessmentmethodologyusedbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytodeterminethecarcinogenicriskassociatedwithexposuretohazardousairpollutantsfromsourcecategoriesandsubcategoriessubjecttotherequirementsofthissection;and
(B)improvementsinsuchmethodology.
(2)Elementstobestudied
Inconductingsuchreview,theNationalAcademyofSciencesshouldconsider,butnotbelimitedto,thefollowing—
(A)thetechniquesusedforestimatinganddescribingthecarcinogenicpotencytohumansofhazardousairpollutants;and
(B)thetechniquesusedforestimatingexposuretohazardousairpollutants(forhypotheticalandactualmaximallyexposedindividualsaswellasotherexposedindividuals).
(3)Otherhealtheffectsofconcern
Totheextentpracticable,theAcademyshallevaluateandreportonthemethodologyforassessingtheriskofadversehumanhealtheffectsotherthancancerforwhichsafethresholdsofexposuremaynotexist,including,butnotlimitedto,inheritablegeneticmutations,birthdefects,andreproductivedysfunctions.
(4)Report
AreportontheresultsofsuchreviewshallbesubmittedtotheSenateCommitteeonEnvironmentandPublicWorks,theHouseCommitteeonEnergyandCommerce,theRiskAssessmentandManagementCommissionestablishedbysection303oftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990andtheAdministratornotlaterthan30monthsafterNovember15,1990.
(5)Assistance
TheAdministratorshallassisttheAcademyingatheringanyinformationtheAcademydeemsnecessarytocarryoutthissubsection.TheAdministratormayuseanyauthorityunderthischaptertoobtaininformationfromanyperson,andtorequireanypersontoconducttests,keepandproducerecords,andmakereportsrespectingresearchorotheractivitiesconductedbysuchpersonasnecessarytocarryoutthissubsection.
(6)Authorization
OfthefundsauthorizedtobeappropriatedtotheAdministratorbythischapter,suchamountsasarerequiredshallbeavailabletocarryoutthissubsection.
(7)Guidelinesforcarcinogenicriskassessment
TheAdministratorshallconsider,butneednotadopt,therecommendationscontainedinthereportoftheNationalAcademyofSciencespreparedpursuanttothissubsectionandtheviewsoftheScienceAdvisoryBoard,withrespecttosuchreport.Priortothepromulgationofanystandardundersubsection(f),andafternoticeandopportunityforcomment,theAdministratorshallpublishrevisedGuidelinesforCarcinogenicRiskAssessmentoradetailedexplanationofthereasonsthatanyrecommendationscontainedinthereportoftheNationalAcademyofScienceswillnotbeimplemented.ThepublicationofsuchrevisedGuidelinesshallbeafinalAgencyactionforpurposesofsection7607ofthistitle.
(p)MickeyLelandNationalUrbanAirToxicsResearchCenter
(1)Establishment
TheAdministratorshalloverseetheestablishmentofaNationalUrbanAirToxicsResearchCenter,tobelocatedatauniversity,ahospital,orotherfacilitycapableofundertakingandmaintainingsimilarresearchcapabilitiesintheareasofepidemiology,oncology,toxicology,pulmonarymedicine,pathology,andbiostatistics.ThecentershallbeknownastheMickeyLelandNationalUrbanAirToxicsResearchCenter.ThegeographicsiteoftheNationalUrbanAirToxicsResearchCentershouldbefurtherdirectedtoHarrisCounty,Texas,inordertotakefulladvantageofthewelldevelopedscientificcommunitypresenceon-siteattheTexasMedicalCenteraswellastheextensivedatapreviouslycompiledforthecomprehensivemonitoringsystemcurrentlyinplace.
(2)BoardofDirectors
TheNationalUrbanAirToxicsResearchCentershallbegovernedbyaBoardofDirectorstobecomprisedof9members,theappointmentofwhichshallbeallocatedprorataamongtheSpeakeroftheHouse,theMajorityLeaderoftheSenateandthePresident.ThemembersoftheBoardofDirectorsshallbeselectedbasedontheirrespectiveacademicandprofessionalbackgroundsandexpertiseinmattersrelatingtopublichealth,environmentalpollutionandindustrialhygiene.ThedutiesoftheBoardofDirectorsshallbetodeterminepolicyandresearchguidelines,submitviewsfromcentersponsorsandthepublicandissueperiodicreportsofcenterfindingsandactivities.
(3)ScientificAdvisoryPanel
TheBoardofDirectorsshallbeadvisedbyaScientificAdvisoryPanel,the13membersofwhichshallbeappointedbytheBoard,andtoincludeeminentmembersofthescientificandmedicalcommunities.ThePanelmembershipmayincludescientistswithrelevantexperiencefromtheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciences,theCenterforDiseaseControl,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theNationalCancerInstitute,andothers,andthePanelshallconductpeerreviewandevaluateresearchresults.ThePanelshallassisttheBoardindevelopingtheresearchagenda,reviewingproposalsandapplications,andadviseontheawardingofresearchgrants.
(4)Funding
ThecentershallbeestablishedandfundedwithbothFederalandprivatesourcefunds.
(q)Savingsprovision
(1)Standardspreviouslypromulgated
AnystandardunderthissectionineffectbeforethedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[November15,1990]shallremaininforceandeffectaftersuchdateunlessmodifiedasprovidedinthissectionbeforethedateofenactmentofsuchAmendmentsorundersuchAmendments.Exceptasprovidedinparagraph(4),anystandardunderthissectionwhichhasbeenpromulgated,buthasnottakeneffect,beforesuchdateshallnotbeaffectedbysuchAmendmentsunlessmodifiedasprovidedinthissectionbeforesuchdateorundersuchAmendments.Eachsuchstandardshallbereviewedand,ifappropriate,revised,tocomplywiththerequirementsofsubsection(d)within10yearsafterthedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990.Ifatimelypetitionforreviewofanysuchstandardundersection7607ofthistitleispendingonsuchdateofenactment,thestandardshallbeupheldifitcomplieswiththissectionasineffectbeforethatdate.IfanysuchstandardisremandedtotheAdministrator,theAdministratormayintheAdministrator'sdiscretionapplyeithertherequirementsofthissection,orthoseofthissectionasineffectbeforethedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990.
(2)Specialrule
Notwithstandingparagraph(1),nostandardshallbeestablishedunderthissection,asamendedbytheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990,forradionuclideemissionsfrom(A)elementalphosphorousplants,(B)gratecalcinationelementalphosphorousplants,(C)phosphogypsumstacks,or(D)anysubcategoryoftheforegoing.Thissection,asineffectpriortothedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[November15,1990],shallremainineffectforradionuclideemissionsfromsuchplantsandstacks.
(3)Othercategories
Notwithstandingparagraph(1),thissection,asineffectpriortothedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[November15,1990],shallremainineffectforradionuclideemissionsfromnon-DepartmentofEnergyFederalfacilitiesthatarenotlicensedbytheNuclearRegulatoryCommission,coal-firedutilityandindustrialboilers,undergrounduraniummines,surfaceuraniummines,anddisposalofuraniummilltailingspiles,unlesstheAdministrator,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,appliestherequirementsofthissectionasmodifiedbytheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990tosuchsourcesofradionuclides.
(4)Medicalfacilities
Notwithstandingparagraph(1),nostandardpromulgatedunderthissectionpriortoNovember15,1990,withrespecttomedicalresearchortreatmentfacilitiesshalltakeeffectfortwoyearsfollowingNovember15,1990,unlesstheAdministratormakesadeterminationpursuanttoarulemakingundersubsection(d)(9).IftheAdministratordeterminesthattheregulatoryprogramestablishedbytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionforsuchfacilitiesdoesnotprovideanamplemarginofsafetytoprotectpublichealth,therequirementsofthissectionshallfullyapplytosuchfacilities.IftheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchregulatoryprogramdoesprovideanamplemarginofsafetytoprotectthepublichealth,theAdministratorisnotrequiredtopromulgateastandardunderthissectionforsuchfacilities,asprovidedinsubsection(d)(9).
(r)Preventionofaccidentalreleases
(1)Purposeandgeneralduty
Itshallbetheobjectiveoftheregulationsandprogramsauthorizedunderthissubsectiontopreventtheaccidentalreleaseandtominimizetheconsequencesofanysuchreleaseofanysubstancelistedpursuanttoparagraph(3)oranyotherextremelyhazardoussubstance.Theownersandoperatorsofstationarysourcesproducing,processing,handlingorstoringsuchsubstanceshaveageneraldutyinthesamemannerandtothesameextentassection654oftitle29toidentifyhazardswhichmayresultfromsuchreleasesusingappropriatehazardassessmenttechniques,todesignandmaintainasafefacilitytakingsuchstepsasarenecessarytopreventreleases,andtominimizetheconsequencesofaccidentalreleaseswhichdooccur.Forpurposesofthisparagraph,theprovisionsofsection7604ofthistitleshallnotbeavailabletoanypersonorotherwisebeconstruedtobeapplicabletothisparagraph.Nothinginthissectionshallbeinterpreted,construed,impliedorappliedtocreateanyliabilityorbasisforsuitforcompensationforbodilyinjuryoranyotherinjuryorpropertydamagestoanypersonwhichmayresultfromaccidentalreleasesofsuchsubstances.
(2)Definitions
(A)Theterm"accidentalrelease"meansanunanticipatedemissionofaregulatedsubstanceorotherextremelyhazardoussubstanceintotheambientairfromastationarysource.
(B)Theterm"regulatedsubstance"meansasubstancelistedunderparagraph(3).
(C)Theterm"stationarysource"meansanybuildings,structures,equipment,installationsorsubstanceemittingstationaryactivities(i)whichbelongtothesameindustrialgroup,(ii)whicharelocatedononeormorecontiguousproperties,(iii)whichareunderthecontrolofthesameperson(orpersonsundercommoncontrol),and(iv)fromwhichanaccidentalreleasemayoccur.
(D)Theterm"retailfacility"meansastationarysourceatwhichmorethanone-halfoftheincomeisobtainedfromdirectsalestoendusersoratwhichmorethanone-halfofthefuelsold,byvolume,issoldthroughacylinderexchangeprogram.
(3)Listofsubstances
TheAdministratorshallpromulgatenotlaterthan24monthsafterNovember15,1990,aninitiallistof100substanceswhich,inthecaseofanaccidentalrelease,areknowntocauseormayreasonablybeanticipatedtocausedeath,injury,orseriousadverseeffectstohumanhealthortheenvironment.Forpurposesofpromulgatingsuchlist,theAdministratorshalluse,butisnotlimitedto,thelistofextremelyhazardoussubstancespublishedundertheEmergencyPlanningandCommunityRight-to-Know 4Actof1986[42U.S.C.11001etseq.],withsuchmodificationsastheAdministratordeemsappropriate.Theinitiallistshallincludechlorine,anhydrousammonia,methylchloride,ethyleneoxide,vinylchloride,methylisocyanate,hydrogencyanide,ammonia,hydrogensulfide,toluenediisocyanate,phosgene,bromine,anhydroushydrogenchloride,hydrogenfluoride,anhydroussulfurdioxide,andsulfurtrioxide.Theinitiallistshallincludeatleast100substanceswhichposethegreatestriskofcausingdeath,injury,orseriousadverseeffectstohumanhealthortheenvironmentfromaccidentalreleases.Regulationsestablishingthelistshallincludeanexplanationofthebasisforestablishingthelist.ThelistmayberevisedfromtimetotimebytheAdministratorontheAdministrator'sownmotionorbypetitionandshallbereviewedatleastevery5years.Noairpollutantforwhichanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardhasbeenestablishedshallbeincludedonanysuchlist.Nosubstance,practice,process,oractivityregulatedundersubchapterVIshallbesubjecttoregulationsunderthissubsection.TheAdministratorshallestablishproceduresfortheadditionanddeletionofsubstancesfromthelistestablishedunderthisparagraphconsistentwiththoseapplicabletothelistinsubsection(b).
(4)Factorstobeconsidered
Inlistingsubstancesunderparagraph(3),theAdministrator—
(A)shallconsider—
(i)theseverityofanyacuteadversehealtheffectsassociatedwithaccidentalreleasesofthesubstance;
(ii)thelikelihoodofaccidentalreleasesofthesubstance;and
(iii)thepotentialmagnitudeofhumanexposuretoaccidentalreleasesofthesubstance;and
(B)shallnotlistaflammablesubstancewhenusedasafuelorheldforsaleasafuelataretailfacilityunderthissubsectionsolelybecauseoftheexplosiveorflammablepropertiesofthesubstance,unlessafireorexplosioncausedbythesubstancewillresultinacuteadversehealtheffectsfromhumanexposuretothesubstance,includingtheunburnedfueloritscombustionbyproducts,otherthanthosecausedbytheheatofthefireorimpactoftheexplosion.
(5)Thresholdquantity
Atthetimeanysubstanceislistedpursuanttoparagraph(3),theAdministratorshallestablishbyrule,athresholdquantityforthesubstance,takingintoaccountthetoxicity,reactivity,volatility,dispersibility,combustibility,orflammabilityofthesubstanceandtheamountofthesubstancewhich,asaresultofanaccidentalrelease,isknowntocauseormayreasonablybeanticipatedtocausedeath,injuryorseriousadverseeffectstohumanhealthforwhichthesubstancewaslisted.TheAdministratorisauthorizedtoestablishagreaterthresholdquantityfor,ortoexemptentirely,anysubstancethatisanutrientusedinagriculturewhenheldbyafarmer.
(6)ChemicalSafetyBoard
(A)ThereisherebyestablishedanindependentsafetyboardtobeknownastheChemicalSafetyandHazardInvestigationBoard.
(B)TheBoardshallconsistof5members,includingaChairperson,whoshallbeappointedbythePresident,byandwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate.MembersoftheBoardshallbeappointedonthebasisoftechnicalqualification,professionalstanding,anddemonstratedknowledgeinthefieldsofaccidentreconstruction,safetyengineering,humanfactors,toxicology,orairpollutionregulation.ThetermsofofficeofmembersoftheBoardshallbe5years.AnymemberoftheBoard,includingtheChairperson,mayberemovedforinefficiency,neglectofduty,ormalfeasanceinoffice.TheChairpersonshallbetheChiefExecutiveOfficeroftheBoardandshallexercisetheexecutiveandadministrativefunctionsoftheBoard.
(C)TheBoardshall—
(i)investigate(orcausetobeinvestigated),determineandreporttothepublicinwritingthefacts,conditions,andcircumstancesandthecauseorprobablecauseofanyaccidentalreleaseresultinginafatality,seriousinjuryorsubstantialpropertydamages;
(ii)issueperiodicreportstotheCongress,Federal,Stateandlocalagencies,includingtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandtheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration,concernedwiththesafetyofchemicalproduction,processing,handlingandstorage,andotherinterestedpersonsrecommendingmeasurestoreducethelikelihoodortheconsequencesofaccidentalreleasesandproposingcorrectivestepstomakechemicalproduction,processing,handlingandstorageassafeandfreefromriskofinjuryasispossibleandmayincludeinsuchreportsproposedrulesororderswhichshouldbeissuedbytheAdministratorundertheauthorityofthissectionortheSecretaryofLaborundertheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct[29U.S.C.651etseq.]topreventorminimizetheconsequencesofanyreleaseofsubstancesthatmaycausedeath,injuryorotherseriousadverseeffectsonhumanhealthorsubstantialpropertydamageastheresultofanaccidentalrelease;and
(iii)establishbyregulationrequirementsbindingonpersonsforreportingaccidentalreleasesintotheambientairsubjecttotheBoard'sinvestigatoryjurisdiction.ReportingreleasestotheNationalResponseCenter,inlieuoftheBoarddirectly,shallsatisfysuchregulations.TheNationalResponseCentershallpromptlynotifytheBoardofanyreleaseswhicharewithintheBoard'sjurisdiction.
(D)TheBoardmayutilizetheexpertiseandexperienceofotheragencies.
(E)TheBoardshallcoordinateitsactivitieswithinvestigationsandstudiesconductedbyotheragenciesoftheUnitedStateshavingaresponsibilitytoprotectpublichealthandsafety.TheBoardshallenterintoamemorandumofunderstandingwiththeNationalTransportationSafetyBoardtoassurecoordinationoffunctionsandtolimitduplicationofactivitieswhichshalldesignatetheNationalTransportationSafetyBoardastheleadagencyfortheinvestigationofreleaseswhicharetransportationrelated.TheBoardshallnotbeauthorizedtoinvestigatemarineoilspills,whichtheNationalTransportationSafetyBoardisauthorizedtoinvestigate.TheBoardshallenterintoamemorandumofunderstandingwiththeOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationsoastolimitduplicationofactivities.InnoeventshalltheBoardforegoaninvestigationwhereanaccidentalreleasecausesafatalityorseriousinjuryamongthegeneralpublic,orhadthepotentialtocausesubstantialpropertydamageoranumberofdeathsorinjuriesamongthegeneralpublic.
(F)TheBoardisauthorizedtoconductresearchandstudieswithrespecttothepotentialforaccidentalreleases,whetherornotanaccidentalreleasehasoccurred,wherethereisevidencewhichindicatesthepresenceofapotentialhazardorhazards.Totheextentpracticable,theBoardshallconductsuchstudiesincooperationwithotherFederalagencieshavingemergencyresponseauthorities,Stateandlocalgovernmentalagenciesandassociationsandorganizationsfromtheindustrial,commercial,andnonprofitsectors.
(G)Nopartoftheconclusions,findings,orrecommendationsoftheBoardrelatingtoanyaccidentalreleaseortheinvestigationthereofshallbeadmittedasevidenceorusedinanyactionorsuitfordamagesarisingoutofanymattermentionedinsuchreport.
(H)Notlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theBoardshallpublishareportaccompaniedbyrecommendationstotheAdministratorontheuseofhazardassessmentsinpreventingtheoccurrenceandminimizingtheconsequencesofaccidentalreleasesofextremelyhazardoussubstances.Therecommendationsshallincludealistofextremelyhazardoussubstanceswhicharenotregulatedsubstances(includingthresholdquantitiesforsuchsubstances)andcategoriesofstationarysourcesforwhichhazardassessmentswouldbeanappropriatemeasuretoaidinthepreventionofaccidentalreleasesandtominimizetheconsequencesofthosereleasesthatdooccur.Therecommendationsshallalsoincludeadescriptionoftheinformationandanalysiswhichwouldbeappropriatetoincludeinanyhazardassessment.TheBoardshallalsomakerecommendationswithrespecttotheroleofriskmanagementplansasrequiredbyparagraph(8)(B) 5inpreventingaccidentalreleases.TheBoardmayfromtimetotimereviewandreviseitsrecommendationsunderthissubparagraph.
(I)WhenevertheBoardsubmitsarecommendationwithrespecttoaccidentalreleasestotheAdministrator,theAdministratorshallrespondtosuchrecommendationformallyandinwritingnotlaterthan180daysafterreceiptthereof.TheresponsetotheBoard'srecommendationbytheAdministratorshallindicatewhethertheAdministratorwill—
(i)initiatearulemakingorissuesuchordersasarenecessarytoimplementtherecommendationinfullorinpart,pursuanttoanytimetablecontainedintherecommendation; 6
(ii)declinetoinitiatearulemakingorissueordersasrecommended.
AnydeterminationbytheAdministratornottoimplementarecommendationoftheBoardortoimplementarecommendationonlyinpart,includinganyvariationfromtheschedulecontainedintherecommendation,shallbeaccompaniedbyastatementfromtheAdministratorsettingforththereasonsforsuchdetermination.
(J)TheBoardmaymakerecommendationswithrespecttoaccidentalreleasestotheSecretaryofLabor.WhenevertheBoardsubmitssuchrecommendation,theSecretaryshallrespondtosuchrecommendationformallyandinwritingnotlaterthan180daysafterreceiptthereof.TheresponsetotheBoard'srecommendationbytheAdministrator 7shallindicatewhethertheSecretarywill—
(i)initiatearulemakingorissuesuchordersasarenecessarytoimplementtherecommendationinfullorinpart,pursuanttoanytimetablecontainedintherecommendation; 6
(ii)declinetoinitiatearulemakingorissueordersasrecommended.
AnydeterminationbytheSecretarynottoimplementarecommendationortoimplementarecommendationonlyinpart,includinganyvariationfromtheschedulecontainedintherecommendation,shallbeaccompaniedbyastatementfromtheSecretarysettingforththereasonsforsuchdetermination.
(K)Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theBoardshallissueareporttotheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandtotheAdministratoroftheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationrecommendingtheadoptionofregulationsforthepreparationofriskmanagementplansandgeneralrequirementsforthepreventionofaccidentalreleasesofregulatedsubstancesintotheambientair(includingrecommendationsforlistingsubstancesunderparagraph(3))andforthemitigationofthepotentialadverseeffectonhumanhealthortheenvironmentasaresultofaccidentalreleaseswhichshouldbeapplicabletoanystationarysourcehandlinganyregulatedsubstanceinmorethanthresholdamounts.TheBoardmayincludeproposedrulesororderswhichshouldbeissuedbytheAdministratorunderauthorityofthissubsectionorbytheSecretaryofLaborundertheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct[29U.S.C.651etseq.].Anysuchrecommendationsshallbespecificandshallidentifytheregulatedsubstanceorclassofregulatedsubstances(orothersubstances)towhichtherecommendationsapply.TheAdministratorshallconsidersuchrecommendationsbeforepromulgatingregulationsrequiredbyparagraph(7)(B).
(L)TheBoard,oruponauthorityoftheBoard,anymemberthereof,anyadministrativelawjudgeemployedbyorassignedtotheBoard,oranyofficeroremployeedulydesignatedbytheBoard,mayforthepurposeofcarryingoutdutiesauthorizedbysubparagraph(C)—
(i)holdsuchhearings,sitandactatsuchtimesandplaces,administersuchoaths,andrequirebysubpoenaorotherwiseattendanceandtestimonyofsuchwitnessesandtheproductionofevidenceandmayrequirebyorderthatanypersonengagedintheproduction,processing,handling,orstorageofextremelyhazardoussubstancessubmitwrittenreportsandresponsestorequestsandquestionswithinsuchtimeandinsuchformastheBoardmayrequire;and
(ii)uponpresentingappropriatecredentialsandawrittennoticeofinspectionauthority,enteranypropertywhereanaccidentalreleasecausingafatality,seriousinjuryorsubstantialpropertydamagehasoccurredanddoallthingsthereinnecessaryforaproperinvestigationpursuanttosubparagraph(C)andinspectatreasonabletimesrecords,files,papers,processes,controls,andfacilitiesandtakesuchsamplesasarerelevanttosuchinvestigation.
WhenevertheAdministratorortheBoardconductsaninspectionofafacilitypursuanttothissubsection,employeesandtheirrepresentativesshallhavethesamerightstoparticipateinsuchinspectionsasprovidedintheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct[29U.S.C.651etseq.].
(M)Inadditiontothatdescribedinsubparagraph(L),theBoardmayuseanyinformationgatheringauthorityoftheAdministratorunderthischapter,includingthesubpoenapowerprovidedinsection7607(a)(1)ofthistitle.
(N)TheBoardisauthorizedtoestablishsuchproceduralandadministrativerulesasarenecessarytotheexerciseofitsfunctionsandduties.TheBoardisauthorizedwithoutregardtosection6101oftitle41toenterintocontracts,leases,cooperativeagreementsorothertransactionsasmaybenecessaryintheconductofthedutiesandfunctionsoftheBoardwithanyotheragency,institution,orperson.
(O)Aftertheeffectivedateofanyreportingrequirementpromulgatedpursuanttosubparagraph(C)(iii)itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontofailtoreportanyreleaseofanyextremelyhazardoussubstanceasrequiredbysuchsubparagraph.TheAdministratorisauthorizedtoenforceanyregulationorrequirementsestablishedbytheBoardpursuanttosubparagraph(C)(iii)usingtheauthoritiesofsections7413and7414ofthistitle.AnyrequestforinformationfromtheowneroroperatorofastationarysourcemadebytheBoardorbytheAdministratorunderthissectionshallbetreated,forpurposesofsections7413,7414,7416,7420,7603,7604and7607ofthistitleandanyotherenforcementprovisionsofthischapter,asarequestmadebytheAdministratorundersection7414ofthistitleandmaybeenforcedbytheChairpersonoftheBoardorbytheAdministratorasprovidedinsuchsection.
(P)TheAdministratorshallprovidetotheBoardsuchsupportandfacilitiesasmaybenecessaryforoperationoftheBoard.
(Q)Consistentwithsubsection 8(G)andsection7414(c)ofthistitleanyrecords,reportsorinformationobtainedbytheBoardshallbeavailabletotheAdministrator,theSecretaryofLabor,theCongressandthepublic,exceptthatuponashowingsatisfactorytotheBoardbyanypersonthatrecords,reports,orinformation,orparticularpartthereof(otherthanreleaseoremissionsdata)towhichtheBoardhasaccess,ifmadepublic,islikelytocausesubstantialharmtotheperson'scompetitiveposition,theBoardshallconsidersuchrecord,report,orinformationorparticularportionthereofconfidentialinaccordancewithsection1905oftitle18,exceptthatsuchrecord,report,orinformationmaybedisclosedtootherofficers,employees,andauthorizedrepresentativesoftheUnitedStatesconcernedwithcarryingoutthischapterorwhenrelevantunderanyproceedingunderthischapter.Thissubparagraphdoesnotconstituteauthoritytowithholdrecords,reports,orinformationfromtheCongress.
(R)WhenevertheBoardsubmitsortransmitsanybudgetestimate,budgetrequest,supplementalbudgetrequest,orotherbudgetinformation,legislativerecommendation,preparedtestimonyforcongressionalhearings,recommendationorstudytothePresident,theSecretaryofLabor,theAdministrator,ortheDirectoroftheOfficeofManagementandBudget,itshallconcurrentlytransmitacopythereoftotheCongress.NoreportoftheBoardshallbesubjecttoreviewbytheAdministratororanyFederalagencyortojudicialreviewinanycourt.NoofficeroragencyoftheUnitedStatesshallhaveauthoritytorequiretheBoardtosubmititsbudgetrequestsorestimates,legislativerecommendations,preparedtestimony,comments,recommendationsorreportstoanyofficeroragencyoftheUnitedStatesforapprovalorreviewpriortothesubmissionofsuchrecommendations,testimony,commentsorreportstotheCongress.Intheperformanceoftheirfunctionsasestablishedbythischapter,themembers,officersandemployeesoftheBoardshallnotberesponsibletoorsubjecttosupervisionordirection,incarryingoutanydutiesunderthissubsection,ofanyofficeroremployeeoragentoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theDepartmentofLabororanyotheragencyoftheUnitedStatesexceptthatthePresidentmayremoveanymember,officeroremployeeoftheBoardforinefficiency,neglectofdutyormalfeasanceinoffice.Nothinginthissectionshallaffecttheapplicationoftitle5toofficersoremployeesoftheBoard.
(S)TheBoardshallsubmitanannualreporttothePresidentandtotheCongresswhichshallinclude,butnotbelimitedto,informationonaccidentalreleaseswhichhavebeeninvestigatedbyorreportedtotheBoardduringthepreviousyear,recommendationsforlegislativeoradministrativeactionwhichtheBoardhasmade,theactionswhichhavebeentakenbytheAdministratorortheSecretaryofLaborortheheadsofotheragenciestoimplementsuchrecommendations,anidentificationofprioritiesforstudyandinvestigationinthesucceedingyear,progressinthedevelopmentofrisk-reductiontechnologiesandtheresponsetoandimplementationofsignificantresearchfindingsonchemicalsafetyinthepublicandprivatesector.
(7)Accidentprevention
(A)Inordertopreventaccidentalreleasesofregulatedsubstances,theAdministratorisauthorizedtopromulgatereleaseprevention,detection,andcorrectionrequirementswhichmayincludemonitoring,record-keeping,reporting,training,vaporrecovery,secondarycontainment,andotherdesign,equipment,workpractice,andoperationalrequirements.Regulationspromulgatedunderthisparagraphmaymakedistinctionsbetweenvarioustypes,classes,andkindsoffacilities,devicesandsystemstakingintoconsiderationfactorsincluding,butnotlimitedto,thesize,location,process,processcontrols,quantityofsubstanceshandled,potencyofsubstances,andresponsecapabilitiespresentatanystationarysource.Regulationspromulgatedpursuanttothissubparagraphshallhaveaneffectivedate,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,assuringcomplianceasexpeditiouslyaspracticable.
(B)(i)Within3yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgatereasonableregulationsandappropriateguidancetoprovide,tothegreatestextentpracticable,forthepreventionanddetectionofaccidentalreleasesofregulatedsubstancesandforresponsetosuchreleasesbytheownersoroperatorsofthesourcesofsuchreleases.TheAdministratorshallutilizetheexpertiseoftheSecretariesofTransportationandLaborinpromulgatingsuchregulations.Asappropriate,suchregulationsshallcovertheuse,operation,repair,replacement,andmaintenanceofequipmenttomonitor,detect,inspect,andcontrolsuchreleases,includingtrainingofpersonsintheuseandmaintenanceofsuchequipmentandintheconductofperiodicinspections.Theregulationsshallincludeproceduresandmeasuresforemergencyresponseafteranaccidentalreleaseofaregulatedsubstanceinordertoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment.Theregulationsshallcoverstorage,aswellasoperations.Theregulationsshall,asappropriate,recognizedifferencesinsize,operations,processes,classandcategoriesofsourcesandthevoluntaryactionsofsuchsourcestopreventsuchreleasesandrespondtosuchreleases.Theregulationsshallbeapplicabletoastationarysource3yearsafterthedateofpromulgation,or3yearsafterthedateonwhicharegulatedsubstancepresentatthesourceinmorethanthresholdamountsisfirstlistedunderparagraph(3),whicheverislater.
(ii)Theregulationsunderthissubparagraphshallrequiretheowneroroperatorofstationarysourcesatwhicharegulatedsubstanceispresentinmorethanathresholdquantitytoprepareandimplementariskmanagementplantodetectandpreventorminimizeaccidentalreleasesofsuchsubstancesfromthestationarysource,andtoprovideapromptemergencyresponsetoanysuchreleasesinordertoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment.Suchplanshallprovideforcompliancewiththerequirementsofthissubsectionandshallalsoincludeeachofthefollowing:
(I)ahazardassessmenttoassessthepotentialeffectsofanaccidentalreleaseofanyregulatedsubstance.Thisassessmentshallincludeanestimateofpotentialreleasequantitiesandadeterminationofdownwindeffects,includingpotentialexposurestoaffectedpopulations.Suchassessmentshallincludeapreviousreleasehistoryofthepast5years,includingthesize,concentration,anddurationofreleases,andshallincludeanevaluationofworstcaseaccidentalreleases;
(II)aprogramforpreventingaccidentalreleasesofregulatedsubstances,includingsafetyprecautionsandmaintenance,monitoringandemployeetrainingmeasurestobeusedatthesource;and
(III)aresponseprogramprovidingforspecificactionstobetakeninresponsetoanaccidentalreleaseofaregulatedsubstancesoastoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment,includingproceduresforinformingthepublicandlocalagenciesresponsibleforrespondingtoaccidentalreleases,emergencyhealthcare,andemployeetrainingmeasures.
Atthetimeregulationsarepromulgatedunderthissubparagraph,theAdministratorshallpromulgateguidelinestoassiststationarysourcesinthepreparationofriskmanagementplans.Theguidelinesshall,totheextentpracticable,includemodelriskmanagementplans.
(iii)Theowneroroperatorofeachstationarysourcecoveredbyclause(ii)shallregisterariskmanagementplanpreparedunderthissubparagraphwiththeAdministratorbeforetheeffectivedateofregulationsunderclause(i)insuchformandmannerastheAdministratorshall,byrule,require.PlanspreparedpursuanttothissubparagraphshallalsobesubmittedtotheChemicalSafetyandHazardInvestigationBoard,totheStateinwhichthestationarysourceislocated,andtoanylocalagencyorentityhavingresponsibilityforplanningfororrespondingtoaccidentalreleaseswhichmayoccuratsuchsource,andshallbeavailabletothepublicundersection7414(c)ofthistitle.TheAdministratorshallestablish,byrule,anauditingsystemtoregularlyreviewand,ifnecessary,requirerevisioninriskmanagementplanstoassurethattheplanscomplywiththissubparagraph.EachsuchplanshallbeupdatedperiodicallyasrequiredbytheAdministrator,byrule.
(C)Anyregulationspromulgatedpursuanttothissubsectionshalltothemaximumextentpracticable,consistentwiththissubsection,beconsistentwiththerecommendationsandstandardsestablishedbytheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME),theAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)ortheAmericanSocietyofTestingMaterials(ASTM).TheAdministratorshalltakeintoconsiderationtheconcernsofsmallbusinessinpromulgatingregulationsunderthissubsection.
(D)Incarryingouttheauthorityofthisparagraph,theAdministratorshallconsultwiththeSecretaryofLaborandtheSecretaryofTransportationandshallcoordinateanyrequirementsunderthisparagraphwithanyrequirementsestablishedforcomparablepurposesbytheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationortheDepartmentofTransportation.Nothinginthissubsectionshallbeinterpreted,construedorappliedtoimposerequirementsaffecting,ortogranttheAdministrator,theChemicalSafetyandHazardInvestigationBoard,oranyotheragencyanyauthoritytoregulate(includingrequirementsforhazardassessment),theaccidentalreleaseofradionuclidesarisingfromtheconstructionandoperationoffacilitieslicensedbytheNuclearRegulatoryCommission.
(E)Aftertheeffectivedateofanyregulationorrequirementimposedunderthissubsection,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontooperateanystationarysourcesubjecttosuchregulationorrequirementinviolationofsuchregulationorrequirement.Eachregulationorrequirementunderthissubsectionshallforpurposesofsections7413,7414,7416,7420,7604,and7607ofthistitleandotherenforcementprovisionsofthischapter,betreatedasastandardineffectundersubsection(d).
(F)NotwithstandingtheprovisionsofsubchapterVorthissection,nostationarysourceshallberequiredtoapplyfor,oroperatepursuantto,apermitissuedundersuchsubchaptersolelybecausesuchsourceissubjecttoregulationsorrequirementsunderthissubsection.
(G)Inexercisinganyauthorityunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshallnot,forpurposesofsection653(b)(1)oftitle29,bedeemedtobeexercisingstatutoryauthoritytoprescribeorenforcestandardsorregulationsaffectingoccupationalsafetyandhealth.
(H)Publicaccesstooff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation.—
(i)Definitions.—Inthissubparagraph:
(I)Coveredperson.—Theterm"coveredperson"means—
(aa)anofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStates;
(bb)anofficeroremployeeofanagentorcontractoroftheFederalGovernment;
(cc)anofficeroremployeeofaStateorlocalgovernment;
(dd)anofficeroremployeeofanagentorcontractorofaStateorlocalgovernment;
(ee)anindividualaffiliatedwithanentitythathasbeengiven,byaStateorlocalgovernment,responsibilityforpreventing,planningfor,orrespondingtoaccidentalreleases;
(ff)anofficeroremployeeoranagentorcontractorofanentitydescribedinitem(ee);and
(gg)aqualifiedresearcherunderclause(vii).
(II)Officialuse.—Theterm"officialuse"meansanactionofaFederal,State,orlocalgovernmentagencyoranentityreferredtoinsubclause(I)(ee)intendedtocarryoutafunctionrelevanttopreventing,planningfor,orrespondingtoaccidentalreleases.
(III)Off-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation.—Theterm"off-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation"meansthoseportionsofariskmanagementplan,excludingtheexecutivesummaryoftheplan,consistingofanevaluationof1ormoreworst-casereleasescenariosoralternativereleasescenarios,andanyelectronicdatabasecreatedbytheAdministratorfromthoseportions.
(IV)Riskmanagementplan.—Theterm"riskmanagementplan"meansariskmanagementplansubmittedtotheAdministratorbyanowneroroperatorofastationarysourceundersubparagraph(B)(iii).
(ii)Regulations.—Notlaterthan1yearafterAugust5,1999,thePresidentshall—
(I)assess—
(aa)theincreasedriskofterroristandothercriminalactivityassociatedwiththepostingofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationontheInternet;and
(bb)theincentivescreatedbypublicdisclosureofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationforreductionintheriskofaccidentalreleases;and
(II)basedontheassessmentundersubclause(I),promulgateregulationsgoverningthedistributionofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationinamannerthat,intheopinionofthePresident,minimizesthelikelihoodofaccidentalreleasesandtheriskdescribedinsubclause(I)(aa)andthelikelihoodofharmtopublichealthandwelfare,and—
(aa)allowsaccessbyanymemberofthepublictopapercopiesofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationforalimitednumberofstationarysourceslocatedanywhereintheUnitedStates,withoutanygeographicalrestriction;
(bb)allowsotherpublicaccesstooff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationasappropriate;
(cc)allowsaccessforofficialusebyacoveredpersondescribedinanyofitems(cc)through(ff)ofclause(i)(I)(referredtointhissubclauseasa"Stateorlocalcoveredperson")tooff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationrelatingtostationarysourceslocatedintheperson'sState;
(dd)allowsaStateorlocalcoveredpersontoprovide,forofficialuse,off-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationrelatingtostationarysourceslocatedintheperson'sStatetoaStateorlocalcoveredpersoninacontiguousState;and
(ee)allowsaStateorlocalcoveredpersontoobtainforofficialuse,byrequesttotheAdministrator,off-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationthatisnotavailabletothepersonunderitem(cc).
(iii)Availabilityunderfreedomofinformationact.—
(I)Firstyear.—Off-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation,andanyrankingofstationarysourcesderivedfromtheinformation,shallnotbemadeavailableundersection552oftitle5duringthe1-yearperiodbeginningonAugust5,1999.
(II)Afterfirstyear.—Iftheregulationsunderclause(ii)arepromulgatedonorbeforetheendoftheperioddescribedinsubclause(I),off-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationcoveredbytheregulations,andanyrankingofstationarysourcesderivedfromtheinformation,shallnotbemadeavailableundersection552oftitle5aftertheendofthatperiod.
(III)Applicability.—Subclauses(I)and(II)applytooff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationsubmittedtotheAdministratorbefore,on,orafterAugust5,1999.
(iv)Availabilityofinformationduringtransitionperiod.—TheAdministratorshallmakeoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationavailabletocoveredpersonsforofficialuseinamannerthatmeetstherequirementsofitems(cc)through(ee)ofclause(ii)(II),andtothepublicinaformthatdoesnotmakeavailableanyinformationconcerningtheidentityorlocationofstationarysources,duringtheperiod—
(I)beginningonAugust5,1999;and
(II)endingontheearlierofthedateofpromulgationoftheregulationsunderclause(ii)orthedatethatis1yearafterAugust5,1999.
(v)Prohibitiononunauthorizeddisclosureofinformationbycoveredpersons.—
(I)Ingeneral.—BeginningonAugust5,1999,acoveredpersonshallnotdisclosetothepublicoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationinanyform,oranystatewideornationalrankingofidentifiedstationarysourcesderivedfromsuchinformation,exceptasauthorizedbythissubparagraph(includingtheregulationspromulgatedunderclause(ii)).Aftertheendofthe1-yearperiodbeginningonAugust5,1999,ifregulationshavenotbeenpromulgatedunderclause(ii),theprecedingsentenceshallnotapply.
(II)Criminalpenalties.—Notwithstandingsection7413ofthistitle,acoveredpersonthatwillfullyviolatesarestrictionorprohibitionestablishedbythissubparagraph(includingtheregulationspromulgatedunderclause(ii))shall,uponconviction,befinedforaninfractionundersection3571oftitle18(butshallnotbesubjecttoimprisonment)foreachunauthorizeddisclosureofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation,exceptthatsubsection(d)ofsuchsection3571shallnotapplytoacaseinwhichtheoffenseresultsinpecuniarylossunlessthedefendantknewthatsuchlosswouldoccur.Thedisclosureofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationforeachspecificstationarysourceshallbeconsideredaseparateoffense.Thetotalofallpenaltiesthatmaybeimposedonasinglepersonororganizationunderthisitemshallnotexceed$1,000,000forviolationscommittedduringany1calendaryear.
(III)Applicability.—Iftheowneroroperatorofastationarysourcemakesoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationrelatingtothatstationarysourceavailabletothepublicwithoutrestriction—
(aa)subclauses(I)and(II)shallnotapplywithrespecttotheinformation;and
(bb)theowneroroperatorshallnotifytheAdministratorofthepublicavailabilityoftheinformation.
(IV)List.—TheAdministratorshallmaintainandmakepubliclyavailablealistofallstationarysourcesthathaveprovidednotificationundersubclause(III)(bb).
(vi)Notice.—TheAdministratorshallprovidenoticeofthedefinitionofofficialuseasprovidedinclause(i)(III) 9andexamplesofactionsthatwouldandwouldnotmeetthatdefinition,andnoticeoftherestrictionsonfurtherdisseminationandthepenaltiesestablishedbythischaptertoeachcoveredpersonwhoreceivesoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationunderclause(iv)andeachcoveredpersonwhoreceivesoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationforanofficialuseundertheregulationspromulgatedunderclause(ii).
(vii)Qualifiedresearchers.—
(I)Ingeneral.—Notlaterthan180daysafterAugust5,1999,theAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeAttorneyGeneral,shalldevelopandimplementasystemforprovidingoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation,includingfacilityidentification,toanyqualifiedresearcher,includingaqualifiedresearcherfromindustryoranypublicinterestgroup.
(II)Limitationondissemination.—Thesystemshallnotallowtheresearchertodisseminate,ormakeavailableontheInternet,theoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation,oranyportionoftheoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation,receivedunderthisclause.
(viii)Read-onlyinformationtechnologysystem.—InconsultationwiththeAttorneyGeneralandtheheadsofotherappropriateFederalagencies,theAdministratorshallestablishaninformationtechnologysystemthatprovidesfortheavailabilitytothepublicofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationbymeansofacentraldatabaseunderthecontroloftheFederalGovernmentthatcontainsinformationthatusersmayread,butthatprovidesnomeansbywhichanelectronicormechanicalcopyoftheinformationmaybemade.
(ix)Voluntaryindustryaccidentpreventionstandards.—TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theDepartmentofJustice,andotherappropriateagenciesmayprovidetechnicalassistancetoownersandoperatorsofstationarysourcesandparticipateinthedevelopmentofvoluntaryindustrystandardsthatwillhelpachievetheobjectivessetforthinparagraph(1).
(x)Effectonstateorlocallaw.—
(I)Ingeneral.—Subjecttosubclause(II),thissubparagraph(includingtheregulationspromulgatedunderthissubparagraph)shallsupersedeanyprovisionofStateorlocallawthatisinconsistentwiththissubparagraph(includingtheregulations).
(II)Availabilityofinformationunderstatelaw.—NothinginthissubparagraphprecludesaStatefrommakingavailabledataontheoff-siteconsequencesofchemicalreleasescollectedinaccordancewithStatelaw.
(xi)Report.—
(I)Ingeneral.—Notlaterthan3yearsafterAugust5,1999,theAttorneyGeneral,inconsultationwithappropriateState,local,andFederalGovernmentagencies,affectedindustry,andthepublic,shallsubmittoCongressareportthatdescribestheextenttowhichregulationspromulgatedunderthisparagraphhaveresultedinactions,includingthedesignandmaintenanceofsafefacilities,thatareeffectiveindetecting,preventing,andminimizingtheconsequencesofreleasesofregulatedsubstancesthatmaybecausedbycriminalactivity.Aspartofthisreport,theAttorneyGeneral,usingavailabledatatotheextentpossible,andasamplingofcoveredstationarysourcesselectedatthediscretionoftheAttorneyGeneral,andinconsultationwithappropriateState,local,andFederalgovernmentalagencies,affectedindustry,andthepublic,shallreviewthevulnerabilityofcoveredstationarysourcestocriminalandterroristactivity,currentindustrypracticesregardingsitesecurity,andsecurityoftransportationofregulatedsubstances.TheAttorneyGeneralshallsubmitthisreport,containingtheresultsofthereview,togetherwithrecommendations,ifany,forreducingvulnerabilityofcoveredstationarysourcestocriminalandterroristactivity,totheCommitteeonCommerceoftheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentativesandtheCommitteeonEnvironmentandPublicWorksoftheUnitedStatesSenateandotherrelevantcommitteesofCongress.
(II)Interimreport.—Notlaterthan12monthsafterAugust5,1999,theAttorneyGeneralshallsubmittotheCommitteeonCommerceoftheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentativesandtheCommitteeonEnvironmentandPublicWorksoftheUnitedStatesSenate,andotherrelevantcommitteesofCongress,aninterimreportthatincludes,ataminimum—
(aa)thepreliminaryfindingsundersubclause(I);
(bb)themethodsusedtodevelopthefindings;and
(cc)anexplanationoftheactivitiesexpectedtooccurthatcouldcausethefindingsofthereportundersubclause(I)tobedifferentthanthepreliminaryfindings.
(III)Availabilityofinformation.—InformationthatisdevelopedbytheAttorneyGeneralorrequestedbytheAttorneyGeneralandreceivedfromacoveredstationarysourceforthepurposeofconductingthereviewundersubclauses(I)and(II)shallbeexemptfromdisclosureundersection552oftitle5ifsuchinformationwouldposeathreattonationalsecurity.
(xii)Scope.—Thissubparagraph—
(I)appliesonlytocoveredpersons;and
(II)doesnotrestrictthedisseminationofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationbyanycoveredpersoninanymannerorformexceptintheformofariskmanagementplanoranelectronicdatabasecreatedbytheAdministratorfromoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation.
(xiii)Authorizationofappropriations.—ThereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedtotheAdministratorandtheAttorneyGeneralsuchsumsasarenecessarytocarryoutthissubparagraph(includingtheregulationspromulgatedunderclause(ii)),toremainavailableuntilexpended.
(8)Researchonhazardassessments
TheAdministratormaycollectandpublishinformationonaccidentscenariosandconsequencescoveringarangeofpossibleeventsforsubstanceslistedunderparagraph(3).TheAdministratorshallestablishaprogramoflong-termresearchtodevelopanddisseminateinformationonmethodsandtechniquesforhazardassessmentwhichmaybeusefulinimprovingandvalidatingtheproceduresemployedinthepreparationofhazardassessmentsunderthissubsection.
(9)Orderauthority
(A)Inadditiontoanyotheractiontaken,whentheAdministratordeterminesthattheremaybeanimminentandsubstantialendangermenttothehumanhealthorwelfareortheenvironmentbecauseofanactualorthreatenedaccidentalreleaseofaregulatedsubstance,theAdministratormaysecuresuchreliefasmaybenecessarytoabatesuchdangerorthreat,andthedistrictcourtoftheUnitedStatesinthedistrictinwhichthethreatoccursshallhavejurisdictiontograntsuchreliefasthepublicinterestandtheequitiesofthecasemayrequire.TheAdministratormayalso,afternoticetotheStateinwhichthestationarysourceislocated,takeotheractionunderthisparagraphincluding,butnotlimitedto,issuingsuchordersasmaybenecessarytoprotecthumanhealth.TheAdministratorshalltakeactionundersection7603ofthistitleratherthanthisparagraphwhenevertheauthorityofsuchsectionisadequatetoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment.
(B)OrdersissuedpursuanttothisparagraphmaybeenforcedinanactionbroughtintheappropriateUnitedStatesdistrictcourtasiftheorderwereissuedundersection7603ofthistitle.
(C)Within180daysafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpublishguidanceforusingtheorderauthoritiesestablishedbythisparagraph.Suchguidanceshallprovideforthecoordinateduseoftheauthoritiesofthisparagraphwithotheremergencypowersauthorizedbysection9606ofthistitle,sections311(c),308,309and504(a)oftheFederalWaterPollutionControlAct[33U.S.C.1321(c),1318,1319,1364(a)],sections3007,3008,3013,and7003oftheSolidWasteDisposalAct[42U.S.C.6927,6928,6934,6973],sections1445and1431oftheSafeDrinkingWaterAct[42U.S.C.300j–4,300i],sections5and7oftheToxicSubstancesControlAct[15U.S.C.2604,2606],andsections7413,7414,and7603ofthistitle.
(10)Presidentialreview
ThePresidentshallconductareviewofreleaseprevention,mitigationandresponseauthoritiesofthevariousFederalagenciesandshallclarifyandcoordinateagencyresponsibilitiestoassurethemosteffectiveandefficientimplementationofsuchauthoritiesandtoidentifyanydeficienciesinauthorityorresourceswhichmayexist.ThePresidentmayutilizetheresourcesandsolicittherecommendationsoftheChemicalSafetyandHazardInvestigationBoardinconductingsuchreview.Attheconclusionofsuchreview,butnotlaterthan24monthsafterNovember15,1990,thePresidentshalltransmitamessagetotheCongressonthereleaseprevention,mitigationandresponseactivitiesoftheFederalGovernmentmakingsuchrecommendationsforchangeinlawasthePresidentmaydeemappropriate.Nothinginthisparagraphshallbeinterpreted,construedorappliedtoauthorizethePresidenttomodifyorreassignreleaseprevention,mitigationorresponseauthoritiesotherwiseestablishedbylaw.
(11)Stateauthority
Nothinginthissubsectionshallpreclude,denyorlimitanyrightofaStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereoftoadoptorenforceanyregulation,requirement,limitationorstandard(includinganyproceduralrequirement)thatismorestringentthanaregulation,requirement,limitationorstandardineffectunderthissubsectionorthatappliestoasubstancenotsubjecttothissubsection.
(s)Periodicreport
NotlaterthanJanuary15,1993andevery3yearsthereafter,theAdministratorshallprepareandtransmittotheCongressacomprehensivereportonthemeasurestakenbytheAgencyandbytheStatestoimplementtheprovisionsofthissection.TheAdministratorshallmaintainadatabaseonpollutantsandsourcessubjecttotheprovisionsofthissectionandshallincludeaggregateinformationfromthedatabaseineachannualreport.Thereportshallinclude,butnotbelimitedto—
(1)astatusreportonstandard-settingundersubsections(d)and(f);
(2)informationwithrespecttocompliancewithsuchstandardsincludingthecostsofcomplianceexperiencedbysourcesinvariouscategoriesandsubcategories;
(3)developmentandimplementationofthenationalurbanairtoxicsprogram;and
(4)recommendationsoftheChemicalSafetyandHazardInvestigationBoardwithrespecttothepreventionandmitigationofaccidentalreleases.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§112,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§4(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1685;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§§109(d)(2),110,titleIV,§401(c),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.701,703,791;Pub.L.95–623,§13(b),Nov.9,1978,92Stat.3458;Pub.L.101–549,titleIII,§301,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2531;Pub.L.102–187,Dec.4,1991,105Stat.1285;Pub.L.105–362,titleIV,§402(b),Nov.10,1998,112Stat.3283;Pub.L.106–40,§§2,3(a),Aug.5,1999,113Stat.207,208.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Thedateofenactment,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(11),probablymeansthedateofenactmentofPub.L.101–549,whichamendedthissectiongenerallyandwasapprovedNov.15,1990.
TheAtomicEnergyAct,referredtoinsubsec.(d)(9),probablymeanstheAtomicEnergyActof1954,actAug.1,1946,ch.724,asaddedbyactAug.30,1954,ch.1073,§1,68Stat.919,whichisclassifiedprincipallytochapter23(§2011etseq.)ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection2011ofthistitleandTables.
TheFederalWaterPollutionControlAct,referredtoinsubsecs.(e)(5)and(m)(1)(D),(5)(D),isactJune30,1948,ch.758,asamendedgenerallybyPub.L.92–500,§2,Oct.18,1972,86Stat.816,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter26(§1251etseq.)ofTitle33,NavigationandNavigableWaters.TitleIIoftheActisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterII(§1281etseq.)ofchapter26ofTitle33.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection1251ofTitle33andTables.
TheToxicSubstancesControlAct,referredtoinsubsec.(k)(3)(C),isPub.L.94–469,Oct.11,1976,90Stat.2003,asamended,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter53(§2601etseq.)ofTitle15,CommerceandTrade.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection2601ofTitle15andTables.
TheFederalInsecticide,FungicideandRodenticideAct,referredtoinsubsec.(k)(3)(C),probablymeanstheFederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideAct,actJune25,1947,ch.125,asamendedgenerallybyPub.L.92–516,Oct.21,1972,86Stat.973,whichisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterII(§136etseq.)ofchapter6ofTitle7,Agriculture.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection136ofTitle7andTables.
TheResourceConservationandRecoveryAct,referredtoinsubsec.(k)(3)(C),probablymeanstheResourceConservationandRecoveryActof1976,Pub.L.94–580,Oct.21,1976,90Stat.2796,asamended,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter82(§6901etseq.)ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitleof1976Amendmentnotesetoutundersection6901ofthistitleandTables.
TheSafeDrinkingWaterAct,referredtoinsubsec.(m)(1)(D),(5)(D),istitleXIVofactJuly1,1944,asaddedDec.16,1974,Pub.L.93–523,§2(a),88Stat.1660,asamended,whichisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterXII(§300fetseq.)ofchapter6Aofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection201ofthistitleandTables.
TheSolidWasteDisposalAct,referredtoinsubsec.(n)(7),istitleIIofPub.L.89–272,Oct.20,1965,79Stat.997,asamendedgenerallybyPub.L.94–580,§2,Oct.21,1976,90Stat.2795.SubtitleCoftheActisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterIII(§6921etseq.)ofchapter82ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection6901ofthistitleandTables.
Section303oftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990,referredtoinsubsec.(o)(4),probablymeanssection303ofPub.L.101–549,whichissetoutbelow.
TheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990,referredtoinsubsec.(q)(1)–(3),probablymeansPub.L.101–549,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2399.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection7401ofthistitleandTables.
TheEmergencyPlanningandCommunityRight-To-KnowActof1986,referredtoinsubsec.(r)(3),istitleIIIofPub.L.99–499,Oct.17,1986,100Stat.1728,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter116(§11001etseq.)ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection11001ofthistitleandTables.
TheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct,referredtoinsubsec.(r)(6)(C)(ii),(K),(L),probablymeanstheOccupationalSafetyandHealthActof1970,Pub.L.91–596,Dec.29,1970,84Stat.1590,asamended,whichisclassifiedprincipallytochapter15(§651etseq.)ofTitle29,Labor.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection651ofTitle29andTables.
Codification
Insubsec.(r)(6)(N),"section6101oftitle41"substitutedfor"section5oftitle41oftheUnitedStatesCode"onauthorityofPub.L.111–350,§6(c),Jan.4,2011,124Stat.3854,whichActenactedTitle41,PublicContracts.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857c-7ofthistitle.
Amendments
1999—Subsec.(r)(2)(D).Pub.L.106–40,§2(5),addedsubpar.(D).
Subsec.(r)(4).Pub.L.106–40,§2,substituted"Administrator—
"(A)shallconsider—"
for"Administratorshallconsidereachofthefollowingcriteria—"inintroductoryprovisions,redesignatedsubpars.(A)to(C)ascls.(i)to(iii),respectively,ofsubpar.(A)andaddedsubpar.(B).
Subsec.(r)(7)(H).Pub.L.106–40,§3(a),addedsubpar.(H).
1998—Subsec.(n)(2)(C).Pub.L.105–362substituted"Oncompletionofthestudy,theSecretaryshallsubmittoCongressareportontheresultsofthestudyand"for"TheSecretaryshallprepareannualreportstoCongressonthestatusoftheresearchprogramandatthecompletionofthestudy".
1991—Subsec.(b)(1).Pub.L.102–187struckout"7783064Hydrogensulfide"fromlistofpollutants.
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedsectiongenerally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionswhichrelatedto:insubsec.(a),definitions;insubsec.(b),listofhazardousairpollutants,emissionstandards,andpollutioncontroltechniques;insubsec.(c),prohibitedactsandexemption;insubsec.(d),Stateimplementationandenforcement;andinsubsec.(e),design,equipment,workpractice,andoperationalstandards.
1978—Subsec.(e)(5).Pub.L.95–623addedpar.(5).
1977—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§401(c),substituted"causes,orcontributesto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoresultinanincreaseinmortalityoranincreaseinseriousirreversible,orincapacitatingreversible,illness"for"maycause,orcontributeto,anincreaseinmortalityoranincreaseinseriousirreversible,orincapacitatingreversible,illness".
Subsec.(d)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§109(d)(2),struckout"(exceptwithrespecttostationarysourcesownedoroperatedbytheUnitedStates)"after"implementandenforcesuchstandards".
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.95–95,§110,addedsubsec.(e).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
ChangeofName
CommitteeonEnergyandCommerceofHouseofRepresentativestreatedasreferringtoCommitteeonCommerceofHouseofRepresentativesbysection1(a)ofPub.L.104–14,setoutasanoteprecedingsection21ofTitle2,TheCongress.CommitteeonCommerceofHouseofRepresentativeschangedtoCommitteeonEnergyandCommerceofHouseofRepresentatives,andjurisdictionovermattersrelatingtosecuritiesandexchangesandinsurancegenerallytransferredtoCommitteeonFinancialServicesofHouseofRepresentativesbyHouseResolutionNo.5,OneHundredSeventhCongress,Jan.3,2001.
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TerminationofReportingRequirements
Fortermination,effectiveMay15,2000,ofprovisionsoflawrequiringsubmittaltoCongressofanyannual,semiannual,orotherregularperiodicreportlistedinHouseDocumentNo.103–7(inwhichreportsrequiredundersubsecs.(m)(5),(r)(6)(C)(ii),and(s)ofthissectionarelisted,respectively,asthe8thitemonpage162,the9thitemonpage198,andthe9thitemonpage162),seesection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
Reports
Pub.L.106–40,§3(b),Aug.5,1999,113Stat.213,providedthat:
"(1)Definitionofaccidentalrelease.—Inthissubsection,theterm'accidentalrelease'hasthemeaninggiventheterminsection112(r)(2)oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7412(r)(2)).
"(2)Reportonstatusofcertainamendments.—Notlaterthan2yearsafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.5,1999],theComptrollerGeneraloftheUnitedStatesshallsubmittoCongressareportonthestatusofthedevelopmentofamendmentstotheNationalFireProtectionAssociationCodeforLiquefiedPetroleumGasthatwillresultintheprovisionofinformationtolocalemergencyresponsepersonnelconcerningtheoff-siteeffectsofaccidentalreleasesofsubstancesexemptedfromlistingundersection112(r)(4)(B)oftheCleanAirAct(asaddedbysection3).
"(3)Reportoncompliancewithcertaininformationsubmissionrequirements.—Notlaterthan3yearsafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct,theComptrollerGeneraloftheUnitedStatesshallsubmittoCongressareportthat—
"(A)describesthelevelofcompliancewithFederalandStaterequirementsrelatingtothesubmissiontolocalemergencyresponsepersonnelofinformationintendedtohelpthelocalemergencyresponsepersonnelrespondtochemicalaccidentsorrelatedenvironmentalorpublichealththreats;and
"(B)containsananalysisoftheadequacyoftheinformationrequiredtobesubmittedandtheefficacyofthemethodsfordeliveringtheinformationtolocalemergencyresponsepersonnel."
ReevaluationofRegulations
Pub.L.106–40,§3(c),Aug.5,1999,113Stat.213,providedthat:"ThePresidentshallreevaluatetheregulationspromulgatedunderthissectionwithin6yearsaftertheenactmentofthisAct[Aug.5,1999].IfthePresidentdeterminesnottomodifysuchregulations,thePresidentshallpublishanoticeintheFederalRegisterstatingthatsuchreevaluationhasbeencompletedandthatadeterminationhasbeenmadenottomodifytheregulations.Suchnoticeshallincludeanexplanationofthebasisofsuchdecision."
PublicMeetingDuringMoratoriumPeriod
Pub.L.106–40,§4,Aug.5,1999,113Stat.214,providedthat:
"(a)InGeneral.—Notlaterthan180daysafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.5,1999],eachowneroroperatorofastationarysourcecoveredbysection112(r)(7)(B)(ii)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7412(r)(7)(B)(ii)]shallconveneapublicmeeting,afterreasonablepublicnotice,inordertodescribeanddiscussthelocalimplicationsoftheriskmanagementplansubmittedbythestationarysourcepursuanttosection112(r)(7)(B)(iii)oftheCleanAirAct,includingasummaryoftheoff-siteconsequenceanalysisportionoftheplan.Twoormorestationarysourcesmayconductajointmeeting.Inlieuofconductingsuchameeting,smallbusinessstationarysourcesasdefinedinsection507(c)(1)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7661f(c)(1)]maycomplywiththissectionbypubliclypostingasummaryoftheoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationfortheirfacilitynotlaterthan180daysaftertheenactmentofthisAct.Notlaterthan10monthsafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct,eachsuchowneroroperatorshallsendacertificationtothedirectoroftheFederalBureauofInvestigationstatingthatsuchmeetinghasbeenheld,orthatsuchsummaryhasbeenposted,within1yearpriorto,orwithin6monthsafter,thedateoftheenactmentofthisAct.ThissectionshallnotapplytosourcesthatemployonlyProgram1processeswithinthemeaningofregulationspromulgatedundersection112(r)(7)(B)(i)oftheCleanAirAct.
"(b)Enforcement.—TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencymaybringanactionintheappropriateUnitedStatesdistrictcourtagainstanypersonwhofailsorrefusestocomplywiththerequirementsofthissection,andsuchcourtmayissuesuchorders,andtakesuchotheractions,asmaybenecessarytorequirecompliancewithsuchrequirements."
RiskAssessmentandManagementCommission
Pub.L.101–549,titleIII,§303,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2574,providedthat:
"(a)Establishment.—ThereisherebyestablishedaRiskAssessmentandManagementCommission(hereafterreferredtointhissectionasthe'Commission'),whichshallcommenceproceedingsnotlaterthan18monthsafterthedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990]andwhichshallmakeafullinvestigationofthepolicyimplicationsandappropriateusesofriskassessmentandriskmanagementinregulatoryprogramsundervariousFederallawstopreventcancerandotherchronichumanhealtheffectswhichmayresultfromexposuretohazardoussubstances.
"(b)Charge.—TheCommissionshallconsider—
"(1)thereportoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesauthorizedbysection112(o)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7412(o)],theuseandlimitationsofriskassessmentinestablishingemissionoreffluentstandards,ambientstandards,exposurestandards,acceptableconcentrationlevels,tolerancesorotherenvironmentalcriteriaforhazardoussubstancesthatpresentariskofcarcinogeniceffectsorotherchronichealtheffectsandthesuitabilityofriskassessmentforsuchpurposes;
"(2)themostappropriatemethodsformeasuringanddescribingcancerrisksorrisksofotherchronichealtheffectsfromexposuretohazardoussubstancesconsideringsuchalternativeapproachesasthelifetimeriskofcancerorothereffectstotheindividualorindividualsmostexposedtoemissionsfromasourceorsourcesonbothanactualandworstcasebasis,therangeofsuchrisks,thetotalnumberofhealtheffectsavoidedbyexposurereductions,effluentstandards,ambientstandards,exposuresstandards,acceptableconcentrationlevels,tolerancesandotherenvironmentalcriteria,reductionsinthenumberofpersonsexposedatvariouslevelsofrisk,theincidenceofcancer,andotherpublichealthfactors;
"(3)methodstoreflectuncertaintiesinmeasurementandestimationtechniques,theexistenceofsynergisticorantagonisticeffectsamonghazardoussubstances,theaccuracyofextrapolatinghumanhealthrisksfromanimalexposuredata,andtheexistenceofunquantifieddirectorindirecteffectsonhumanhealthinriskassessmentstudies;
"(4)riskmanagementpolicyissuesincludingtheuseoflifetimecancerriskstoindividualsmostexposed,incidenceofcancer,thecostandtechnicalfeasibilityofexposurereductionmeasuresandtheuseofsite-specificactualexposureinformationinsettingemissionsstandardsandotherlimitationsapplicabletosourcesofexposuretohazardoussubstances;and
"(5)andcommentonthedegreetowhichitispossibleordesirabletodevelopaconsistentriskassessmentmethodology,oraconsistentstandardofacceptablerisk,amongvariousFederalprograms.
"(c)Membership.—SuchCommissionshallbecomposedoftenmemberswhoshallhaveknowledgeorexperienceinfieldsofriskassessmentorriskmanagement,includingthreememberstobeappointedbythePresident,twomemberstobeappointedbytheSpeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives,onemembertobeappointedbytheMinorityLeaderoftheHouseofRepresentatives,twomemberstobeappointedbytheMajorityLeaderoftheSenate,onemembertobeappointedbytheMinorityLeaderoftheSenate,andonemembertobeappointedbythePresidentoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.Appointmentsshallbemadenotlaterthan18monthsafterthedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990].
"(d)AssistancefromAgencies.—TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandtheheadsofallotherdepartments,agencies,andinstrumentalitiesoftheexecutivebranchoftheFederalGovernmentshall,tothemaximumextentpracticable,assisttheCommissioningatheringsuchinformationastheCommissiondeemsnecessarytocarryoutthissectionsubjecttootherprovisionsoflaw.
"(e)StaffandContracts.—
"(1)Intheconductofthestudyrequiredbythissection,theCommissionisauthorizedtocontract(inaccordancewithFederalcontractlaw)withnongovernmentalentitiesthatarecompetenttoperformresearchorinvestigationswithintheCommission'smandate,andtoholdpublichearings,forums,andworkshopstoenablefullpublicparticipation.
"(2)TheCommissionmayappointandfixthepayofsuchstaffasitdeemsnecessaryinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftitle5,UnitedStatesCode.TheCommissionmayrequestthetemporaryassignmentofpersonnelfromtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyorotherFederalagencies.
"(3)ThemembersoftheCommissionwhoarenotofficersoremployeesoftheUnitedStates,whileattendingconferencesormeetingsoftheCommissionorwhileotherwiseservingattherequestoftheChair,shallbeentitledtoreceivecompensationataratenotinexcessofthemaximumrateofpayforGradeGS–18,asprovidedintheGeneralScheduleundersection5332oftitle5oftheUnitedStatesCode,includingtraveltime,andwhileawayfromtheirhomesorregularplacesofbusinesstheymaybeallowedtravelexpenses,includingperdieminlieuofsubsistenceasauthorizedbylawforpersonsintheGovernmentserviceemployedintermittently.
"(f)Report.—AreportcontainingtheresultsofallCommissionstudiesandinvestigationsunderthissection,togetherwithanyappropriatelegislativerecommendationsoradministrativerecommendations,shallbemadeavailabletothepublicforcommentnotlaterthan42monthsafterthedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990]andshallbesubmittedtothePresidentandtotheCongressnotlaterthan48monthsaftersuchdateofenactment.Inthereport,theCommissionshallmakerecommendationswithrespecttotheappropriateuseofriskassessmentandriskmanagementinFederalregulatoryprogramstopreventcancerorotherchronichealtheffectswhichmayresultfromexposuretohazardoussubstances.TheCommissionshallceasetoexistuponthedatedeterminedbytheCommission,butnotlaterthan9monthsafterthesubmissionofsuchreport.
"(g)Authorization.—ThereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedsuchsumsasarenecessarytocarryouttheactivitiesoftheCommissionestablishedbythissection."
[ReferencesinlawstotheratesofpayforGS–16,17,or18,ortomaximumratesofpayundertheGeneralSchedule,tobeconsideredreferencestoratespayableunderspecifiedsectionsofTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees,seesection529[titleI,§101(c)(1)]ofPub.L.101–509,setoutinanoteundersection5376ofTitle5.]
ExecutiveDocuments
DelegationofAuthority
MemorandumofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,Aug.19,1993,58F.R.52397,provided:
MemorandumfortheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
WHEREAS,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theagenciesanddepartmentsthataremembersoftheNationalResponseTeam(authorizedunderExecutiveOrderNo.12580,52Fed.Reg.2923(1987)[42U.S.C.9615note]),andotherFederalagenciesanddepartmentsundertakeemergencyreleaseprevention,mitigation,andresponseactivitiespursuanttovariousauthorities;
BytheauthorityvestedinmeasPresidentbytheConstitutionandthelawsoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,includingsection112(r)(10)oftheCleanAirAct(the"Act")(section7412(r)(10)oftitle42oftheUnitedStatesCode)andsection301oftitle3oftheUnitedStatesCode,andinordertoprovideforthedelegationofcertainfunctionsundertheAct[42U.S.C.7401etseq.],Ihereby:
(1)Authorizeyou,incoordinationwithagenciesanddepartmentsthataremembersoftheNationalResponseTeamandotherappropriateagenciesanddepartments,toconductareviewofreleaseprevention,mitigation,andresponseauthoritiesofFederalagenciesinordertoassurethemosteffectiveandefficientimplementationofsuchauthoritiesandtoidentifyanydeficienciesinauthorityorresourcesthatmayexist,totheextentsuchreviewisrequiredbysection112(r)(10)oftheAct;and
(2)Authorizeyou,incoordinationwithagenciesanddepartmentsthataremembersoftheNationalResponseTeamandotherappropriateagenciesanddepartments,toprepareandtransmitamessagetotheCongressconcerningthereleaseprevention,mitigation,andresponseactivitiesoftheFederalGovernmentwithsuchrecommendationsforchangeinlawasyoudeemappropriate,totheextentsuchmessageisrequiredbysection112(r)(10)oftheAct.
TheauthoritydelegatedbythismemorandummaybefurtherredelegatedwithintheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
YouareherebyauthorizedanddirectedtopublishthismemorandumintheFederalRegister.
WilliamJ.Clinton.
MemorandumofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,Jan.27,2000,65F.R.8631,provided:
MemorandumfortheAttorneyGeneral[,]theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency[,and]theDirectoroftheOfficeofManagementandBudget
BytheauthorityvestedinmeasPresidentbytheConstitutionandlawsoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,includingsection112(r)(7)(H)oftheCleanAirAct("Act")(42U.S.C.7412(r)(7)(H)),asaddedbysection3oftheChemicalSafetyInformation,SiteSecurityandFuelsRegulatoryReliefAct(PublicLaw106–40),andsection301oftitle3,UnitedStatesCode,Iherebydelegateto:
(1)theAttorneyGeneraltheauthorityvestedinthePresidentundersection112(r)(7)(H)(ii)(I)(aa)oftheActtoassesstheincreasedriskofterroristandothercriminalactivityassociatedwiththepostingofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationontheInternet;
(2)theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)theauthorityvestedinthePresidentundersection112(r)(7)(H)(ii)(I)(bb)oftheActtoassesstheincentivescreatedbypublicdisclosureofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformationforreductionintheriskofaccidentalreleases;and
(3)theAttorneyGeneralandtheAdministratorofEPA,jointly,theauthorityvestedinthePresidentundersection112(r)(7)(H)(ii)(II)oftheActtopromulgateregulations,basedontheseassessments,governingthedistributionofoff-siteconsequenceanalysisinformation.Theseregulations,inproposedandfinalform,shallbesubjecttoreviewandapprovalbytheDirectoroftheOfficeofManagementandBudget.
TheAdministratorofEPAisauthorizedanddirectedtopublishthismemorandumintheFederalRegister.
WilliamJ.Clinton.
FlexibleImplementationoftheMercuryandAirToxicsStandardsRule
MemorandumofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,Dec.21,2011,76F.R.80727,provided:
MemorandumfortheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
Today'sissuance,bytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),ofthefinalMercuryandAirToxicsStandardsruleforpowerplants(the"MATSRule")representsamajorstepforwardinmyAdministration'seffortstoprotectpublichealthandtheenvironment.
Thisrule,issuedaftercarefulconsiderationofpubliccomments,prescribesstandardsundersection112oftheCleanAirActtocontrolemissionsofmercuryandothertoxicairpollutantsfrompowerplants,whichcollectivelyareamongthelargestsourcesofsuchpollutionintheUnitedStates.TheEPAestimatesthatbysubstantiallyreducingemissionsofpollutantsthatcontributetoneurologicaldamage,cancer,respiratoryillnesses,andotherhealthrisks,theMATSRulewillproducemajorhealthbenefitsformillionsofAmericans—includingchildren,olderAmericans,andothervulnerablepopulations.ConsistentwithExecutiveOrder13563(ImprovingRegulationandRegulatoryReview),theestimatedbenefitsoftheMATSRulefarexceedtheestimatedcosts.
TheMATSRulecanbeimplementedthroughtheuseofdemonstrated,existingpollutioncontroltechnologies.TheUnitedStatesisaglobalmarketleaderinthedesignandmanufactureofthesetechnologies,anditisanticipatedthatU.S.firmsandworkerswillprovidemuchoftheequipmentandlaborneededtomeetthesubstantialinvestmentsinpollutioncontrolthatthestandardsareexpectedtospur.
ThesenewstandardswillpromotethetransitiontoacleanerandmoreefficientU.S.electricpowersystem.ThissystemasawholeiscriticalinfrastructurethatplaysakeyroleinthefunctioningofallfacetsoftheU.S.economy,andmaintainingitsstabilityandreliabilityisofcriticalimportance.ItisthereforecrucialthatimplementationoftheMATSRuleproceedinacost-effectivemannerthatensureselectricreliability.
AnalysesconductedbytheEPAandtheDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)indicatethattheMATSRuleisnotanticipatedtocompromiseelectricgeneratingresourceadequacyinanyregionofthecountry.TheCleanAirActoffersanumberofimplementationflexibilities,andtheEPAhasalongandsuccessfulhistoryofusingthoseflexibilitiestoensureasmoothtransitiontocleanertechnologies.
TheCleanAirActprovides3yearsfromtheeffectivedateoftheMATSRuleforsourcestocomplywithitsrequirements.Inaddition,section112(i)(3)(B)oftheActallowstheissuanceofapermitgrantingasourceuptooneadditionalyearwherenecessaryfortheinstallationofcontrols.AsyoustatedinthepreambletotheMATSRule,thisadditionalfourthyearshouldbebroadlyavailabletosources,consistentwiththerequirementsofthelaw.
TheEPAhasconcludedthat4yearsshouldgenerallybesufficienttoinstallthenecessaryemissioncontrolequipment,andDOEhasissuedanalysisconsistentwiththatconclusion.Whilemoretimeisgenerallynotexpectedtobeneeded,theCleanAirActoffersotherimportantflexibilitiesaswell.Forexample,section113(a)oftheActprovidestheEPAwithflexibilitytobringsourcesintocomplianceoverthecourseofanadditionalyear,shouldunusualcircumstancesarisethatwarrantsuchflexibility.
ToaddressanyconcernswithrespecttoelectricreliabilitywhileassuringMATS'publichealthbenefits,Idirectyoutotakethefollowingactions:
1.Buildingontheinformationandguidancethatyouhaveprovidedtothepublic,relevantstakeholders,andpermittingauthoritiesinthepreambleoftheMATSRule,workwithStateandlocalpermittingauthoritiestomaketheadditionalyearforcompliancewiththeMATSRuleprovidedundersection112(i)(3)(B)oftheCleanAirActbroadlyavailabletosources,consistentwithlaw,andtoinvokethisflexibilityexpeditiouslywherejustified.
2.Promoteearly,coordinated,andorderlyplanningandexecutionofthemeasuresneededtoimplementtheMATSRulewhilemaintainingthereliabilityoftheelectricpowersystem.ConsistentwithExecutiveOrder13563,thisprocessshouldbedesignedto"promotepredictabilityandreduceuncertainty,"andshouldincludeengagementandcoordinationwithDOE,theFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission,Stateutilityregulators,RegionalTransmissionOrganizations,theNorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCorporationandregionalelectricreliabilityorganizations,othergridplanningauthorities,electricutilities,andotherstakeholders,asappropriate.
3.Makeavailabletothepublic,includingrelevantstakeholders,informationconcerninganyanticipateduseofauthorities:(a)undersection112(i)(3)(B)oftheCleanAirActintheeventthatadditionaltimetocomplywiththeMATSRuleisnecessaryfortheinstallationoftechnology;and(b)undersection113(a)oftheCleanAirActintheeventthatadditionaltimetocomplywiththeMATSRuleisnecessarytoaddressaspecificanddocumentedelectricreliabilityissue.Thisinformationshoulddescribetheprocessforworkingwithentitieswithrelevantexpertisetoidentifycircumstanceswhereelectricreliabilityconcernsmightjustifyallowingadditionaltimetocomply.
Thismemorandumisnotintendedto,anddoesnot,createanyrightorbenefit,substantiveorprocedural,enforceableatlaworinequitybyanypartyagainsttheUnitedStates,itsdepartments,agencies,orentities,itsofficers,employees,oragents,oranyotherperson.
YouareherebyauthorizedanddirectedtopublishthismemorandumintheFederalRegister.
BarackObama.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"effects".
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"section".
4 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"Right-To-Know".
5 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbeparagraph"(7)(B)".
6 Soinoriginal.Theword"or"probablyshouldappear.
7 Soinoriginal.Theword"Administrator"probablyshouldbe"Secretary".
8 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subparagraph".
9 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"(i)(II)".
§7413.Federalenforcement
(a)Ingeneral
(1)OrdertocomplywithSIP
Whenever,onthebasisofanyinformationavailabletotheAdministrator,theAdministratorfindsthatanypersonhasviolatedorisinviolationofanyrequirementorprohibitionofanapplicableimplementationplanorpermit,theAdministratorshallnotifythepersonandtheStateinwhichtheplanappliesofsuchfinding.Atanytimeaftertheexpirationof30daysfollowingthedateonwhichsuchnoticeofaviolationisissued,theAdministratormay,withoutregardtotheperiodofviolation(subjecttosection2462oftitle28)—
(A)issueanorderrequiringsuchpersontocomplywiththerequirementsorprohibitionsofsuchplanorpermit,
(B)issueanadministrativepenaltyorderinaccordancewithsubsection(d),or
(C)bringacivilactioninaccordancewithsubsection(b).
(2)StatefailuretoenforceSIPorpermitprogram
Whenever,onthebasisofinformationavailabletotheAdministrator,theAdministratorfindsthatviolationsofanapplicableimplementationplanoranapprovedpermitprogramundersubchapterVaresowidespreadthatsuchviolationsappeartoresultfromafailureoftheStateinwhichtheplanorpermitprogramappliestoenforcetheplanorpermitprogrameffectively,theAdministratorshallsonotifytheState.Inthecaseofapermitprogram,thenoticeshallbemadeinaccordancewithsubchapterV.IftheAdministratorfindssuchfailureextendsbeyondthe30thdayaftersuchnotice(90daysinthecaseofsuchpermitprogram),theAdministratorshallgivepublicnoticeofsuchfinding.DuringtheperiodbeginningwithsuchpublicnoticeandendingwhensuchStatesatisfiestheAdministratorthatitwillenforcesuchplanorpermitprogram(hereafterreferredtointhissectionas"periodoffederallyassumedenforcement"),theAdministratormayenforceanyrequirementorprohibitionofsuchplanorpermitprogramwithrespecttoanypersonby—
(A)issuinganorderrequiringsuchpersontocomplywithsuchrequirementorprohibition,
(B)issuinganadministrativepenaltyorderinaccordancewithsubsection(d),or
(C)bringingacivilactioninaccordancewithsubsection(b).
(3)EPAenforcementofotherrequirements
Exceptforarequirementorprohibitionenforceableundertheprecedingprovisionsofthissubsection,whenever,onthebasisofanyinformationavailabletotheAdministrator,theAdministratorfindsthatanypersonhasviolated,orisinviolationof,anyotherrequirementorprohibitionofthissubchapter,section7603ofthistitle,subchapterIV–A,subchapterV,orsubchapterVI,including,butnotlimitedto,arequirementorprohibitionofanyrule,plan,order,waiver,orpermitpromulgated,issued,orapprovedunderthoseprovisionsorsubchapters,orforthepaymentofanyfeeowedtotheUnitedStatesunderthischapter(otherthansubchapterII),theAdministratormay—
(A)issueanadministrativepenaltyorderinaccordancewithsubsection(d),
(B)issueanorderrequiringsuchpersontocomplywithsuchrequirementorprohibition,
(C)bringacivilactioninaccordancewithsubsection(b)orsection7605ofthistitle,or
(D)requesttheAttorneyGeneraltocommenceacriminalactioninaccordancewithsubsection(c).
(4)Requirementsfororders
Anorderissuedunderthissubsection(otherthananorderrelatingtoaviolationofsection7412ofthistitle)shallnottakeeffectuntilthepersontowhomitisissuedhashadanopportunitytoconferwiththeAdministratorconcerningtheallegedviolation.AcopyofanyorderissuedunderthissubsectionshallbesenttotheStateairpollutioncontrolagencyofanyStateinwhichtheviolationoccurs.AnyorderissuedunderthissubsectionshallstatewithreasonablespecificitythenatureoftheviolationandspecifyatimeforcompliancewhichtheAdministratordeterminesisreasonable,takingintoaccounttheseriousnessoftheviolationandanygoodfaitheffortstocomplywithapplicablerequirements.Inanycaseinwhichanorderunderthissubsection(ornoticetoaviolatorunderparagraph(1))isissuedtoacorporation,acopyofsuchorder(ornotice)shallbeissuedtoappropriatecorporateofficers.Anorderissuedunderthissubsectionshallrequirethepersontowhomitwasissuedtocomplywiththerequirementasexpeditiouslyaspracticable,butinnoeventlongerthanoneyearafterthedatetheorderwasissued,andshallbenonrenewable.NoorderissuedunderthissubsectionshallpreventtheStateortheAdministratorfromassessinganypenaltiesnorotherwiseaffectorlimittheState'sortheUnitedStatesauthoritytoenforceunderotherprovisionsofthischapter,noraffectanyperson'sobligationstocomplywithanysectionofthischapterorwithatermorconditionofanypermitorapplicableimplementationplanpromulgatedorapprovedunderthischapter.
(5)Failuretocomplywithnewsourcerequirements
Whenever,onthebasisofanyavailableinformation,theAdministratorfindsthataStateisnotactingincompliancewithanyrequirementorprohibitionofthechapterrelatingtotheconstructionofnewsourcesorthemodificationofexistingsources,theAdministratormay—
(A)issueanorderprohibitingtheconstructionormodificationofanymajorstationarysourceinanyareatowhichsuchrequirementapplies; 1
(B)issueanadministrativepenaltyorderinaccordancewithsubsection(d),or
(C)bringacivilactionundersubsection(b).
NothinginthissubsectionshallprecludetheUnitedStatesfromcommencingacriminalactionundersubsection(c)atanytimeforanysuchviolation.
(b)Civiljudicialenforcement
TheAdministratorshall,asappropriate,inthecaseofanypersonthatistheowneroroperatorofanaffectedsource,amajoremittingfacility,oramajorstationarysource,andmay,inthecaseofanyotherperson,commenceacivilactionforapermanentortemporaryinjunction,ortoassessandrecoveracivilpenaltyofnotmorethan$25,000perdayforeachviolation,orboth,inanyofthefollowinginstances:
(1)Wheneversuchpersonhasviolated,orisinviolationof,anyrequirementorprohibitionofanapplicableimplementationplanorpermit.Suchanactionshallbecommenced(A)duringanyperiodoffederallyassumedenforcement,or(B)morethan30daysfollowingthedateoftheAdministrator'snotificationundersubsection(a)(1)thatsuchpersonhasviolated,orisinviolationof,suchrequirementorprohibition.
(2)Wheneversuchpersonhasviolated,orisinviolationof,anyotherrequirementorprohibitionofthissubchapter,section7603ofthistitle,subchapterIV–A,subchapterV,orsubchapterVI,including,butnotlimitedto,arequirementorprohibitionofanyrule,order,waiverorpermitpromulgated,issued,orapprovedunderthischapter,orforthepaymentofanyfeeowedtheUnitedStatesunderthischapter(otherthansubchapterII).
(3)Wheneversuchpersonattemptstoconstructormodifyamajorstationarysourceinanyareawithrespecttowhichafindingundersubsection(a)(5)hasbeenmade.
AnyactionunderthissubsectionmaybebroughtinthedistrictcourtoftheUnitedStatesforthedistrictinwhichtheviolationisallegedtohaveoccurred,orisoccurring,orinwhichthedefendantresides,orwherethedefendant'sprincipalplaceofbusinessislocated,andsuchcourtshallhavejurisdictiontorestrainsuchviolation,torequirecompliance,toassesssuchcivilpenalty,tocollectanyfeesowedtheUnitedStatesunderthischapter(otherthansubchapterII)andanynoncomplianceassessmentandnonpaymentpenaltyowedundersection7420ofthistitle,andtoawardanyotherappropriaterelief.NoticeofthecommencementofsuchactionshallbegiventotheappropriateStateairpollutioncontrolagency.InthecaseofanyactionbroughtbytheAdministratorunderthissubsection,thecourtmayawardcostsoflitigation(includingreasonableattorneyandexpertwitnessfees)tothepartyorpartiesagainstwhomsuchactionwasbroughtifthecourtfindsthatsuchactionwasunreasonable.
(c)Criminalpenalties
(1)Anypersonwhoknowinglyviolatesanyrequirementorprohibitionofanapplicableimplementationplan(duringanyperiodoffederallyassumedenforcementormorethan30daysafterhavingbeennotifiedundersubsection(a)(1)bytheAdministratorthatsuchpersonisviolatingsuchrequirementorprohibition),anyorderundersubsection(a)ofthissection,requirementorprohibitionofsection7411(e)ofthistitle(relatingtonewsourceperformancestandards),section7412ofthistitle,section7414ofthistitle(relatingtoinspections,etc.),section7429ofthistitle(relatingtosolidwastecombustion),section7475(a)ofthistitle(relatingtopreconstructionrequirements),anorderundersection7477ofthistitle(relatingtopreconstructionrequirements),anorderundersection7603ofthistitle(relatingtoemergencyorders),section7661a(a)or7661b(c)ofthistitle(relatingtopermits),oranyrequirementorprohibitionofsubchapterIV–A(relatingtoaciddepositioncontrol),orsubchapterVI(relatingtostratosphericozonecontrol),includingarequirementofanyrule,order,waiver,orpermitpromulgatedorapprovedundersuchsectionsorsubchapters,andincludinganyrequirementforthepaymentofanyfeeowedtheUnitedStatesunderthischapter(otherthansubchapterII)shall,uponconviction,bepunishedbyafinepursuanttotitle18orbyimprisonmentfornottoexceed5years,orboth.Ifaconvictionofanypersonunderthisparagraphisforaviolationcommittedafterafirstconvictionofsuchpersonunderthisparagraph,themaximumpunishmentshallbedoubledwithrespecttoboththefineandimprisonment.
(2)Anypersonwhoknowingly—
(A)makesanyfalsematerialstatement,representation,orcertificationin,oromitsmaterialinformationfrom,orknowinglyalters,conceals,orfailstofileormaintainanynotice,application,record,report,plan,orotherdocumentrequiredpursuanttothischaptertobeeitherfiledormaintained(whetherwithrespecttotherequirementsimposedbytheAdministratororbyaState);
(B)failstonotifyorreportasrequiredunderthischapter;or
(C)falsifies,tamperswith,rendersinaccurate,orfailstoinstallanymonitoringdeviceormethodrequiredtobemaintainedorfollowedunderthischapter 2
shall,uponconviction,bepunishedbyafinepursuanttotitle18orbyimprisonmentfornotmorethan2years,orboth.Ifaconvictionofanypersonunderthisparagraphisforaviolationcommittedafterafirstconvictionofsuchpersonunderthisparagraph,themaximumpunishmentshallbedoubledwithrespecttoboththefineandimprisonment.
(3)AnypersonwhoknowinglyfailstopayanyfeeowedtheUnitedStatesunderthissubchapter,subchapterIII,IV–A,V,orVIshall,uponconviction,bepunishedbyafinepursuanttotitle18orbyimprisonmentfornotmorethan1year,orboth.Ifaconvictionofanypersonunderthisparagraphisforaviolationcommittedafterafirstconvictionofsuchpersonunderthisparagraph,themaximumpunishmentshallbedoubledwithrespecttoboththefineandimprisonment.
(4)Anypersonwhonegligentlyreleasesintotheambientairanyhazardousairpollutantlistedpursuanttosection7412ofthistitleoranyextremelyhazardoussubstancelistedpursuanttosection11002(a)(2)ofthistitlethatisnotlistedinsection7412ofthistitle,andwhoatthetimenegligentlyplacesanotherpersoninimminentdangerofdeathorseriousbodilyinjuryshall,uponconviction,bepunishedbyafineundertitle18orbyimprisonmentfornotmorethan1year,orboth.Ifaconvictionofanypersonunderthisparagraphisforaviolationcommittedafterafirstconvictionofsuchpersonunderthisparagraph,themaximumpunishmentshallbedoubledwithrespecttoboththefineandimprisonment.
(5)(A)Anypersonwhoknowinglyreleasesintotheambientairanyhazardousairpollutantlistedpursuanttosection7412ofthistitleoranyextremelyhazardoussubstancelistedpursuanttosection11002(a)(2)ofthistitlethatisnotlistedinsection7412ofthistitle,andwhoknowsatthetimethathetherebyplacesanotherpersoninimminentdangerofdeathorseriousbodilyinjuryshall,uponconviction,bepunishedbyafineundertitle18orbyimprisonmentofnotmorethan15years,orboth.Anypersoncommittingsuchviolationwhichisanorganizationshall,uponconvictionunderthisparagraph,besubjecttoafineofnotmorethan$1,000,000foreachviolation.Ifaconvictionofanypersonunderthisparagraphisforaviolationcommittedafterafirstconvictionofsuchpersonunderthisparagraph,themaximumpunishmentshallbedoubledwithrespecttoboththefineandimprisonment.ForanyairpollutantforwhichtheAdministratorhassetanemissionsstandardorforanysourceforwhichapermithasbeenissuedundersubchapterV,areleaseofsuchpollutantinaccordancewiththatstandardorpermitshallnotconstituteaviolationofthisparagraphorparagraph(4).
(B)Indeterminingwhetheradefendantwhoisanindividualknewthattheviolationplacedanotherpersoninimminentdangerofdeathorseriousbodilyinjury—
(i)thedefendantisresponsibleonlyforactualawarenessoractualbeliefpossessed;and
(ii)knowledgepossessedbyapersonotherthanthedefendant,butnotbythedefendant,maynotbeattributedtothedefendant;
exceptthatinprovingadefendant'spossessionofactualknowledge,circumstantialevidencemaybeused,includingevidencethatthedefendanttookaffirmativestepstobeshieldedfromrelevantinformation.
(C)Itisanaffirmativedefensetoaprosecutionthattheconductchargedwasfreelyconsentedtobythepersonendangeredandthatthedangerandconductchargedwerereasonablyforeseeablehazardsof—
(i)anoccupation,abusiness,oraprofession;or
(ii)medicaltreatmentormedicalorscientificexperimentationconductedbyprofessionallyapprovedmethodsandsuchotherpersonhadbeenmadeawareoftherisksinvolvedpriortogivingconsent.
Thedefendantmayestablishanaffirmativedefenseunderthissubparagraphbyapreponderanceoftheevidence.
(D)Allgeneraldefenses,affirmativedefenses,andbarstoprosecutionthatmayapplywithrespecttootherFederalcriminaloffensesmayapplyundersubparagraph(A)ofthisparagraphandshallbedeterminedbythecourtsoftheUnitedStatesaccordingtotheprinciplesofcommonlawastheymaybeinterpretedinthelightofreasonandexperience.Conceptsofjustificationandexcuseapplicableunderthissectionmaybedevelopedinthelightofreasonandexperience.
(E)Theterm"organization"meansalegalentity,otherthanagovernment,establishedororganizedforanypurpose,andsuchtermincludesacorporation,company,association,firm,partnership,jointstockcompany,foundation,institution,trust,society,union,oranyotherassociationofpersons.
(F)Theterm"seriousbodilyinjury"meansbodilyinjurywhichinvolvesasubstantialriskofdeath,unconsciousness,extremephysicalpain,protractedandobviousdisfigurementorprotractedlossorimpairmentofthefunctionofabodilymember,organ,ormentalfaculty.
(6)Forthepurposeofthissubsection,theterm"person"includes,inadditiontotheentitiesreferredtoinsection7602(e)ofthistitle,anyresponsiblecorporateofficer.
(d)Administrativeassessmentofcivilpenalties
(1)TheAdministratormayissueanadministrativeorderagainstanypersonassessingaciviladministrativepenaltyofupto$25,000,perdayofviolation,whenever,onthebasisofanyavailableinformation,theAdministratorfindsthatsuchperson—
(A)hasviolatedorisviolatinganyrequirementorprohibitionofanapplicableimplementationplan(suchordershallbeissued(i)duringanyperiodoffederallyassumedenforcement,or(ii)morethanthirtydaysfollowingthedateoftheAdministrator'snotificationundersubsection(a)(1)ofthissectionofafindingthatsuchpersonhasviolatedorisviolatingsuchrequirementorprohibition);or
(B)hasviolatedorisviolatinganyotherrequirementorprohibitionofthissubchapterorsubchapterIII,IV–A,V,orVI,including,butnotlimitedto,arequirementorprohibitionofanyrule,order,waiver,permit,orplanpromulgated,issued,orapprovedunderthischapter,orforthepaymentofanyfeeowedtheUnitedStatesunderthischapter(otherthansubchapterII);or
(C)attemptstoconstructormodifyamajorstationarysourceinanyareawithrespecttowhichafindingundersubsection(a)(5)ofthissectionhasbeenmade.
TheAdministrator'sauthorityunderthisparagraphshallbelimitedtomatterswherethetotalpenaltysoughtdoesnotexceed$200,000andthefirstallegeddateofviolationoccurrednomorethan12monthspriortotheinitiationoftheadministrativeaction,exceptwheretheAdministratorandtheAttorneyGeneraljointlydeterminethatamatterinvolvingalargerpenaltyamountorlongerperiodofviolationisappropriateforadministrativepenaltyaction.AnysuchdeterminationbytheAdministratorandtheAttorneyGeneralshallnotbesubjecttojudicialreview.
(2)(A)Anadministrativepenaltyassessedunderparagraph(1)shallbeassessedbytheAdministratorbyanordermadeafteropportunityforahearingontherecordinaccordancewithsections554and556oftitle5.TheAdministratorshallissuereasonablerulesfordiscoveryandotherproceduresforhearingsunderthisparagraph.Beforeissuingsuchanorder,theAdministratorshallgivewrittennoticetothepersontobeassessedanadministrativepenaltyoftheAdministrator'sproposaltoissuesuchorderandprovidesuchpersonanopportunitytorequestsuchahearingontheorder,within30daysofthedatethenoticeisreceivedbysuchperson.
(B)TheAdministratormaycompromise,modify,orremit,withorwithoutconditions,anyadministrativepenaltywhichmaybeimposedunderthissubsection.
(3)TheAdministratormayimplement,afterconsultationwiththeAttorneyGeneralandtheStates,afieldcitationprogramthroughregulationsestablishingappropriateminorviolationsforwhichfieldcitationsassessingcivilpenaltiesnottoexceed$5,000perdayofviolationmaybeissuedbyofficersoremployeesdesignatedbytheAdministrator.Anypersontowhomafieldcitationisassessedmay,withinareasonabletimeasprescribedbytheAdministratorthroughregulation,electtopaythepenaltyassessmentortorequestahearingonthefieldcitation.Ifarequestforahearingisnotmadewithinthetimespecifiedintheregulation,thepenaltyassessmentinthefieldcitationshallbefinal.Suchhearingshallnotbesubjecttosection554or556oftitle5,butshallprovideareasonableopportunitytobeheardandtopresentevidence.PaymentofacivilpenaltyrequiredbyafieldcitationshallnotbeadefensetofurtherenforcementbytheUnitedStatesoraStatetocorrectaviolation,ortoassessthestatutorymaximumpenaltypursuanttootherauthoritiesinthechapter,iftheviolationcontinues.
(4)Anypersonagainstwhomacivilpenaltyisassessedunderparagraph(3)ofthissubsectionortowhomanadministrativepenaltyorderisissuedunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsectionmayseekreviewofsuchassessmentintheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheDistrictofColumbiaorforthedistrictinwhichtheviolationisallegedtohaveoccurred,inwhichsuchpersonresides,orwheresuchperson'sprincipalplaceofbusinessislocated,byfilinginsuchcourtwithin30daysfollowingthedatetheadministrativepenaltyorderbecomesfinalunderparagraph(2),theassessmentbecomesfinalunderparagraph(3),orafinaldecisionfollowingahearingunderparagraph(3)isrendered,andbysimultaneouslysendingacopyofthefilingbycertifiedmailtotheAdministratorandtheAttorneyGeneral.Within30daysthereafter,theAdministratorshallfileinsuchcourtacertifiedcopy,orcertifiedindex,asappropriate,oftherecordonwhichtheadministrativepenaltyorderorassessmentwasissued.Suchcourtshallnotsetasideorremandsuchorderorassessmentunlessthereisnotsubstantialevidenceintherecord,takenasawhole,tosupportthefindingofaviolationorunlesstheorderorpenaltyassessmentconstitutesanabuseofdiscretion.Suchorderorpenaltyassessmentshallnotbesubjecttoreviewbyanycourtexceptasprovidedinthisparagraph.Inanysuchproceedings,theUnitedStatesmayseektorecovercivilpenaltiesorderedorassessedunderthissection.
(5)Ifanypersonfailstopayanassessmentofacivilpenaltyorfailstocomplywithanadministrativepenaltyorder—
(A)aftertheorderorassessmenthasbecomefinal,or
(B)afteracourtinanactionbroughtunderparagraph(4)hasenteredafinaljudgmentinfavoroftheAdministrator,
theAdministratorshallrequesttheAttorneyGeneraltobringacivilactioninanappropriatedistrictcourttoenforcetheorderortorecovertheamountorderedorassessed(plusinterestatratesestablishedpursuanttosection6621(a)(2)oftitle26fromthedateofthefinalorderordecisionorthedateofthefinaljudgment,asthecasemaybe).Insuchanaction,thevalidity,amount,andappropriatenessofsuchorderorassessmentshallnotbesubjecttoreview.Anypersonwhofailstopayonatimelybasisacivilpenaltyorderedorassessedunderthissectionshallberequiredtopay,inadditiontosuchpenaltyandinterest,theUnitedStatesenforcementexpenses,includingbutnotlimitedtoattorneysfeesandcostsincurredbytheUnitedStatesforcollectionproceedingsandaquarterlynonpaymentpenaltyforeachquarterduringwhichsuchfailuretopaypersists.Suchnonpaymentpenaltyshallbe10percentoftheaggregateamountofsuchperson'soutstandingpenaltiesandnonpaymentpenaltiesaccruedasofthebeginningofsuchquarter.
(e)Penaltyassessmentcriteria
(1)Indeterminingtheamountofanypenaltytobeassessedunderthissectionorsection7604(a)ofthistitle,theAdministratororthecourt,asappropriate,shalltakeintoconsideration(inadditiontosuchotherfactorsasjusticemayrequire)thesizeofthebusiness,theeconomicimpactofthepenaltyonthebusiness,theviolator'sfullcompliancehistoryandgoodfaitheffortstocomply,thedurationoftheviolationasestablishedbyanycredibleevidence(includingevidenceotherthantheapplicabletestmethod),paymentbytheviolatorofpenaltiespreviouslyassessedforthesameviolation,theeconomicbenefitofnoncompliance,andtheseriousnessoftheviolation.Thecourtshallnotassesspenaltiesfornoncompliancewithadministrativesubpoenasundersection7607(a)ofthistitle,oractionsundersection7414ofthistitle,wheretheviolatorhadsufficientcausetoviolateorfailorrefusetocomplywithsuchsubpoenaoraction.
(2)Apenaltymaybeassessedforeachdayofviolation.Forpurposesofdeterminingthenumberofdaysofviolationforwhichapenaltymaybeassessedundersubsection(b)or(d)(1)ofthissection,orsection7604(a)ofthistitle,oranassessmentmaybemadeundersection7420ofthistitle,wheretheAdministratororanairpollutioncontrolagencyhasnotifiedthesourceoftheviolation,andtheplaintiffmakesaprimafacieshowingthattheconductoreventsgivingrisetotheviolationarelikelytohavecontinuedorrecurredpastthedateofnotice,thedaysofviolationshallbepresumedtoincludethedateofsuchnoticeandeachandeverydaythereafteruntiltheviolatorestablishesthatcontinuouscompliancehasbeenachieved,excepttotheextentthattheviolatorcanprovebyapreponderanceoftheevidencethattherewereinterveningdaysduringwhichnoviolationoccurredorthattheviolationwasnotcontinuinginnature.
(f)Awards
TheAdministratormaypayanaward,nottoexceed$10,000,toanypersonwhofurnishesinformationorserviceswhichleadtoacriminalconvictionorajudicialoradministrativecivilpenaltyforanyviolationofthissubchapterorsubchapterIII,IV–A,V,orVIofthischapterenforcedunderthissection.SuchpaymentissubjecttoavailableappropriationsforsuchpurposesasprovidedinannualappropriationActs.Anyofficer,3oremployeeoftheUnitedStatesoranyStateorlocalgovernmentwhofurnishesinformationorrendersserviceintheperformanceofanofficialdutyisineligibleforpaymentunderthissubsection.TheAdministratormay,byregulation,prescribeadditionalcriteriaforeligibilityforsuchanaward.
(g)Settlements;publicparticipation
Atleast30daysbeforeaconsentorderorsettlementagreementofanykindunderthischaptertowhichtheUnitedStatesisaparty(otherthanenforcementactionsunderthissection,section7420ofthistitle,orsubchapterII,whetherornotinvolvingcivilorcriminalpenalties,orjudgmentssubjecttoDepartmentofJusticepolicyonpublicparticipation)isfinalorfiledwithacourt,theAdministratorshallprovideareasonableopportunitybynoticeintheFederalRegistertopersonswhoarenotnamedaspartiesorintervenorstotheactionormattertocommentinwriting.TheAdministratorortheAttorneyGeneral,asappropriate,shallpromptlyconsideranysuchwrittencommentsandmaywithdraworwithholdhisconsenttotheproposedorderoragreementifthecommentsdisclosefactsorconsiderationswhichindicatethatsuchconsentisinappropriate,improper,inadequate,orinconsistentwiththerequirementsofthischapter.Nothinginthissubsectionshallapplytocivilorcriminalpenaltiesunderthischapter.
(h)Operator
Forpurposesoftheprovisionsofthissectionandsection7420ofthistitle,theterm"operator",asusedinsuchprovisions,shallincludeanypersonwhoisseniormanagementpersonneloracorporateofficer.Exceptinthecaseofknowingandwillfulviolations,suchtermshallnotincludeanypersonwhoisastationaryengineerortechnicianresponsiblefortheoperation,maintenance,repair,ormonitoringofequipmentandfacilitiesandwhooftenhassupervisoryandtrainingdutiesbutwhoisnotseniormanagementpersonneloracorporateofficer.Exceptinthecaseofknowingandwillfulviolations,forpurposesofsubsection(c)(4)ofthissection,theterm"aperson"shallnotincludeanemployeewhoiscarryingouthisnormalactivitiesandwhoisnotapartofseniormanagementpersonneloracorporateofficer.Exceptinthecaseofknowingandwillfulviolations,forpurposesofparagraphs(1),(2),(3),and(5)ofsubsection(c)ofthissectiontheterm"aperson"shallnotincludeanemployeewhoiscarryingouthisnormalactivitiesandwhoisactingunderordersfromtheemployer.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§113,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§4(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1686;amendedPub.L.92–157,titleIII,§302(b),(c),Nov.18,1971,85Stat.464;Pub.L.93–319,§6(a)(1)–(3),June22,1974,88Stat.259;Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§§111,112(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.704,705;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(10)–(21),(b)(1),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1400,1404;Pub.L.97–23,§2,July17,1981,95Stat.139;Pub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857c–8ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedsectiongenerally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionswhichrelatedto:insubsec.(a),findingofviolation,notice,complianceorder,civilaction,Statefailuretoenforceplan,andconstructionormodificationofmajorstationarysources;insubsec.(b),violationsbyownersoroperatorsofmajorstationarysources;insubsec.(c),penalties;insubsec.(d),finalcomplianceorders;andinsubsec.(e),steelindustrycomplianceextension.
1981—Subsec.(e).Pub.L.97–23addedsubsec.(e).
1977—Subsec.(a)(5).Pub.L.95–95,§111(a),addedpar.(5).
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–95,§111(b),(c),substituted"shall,inthecaseofanypersonwhichistheowneroroperatorofamajorstationarysource,andmay,inthecaseofanyotherperson,commenceacivilactionforapermanentortemporaryinjunction,ortoassessandrecoveracivilpenaltyofnotmorethan$25,000perdayofviolation,orboth,wheneversuchperson"for"maycommenceacivilactionforappropriaterelief,includingapermanentortemporaryinjunction,wheneveranyperson"inprovisionsprecedingpar.(1),insertedreferencestosubsec.(d)(5)ofthissection,sections7419and7620ofthistitle,andregulationsunderpartinpar.(3),insertedreferencetosubsec.(d)ofthissectioninpar.(4),addedpar.(5),and,inprovisionsfollowingpar.(5),authorizedthecommencementofcivilactionstorecovernoncompliancepenaltiesandnonpaymentpenaltiesundersection7420ofthistitle,expandedjurisdictionalprovisionstoauthorizeactionsindistrictsinwhichtheviolationoccurredandtoauthorizethedistrictcourttorestrainviolations,torequirecompliance,toassesscivilpenalties,andtocollectpenaltiesundersection7420ofthistitle,enumeratedfactorstobetakenintoconsiderationindeterminingtheamountofcivilpenalties,andauthorizedawardingofcoststothepartyorpartiesagainstwhomtheactionwasbroughtincaseswherethecourtfindsthattheactionwasunreasonable.
Subsec.(b)(3).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(10),(11),inserted"or"after"ozone);",andsubstituted"7624"for"7620","conversion),section"for"conversion)section",and"orders),or"for"orders)or".
Subsec.(c)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§111(d)(1),(2),substituted"anyorderissuedundersection7419ofthistitleorundersubsection(a)or(d)ofthissection"for"anyorderissuedbytheAdministratorundersubsection(a)"insubpar.(B),struckoutreferencetosection119(g)(asineffectbeforethedateoftheenactmentofPub.L.95–95)insubpar.(C),andaddedsubpar.(D).
Subsec.(c)(1)(B).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(12),inserted"or"after"section,".
Subsec.(c)(1)(D).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(13),substituted"1977subsection"for"1977)subsection"and"penalties),or"for"penalties)or".
Subsec.(c)(3).Pub.L.95–95,§111(d)(3),addedpar.(3).
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.95–95,§112(a),addedsubsec.(d).
Subsec.(d)(1).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(14),substituted"toanystationarysourcewhichisunabletocomplywithanyrequirementofanapplicableimplementationplananorder"for"anorderforanystationarysource"and"suchrequirement"for"anyrequirementofanapplicableimplementationplan".
Subsec.(d)(1)(E).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(15),insertedprovisionrelatingtoexemptionundersection7420(a)(2)(B)or(C)ofthistitle,provisionrelatingtononcompliancepenaltieseffectiveJuly1,1979,andreferencetosubsec.(b)(3)or(g)ofsection7420ofthistitle.
Subsec.(d)(2).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(16),insertedprovisionsrelatingtodeterminationsbytheAdministratorofcompliancewithrequirementsofthischapterofStateordersissuedunderthissubsection.
Subsec.(d)(4)(A).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(17),substituted"title)upon"for"titleupon".
Subsec.(d)(5)(A).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(18),substituted"anadditionalperiodfor"for"anadditionalperiodof".
Subsec.(d)(8).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(19),struckoutreferencetopar.(3)ofthissubsection.
Subsec.(d)(10).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(20),substituted"ineffect"for"issued","Federal"for"other",and"andnoactionunder"for"or".
Subsec.(d)(11).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(21),substituted"andineffect"for"(andapprovedbytheAdministrator)".
1974—Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.93–319,§6(a)(1),insertedreferencetosection1857c–10(g)ofthistitle(relatingtoenergy-relatedauthorities).
Subsecs.(b)(3),(c)(1)(C).Pub.L.93–319,§6(a)(2),(3),insertedreferencetosection1857c–10(g)ofthistitle.
1971—Subsec.(b)(2).Pub.L.92–157,§302(b),inserted"(A)"before"during"and", or(B)"after"assumedenforcement".
Subsec.(c)(1)(A).Pub.L.92–157,§302(c),inserted"(i)"before"during"and", or(ii)"after"assumedenforcement".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TransferofFunctions
TheFederalPowerCommissionwasterminated,anditsfunctions,personnel,property,funds,etc.,weretransferredtotheSecretaryofEnergy(exceptforcertainfunctionswhichweretransferredtotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission)bysections7151(b),7171(a),7172(a),7291,and7293ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Thesemicolonprobablyshouldbeacomma.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbefollowedbyacomma.
3 Soinoriginal.Thecommaprobablyshouldnotappear.
§7414.Recordkeeping,inspections,monitoring,andentry
(a)AuthorityofAdministratororauthorizedrepresentative
Forthepurpose(i)ofdevelopingorassistinginthedevelopmentofanyimplementationplanundersection7410orsection7411(d)ofthistitle,anystandardofperformanceundersection7411ofthistitle,anyemissionstandardundersection7412ofthistitle,,1oranyregulationofsolidwastecombustionundersection7429ofthistitle,oranyregulationundersection7429ofthistitle(relatingtosolidwastecombustion),(ii)ofdeterminingwhetheranypersonisinviolationofanysuchstandardoranyrequirementofsuchaplan,or(iii)carryingoutanyprovisionofthischapter(exceptaprovisionofsubchapterIIwithrespecttoamanufacturerofnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleengines)—
(1)theAdministratormayrequireanypersonwhoownsoroperatesanyemissionsource,whomanufacturesemissioncontrolequipmentorprocessequipment,whotheAdministratorbelievesmayhaveinformationnecessaryforthepurposessetforthinthissubsection,orwhoissubjecttoanyrequirementofthischapter(otherthanamanufacturersubjecttotheprovisionsofsection7525(c)or7542ofthistitlewithrespecttoaprovisionofsubchapterII)onaone-time,periodicorcontinuousbasisto—
(A)establishandmaintainsuchrecords;
(B)makesuchreports;
(C)install,use,andmaintainsuchmonitoringequipment,andusesuchauditprocedures,ormethods;
(D)samplesuchemissions(inaccordancewithsuchproceduresormethods,atsuchlocations,atsuchintervals,duringsuchperiodsandinsuchmannerastheAdministratorshallprescribe);
(E)keeprecordsoncontrolequipmentparameters,productionvariablesorotherindirectdatawhendirectmonitoringofemissionsisimpractical;
(F)submitcompliancecertificationsinaccordancewithsubsection(a)(3);and
(G)providesuchotherinformationastheAdministratormayreasonablyrequire;and 2
(2)theAdministratororhisauthorizedrepresentative,uponpresentationofhiscredentials—
(A)shallhavearightofentryto,upon,orthroughanypremisesofsuchpersonorinwhichanyrecordsrequiredtobemaintainedunderparagraph(1)ofthissectionarelocated,and
(B)mayatreasonabletimeshaveaccesstoandcopyanyrecords,inspectanymonitoringequipmentormethodrequiredunderparagraph(1),andsampleanyemissionswhichsuchpersonisrequiredtosampleunderparagraph(1).3
(3)The 4Administratorshallinthecaseofanypersonwhichistheowneroroperatorofamajorstationarysource,andmay,inthecaseofanyotherperson,requireenhancedmonitoringandsubmissionofcompliancecertifications.Compliancecertificationsshallinclude(A)identificationoftheapplicablerequirementthatisthebasisofthecertification,(B)themethodusedfordeterminingthecompliancestatusofthesource,(C)thecompliancestatus,(D)whethercomplianceiscontinuousorintermittent,(E)suchotherfactsastheAdministratormayrequire.Compliancecertificationsandmonitoringdatashallbesubjecttosubsection(c)ofthissection.SubmissionofacompliancecertificationshallinnowaylimittheAdministrator'sauthoritiestoinvestigateorotherwiseimplementthischapter.TheAdministratorshallpromulgaterulestoprovideguidanceandtoimplementthisparagraphwithin2yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(b)Stateenforcement
(1)EachStatemaydevelopandsubmittotheAdministratoraprocedureforcarryingoutthissectioninsuchState.IftheAdministratorfindstheStateprocedureisadequate,hemaydelegatetosuchStateanyauthorityhehastocarryoutthissection.
(2)NothinginthissubsectionshallprohibittheAdministratorfromcarryingoutthissectioninaState.
(c)Availabilityofrecords,reports,andinformationtopublic;disclosureoftradesecrets
Anyrecords,reportsorinformationobtainedundersubsection(a)shallbeavailabletothepublic,exceptthatuponashowingsatisfactorytotheAdministratorbyanypersonthatrecords,reports,orinformation,orparticularpartthereof,(otherthanemissiondata)towhichtheAdministratorhasaccessunderthissectionifmadepublic,woulddivulgemethodsorprocessesentitledtoprotectionastradesecretsofsuchperson,theAdministratorshallconsidersuchrecord,report,orinformationorparticularportionthereofconfidentialinaccordancewiththepurposesofsection1905oftitle18,exceptthatsuchrecord,report,orinformationmaybedisclosedtootherofficers,employees,orauthorizedrepresentativesoftheUnitedStatesconcernedwithcarryingoutthischapterorwhenrelevantinanyproceedingunderthischapter.
(d)Noticeofproposedentry,inspection,ormonitoring
(1)InthecaseofanyemissionstandardorlimitationorotherrequirementwhichisadoptedbyaState,aspartofanapplicableimplementationplanoraspartofanorderundersection7413(d) 5ofthistitle,beforecarryingoutanentry,inspection,ormonitoringunderparagraph(2)ofsubsection(a)withrespecttosuchstandard,limitation,orotherrequirement,theAdministrator(orhisrepresentatives)shallprovidetheStateairpollutioncontrolagencywithreasonablepriornoticeofsuchaction,indicatingthepurposeofsuchaction.NoStateagencywhichreceivesnoticeunderthisparagraphofanactionproposedtobetakenmayusetheinformationcontainedinthenoticetoinformthepersonwhosepropertyisproposedtobeaffectedoftheproposedaction.IftheAdministratorhasreasonablebasisforbelievingthataStateagencyissousingorwillsousesuchinformation,noticetotheagencyunderthisparagraphisnotrequireduntilsuchtimeastheAdministratordeterminestheagencywillnolongersouseinformationcontainedinanoticeunderthisparagraph.NothinginthissectionshallbeconstruedtorequirenotificationtoanyStateagencyofanyactiontakenbytheAdministratorwithrespecttoanystandard,limitation,orotherrequirementwhichisnotpartofanapplicableimplementationplanorwhichwaspromulgatedbytheAdministratorundersection7410(c)ofthistitle.
(2)Nothinginparagraph(1)shallbeconstruedtoprovidethatanyfailureoftheAdministratortocomplywiththerequirementsofsuchparagraphshallbeadefenseinanyenforcementactionbroughtbytheAdministratororshallmakeinadmissibleasevidenceinanysuchactionanyinformationormaterialobtainednotwithstandingsuchfailuretocomplywithsuchrequirements.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§114,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§4(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1687;amendedPub.L.93–319,§6(a)(4),June22,1974,88Stat.259;Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§§109(d)(3),113,titleIII,§305(d),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.701,709,776;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(22),(23),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1400;Pub.L.101–549,titleIII,§302(c),titleVII,§702(a),(b),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2574,2680,2681.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7413(d)ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(d)(1),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857c–9ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.101–549,§702(a)(1),whichdirectedthat"or"bestruckoutinfirstsentenceimmediatelybefore"anyemissionstandardundersection7412ofthistitle,"couldnotbeexecutedbecauseoftheprioramendmentbyPub.L.101–549,§302(c),seebelow.
Pub.L.101–549,§702(a)(2),inserted"oranyregulationundersection7429ofthistitle(relatingtosolidwastecombustion),"before"(ii)ofdetermining".
Pub.L.101–549,§302(c),struckout"or"after"performanceundersection7411ofthistitle,"andinserted", oranyregulationofsolidwastecombustionundersection7429ofthistitle,"after"standardundersection7412ofthistitle".
Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§702(a)(3),amendedpar.(1)generally.Priortoamendment,par.(1)readasfollows:"theAdministratormayrequireanypersonwhoownsoroperatesanyemissionsourceorwhoissubjecttoanyrequirementofthischapter(otherthanamanufacturersubjecttotheprovisionsofsection7525(c)or7542ofthistitle)withrespecttoaprovisionofsubchapterIIofthischapterto(A)establishandmaintainsuchrecords,(B)makesuchreports,(C)install,use,andmaintainsuchmonitoringequipmentormethods,(D)samplesuchemissions(inaccordancewithsuchmethods,atsuchlocations,atsuchintervals,andinsuchmannerastheAdministratorshallprescribe),and(E)providesuchotherinformationashemayreasonablyrequire;and".
Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.101–549,§702(b),addedpar.(3).
1977—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(22),insertedreferencetosubchapterIIofthischapterand"new"before"motor"intwoplaces.
Pub.L.95–95,§305(d),substituted"carryingoutanyprovisionofthischapter(exceptwithrespecttoamanufacturerofmotorvehiclesormotorvehicleengines)"for"carryingoutsections119or303"incl.(iii)precedingpar.(1),substituted"anypersonsubjecttoanyrequirementofthischapter(otherthanamanufacturersubjecttotheprovisionsofsections7525(c)or7542ofthistitle)"for"theowneroroperatorofanyemissionsource"inpar.(1),substituted"anypremisesofsuchperson"for"anypremisesinwhichanemissionsourceislocated"insubpar.(A)ofpar.(2),andsubstituted"emissionswhichsuchpersonisrequiredtosample"for"emissionswhichtheowneroroperatorofsuchsourceisrequiredtosample"insubpar.(B)ofsubpar.(2).
Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(23),insertedreferencetosubchapterIIofthischapterand"whoownsoroperatesanyemissionsourceorwhois"after"anyperson".
Subsec.(b)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§109(d)(3),struckout"(exceptwithrespecttonewsourcesownedoroperatedbytheUnitedStates)"after"tocarryoutthissection".
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.95–95,§113,addedsubsec.(d).
1974—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.93–319insertedreferencetosection119.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.
2 Soinoriginal.The"and"probablyshouldnotappear.
3 Theperiodprobablyshouldbe"; and".
4 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldnotbecapitalized.
5 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7415.Internationalairpollution
(a)EndangermentofpublichealthorwelfareinforeigncountriesfrompollutionemittedinUnitedStates
WhenevertheAdministrator,uponreceiptofreports,surveysorstudiesfromanydulyconstitutedinternationalagencyhasreasontobelievethatanyairpollutantorpollutantsemittedintheUnitedStatescauseorcontributetoairpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfareinaforeigncountryorwhenevertheSecretaryofStaterequestshimtodosowithrespecttosuchpollutionwhichtheSecretaryofStateallegesisofsuchanature,theAdministratorshallgiveformalnotificationthereoftotheGovernoroftheStateinwhichsuchemissionsoriginate.
(b)Preventionoreliminationofendangerment
ThenoticeoftheAdministratorshallbedeemedtobeafindingundersection7410(a)(2)(H)(ii)ofthistitlewhichrequiresaplanrevisionwithrespecttosomuchoftheapplicableimplementationplanasisinadequatetopreventoreliminatetheendangermentreferredtoinsubsection(a).Anyforeigncountrysoaffectedbysuchemissionofpollutantorpollutantsshallbeinvitedtoappearatanypublichearingassociatedwithanyrevisionoftheappropriateportionoftheapplicableimplementationplan.
(c)Reciprocity
ThissectionshallapplyonlytoaforeigncountrywhichtheAdministratordetermineshasgiventheUnitedStatesessentiallythesamerightswithrespecttothepreventionorcontrolofairpollutionoccurringinthatcountryasisgiventhatcountrybythissection.
(d)Recommendations
RecommendationsissuedfollowinganyabatementconferenceconductedpriortoAugust7,1977,shallremainineffectwithrespecttoanypollutantforwhichnonationalambientairqualitystandardhasbeenestablishedundersection7409ofthistitleunlesstheAdministrator,afterconsultationwithallagencieswhichwerepartytotheconference,rescindsanysuchrecommendationongroundsofobsolescence.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§115,formerly§5,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.396;renumbered§105andamendedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§§101(2),(3),102,Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992,995,renumbered§108andamendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.491,renumbered§115andamendedPub.L.91–604,§§4(a),(b)(2)–(10),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1678,1688,1689,1713;Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§114,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.710.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857dofthistitle.
Amendments
1977—Pub.L.95–95completelyrevisedsectionbysubstitutingprovisionsestablishingamechanismfortheAdministratortotriggerarevisionofaStateimplementationplanundersection7410(a)(2)(H)uponapetitionofaninternationalagencyortheSecretaryofStateifhefindsthatemissionsoriginatinginaStateendangerthehealthorwelfareofpersonsinaforeigncountryforprovisionscallingfortheabatementofairpollutionbymeansofconferenceprocedures.
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§4(b)(2),inserted"andwhichiscoveredbysubsection(b)or(c)"after"persons".
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.91–604,§§4(b)(3),(4),(5),15(c)(2),redesignatedformersubsec.(d)(1)(A),(B),and(C)as(b)(1),(2),and(3),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing,andaddedsubsec.(b)(4).Formersubsec.(b),whichrelatedtotheencouragementofmunicipal,State,andinterstateactiontoabateairpollution,wasstruckout.
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.91–604,§§4(b)(3),(6),15(c)(2),redesignatedformersubsec.(d)(1)(D)as(c)andsubstituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"and"SecretaryofHealth,Education,andWelfare"whereverappearingand"subsection"for"subparagraph"whereverappearing.Formersubsec.(c),whichrelatedtotheprocedureforthepromulgationofStateairqualitystandards,wasstruckout.
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.91–604,§§4(b)(4),(6),(7),(8),15(c)(2),redesignatedformersubsec.(d)(2)and(3)as(d)(1)and(2),in(d)(1)substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearingand"anyconferenceunderthissection"for"suchconference",andin(d)(2)substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".Formersubsec.(d)(1)(A),(B),and(C)wereredesignatedas(b)(1),(2),and(3),respectively,andsubsec.(d)(1)(D)wasredesignatedas(c).
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing.
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearingand"EnvironmentalProtectionAgency"for"DepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfare".
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.91–604,§§4(b)(9),15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"and"subsection(c)"for"subparagraph(D)ofsubsection(d)".
Subsecs.(i),(j).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing.
Subsec.(k).Pub.L.91–604,§4(b)(3),(10),substitutedprovisionsrelatingtocompliancewithanyrequirementofanapplicableimplementationplanorwithanystandardprescribedundersection7411ofthistitleorsection7412ofthistitle,forprovisionsrelatingtotheenjoiningofimminentandsubstantialendangermentfrompollutionsources.
1967—Subsec.(b).Pub.L.90–148substitutedreferencetosubsec.(c),(h),or(k)ofthissectionforreferencetosubsec.(g)ofthissection.
Subsecs.(c),(d).Pub.L.90–148addedsubsec.(c),redesignatedformersubsec.(c)as(d),insertedinpar.(2)provisionsforthedeliverypriortotheconferenceofaFederalreporttoagenciesandinterestedpartiescoveringmattersbeforetheconference,raisedfromthreeweekstothirtydaystherequirednoticeoftheconference,andinsertedprovisionsfornoticebynewspapers,presentationofviewsontheFederalreport,andtranscriptofproceedings.Formersubsec.(d)redesignated(e).
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.90–148redesignatedformersubsec.(d)as(e).Formersubsec.(e)redesignated(f)andamended.
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.90–148redesignatedformersubsec.(e)as(f)andinsertedinpar.(1)requirementthatallinterestedpartiesbegivenareasonableopportunitytopresentevidencetothehearingboard.Formersubsec.(f)redesignated(g)andamended.
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.90–148redesignatedformersubsec.(f)as(g)andsubstitutedreferencetosubsec.(d)ofthissectionforreferencetosubsec.(c)ofthissection.Formersubsec.(g)redesignated(h)andamended.
Subsec.(h).Pub.L.90–148redesignatedformersubsec.(g)as(h)andsubstitutedreferencetosubsec.(g)ofthissectionforreferencetosubsec.(f)ofthissection.Formersubsec.(h)redesignated(i)andamended.
Subsec.(i).Pub.L.90–148redesignatedformersubsec.(h)as(i)andsubstitutedreferencetosubsec.(f)ofthissectionforreferencetosubsec.(e)ofthissectionandraisedtheperdiemmaximumfrom$50to$100.Formersubsec.(i)redesignated(j).
Subsec.(j).Pub.L.90–148redesignatedformersubsec.(i)as(j).
Subsec.(k).Pub.L.90–148addedsubsec.(k).
1965—Subsec.(b).Pub.L.89–272,§101(2),substituted"thistitle"for"thisAct",whichforpurposesofcodificationhasbeenchangedto"thissubchapter".
Subsec.(c)(1)(D).Pub.L.89–272,§102(a),addedsubpar.(D).
Subsec.(d)(3).Pub.L.89–272,§101(2),substituted"subchapter"for"chapter".
Subsec.(f)(1).Pub.L.89–272,§102(b),designatedexistingprovisionsascl.(A)andaddedcl.(B).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
UnitedStates-CanadianNegotiationsonAirQuality
Pub.L.95–426,titleVI,§612,Oct.7,1978,92Stat.990,providedthat:
"(a)TheCongressfindsthat—
"(1)theUnitedStatesandCanadashareacommonenvironmentalonga5,500mileborder;
"(2)theUnitedStatesandCanadaarebothbecomingincreasinglyconcernedabouttheeffectsofpollution,particularlythatresultingfrompowergenerationfacilities,sincethefacilitiesofeachcountryaffecttheenvironmentoftheother;
"(3)theUnitedStatesandCanadahavesubscribedtointernationalconventions;havejoinedintheenvironmentalworkoftheUnitedNations,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,andotherinternationalenvironmentalforums;andhaveenteredintoandimplementedeffectivelytheprovisionsofthehistoricBoundaryWatersTreatyof1909;and
"(4)theUnitedStatesandCanadahaveatraditionofcooperativeresolutionofissuesofmutualconcernwhichisnowheremoreevidentthanintheenvironmentalarea.
"(b)ItisthesenseoftheCongressthatthePresidentshouldmakeeveryefforttonegotiateacooperativeagreementwiththeGovernmentofCanadaaimedatpreservingthemutualairshedoftheUnitedStatesandCanadasoastoprotectandenhanceairresourcesandinsuretheattainmentandmaintenanceofairqualityprotectiveofpublichealthandwelfare.
"(c)ItisfurtherthesenseoftheCongressthatthePresident,throughtheSecretaryofStateworkinginconcertwithinterestedFederalagenciesandtheaffectedStates,shouldtakewhateverdiplomaticactionsappearnecessarytoreduceoreliminateanyundesirableimpactupontheUnitedStatesandCanadaresultingfromairpollutionfromanysource."
§7416.RetentionofStateauthority
Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinsections1857c–10(c),(e),and(f)(asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977),7543,7545(c)(4),and7573ofthistitle(preemptingcertainStateregulationofmovingsources)nothinginthischaptershallprecludeordenytherightofanyStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereoftoadoptorenforce(1)anystandardorlimitationrespectingemissionsofairpollutantsor(2)anyrequirementrespectingcontrolorabatementofairpollution;exceptthatifanemissionstandardorlimitationisineffectunderanapplicableimplementationplanorundersection7411orsection7412ofthistitle,suchStateorpoliticalsubdivisionmaynotadoptorenforceanyemissionstandardorlimitationwhichislessstringentthanthestandardorlimitationundersuchplanorsection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§116,formerly§109,asaddedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.497;renumbered§116andamendedPub.L.91–604,§4(a),(c),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1678,1689;Pub.L.93–319,§6(b),June22,1974,88Stat.259;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(24),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1400.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
1857c–10(c),(e),and(f)(asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977),referredtointext,wasintheoriginal"119(c),(e),and(f)(asineffectbeforethedateoftheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1977)"meaningsection119ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,asaddedJune22,1974,Pub.L.93–319,§3,88Stat.248,(whichwasclassifiedtosection1857c–10ofthistitle)asineffectpriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.691,effectiveAug.7,1977.Section112(b)(1)ofPub.L.95–95repealedsection119ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,asaddedbyPub.L.93–319,andprovidedthatallreferencestosuchsection119inanysubsequentenactmentwhichsupersedesPub.L.93–319shallbeconstruedtorefertosection113(d)oftheCleanAirActandtoparagraph(5)thereofinparticularwhichisclassifiedtosubsec.(d)(5)ofsection7413ofthistitle.Section7413ofthistitlewassubsequentlyamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.Section117(b)ofPub.L.95–95addedanewsection119ofactJuly14,1955,whichisclassifiedtosection7419ofthistitle.
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857d–1ofthistitle.
Amendments
1977—Pub.L.95–190insertedreferencetospecifiedprovisionsineffectbeforeAug.7,1977.
1974—Pub.L.93–319insertedreferencetosection1857c–10(c),(e),and(f).
1970—Pub.L.91–604,§4(c),substitutedprovisionswhichauthorizedanyStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereoftoadoptorenforce,exceptasotherwiseprovided,emissionstandardsorlimitationsunderthespecifiedconditions,oranyrequirementrespectingcontrolorabatementofairpollution,forprovisionswhichauthorizedanyState,politicalsubdivision,orintermunicipalorinterstateagencytoadoptstandardsandplanstoachieveahigherlevelofairqualitythanapprovedbytheSecretary.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7417.Advisorycommittees
(a)Establishment;membership
Inordertoobtainassistanceinthedevelopmentandimplementationofthepurposesofthischapterincludingairqualitycriteria,recommendedcontroltechniques,standards,researchanddevelopment,andtoencouragethecontinuedeffortsonthepartofindustrytoimproveairqualityandtodevelopeconomicallyfeasiblemethodsforthecontrolandabatementofairpollution,theAdministratorshallfromtimetotimeestablishadvisorycommittees.Committeemembersshallinclude,butnotbelimitedto,personswhoareknowledgeableconcerningairqualityfromthestandpointofhealth,welfare,economicsortechnology.
(b)Compensation
ThemembersofanyotheradvisorycommitteesappointedpursuanttothischapterwhoarenotofficersoremployeesoftheUnitedStateswhileattendingconferencesormeetingsorwhileotherwiseservingattherequestoftheAdministrator,shallbeentitledtoreceivecompensationataratetobefixedbytheAdministrator,butnotexceeding$100perdiem,includingtraveltime,andwhileawayfromtheirhomesorregularplacesofbusinesstheymaybeallowedtravelexpenses,includingperdieminlieuofsubsistence,asauthorizedbysection5703oftitle5forpersonsintheGovernmentserviceemployedintermittently.
(c) 1ConsultationsbyAdministrator
Priorto—
(1)issuingcriteriaforanairpollutantundersection7408(a)(2)ofthistitle,
(2)publishinganylistundersection7411(b)(1)(A)orsection7412(b)(1)(A) 2ofthistitle,
(3)publishinganystandardundersection7411orsection7412ofthistitle,or
(4)publishinganyregulationundersection7521(a)ofthistitle,
theAdministratorshall,tothemaximumextentpracticablewithinthetimeprovided,consultwithappropriateadvisorycommittees,independenceexperts,andFederaldepartmentsandagencies.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§117formerly§6,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.399;renumbered§106,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(3),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;renumbered§110andamendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.498;renumbered§117andamendedPub.L.91–604,§§4(a),(d),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1678,1689,1713;Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§115,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.711;Pub.L.95–623,§13(c),Nov.9,1978,92Stat.3458.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7412(b)(1),referredtoinsubsec.(c)(2),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleIII,§301,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2531,and,assoamended,nolongercontainsasubpar.(A).
Codification
Subsec.(c)wasoriginallyenactedassubsec.(f)buthasbeenredesignated(c)forpurposesofcodificationinviewofthefailureofPub.L.95–95toredesignatesubsec.(f)as(c)afterrepealingformersubsecs.(a)and(b)andredesignatingformersubsecs.(d)and(e)as(a)and(b).
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857eofthistitle.
Amendments
1978—Subsec.(c)(3).Pub.L.95–623substituted"7411"for"7411(b)(1)(B)"and"7412"for"7412(b)(1)(B)".
1977—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.95–95,§115(1),(2),redesignatedsubsec.(d)as(a).Formersubsec.(a),establishinganAirQualityAdvisoryBoardintheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,wasstruckout.
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–95,§115(1)–(3),redesignatedsubsec.(e)as(b)andsubstituted"Themembersofanyotheradvisorycommittees"for"ThemembersoftheBoardandotheradvisorycommittees"and"conferencesormeetingsorwhileotherwiseserving"for"conferencesormeetingsoftheBoardorwhileotherwiseserving".Formersubsec.(b),settingoutthedutiesoftheAirQualityAdvisoryBoard,wasstruckout.
Subsecs.(c)to(e).Pub.L.95–95,§115(1),(2),struckoutsubsec.(c)whichrelatedtoclericalandtechnicalassistancefortheAirQualityAdvisoryBoard,andredesignatedsubsecs.(d)and(e)as(a)and(b),respectively.
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"EnvironmentalProtectionAgency"for"DepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfare"and"Administrator"for"Secretary".
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing.
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"EnvironmentalProtectionAgency"for"DepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfare".
Subsecs.(d),(e).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing.
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.91–604,§4(d),addedsubsec.(f).
1967—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.90–148substitutedprovisionsestablishingintheDepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfareanAirQualityAdvisoryBoardandprovidingfortheappointmentandtermofitsmembersforprovisionsdirectingtheSecretarytomaintainliaisonwithmanufacturerslookingtowarddevelopmentofdevicesandfuelstoreducepollutantsinautomotiveexhaustandtoappointatechnicalcommitteeandcallittogetherfromtimetotimetoevaluateprogressanddevelopandrecommendresearchprograms.
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.90–148substitutedprovisionsettingoutthedutiesoftheAirQualityAdvisoryBoardforprovisionsrequiringtheSecretarytomakesemi-annualreportstoCongressonmeasuresbeingtakentowardtheresolutionofvehicleexhaustpollutionproblems.
Subsecs.(c)to(e).Pub.L.90–148addedsubsecs.(c)to(e).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TerminationofAdvisoryCommittees
AdvisorycommitteesinexistenceonJan.5,1973,toterminatenotlaterthantheexpirationofthe2-yearperiodfollowingJan.5,1973,unless,inthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbythePresidentoranofficeroftheFederalGovernment,suchcommitteeisrenewedbyappropriateactionpriortotheexpirationofsuch2-yearperiod,orinthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbytheCongress,itsdurationisotherwiseprovidedbylaw.AdvisorycommitteesestablishedafterJan.5,1973,toterminatenotlaterthantheexpirationofthe2-yearperiodbeginningonthedateoftheirestablishment,unless,inthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbythePresidentoranofficeroftheFederalGovernment,suchcommitteeisrenewedbyappropriateactionpriortotheexpirationofsuch2-yearperiod,orinthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbytheCongress,itsdurationisotherwiseprovidedbylaw.Seesection14ofPub.L.92–463,Oct.6,1972,86Stat.776,setoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
1 SeeCodificationnotebelow.
2 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7418.ControlofpollutionfromFederalfacilities
(a)Generalcompliance
Eachdepartment,agency,andinstrumentalityoftheexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesoftheFederalGovernment(1)havingjurisdictionoveranypropertyorfacility,or(2)engagedinanyactivityresulting,orwhichmayresult,inthedischargeofairpollutants,andeachofficer,agent,oremployeethereof,shallbesubjectto,andcomplywith,allFederal,State,interstate,andlocalrequirements,administrativeauthority,andprocessandsanctionsrespectingthecontrolandabatementofairpollutioninthesamemanner,andtothesameextentasanynongovernmentalentity.Theprecedingsentenceshallapply(A)toanyrequirementwhethersubstantiveorprocedural(includinganyrecordkeepingorreportingrequirement,anyrequirementrespectingpermitsandanyotherrequirementwhatsoever),(B)toanyrequirementtopayafeeorchargeimposedbyanyStateorlocalagencytodefraythecostsofitsairpollutionregulatoryprogram,(C)totheexerciseofanyFederal,State,orlocaladministrativeauthority,and(D)toanyprocessandsanction,whetherenforcedinFederal,State,orlocalcourts,orinanyothermanner.Thissubsectionshallapplynotwithstandinganyimmunityofsuchagencies,officers,agents,oremployeesunderanylaworruleoflaw.Noofficer,agent,oremployeeoftheUnitedStatesshallbepersonallyliableforanycivilpenaltyforwhichheisnototherwiseliable.
(b)Exemption
ThePresidentmayexemptanyemissionsourceofanydepartment,agency,orinstrumentalityintheexecutivebranchfromcompliancewithsucharequirementifhedeterminesittobeintheparamountinterestoftheUnitedStatestodoso,exceptthatnoexemptionmaybegrantedfromsection7411ofthistitle,andanexemptionfromsection7412ofthistitlemaybegrantedonlyinaccordancewithsection7412(i)(4)ofthistitle.NosuchexemptionshallbegrantedduetolackofappropriationunlessthePresidentshallhavespecificallyrequestedsuchappropriationasapartofthebudgetaryprocessandtheCongressshallhavefailedtomakeavailablesuchrequestedappropriation.Anyexemptionshallbeforaperiodnotinexcessofoneyear,butadditionalexemptionsmaybegrantedforperiodsofnottoexceedoneyearuponthePresident'smakinganewdetermination.Inadditiontoanysuchexemptionofaparticularemissionsource,thePresidentmay,ifhedeterminesittobeintheparamountinterestoftheUnitedStatestodoso,issueregulationsexemptingfromcompliancewiththerequirementsofthissectionanyweaponry,equipment,aircraft,vehicles,orotherclassesorcategoriesofpropertywhichareownedoroperatedbytheArmedForcesoftheUnitedStates(includingtheCoastGuard)orbytheNationalGuardofanyStateandwhichareuniquelymilitaryinnature.ThePresidentshallreconsidertheneedforsuchregulationsatthree-yearintervals.ThePresidentshallreporteachJanuarytotheCongressallexemptionsfromtherequirementsofthissectiongrantedduringtheprecedingcalendaryear,togetherwithhisreasonforgrantingeachsuchexemption.
(c)Governmentvehicles
Eachdepartment,agency,andinstrumentalityofexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesoftheFederalGovernmentshallcomplywithallapplicableprovisionsofavalidinspectionandmaintenanceprogramestablishedundertheprovisionsofsubpart2ofpartDorsubpart3ofpartDexceptforsuchvehiclesthatareconsideredmilitarytacticalvehicles.
(d)VehiclesoperatedonFederalinstallations
Eachdepartment,agency,andinstrumentalityofexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesoftheFederalGovernmenthavingjurisdictionoveranypropertyorfacilityshallrequireallemployeeswhichoperatemotorvehiclesonthepropertyorfacilitytofurnishproofofcompliancewiththeapplicablerequirementsofanyvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramestablishedundertheprovisionsofsubpart2ofpartDorsubpart3ofpartDfortheStateinwhichsuchpropertyorfacilityislocated(withoutregardtowhethersuchvehiclesareregisteredintheState).Theinstallationshalluseoneofthefollowingmethodstoestablishproofofcompliance—
(1)presentationbythevehicleownerofavalidcertificateofcompliancefromthevehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogram;
(2)presentationbythevehicleownerofproofofvehicleregistrationwithinthegeographicareacoveredbythevehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogram(exceptforanyprogramwhoseenforcementmechanismisnotthroughthedenialofvehicleregistration);
(3)anothermethodapprovedbythevehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramadministrator.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§118,formerly,§7,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.399;renumbered§107,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(3),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;renumbered§111andamendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.499;renumbered§118andamendedPub.L.91–604,§§4(a),5,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1678,1689;Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§116,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.711;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§101(e),titleII,§235,titleIII,§302(d),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2409,2530,2574.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857fofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.101–549,§235,insertedheading.
Pub.L.101–549,§101(e),amendedsecondsentencegenerally.Priortoamendment,secondsentencereadasfollows:"Theprecedingsentenceshallapply(A)toanyrequirementwhethersubstantiveorprocedural(includinganyrecordkeepingorreportingrequirement,anyrequirementrespectingpermitsandanyotherrequirementwhatsoever),(B)totheexerciseofanyFederal,State,orlocaladministrativeauthority,and(C)toanyprocessandsanction,whetherenforcedinFederal,State,orlocalcourtsorinanyothermanner."
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.101–549,§302(d),substituted"section7412(i)(4)ofthistitle"for"section7412(c)ofthistitle".
Subsecs.(c),(d).Pub.L.101–549,§235,addedsubsecs.(c)and(d).
1977—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.95–95,§116(a),designatedexistingfirstsentenceassubsec.(a)andinsertedprovisionsenumeratingthelegalandadministrativeareastowhichthecompliancerequirementsapplyanddirectingthatagencies,officers,agents,andemployeesnotbeimmuneandthatofficers,agents,oremployeesoftheUnitedStatesnotbepersonallyliableforcivilpenaltiesforwhichtheyarenototherwiseliable.
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–95,§116(b),designatedsecondandfollowingexistingsentencesassubsec.(b)andinsertedprovisionsauthorizingthePresidenttoexemptweaponry,equipment,aircraft,vehicles,andotherclassesandcategoriesofpropertyoftheArmedForcesandtheNationalGuardfromcompliancebuttoreconsidertheneedforsuchanexemptionatthree-yearintervals.
1970—Pub.L.91–604,§5,struckoutlettereddesignations(a)and(b),and,assoredesignated,substitutedprovisionsrequiringFederalfacilitiestocomplywithFederal,State,local,andinterstateairpollutioncontrolandabatementrequirementsandprovisionsauthorizingthePresidenttoexempt,underthespecifiedtermsandconditions,anyemissionsourceofanydepartment,etc.,intheexecutivebranchfromcompliancewithcontrolandabatementrequirements,forprovisionsrequiring,totheextentpracticableandconsistentwiththeinterestsoftheUnitedStatesandwithinanyavailableappropriations,FederalfacilitiestocooperatewiththeDepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfareandwithanyairpollutioncontrolagencytopreventandcontrolairpollutionandprovisionsauthorizingtheSecretarytoestablishclassesofpotentialpollutionsourcesforwhichanyFederaldepartmentoragencyhavingjurisdictionoveranyfacilitywasrequiredtoobtainapermit,underthespecifiedtermsandconditions,forthedischargeofanymatterintotheairoftheUnitedStates.
1967—Pub.L.90–148reenactedsectionwithoutchange.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TerminationofReportingRequirements
Fortermination,effectiveMay15,2000,ofprovisionsinsubsec.(b)ofthissectionrelatingtoannualreportstoCongress,seesection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance,andthe12thitemonpage20ofHouseDocumentNo.103–7.
TransferofFunctions
Fortransferofauthorities,functions,personnel,andassetsoftheCoastGuard,includingtheauthoritiesandfunctionsoftheSecretaryofTransportationrelatingthereto,totheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,andfortreatmentofrelatedreferences,seesections468(b),551(d),552(d),and557ofTitle6,DomesticSecurity,andtheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityReorganizationPlanofNovember25,2002,asmodified,setoutasanoteundersection542ofTitle6.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ExecutiveOrderNo.11282
Ex.Ord.No.11282,May26,1966,31F.R.7663,whichprovidedfortheprevention,control,andabatementofairpollutionfromFederalactivities,wassupersededbyEx.Ord.No.11507,Feb.4,1970,35F.R.2573.
ExecutiveOrderNo.11507
Ex.Ord.No.11507,Feb.4,1970,35F.R.2573,whichprovidedfortheprevention,control,andabatementofairpollutionatFederalfacilities,wassupersededbyEx.Ord.No.11752,Dec.17,1973,38F.R.34793,formerlysetoutasanoteundersection4331ofthistitle.
§7419.Primarynonferroussmelterorders
(a)Issuance;hearing;enforcementorders;statementofgroundsforapplication;findings
(1)Uponapplicationbytheowneroroperatorofaprimarynonferroussmelter,aprimarynonferroussmelterorderundersubsection(b)maybeissued—
(A)bytheAdministrator,afterthirtydays'noticetotheState,or
(B)bytheStateinwhichsuchsourceislocated,butnosuchorderissuedbytheStateshalltakeeffectuntiltheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchorderhasbeenissuedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthischapter.
NotlaterthanninetydaysaftersubmissionbytheStatetotheAdministratorofnoticeoftheissuanceofaprimarynonferroussmelterorderunderthissection,theAdministratorshalldeterminewhetherornotsuchorderhasbeenissuedbytheStateinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthischapter.IftheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchorderhasnotbeenissuedinaccordancewithsuchrequirements,heshallconductahearingrespectingthereasonablyavailablecontroltechnologyforprimarynonferroussmelters.
(2)(A)Anorderissuedunderthissectiontoaprimarynonferroussmeltershallbereferredtoasa"primarynonferroussmelterorder".Noprimarynonferroussmeltermayreceivebothanenforcementorderundersection7413(d) 1ofthistitleandaprimarynonferroussmelterorderunderthissection.
(B)Beforeanyhearingconductedunderthissection,inthecaseofanapplicationmadebytheowneroroperatorofaprimarynonferroussmelterforasecondorderunderthissection,theapplicantshallfurnishtheAdministrator(ortheStateasthecasemaybe)withastatementofthegroundsonwhichsuchapplicationisbased(includingallsupportingdocumentsandinformation).ThestatementofthegroundsfortheproposedordershallbeprovidedbytheAdministratorortheStateinanycaseinwhichsuchStateorAdministratorisactingonitsowninitiative.Suchstatement(includingsuchdocumentsandinformation)shallbemadeavailabletothepublicforathirty-dayperiodbeforesuchhearingandshallbeconsideredaspartofsuchhearing.Noprimarynonferroussmelterordermaybegrantedunlesstheapplicantestablishesthathemeetstheconditionsrequiredfortheissuanceofsuchorder(ortheAdministratororStateestablishesthemeetingofsuchconditionswhenactingontheirowninitiative).
(C)Anydecisionwithrespecttotheissuanceofaprimarynonferroussmelterordershallbeaccompaniedbyaconcisestatementofthefindingsandofthebasisofsuchfindings.
(3)Forthepurposesofsections7410,7604,and7607ofthistitle,anyorderissuedbytheStateandineffectpursuanttothissubsectionshallbecomepartoftheapplicableimplementationplan.
(b)Prerequisitestoissuanceoforders
Aprimarynonferroussmelterorderunderthissectionmaybeissuedtoaprimarynonferroussmelterif—
(1)suchsmelterisinexistenceonAugust7,1977;
(2)therequirementoftheapplicableimplementationplanwithrespecttowhichtheorderisissuedisanemissionlimitationorstandardforsulfuroxideswhichisnecessaryandintendedtobeitselfsufficienttoenableattainmentandmaintenanceofnationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandardsforsulfuroxides;and
(3)suchsmelterisunabletocomplywithsuchrequirementbytheapplicabledateforcompliancebecausenomeansofemissionlimitationapplicabletosuchsmelterwhichwillenableittoachievecompliancewithsuchrequirementhasbeenadequatelydemonstratedtobereasonablyavailable(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,takingintoaccountthecostofcompliance,non-airqualityhealthandenvironmentalimpact,andenergyconsideration).
(c)Secondorders
(1)Asecondorderissuedtoasmelterunderthissectionshallsetforthcomplianceschedulescontainingincrementsofprogresswhichrequirecompliancewiththerequirementpostponedasexpeditiouslyaspracticable.Theincrementsofprogressshallbelimitedtorequiringcompliancewithsubsection(d)and,inthecaseofasecondorder,toprocuring,installing,andoperatingthenecessarymeansofemissionlimitationasexpeditiouslyaspracticableaftertheAdministratordeterminessuchmeanshavebeenadequatelydemonstratedtobereasonablyavailablewithinthemeaningofsubsection(b)(3).
(2)Notinexcessoftwoprimarynonferroussmelterordersmaybeissuedunderthissectiontoanyprimarynonferroussmelter.ThefirstsuchorderissuedtoasmeltershallnotresultinthepostponementoftherequirementwithrespecttowhichsuchorderisissuedbeyondJanuary1,1983.ThesecondsuchordershallnotresultinthepostponementofsuchrequirementbeyondJanuary1,1988.
(d)Interimmeasures;continuousemissionreductiontechnology
(1)(A)EachprimarynonferroussmeltertowhichanorderisissuedunderthissectionshallberequiredtousesuchinterimmeasuresfortheperiodduringwhichsuchorderisineffectasmaybenecessaryinthejudgmentoftheAdministratortoassureattainmentandmaintenanceofthenationalprimaryandsecondaryambientairqualitystandardsduringsuchperiod,takingintoaccounttheaggregateeffectonairqualityofsuchordertogetherwithallvariances,extensions,waivers,enforcementorders,delayedcomplianceordersandprimarynonferroussmelterorderspreviouslyissuedunderthischapter.
(B)Suchinterimrequirementsshallinclude—
(i)arequirementthatthesourcetowhichtheorderappliescomplywithsuchreportingrequirementsandconductsuchmonitoringastheAdministratordeterminesmaybenecessary,and
(ii)suchmeasuresastheAdministratordeterminesarenecessarytoavoidanimminentandsubstantialendangermenttohealthofpersons.
(C)Suchinterimmeasuresshallalso,exceptasprovidedinparagraph(2),includecontinuousemissionreductiontechnology.TheAdministratorshallconditiontheuseofanysuchinterimmeasuresupontheagreementoftheowneroroperatorofthesmelter—
(i)tocomplywithsuchconditionsastheAdministratordeterminesarenecessarytomaximizethereliabilityandenforceabilityofsuchinterimmeasures,asappliedtothesmelter,inattainingandmaintainingthenationalambientairqualitystandardstowhichtheorderrelates,and
(ii)tocommitreasonableresourcestoresearchanddevelopmentofappropriateemissioncontroltechnology.
(2)Therequirementofparagraph(1)fortheuseofcontinuousemissionreductiontechnologymaybewaivedwithrespecttoaparticularsmelterbytheStateortheAdministrator,afternoticeandahearingontherecord,anduponashowingbytheowneroroperatorofthesmelterthatsuchrequirementwouldbesocostlyastonecessitatepermanentorprolongedtemporarycessationofoperationsofthesmelter.Uponapplicationforsuchwaiver,theAdministratorshallbenotifiedandshall,withinninetydays,holdahearingontherecordinaccordancewithsection554oftitle5.AtsuchhearingtheAdministratorshallrequirethesmelterinvolvedtopresentinformationrelatingtoanyallegedcessationofoperationsandthedetailedreasonsorjustificationstherefor.OnthebasisofsuchhearingtheAdministratorshallmakefindingsoffactastotheeffectofsuchrequirementandontheallegedcessationofoperationsandshallmakesuchrecommendationsashedeemsappropriate.Suchreport,findings,andrecommendationsshallbeavailabletothepublic,andshallbetakenintoaccountbytheStateortheAdministratorinmakingthedecisionwhetherornottograntsuchwaiver.
(3)Inordertoobtaininformationforpurposesofawaiverunderparagraph(2),theAdministratormay,onhisownmotion,conductaninvestigationandusetheauthorityofsection7621ofthistitle.
(4)InthecaseofanysmelterwhichonAugust7,1977,usescontinuousemissionreductiontechnologyandsupplementalcontrolsandwhichreceivesaninitialprimarynonferroussmelterorderunderthissection,noadditionalcontinuousemissionreductiontechnologyshallberequiredasaconditionofsuchorderunlesstheAdministratordetermines,atanytime,afternoticeandpublichearing,thatsuchadditionalcontinuousemissionreductiontechnologyisadequatelydemonstratedtobereasonablyavailablefortheprimarynonferroussmelterindustry.
(e)Terminationoforders
Atanytimeduringwhichanorderunderthissectionapplies,theAdministratormayenteruponapublichearingrespectingtheavailabilityoftechnology.AnyorderunderthissectionshallbeterminatediftheAdministratordeterminesontherecord,afternoticeandpublichearing,thattheconditionsuponwhichtheorderwasbasednolongerexist.Iftheowneroroperatorofthesmeltertowhichtheorderisissueddemonstratesthatpromptterminationofsuchorderwouldresultinunduehardship,theterminationshallbecomeeffectiveattheearliestpracticabledateonwhichsuchunduehardshipwouldnotresult,butinnoeventlaterthanthedaterequiredundersubsection(c).
(f)Violationofrequirements
IftheAdministratordeterminesthatasmeltertowhichanorderisissuedunderthissectionisinviolationofanyrequirementofsubsection(c)or(d),heshall—
(1)enforcesuchrequirementundersection7413ofthistitle,
(2)(afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing)revokesuchorderandenforcecompliancewiththerequirementwithrespecttowhichsuchorderwasgranted,
(3)givenoticeofnoncomplianceandcommenceactionundersection7420ofthistitle,or
(4)takeanyappropriatecombinationofsuchactions.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§119,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§117(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.712;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(25)–(27),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1401.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7413(d)ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(2)(A),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection119ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,asaddedJune22,1974,Pub.L.93–319,§3,88Stat.248,wasclassifiedtosection1857c–10ofthistitleandprovidedfortheauthoritytodealwithenergyshortages,priortorepealbyPub.L.95–95,titleI,§112(b)(1),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.709,whichprovidedthatallreferencestosuchsection119inanysubsequentenactmentwhichsupersedesPub.L.93–319shallbeconstruedtorefertosection113(d)oftheCleanAirActandtoparagraph(5)thereofinparticularwhichisclassifiedtosection7413(d)(5)ofthistitle.
Amendments
1977—Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(25),addedpar.(3).
Subsec.(d)(3).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(26),substituted"7621"for"7619".
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(27),substituted"anorderunderthissection"for"suchorder".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7420.Noncompliancepenalty
(a)Assessmentandcollection
(1)(A)Notlaterthan6monthsafterAugust7,1977,andafternoticeandopportunityforapublichearing,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsrequiringtheassessmentandcollectionofanoncompliancepenaltyagainstpersonsreferredtoinparagraph(2)(A).
(B)(i)EachStatemaydevelopandsubmittotheAdministratoraplanforcarryingoutthissectioninsuchState.IftheAdministratorfindsthattheStateplanmeetstherequirementsofthissection,hemaydelegatetosuchStateanyauthorityhehastocarryoutthissection.
(ii)NotwithstandingadelegationtoaStateunderclause(i),theAdministratormaycarryoutthissectioninsuchStateunderthecircumstancesdescribedinsubsection(b)(2)(B).
(2)(A)Exceptasprovidedinsubparagraph(B)or(C)ofthisparagraph,theStateortheAdministratorshallassessandcollectanoncompliancepenaltyagainsteverypersonwhoownsoroperates—
(i)amajorstationarysource(otherthanaprimarynonferroussmelterwhichhasreceivedaprimarynonferroussmelterorderundersection7419ofthistitle),whichisnotincompliancewithanyemissionlimitation,emissionstandardorcompliancescheduleunderanyapplicableimplementationplan(whetherornotsuchsourceissubjecttoaFederalorStateconsentdecree),or
(ii)astationarysourcewhichisnotincompliancewithanemissionlimitation,emissionstandard,standardofperformance,orotherrequirementestablishedundersection7411,7477,7603,or7412ofthistitle,or
(iii)astationarysourcewhichisnotincompliancewithanyrequirementofsubchapterIV–A,V,orVIofthischapter,or
(iv)anysourcereferredtoinclause(i),(ii),or(iii)(forwhichanextension,order,orsuspensionreferredtoinsubparagraph(B),orFederalorStateconsentdecreeisineffect),oraprimarynonferroussmelterwhichhasreceivedaprimarynonferroussmelterorderundersection7419ofthistitlewhichisnotincompliancewithanyinterimemissioncontrolrequirementorscheduleofcomplianceundersuchextension,order,suspension,orconsentdecree.
Forpurposesofsubsection(d)(2),inthecaseofapenaltyassessedwithrespecttoasourcereferredtoinclause(iii)ofthissubparagraph,thecostsreferredtoinsuchsubsection(d)(2)shallbetheeconomicvalueofnoncompliancewiththeinterimemissioncontrolrequirementortheremainingstepsinthescheduleofcompliancereferredtoinsuchclause.
(B)Notwithstandingtherequirementsofsubparagraph(A)(i)and(ii),theowneroroperatorofanysourceshallbeexemptedfromthedutytopayanoncompliancepenaltyundersuchrequirementswithrespecttothatsourceif,inaccordancewiththeproceduresinsubsection(b)(5),theowneroroperatordemonstratesthatthefailureofsuchsourcetocomplywithanysuchrequirementisduesolelyto—
(i)aconversionbysuchsourcefromtheburningofpetroleumproductsornaturalgas,orboth,asthepermanentprimaryenergysourcetotheburningofcoalpursuanttoanorderundersection7413(d)(5) 1ofthistitleorsection1857c–10 1ofthistitle(asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977);
(ii)inthecaseofacoal-burningsourcegrantedanextensionunderthesecondsentenceofsection1857c–10(c)(1) 1ofthistitle(asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977),aprohibitionfromusingpetroleumproductsornaturalgasorboth,byreasonofanorderundertheprovisionsofsection792(a)and(b)oftitle15orunderanylegislationwhichamendsorsupersedessuchprovisions;
(iii)theuseofinnovativetechnologysanctionedbyanenforcementorderundersection7413(d)(4) 1ofthistitle;
(iv)aninabilitytocomplywithanysuchrequirement,forwhichinabilitythesourcehasreceivedanorderundersection7413(d) 1ofthistitle(oranorderundersection7413ofthistitleissuedbeforeAugust7,1977)whichhastheeffectofpermittingadelayorviolationofanyrequirementofthischapter(includingarequirementofanapplicableimplementationplan)whichinabilityresultsfromreasonsentirelybeyondthecontroloftheowneroroperatorofsuchsourceorofanyentitycontrolling,controlledby,orundercommoncontrolwiththeowneroroperatorofsuchsource;or
(v)theconditionsbyreasonofwhichatemporaryemergencysuspensionisauthorizedundersection7410(f)or(g)ofthistitle.
Anexemptionunderthissubparagraphshallceasetobeeffectiveifthesourcefailstocomplywiththeinterimemissioncontrolrequirementsorschedulesofcompliance(includingincrementsofprogress)underanysuchextension,order,orsuspension.
(C)TheAdministratormay,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,exemptanysourcefromtherequirementsofthissectionwithrespecttoaparticularinstanceofnoncomplianceifhefindsthatsuchinstanceofnoncomplianceisdeminimisinnatureandinduration.
(b)Regulations
Regulationsundersubsection(a)shall—
(1)permittheassessmentandcollectionofsuchpenaltybytheStateiftheStatehasadelegationofauthorityineffectundersubsection(a)(1)(B)(i)ofthissection;
(2)providefortheassessmentandcollectionofsuchpenaltybytheAdministrator,if—
(A)theStatedoesnothaveadelegationofauthorityineffectundersubsection(a)(1)(B)(i),or
(B)theStatehassuchadelegationineffectbutfailswithrespecttoanyparticularpersonorsourcetoassessorcollectthepenaltyinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissection;
(3)requiretheStates,orintheeventtheStatesfailtodoso,theAdministrator,togiveabriefbutreasonablyspecificnoticeofnoncomplianceunderthissectiontoeachpersonreferredtoinsubsection(a)(2)(A)withrespecttoeachsourceownedoroperatedbysuchpersonwhichisnotincomplianceasprovidedinsuchsubsection,notlaterthanJuly1,1979,orthirtydaysafterthediscoveryofsuchnoncompliance,whicheverislater;
(4)requireeachpersontowhomnoticeisgivenunderparagraph(3)to—
(A)calculatetheamountofthepenaltyowed(determinedinaccordancewithsubsection(d)(2))andthescheduleofpayments(determinedinaccordancewithsubsection(d)(3))foreachsuchsourceand,withinforty-fivedaysaftertheissuanceofsuchnoticeorafterthedenialofapetitionundersubparagraph(B),tosubmitthatcalculationandproposedschedule,togetherwiththeinformationnecessaryforanindependentverificationthereof,totheStateandtotheAdministrator,or
(B)submitapetition,withinforty–fivedaysaftertheissuanceofsuchnotice,challengingsuchnoticeofnoncomplianceorallegingentitlementtoanexemptionundersubsection(a)(2)(B)withrespecttoaparticularsource;
(5)requiretheAdministratortoprovideahearingontherecord(withinthemeaningofsubchapterIIofchapter5oftitle5)andtomakeadecisiononsuchpetition(includingfindingsoffactandconclusionsoflaw)notlaterthanninetydaysafterthereceiptofanypetitionunderparagraph(4)(B),unlesstheStateagreestoprovideahearingwhichissubstantiallysimilartosuchahearingontherecordandtomakeadecisiononsuchpetition(includingsuchfindingsandconclusions)withinsuchninety-dayperiod;
(6)(A)authorizetheAdministratoronhisowninitiativetoreviewthedecisionoftheStateunderparagraph(5)anddisapproveitifitisnotinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissection,and(B)requiretheAdministratortodosonotlaterthansixtydaysafterreceiptofapetitionunderthissubparagraph,notice,andpublichearingandashowingbysuchpetitionerthattheStatedecisionunderparagraph(5)isnotinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissection;
(7)requirepayment,inaccordancewithsubsection(d),ofthepenaltybyeachpersontowhomnoticeofnoncomplianceisgivenunderparagraph(3)withrespecttoeachnoncomplyingsourceforwhichsuchnoticeisgivenunlesstherehasbeenafinaldeterminationgrantingapetitionunderparagraph(4)(B)withrespecttosuchsource;
(8)authorizetheStateortheAdministratortoadjust(andfromtimetotimetoreadjust)theamountofthepenaltyassessmentcalculatedorthepaymentscheduleproposedbysuchowneroroperatorunderparagraph(4),iftheAdministratorfindsafternoticeandopportunityforahearingontherecordthatthepenaltyorscheduledoesnotmeettherequirementsofthissection;and
(9)requireafinaladjustmentofthepenaltywithin180daysaftersuchsourcecomesintocomplianceinaccordancewithsubsection(d)(4).
InanycaseinwhichtheStateestablishesanoncompliancepenaltyunderthissection,theStateshallprovidenoticethereoftotheAdministrator.AnoncompliancepenaltyestablishedbyaStateunderthissectionshallapplyunlesstheAdministrator,withinninetydaysafterthedateofreceiptofnoticeoftheStatepenaltyassessmentunderthissection,objectsinwritingtotheamountofthepenaltyaslessthanwouldberequiredtocomplywithguidelinesestablishedbytheAdministrator.IftheAdministratorobjects,heshallimmediatelyestablishasubstitutenoncompliancepenaltyapplicabletosuchsource.
(c)Contracttoassistindeterminingamountofpenaltyassessmentorpaymentschedule
Iftheowneroroperatorofanystationarysourcetowhomanoticeisissuedundersubsection(b)(3)—
(1)doesnotsubmitatimelypetitionundersubsection(b)(4)(B),or
(2)submitsapetitionundersubsection(b)(4)(B)whichisdenied,and
failstosubmitacalculationofthepenaltyassessment,ascheduleforpayment,andtheinformationnecessaryforindependentverificationthereof,theState(ortheAdministrator,asthecasemaybe)mayenterintoacontractwithanypersonwhohasnofinancialinterestintheowneroroperatorofthesource(orinanypersoncontrolling,controlledbyorundercommoncontrolwithsuchsource)toassistindeterminingtheamountofthepenaltyassessmentorpaymentschedulewithrespecttosuchsource.Thecostofcarryingoutsuchcontractmaybeaddedtothepenaltytobeassessedagainsttheowneroroperatorofsuchsource.
(d)Payment
(1)AllpenaltiesassessedbytheAdministratorunderthissectionshallbepaidtotheUnitedStatesTreasury.AllpenaltiesassessedbytheStateunderthissectionshallbepaidtosuchState.
(2)Theamountofthepenaltywhichshallbeassessedandcollectedwithrespecttoanysourceunderthissectionshallbeequalto—
(A)theamountdeterminedinaccordancewithregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratorundersubsection(a),whichisnolessthantheeconomicvaluewhichadelayincompliancebeyondJuly1,1979,mayhavefortheownerofsuchsource,includingthequarterlyequivalentofthecapitalcostsofcomplianceanddebtserviceoveranormalamortizationperiod,nottoexceedtenyears,operationandmaintenancecostsforegoneasaresultofnoncompliance,andanyadditionaleconomicvaluewhichsuchadelaymayhavefortheowneroroperatorofsuchsource,minus
(B)theamountofanyexpendituremadebytheowneroroperatorofthatsourceduringanysuchquarterforthepurposeofbringingthatsourceinto,andmaintainingcompliancewith,suchrequirement,totheextentthatsuchexpenditureshavenotbeentakenintoaccountinthecalculationofthepenaltyundersubparagraph(A).
Totheextentthatanyexpenditureundersubparagraph(B)madeduringanyquarterisnotsubtractedforsuchquarterfromthecostsundersubparagraph(A),suchexpendituremaybesubtractedforanysubsequentquarterfromsuchcosts.Innoeventshalltheamountpaidbelessthanthequarterlypaymentminustheamountattributedtoactualcostofconstruction.
(3)(A)Theassessedpenaltyrequiredunderthissectionshallbepaidinquarterlyinstallmentsfortheperiodofcoverednoncompliance.Allquarterlypayments(determinedwithoutregardtoanyadjustmentoranysubtractionunderparagraph(2)(B))afterthefirstpaymentshallbeequal.
(B)Thefirstpaymentshallbedueonthedatesixmonthsafterthedateofissuanceofthenoticeofnoncomplianceundersubsection(b)(3)withrespecttoanysourceoronJanuary1,1980,whicheverislater.Suchfirstpaymentshallbeintheamountofthequarterlyinstallmentfortheupcomingquarter,plustheamountowedforanyprecedingperiodwithintheperiodofcoverednoncomplianceforsuchsource.
(C)Forthepurposeofthissection,theterm"periodofcoverednoncompliance"meanstheperiodwhichbegins—
(i)twoyearsafterAugust7,1977,inthecaseofasourceforwhichnoticeofnoncomplianceundersubsection(b)(3)isissuedonorbeforethedatetwoyearsafterAugust7,1977,or
(ii)onthedateofissuanceofthenoticeofnoncomplianceundersubsection(b)(3),inthecaseofasourceforwhichsuchnoticeisissuedafterJuly1,1979,
andendingonthedateonwhichsuchsourcecomesinto(orforthepurposeofestablishingthescheduleofpayments,isestimatedtocomeinto)compliancewithsuchrequirement.
(4)Uponmakingadeterminationthatasourcewithrespecttowhichapenaltyhasbeenpaidunderthissectionisincomplianceandismaintainingcompliancewiththeapplicablerequirement,theState(ortheAdministratorasthecasemaybe)shallreviewtheactualexpendituresmadebytheowneroroperatorofsuchsourceforthepurposeofattainingandmaintainingcompliance,andshallwithin180daysaftersuchsourcecomesintocompliance—
(A)providereimbursementwithinterest(tobepaidbytheStateorSecretaryoftheTreasury,asthecasemaybe)atappropriateprevailingrates(asdeterminedbytheSecretaryoftheTreasury)foranyoverpaymentbysuchperson,or
(B)assessandcollectanadditionalpaymentwithinterestatappropriateprevailingrates(asdeterminedbytheSecretaryoftheTreasury)foranyunderpaymentbysuchperson.
(5)Anypersonwhofailstopaytheamountofanypenaltywithrespecttoanysourceunderthissectiononatimelybasisshallberequiredtopayinadditionaquarterlynonpaymentpenaltyforeachquarterduringwhichsuchfailuretopaypersists.Suchnonpaymentpenaltyshallbeinanamountequalto20percentoftheaggregateamountofsuchperson'spenaltiesandnonpaymentpenaltieswithrespecttosuchsourcewhichareunpaidasofthebeginningofsuchquarter.
(e)Judicialreview
Anyactionpursuanttothissection,includinganyobjectionoftheAdministratorunderthelastsentenceofsubsection(b),shallbeconsideredafinalactionforpurposesofjudicialreviewofanypenaltyundersection7607ofthistitle.
(f)Otherorders,payments,sanctions,orrequirements
Anyorders,payments,sanctions,orotherrequirementsunderthissectionshallbeinadditiontoanyotherpermits,orders,payments,sanctions,orotherrequirementsestablishedunderthischapter,andshallinnowayaffectanycivilorcriminalenforcementproceedingsbroughtunderanyprovisionofthischapterorStateorlocallaw.
(g)Morestringentemissionlimitationsorotherrequirements
InthecaseofanyemissionlimitationorotherrequirementapprovedorpromulgatedbytheAdministratorunderthischapterafterAugust7,1977,whichismorestringentthantheemissionlimitationorrequirementforthesourceineffectpriortosuchapprovalorpromulgation,ifany,orwheretherewasnoemissionlimitationorrequirementapprovedorpromulgatedbeforeAugust7,1977,thedateforimpositionofthenon-compliancepenaltyunderthissection,shallbeeitherJuly1,1979,orthedateonwhichthesourceisrequiredtobeinfullcompliancewithsuchemissionlimitationorrequirement,whicheverislater,butinnoeventlaterthanthreeyearsaftertheapprovalorpromulgationofsuchemissionlimitationorrequirement.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§120,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§118,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.714;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(28)–(38),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1401;Pub.L.101–549,titleVII,§710(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2684.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7413(d)ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(2)(B),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.
Section1857c–10ofthistitle(asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977),referredtoinsubsec.(a)(2)(B)(i),wasintheoriginal"section119(asineffectbeforethedateoftheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1977)",meaningsection119ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,asaddedJune22,1974,Pub.L.93–319,§3,88Stat.248,(whichwasclassifiedtosection1857c–10ofthistitle)asineffectpriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.691,effectiveAug.7,1977.Section112(b)(1)ofPub.L.95–95repealedsection119ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,asaddedbyPub.L.93–319,andprovidedthatallreferencestosuchsection119inanysubsequentenactmentwhichsupersedesPub.L.93–319shallbeconstruedtorefertosection113(d)oftheCleanAirActandtoparagraph(5)thereofinparticularwhichisclassifiedtosubsec.(d)(5)ofsection7413ofthistitle.Section7413(d)ofthistitlewassubsequentlyamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.Section117(b)ofPub.L.95–95addedanewsection119ofactJuly14,1955,whichisclassifiedtosection7419ofthistitle.
Section1857c–10(c)(1)ofthistitle(asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977),referredtoinsubsec.(a)(2)(B)(ii),wasintheoriginal"section119(c)(1)(asineffectbeforethedateoftheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1977)."Seeparagraphsetoutaboveforexplanationofcodification.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a)(2)(A).Pub.L.101–549insertedreferencetosections7477and7603ofthistitleincl.(ii),addedcl.(iii),andredesignatedformercl.(iii)as(iv)andinsertedreferencetocl.(iii).
1977—Subsec.(a)(2)(A).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(28),(29),incls.(i)and(iii)insertedprovisionsrelatingtoconsentdecreeswhereverappearing.
Subsec.(a)(2)(B).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(30),(31),incl.(i)insertedreferencetosection7413(d)(5)ofthistitle,andincls.(i)and(ii)insertedprovisionrelatingtoordersineffectundersection1857c–10ofthistitlebeforeAug.7,1977,whereverappearing.
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(34)–(36),inclosingprovisionsinsertedprovisionsrelatingtonoticetotheAdministratorwhenanoncompliancepenaltyisestablishedbyaState,andsubstitutedreferencestononcomplianceforreferencestodelayedcomplianceintwoplaces,"source"for"facility",and"receiptofnoticeoftheStatepenaltyassessment"for"publicationoftheproposedpenalty".
Subsec.(b)(2)(A).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(33),substituted"(a)(1)(B)(i)"for"(e)".
Subsec.(b)(8).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(32),substituted"(4)"for"(6)".
Subsec.(d)(2)(A).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(37),insertedprovisionsrelatingtoinclusionoftheeconomicvalueofadelayincompliance,andsubstituted"suchadelay"for"adelayincompliancebeyondJuly1,1979,".
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(38),substituted"subsection,shall"for"subsectionshall".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7421.Consultation
Incarryingouttherequirementsofthischapterrequiringapplicableimplementationplanstocontain—
(1)anytransportationcontrols,airqualitymaintenanceplanrequirementsorpreconstructionreviewofdirectsourcesofairpollution,or
(2)anymeasurereferredto—
(A)inpartD(pertainingtononattainmentrequirements),or
(B)inpartC(pertainingtopreventionofsignificantdeterioration),
andincarryingouttherequirementsofsection7413(d) 1ofthistitle(relatingtocertainenforcementorders),theStateshallprovideasatisfactoryprocessofconsultationwithgeneralpurposelocalgovernments,designatedorganizationsofelectedofficialsoflocalgovernmentsandanyFederallandmanagerhavingauthorityoverFederallandtowhichtheStateplanapplies,effectivewithrespecttoanysuchrequirementwhichisadoptedmorethanoneyearafterAugust7,1977,aspartofsuchplan.SuchprocessshallbeinaccordancewithregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratortoassureadequateconsultation.TheAdministratorshallupdateasnecessarytheoriginalregulationsrequiredandpromulgatedunderthissection(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)toensureadequateconsultation.Onlyageneralpurposeunitoflocalgovernment,regionalagency,orcouncilofgovernmentsadverselyaffectedbyactionoftheAdministratorapprovinganyportionofaplanreferredtointhissubsection 2maypetitionforjudicialreviewofsuchactiononthebasisofaviolationoftherequirementsofthissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§121,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§119,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.719;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§108(h),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2467.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7413(d)ofthistitle,referredtointext,wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedpenultimatesentencegenerally.Priortoamendment,penultimatesentencereadasfollows:"Suchregulationsshallbepromulgatedafternoticeandopportunityforpublichearingandnotlaterthan6monthsafterAugust7,1977."
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.
§7422.Listingofcertainunregulatedpollutants
(a)Radioactivepollutants,cadmium,arsenic,andpolycyclicorganicmatter
NotlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977(twoyearsforradioactivepollutants)andafternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,theAdministratorshallreviewallavailablerelevantinformationanddeterminewhetherornotemissionsofradioactivepollutants(includingsourcematerial,specialnuclearmaterial,andbyproductmaterial),cadmium,arsenicandpolycyclicorganicmatterintotheambientairwillcause,orcontributeto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealth.IftheAdministratormakesanaffirmativedeterminationwithrespecttoanysuchsubstance,heshallsimultaneouslywithsuchdeterminationincludesuchsubstanceinthelistpublishedundersection7408(a)(1)or7412(b)(1)(A) 1ofthistitle(inthecaseofasubstancewhich,inthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,causes,orcontributesto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoresultinanincreaseinmortalityoranincreaseinseriousirreversible,orincapacitatingreversible,illness),orshallincludeeachcategoryofstationarysourcesemittingsuchsubstanceinsignificantamountsinthelistpublishedundersection7411(b)(1)(A)ofthistitle,ortakeanycombinationofsuchactions.
(b)Revisionauthority
Nothinginsubsection(a)shallbeconstruedtoaffecttheauthorityoftheAdministratortoreviseanylistreferredtoinsubsection(a)withrespecttoanysubstance(whetherornotenumeratedinsubsection(a)).
(c)ConsultationwithNuclearRegulatoryCommission;interagencyagreement;noticeandhearing
(1)Beforelistinganysourcematerial,specialnuclear, 2orbyproductmaterial(orcomponentorderivativethereof)asprovidedinsubsection(a),theAdministratorshallconsultwiththeNuclearRegulatoryCommission.
(2)Notlaterthansixmonthsafterlistinganysuchmaterial(orcomponentorderivativethereof)theAdministratorandtheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionshallenterintoaninteragencyagreementwithrespecttothosesourcesorfacilitieswhichareunderthejurisdictionoftheCommission.Thisagreementshall,tothemaximumextentpracticableconsistentwiththischapter,minimizeduplicationofeffortandconserveadministrativeresourcesintheestablishment,implementation,andenforcementofemissionlimitations,standardsofperformance,andotherrequirementsandauthorities(substantiveandprocedural)underthischapterrespectingtheemissionofsuchmaterial(orcomponentorderivativethereof)fromsuchsourcesorfacilities.
(3)IncaseofanystandardoremissionlimitationpromulgatedbytheAdministrator,underthischapterorbyanyState(ortheAdministrator)underanyapplicableimplementationplanunderthischapter,iftheNuclearRegulatoryCommissiondetermines,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearingthattheapplicationofsuchstandardorlimitationtoasourceorfacilitywithinthejurisdictionoftheCommissionwouldendangerpublichealthorsafety,suchstandardorlimitationshallnotapplytosuchfacilitiesorsourcesunlessthePresidentdeterminesotherwisewithinninetydaysfromthedateofsuchfinding.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§122,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§120(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.720.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7412(b)(1),referredtoinsubsec.(a),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleIII,§301,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2531,and,assoamended,nolongercontainsasubpar.(A).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TransferofFunctions
FortransferofcertainfunctionsfromNuclearRegulatoryCommissiontoChairmanthereof,seeReorg.PlanNo.1of1980,45F.R.40561,94Stat.3585,setoutasanoteundersection5841ofthistitle.
StudybyAdministratorofEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§120(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.721,directedAdministratorofEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytoconductastudy,inconjunctionwithotherappropriateagencies,concerningeffectonpublichealthandwelfareofsulfates,radioactivepollutants,cadmium,arsenic,andpolycyclicorganicmatterwhicharepresentormayreasonablybeanticipatedtooccurintheambientair,suchstudytoincludeathoroughinvestigationofhowsulfatesareformedandhowtoprotectpublichealthandwelfarefromtheinjuriouseffects,ifany,ofsulfates,cadmium,arsenic,andpolycyclicorganicmatter.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.Theword"material"probablyshouldprecedethecomma.
§7423.Stackheights
(a)Heightsinexcessofgoodengineeringpractice;otherdispersiontechniques
Thedegreeofemissionlimitationrequiredforcontrolofanyairpollutantunderanapplicableimplementationplanunderthissubchaptershallnotbeaffectedinanymannerby—
(1)somuchofthestackheightofanysourceasexceedsgoodengineeringpractice(asdeterminedunderregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator),or
(2)anyotherdispersiontechnique.
TheprecedingsentenceshallnotapplywithrespecttostackheightsinexistencebeforeDecember31,1970,ordispersiontechniquesimplementedbeforesuchdate.Inestablishinganemissionlimitationforcoal-firedsteamelectricgeneratingunitswhicharesubjecttotheprovisionsofsection7418ofthistitleandwhichcommencedoperationbeforeJuly1,1957,theeffectoftheentirestackheightofstacksforwhichaconstructioncontractwasawardedbeforeFebruary8,1974,maybetakenintoaccount.
(b)Dispersiontechnique
Forthepurposeofthissection,theterm"dispersiontechnique"includesanyintermittentorsupplementalcontrolofairpollutantsvaryingwithatmosphericconditions.
(c)Regulations;goodengineeringpractice
NotlaterthansixmonthsafterAugust7,1977,theAdministrator,shallafternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,promulgateregulationstocarryoutthissection.Forpurposesofthissection,goodengineeringpracticemeans,withrespecttostackheights,theheightnecessarytoinsurethatemissionsfromthestackdonotresultinexcessiveconcentrationsofanyairpollutantintheimmediatevicinityofthesourceasaresultofatmosphericdownwash,eddiesandwakeswhichmaybecreatedbythesourceitself,nearbystructuresornearbyterrainobstacles(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator).Forpurposesofthissectionsuchheightshallnotexceedtwoandahalftimestheheightofsuchsourceunlesstheowneroroperatorofthesourcedemonstrates,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,tothesatisfactionoftheAdministrator,thatagreaterheightisnecessaryasprovidedundertheprecedingsentence.InnoeventmaytheAdministratorprohibitanyincreaseinanystackheightorrestrictinanymannerthestackheightofanysource.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§123,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§121,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.721.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7424.AssuranceofadequacyofStateplans
(a)Statereviewofimplementationplanswhichrelatetomajorfuelburningsources
AsexpeditiouslyaspracticablebutnotlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977,eachStateshallreviewtheprovisionsofitsimplementationplanwhichrelatetomajorfuelburningsourcesandshalldetermine—
(1)theextenttowhichcompliancewithrequirementsofsuchplanisdependentupontheusebymajorfuelburningstationarysourcesofpetroleumproductsornaturalgas,
(2)theextenttowhichsuchplanmayreasonablybeanticipatedtobeinadequatetomeettherequirementsofthischapterinsuchStateonareliableandlong-termbasisbyreasonofitsdependenceupontheuseofsuchfuels,and
(3)theextenttowhichcompliancewiththerequirementsofsuchplanisdependentuponuseofcoalorcoalderivativeswhichisnotlocallyorregionallyavailable.
EachStateshallsubmittheresultsofitsreviewanditsdeterminationunderthisparagraphtotheAdministratorpromptlyuponcompletionthereof.
(b)Planrevision
(1)NotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterAugust7,1977,theAdministratorshallreviewthesubmissionsoftheStatesundersubsection(a)andshallrequireeachStatetoreviseitsplanif,inthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,suchplanrevisionisnecessarytoassurethatsuchplanwillbeadequatetoassurecompliancewiththerequirementsofthischapterinsuchStateonareliableandlong-termbasis,takingintoaccounttheactualorpotentialprohibitionsonuseofpetroleumproductsornaturalgas,orboth,underanyotherauthorityoflaw.
(2)Beforerequiringaplanrevisionunderthissubsection,withrespecttoanyStatetheAdministratorshalltakeintoaccountthereportofthereviewconductedbysuchStateunderparagraph(1)andshallconsultwiththeGovernoroftheStaterespectingsuchrequiredrevision.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§124,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§122,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.722.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7425.Measurestopreventeconomicdisruptionorunemployment
(a)Determinationthatactionisnecessary
Afternoticeandopportunityforapublichearing—
(1)theGovernorofanyStateinwhichamajorfuelburningstationarysourcereferredtointhissubsection(orclassorcategorythereof)islocated,
(2)theAdministrator,or
(3)thePresident(orhisdesignee),
maydeterminethatactionundersubsection(b)ofthissectionisnecessarytopreventorminimizesignificantlocalorregionaleconomicdisruptionorunemploymentwhichwouldotherwiseresultfromusebysuchsource(orclassorcategory)of—
(A)coalorcoalderivativesotherthanlocallyorregionallyavailablecoal,
(B)petroleumproducts,
(C)naturalgas,or
(D)anycombinationoffuelsreferredtoinsubparagraphs(A)through(C),
tocomplywiththerequirementsofaStateimplementationplan.
(b)Useoflocallyorregionallyavailablecoalorcoalderivativestocomplywithimplementationplanrequirements
Uponadeterminationundersubsection(a)—
(1)suchGovernor,withthewrittenconsentofthePresidentorhisdesignee,
(2)thePresident'sdesigneewiththewrittenconsentofsuchGovernor,or
(3)thePresident
maybyruleororderprohibitanysuchmajorfuelburningstationarysource(orclassorcategorythereof)fromusingfuelsotherthanlocallyorregionallyavailablecoalorcoalderivativestocomplywithimplementationplanrequirements.Intakinganyactionunderthissubsection,theGovernor,thePresident,orthePresident'sdesigneeasthecasemaybe,shalltakeintoaccount,thefinalcosttotheconsumerofsuchanaction.
(c)Contracts;schedules
TheGovernor,inthecaseofactionundersubsection(b)(1),ortheAdministrator,inthecaseofanactionundersubsection(b)(2)or(3)shall,byruleororder,requireeachsourcetowhichsuchactionappliesto—
(1)enterintolong-termcontractsofatleasttenyearsinduration(exceptasthePresidentorhisdesigneemayotherwisepermitorrequirebyruleororderforgoodcause)forsuppliesofregionallyavailablecoalorcoalderivatives,
(2)enterintocontractstoacquireanyadditionalmeansofemissionlimitationwhichtheAdministratorortheStatedeterminesmaybenecessarytocomplywiththerequirementsofthischapterwhileusingsuchcoalorcoalderivativesasfuel,and
(3)complywithsuchschedules(includingincrementsofprogress),timetablesandotherrequirementsasmaybenecessarytoassurecompliancewiththerequirementsofthischapter.
Requirementsunderthissubsectionshallbeestablishedsimultaneouslywith,andasaconditionof,anyactionundersubsection(b).
(d)Existingornewmajorfuelburningstationarysources
Thissectionappliesonlytoexistingornewmajorfuelburningstationarysources—
(1)whichhavethedesigncapacitytoproduce250,000,000Btu'sperhour(oritsequivalent),asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,and
(2)whicharenotincompliancewiththerequirementsofanapplicableimplementationplanorwhichareprohibitedfromburningoilornaturalgas,orboth,underanyotherauthorityoflaw.
(e)Actionsnottobedeemedmodificationsofmajorfuelburningstationarysources
ExceptasmayotherwisebeprovidedbyrulebytheStateortheAdministratorforgoodcause,anyactionrequiredtobetakenbyamajorfuelburningstationarysourceunderthissectionshallnotbedeemedtoconstituteamodificationforpurposesofsection7411(a)(2)and(4)ofthistitle.
(f)Treatmentofprohibitions,rules,orordersasrequirementsorpartsofplansunderotherprovisions
Forpurposesofsections7413and7420ofthistitleaprohibitionundersubsection(b),andacorrespondingruleororderundersubsection(c),shallbetreatedasarequirementofsection7413ofthistitle.Forpurposesofanyplan(orportionthereof)promulgatedundersection7410(c)ofthistitle,anyruleororderundersubsection(c)correspondingtoaprohibitionundersubsection(b),shallbetreatedasapartofsuchplan.Forpurposesofsection7413ofthistitle,aprohibitionundersubsection(b),applicabletoanysource,andacorrespondingruleororderundersubsection(c),shallbetreatedaspartoftheapplicableimplementationplanfortheStateinwhichsubjectsourceislocated.
(g)DelegationofPresidentialauthority
ThePresidentmaydelegatehisauthorityunderthissectiontoanofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesdesignatedbyhimonacase-by-casebasisorinanyothermannerhedeemssuitable.
(h)"Locallyorregionallyavailablecoalorcoalderivatives"defined
Forthepurposeofthissectiontheterm"locallyorregionallyavailablecoalorcoalderivatives"meanscoalorcoalderivativeswhichis,orcaninthejudgmentoftheStateortheAdministratorfeasiblybe,minedorproducedinthelocalorregionalarea(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator)inwhichthemajorfuelburningstationarysourceislocated.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§125,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§122,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.722.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7426.Interstatepollutionabatement
(a)WrittennoticetoallnearbyStates
Eachapplicableimplementationplanshall—
(1)requireeachmajorproposednew(ormodified)source—
(A)subjecttopartC(relatingtosignificantdeteriorationofairquality)or
(B)whichmaysignificantlycontributetolevelsofairpollutioninexcessofthenationalambientairqualitystandardsinanyairqualitycontrolregionoutsidetheStateinwhichsuchsourceintendstolocate(ormakesuchmodification),
toprovidewrittennoticetoallnearbyStatestheairpollutionlevelsofwhichmaybeaffectedbysuchsourceatleastsixtydayspriortothedateonwhichcommencementofconstructionistobepermittedbytheStateprovidingnotice,and
(2)identifyallmajorexistingstationarysourceswhichmayhavetheimpactdescribedinparagraph(1)withrespecttonewormodifiedsourcesandprovidenoticetoallnearbyStatesoftheidentityofsuchsourcesnotlaterthanthreemonthsafterAugust7,1977.
(b)Petitionforfindingthatmajorsourcesemitorwouldemitprohibitedairpollutants
AnyStateorpoliticalsubdivisionmaypetitiontheAdministratorforafindingthatanymajorsourceorgroupofstationarysourcesemitsorwouldemitanyairpollutantinviolationoftheprohibitionofsection7410(a)(2)(D)(ii)ofthistitleorthissection.Within60daysafterreceiptofanypetitionunderthissubsectionandafterpublichearing,theAdministratorshallmakesuchafindingordenythepetition.
(c)Violations;allowablecontinuedoperation
NotwithstandinganypermitwhichmayhavebeengrantedbytheStateinwhichthesourceislocated(orintendstolocate),itshallbeaviolationofthissectionandtheapplicableimplementationplaninsuchState—
(1)foranymajorproposednew(ormodified)sourcewithrespecttowhichafindinghasbeenmadeundersubsection(b)tobeconstructedortooperateinviolationoftheprohibitionofsection7410(a)(2)(D)(ii)ofthistitleorthissection,or
(2)foranymajorexistingsourcetooperatemorethanthreemonthsaftersuchfindinghasbeenmadewithrespecttoit.
TheAdministratormaypermitthecontinuedoperationofasourcereferredtoinparagraph(2)beyondtheexpirationofsuchthree-monthperiodifsuchsourcecomplieswithsuchemissionlimitationsandcomplianceschedules(containingincrementsofprogress)asmaybeprovidedbytheAdministratortobringaboutcompliancewiththerequirementscontainedinsection7410(a)(2)(D)(ii)ofthistitleorthissectionasexpeditiouslyaspracticable,butinnocaselaterthanthreeyearsafterthedateofsuchfinding.Nothingintheprecedingsentenceshallbeconstruedtoprecludeanysuchsourcefrombeingeligibleforanenforcementorderundersection7413(d) 1ofthistitleaftertheexpirationofsuchperiodduringwhichtheAdministratorhaspermittedcontinuousoperation.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§126,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§123,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.724;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(39),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1401;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§109(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2469.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7413(d)ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(c),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(b).Pub.L.101–549,§109(a)(1),inserted"orgroupofstationarysources"after"anymajorsource"andsubstituted"section7410(a)(2)(D)(ii)ofthistitleorthissection"for"section7410(a)(2)(E)(i)ofthistitle".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.101–549,§109(a)(2)(A),whichdirectedtheinsertionof"thissectionand"after"violationof",wasexecutedbymakingtheinsertionafterfirstreferenceto"violationof"toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Pub.L.101–549,§109(a)(2)(B),substituted"section7410(a)(2)(D)(ii)ofthistitleorthissection"for"section7410(a)(2)(E)(i)ofthistitle"inpar.(1)andpenultimatesentence.
1977—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.95–190substituted"(relatingtosignificantdeteriorationofairquality)"for", relatingtosignificantdeteriorationofairquality".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7427.Publicnotification
(a)Warningsigns;television,radio,orpressnoticesorinformation
EachStateplanshallcontainmeasureswhichwillbeeffectivetonotifythepublicduringanycalendar 1onaregularbasisofinstancesorareasinwhichanynationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardisexceededorwasexceededduringanyportionoftheprecedingcalendaryeartoadvisethepublicofthehealthhazardsassociatedwithsuchpollution,andtoenhancepublicawarenessofthemeasureswhichcanbetakentopreventsuchstandardsfrombeingexceededandthewaysinwhichthepubliccanparticipateinregulatoryandothereffortstoimproveairquality.Suchmeasuresmayincludethepostingofwarningsignsoninterstatehighwayaccesspointstometropolitanareasortelevision,radio,orpressnoticesorinformation.
(b)Grants
TheAdministratorisauthorizedtomakegrantstoStatestoassistincarryingouttherequirementsofsubsection(a).
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§127,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§124,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.725.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"calendaryear".
§7428.Stateboards
(a) 1NotlaterthanthedateoneyearafterAugust7,1977,eachapplicableimplementationplanshallcontainrequirementsthat—
(1)anyboardorbodywhichapprovespermitsorenforcementordersunderthischaptershallhaveatleastamajorityofmemberswhorepresentthepublicinterestanddonotderiveanysignificantportionoftheirincomefrompersonssubjecttopermitsorenforcementordersunderthischapter,and
(2)anypotentialconflictsofinterestbymembersofsuchboardorbodyortheheadofanexecutiveagencywithsimilarpowersbeadequatelydisclosed.
AStatemayadoptanyrequirementsrespectingconflictsofinterestforsuchboardsorbodiesorheadsofexecutiveagencies,oranyotherentitieswhicharemorestringentthantherequirementsofparagraph(1)and(2),andtheAdministratorshallapproveanysuchmorestringentrequirementssubmittedaspartofanimplementationplan.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§128,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§125,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.725.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Sectionenactedwithoutasubsec.(b).
§7429.Solidwastecombustion
(a)Newsourceperformancestandards
(1)Ingeneral
(A)TheAdministratorshallestablishperformancestandardsandotherrequirementspursuanttosection7411ofthistitleandthissectionforeachcategoryofsolidwasteincinerationunits.Suchstandardsshallincludeemissionslimitationsandotherrequirementsapplicabletonewunitsandguidelines(undersection7411(d)ofthistitleandthissection)andotherrequirementsapplicabletoexistingunits.
(B)Standardsundersection7411ofthistitleandthissectionapplicabletosolidwasteincinerationunitswithcapacitygreaterthan250tonsperdaycombustingmunicipalwasteshallbepromulgatednotlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990.Nothinginthissubparagraphshallalteranyscheduleforthepromulgationofstandardsapplicabletosuchunitsundersection7411ofthistitlepursuanttoanysettlementandconsentdecreeenteredbytheAdministratorbeforeNovember15,1990:Provided,That,suchstandardsaresubsequentlymodifiedpursuanttothescheduleestablishedinthissubparagraphtoincludeeachoftherequirementsofthissection.
(C)Standardsundersection7411ofthistitleandthissectionapplicabletosolidwasteincinerationunitswithcapacityequaltoorlessthan250tonsperdaycombustingmunicipalwasteandunitscombustinghospitalwaste,medicalwasteandinfectiouswasteshallbepromulgatednotlaterthan24monthsafterNovember15,1990.
(D)Standardsundersection7411ofthistitleandthissectionapplicabletosolidwasteincinerationunitscombustingcommercialorindustrialwasteshallbeproposednotlaterthan36monthsafterNovember15,1990,andpromulgatednotlaterthan48monthsafterNovember15,1990.
(E)Notlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpublishascheduleforthepromulgationofstandardsundersection7411ofthistitleandthissectionapplicabletoothercategoriesofsolidwasteincinerationunits.
(2)Emissionsstandard
Standardsapplicabletosolidwasteincinerationunitspromulgatedundersection7411ofthistitleandthissectionshallreflectthemaximumdegreeofreductioninemissionsofairpollutantslistedundersection 1(a)(4)thattheAdministrator,takingintoconsiderationthecostofachievingsuchemissionreduction,andanynon-airqualityhealthandenvironmentalimpactsandenergyrequirements,determinesisachievableforneworexistingunitsineachcategory.TheAdministratormaydistinguishamongclasses,types(includingmass-burn,refuse-derivedfuel,modularandothertypesofunits),andsizesofunitswithinacategoryinestablishingsuchstandards.Thedegreeofreductioninemissionsthatisdeemedachievablefornewunitsinacategoryshallnotbelessstringentthantheemissionscontrolthatisachievedinpracticebythebestcontrolledsimilarunit,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator.Emissionsstandardsforexistingunitsinacategorymaybelessstringentthanstandardsfornewunitsinthesamecategorybutshallnotbelessstringentthantheaverageemissionslimitationachievedbythebestperforming12percentofunitsinthecategory(excludingunitswhichfirstmetlowestachievableemissionsrates18monthsbeforethedatesuchstandardsareproposedor30monthsbeforethedatesuchstandardsarepromulgated,whicheverislater).
(3)Controlmethodsandtechnologies
Standardsundersection7411ofthistitleandthissectionapplicabletosolidwasteincinerationunitsshallbebasedonmethodsandtechnologiesforremovalordestructionofpollutantsbefore,during,oraftercombustion,andshallincorporatefornewunitssitingrequirementsthatminimize,onasitespecificbasis,tothemaximumextentpracticable,potentialriskstopublichealthortheenvironment.
(4)Numericalemissionslimitations
Theperformancestandardspromulgatedundersection7411ofthistitleandthissectionandapplicabletosolidwasteincinerationunitsshallspecifynumericalemissionlimitationsforthefollowingsubstancesormixtures:particulatematter(totalandfine),opacity(asappropriate),sulfurdioxide,hydrogenchloride,oxidesofnitrogen,carbonmonoxide,lead,cadmium,mercury,anddioxinsanddibenzofurans.TheAdministratormaypromulgatenumericalemissionslimitationsorprovideforthemonitoringofpostcombustionconcentrationsofsurrogatesubstances,parametersorperiodsofresidencetimeinexcessofstatedtemperatureswithrespecttopollutantsotherthanthoselistedinthisparagraph.
(5)Reviewandrevision
Notlaterthan5yearsfollowingtheinitialpromulgationofanyperformancestandardsandotherrequirementsunderthissectionandsection7411ofthistitleapplicabletoacategoryofsolidwasteincinerationunits,andat5yearintervalsthereafter,theAdministratorshallreview,andinaccordancewiththissectionandsection7411ofthistitle,revisesuchstandardsandrequirements.
(b)Existingunits
(1)Guidelines
Performancestandardsunderthissectionandsection7411ofthistitleforsolidwasteincinerationunitsshallincludeguidelinespromulgatedpursuanttosection7411(d)ofthistitleandthissectionapplicabletoexistingunits.Suchguidelinesshallinclude,asprovidedinthissection,eachoftheelementsrequiredbysubsection(a)(emissionslimitations,notwithstandinganyrestrictioninsection7411(d)ofthistitleregardingissuanceofsuchlimitations),subsection(c)(monitoring),subsection(d)(operatortraining),subsection(e)(permits),andsubsection(h)(4) 2(residualrisk).
(2)Stateplans
Notlaterthan1yearaftertheAdministratorpromulgatesguidelinesforacategoryofsolidwasteincinerationunits,eachStateinwhichunitsinthecategoryareoperatingshallsubmittotheAdministratoraplantoimplementandenforcetheguidelineswithrespecttosuchunits.TheStateplanshallbeatleastasprotectiveastheguidelinespromulgatedbytheAdministratorandshallprovidethateachunitsubjecttotheguidelinesshallbeincompliancewithallrequirementsofthissectionnotlaterthan3yearsaftertheStateplanisapprovedbytheAdministratorbutnotlaterthan5yearsaftertheguidelineswerepromulgated.TheAdministratorshallapproveordisapproveanyStateplanwithin180daysofthesubmission,andifaplanisdisapproved,theAdministratorshallstatethereasonsfordisapprovalinwriting.AnyStatemaymodifyandresubmitaplanwhichhasbeendisapprovedbytheAdministrator.
(3)Federalplan
TheAdministratorshalldevelop,implementandenforceaplanforexistingsolidwasteincinerationunitswithinanycategorylocatedinanyStatewhichhasnotsubmittedanapprovableplanunderthissubsectionwithrespecttounitsinsuchcategorywithin2yearsafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorpromulgatedtherelevantguidelines.Suchplanshallassurethateachunitsubjecttotheplanisincompliancewithallprovisionsoftheguidelinesnotlaterthan5yearsafterthedatetherelevantguidelinesarepromulgated.
(c)Monitoring
TheAdministratorshall,aspartofeachperformancestandardpromulgatedpursuanttosubsection(a)andsection7411ofthistitle,promulgateregulationsrequiringtheowneroroperatorofeachsolidwasteincinerationunit—
(1)tomonitoremissionsfromtheunitatthepointatwhichsuchemissionsareemittedintotheambientair(orwithinthestack,combustionchamberorpollutioncontrolequipment,asappropriate)andatsuchotherpointsasnecessarytoprotectpublichealthandtheenvironment;
(2)tomonitorsuchotherparametersrelatingtotheoperationoftheunitanditspollutioncontroltechnologyastheAdministratordeterminesareappropriate;and
(3)toreporttheresultsofsuchmonitoring.
Suchregulationsshallcontainprovisionsregardingthefrequencyofmonitoring,testmethodsandproceduresvalidatedonsolidwasteincinerationunits,andtheformandfrequencyofreportscontainingtheresultsofmonitoringandshallrequirethatanymonitoringreportsortestresultsindicatinganexceedanceofanystandardunderthissectionshallbereportedseparatelyandinamannerthatfacilitatesreviewforpurposesofenforcementactions.Suchregulationsshallrequirethatcopiesoftheresultsofsuchmonitoringbemaintainedonfileatthefacilityconcernedandthatcopiesshallbemadeavailableforinspectionandcopyingbyinterestedmembersofthepublicduringbusinesshours.
(d)Operatortraining
Notlaterthan24monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshalldevelopandpromoteamodelStateprogramforthetrainingandcertificationofsolidwasteincinerationunitoperatorsandhigh-capacityfossilfuelfiredplantoperators.TheAdministratormayauthorizeanyStatetoimplementamodelprogramforthetrainingofsolidwasteincinerationunitoperatorsandhigh-capacityfossilfuelfiredplantoperators,iftheStatehasadoptedaprogramwhichisatleastaseffectiveasthemodelprogramdevelopedbytheAdministrator.Beginningonthedate36monthsafterthedateonwhichperformancestandardsandguidelinesarepromulgatedundersubsection(a)andsection7411ofthistitleforanycategoryofsolidwasteincinerationunitsitshallbeunlawfultooperateanyunitinthecategoryunlesseachpersonwithcontroloverprocessesaffectingemissionsfromsuchunithassatisfactorilycompletedatrainingprogrammeetingtherequirementsestablishedbytheAdministratorunderthissubsection.
(e)Permits
Beginning(1)36monthsafterthepromulgationofaperformancestandardundersubsection(a)andsection7411ofthistitleapplicabletoacategoryofsolidwasteincinerationunits,or(2)theeffectivedateofapermitprogramundersubchapterVintheStateinwhichtheunitislocated,whicheverislater,eachunitinthecategoryshalloperatepursuanttoapermitissuedunderthissubsectionandsubchapterV.PermitsrequiredbythissubsectionmayberenewedaccordingtotheprovisionsofsubchapterV.Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionofthischapter,eachpermitforasolidwasteincinerationunitcombustingmunicipalwasteissuedunderthischaptershallbeissuedforaperiodofupto12yearsandshallbereviewedevery5yearsafterdateofissuanceorreissuance.Eachpermitshallcontinueineffectafterthedateofissuanceuntilthedateoftermination,unlesstheAdministratororStatedeterminesthattheunitisnotincompliancewithallstandardsandconditionscontainedinthepermit.Suchdeterminationshallbemadeatregularintervalsduringthetermofthepermit,suchintervalsnottoexceed5years,andonlyafterpubliccommentandpublichearing.Nopermitforasolidwasteincinerationunitmaybeissuedunderthischapterbyanagency,instrumentalityorpersonthatisalsoresponsible,inwholeorpart,forthedesignandconstructionoroperationoftheunit.Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionofthissubsection,theAdministratorortheStateshallrequiretheowneroroperatorofanyunittocomplywithemissionslimitationsorimplementanyothermeasures,iftheAdministratorortheStatedeterminesthatemissionsintheabsenceofsuchlimitationsormeasuresmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthortheenvironment.TheAdministrator'sdeterminationundertheprecedingsentenceisadiscretionarydecision.
(f)Effectivedateandenforcement
(1)Newunits
Performancestandardsandotherrequirementspromulgatedpursuanttothissectionandsection7411ofthistitleandapplicabletonewsolidwasteincinerationunitsshallbeeffectiveasofthedate6monthsafterthedateofpromulgation.
(2)Existingunits
Performancestandardsandotherrequirementspromulgatedpursuanttothissectionandsection7411ofthistitleandapplicabletoexistingsolidwasteincinerationunitsshallbeeffectiveasexpeditiouslyaspracticableafterapprovalofaStateplanundersubsection(b)(2)(orpromulgationofaplanbytheAdministratorundersubsection(b)(3))butinnoeventlaterthan3yearsaftertheStateplanisapprovedor5yearsafterthedatesuchstandardsorrequirementsarepromulgated,whicheverisearlier.
(3)Prohibition
Aftertheeffectivedateofanyperformancestandard,emissionlimitationorotherrequirementpromulgatedpursuanttothissectionandsection7411ofthistitle,itshallbeunlawfulforanyowneroroperatorofanysolidwasteincinerationunittowhichsuchstandard,limitationorrequirementappliestooperatesuchunitinviolationofsuchlimitation,standardorrequirementorforanyotherpersontoviolateanapplicablerequirementofthissection.
(4)Coordinationwithotherauthorities
Forpurposesofsections7411(e),7413,7414,7416,7420,7603,7604,7607ofthistitleandotherprovisionsfortheenforcementofthischapter,eachperformancestandard,emissionlimitationorotherrequirementestablishedpursuanttothissectionbytheAdministratororaStateorlocalgovernment,shallbetreatedinthesamemannerasastandardofperformanceundersection7411ofthistitlewhichisanemissionlimitation.
(g)Definitions
Forpurposesofsection306oftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990andthissectiononly—
(1)Solidwasteincinerationunit
Theterm"solidwasteincinerationunit"meansadistinctoperatingunitofanyfacilitywhichcombustsanysolidwastematerialfromcommercialorindustrialestablishmentsorthegeneralpublic(includingsingleandmultipleresidences,hotels,andmotels).Suchtermdoesnotincludeincineratorsorotherunitsrequiredtohaveapermitundersection3005oftheSolidWasteDisposalAct[42U.S.C.6925].Theterm"solidwasteincinerationunit"doesnotinclude(A)materialsrecoveryfacilities(includingprimaryorsecondarysmelters)whichcombustwastefortheprimarypurposeofrecoveringmetals,(B)qualifyingsmallpowerproductionfacilities,asdefinedinsection796(17)(C)oftitle16,orqualifyingcogenerationfacilities,asdefinedinsection796(18)(B)oftitle16,whichburnhomogeneouswaste(suchasunitswhichburntiresorusedoil,butnotincludingrefuse-derivedfuel)fortheproductionofelectricenergyorinthecaseofqualifyingcogenerationfacilitieswhichburnhomogeneouswastefortheproductionofelectricenergyandsteamorformsofusefulenergy(suchasheat)whichareusedforindustrial,commercial,heatingorcoolingpurposes,or(C)aircurtainincineratorsprovidedthatsuchincineratorsonlyburnwoodwastes,yardwastesandcleanlumberandthatsuchaircurtainincineratorscomplywithopacitylimitationstobeestablishedbytheAdministratorbyrule.
(2)Newsolidwasteincinerationunit
Theterm"newsolidwasteincinerationunit"meansasolidwasteincinerationunittheconstructionofwhichiscommencedaftertheAdministratorproposesrequirementsunderthissectionestablishingemissionsstandardsorotherrequirementswhichwouldbeapplicabletosuchunitoramodifiedsolidwasteincinerationunit.
(3)Modifiedsolidwasteincinerationunit
Theterm"modifiedsolidwasteincinerationunit"meansasolidwasteincinerationunitatwhichmodificationshaveoccurredaftertheeffectivedateofastandardundersubsection(a)if(A)thecumulativecostofthemodifications,overthelifeoftheunit,exceed50percentumoftheoriginalcostofconstructionandinstallationoftheunit(notincludingthecostofanylandpurchasedinconnectionwithsuchconstructionorinstallation)updatedtocurrentcosts,or(B)themodificationisaphysicalchangeinorchangeinthemethodofoperationoftheunitwhichincreasestheamountofanyairpollutantemittedbytheunitforwhichstandardshavebeenestablishedunderthissectionorsection7411ofthistitle.
(4)Existingsolidwasteincinerationunit
Theterm"existingsolidwasteincinerationunit"meansasolidwasteunitwhichisnotanewormodifiedsolidwasteincinerationunit.
(5)Municipalwaste
Theterm"municipalwaste"meansrefuse(andrefuse-derivedfuel)collectedfromthegeneralpublicandfromresidential,commercial,institutional,andindustrialsourcesconsistingofpaper,wood,yardwastes,foodwastes,plastics,leather,rubber,andothercombustiblematerialsandnon-combustiblematerialssuchasmetal,glassandrock,providedthat:(A)thetermdoesnotincludeindustrialprocesswastesormedicalwastesthataresegregatedfromsuchotherwastes;and(B)anincinerationunitshallnotbeconsideredtobecombustingmunicipalwasteforpurposesofsection7411ofthistitleorthissectionifitcombustsafuelfeedstream,30percentorlessoftheweightofwhichiscomprised,inaggregate,ofmunicipalwaste.
(6)Otherterms
Theterms"solidwaste"and"medicalwaste"shallhavethemeaningsestablishedbytheAdministratorpursuanttotheSolidWasteDisposalAct[42U.S.C.6901etseq.].
(h)Otherauthority
(1)Stateauthority
NothinginthissectionshallprecludeordenytherightofanyStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereoftoadoptorenforceanyregulation,requirement,limitationorstandardrelatingtosolidwasteincinerationunitsthatismorestringentthanaregulation,requirement,limitationorstandardineffectunderthissectionorunderanyotherprovisionofthischapter.
(2)Otherauthorityunderthischapter
NothinginthissectionshalldiminishtheauthorityoftheAdministratororaStatetoestablishanyotherrequirementsapplicabletosolidwasteincinerationunitsunderanyotherauthorityoflaw,includingtheauthoritytoestablishforanyairpollutantanationalambientairqualitystandard,exceptthatnosolidwasteincinerationunitsubjecttoperformancestandardsunderthissectionandsection7411ofthistitleshallbesubjecttostandardsundersection7412(d)ofthistitle.
(3)Residualrisk
TheAdministratorshallpromulgatestandardsundersection7412(f)ofthistitleforacategoryofsolidwasteincinerationunits,ifpromulgationofsuchstandardsisrequiredundersection7412(f)ofthistitle.Forpurposesofthis 3precedingsentenceonly—
(A)theperformancestandardsundersubsection(a)andsection7411ofthistitleapplicabletoacategoryofsolidwasteincinerationunitsshallbedeemedstandardsundersection7412(d)(2)ofthistitle,and
(B)theAdministratorshallconsiderandregulate,ifrequired,thepollutantslistedundersubsection(a)(4)andnoothers.
(4)Acidrain
AsolidwasteincinerationunitshallnotbeautilityunitasdefinedinsubchapterIV–A:Provided,That,morethan80percentumofitsannualaveragefuelconsumptionmeasuredonaBtubasis,duringaperiodorperiodstobedeterminedbytheAdministrator,isfromafuel(includinganywasteburnedasafuel)otherthanafossilfuel.
(5)RequirementsofpartsCandD
Norequirementofanapplicableimplementationplanundersection7475ofthistitle(relatingtoconstructionoffacilitiesinregionsidentifiedpursuanttosection7407(d)(1)(A)(ii)or(iii)ofthistitle)orundersection7502(c)(5)ofthistitle(relatingtopermitsforconstructionandoperationinnonattainmentareas)maybeusedtoweakenthestandardsineffectunderthissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§129,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIII,§305(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2577.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section306oftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990,referredtoinsubsec.(g),probablymeanssection306ofPub.L.101–549,whichissetoutasanoteundersection6921ofthistitle.
TheSolidWasteDisposalAct,referredtoinsubsec.(g)(6),istitleIIofPub.L.89–272,Oct.20,1965,79Stat.997,asamendedgenerallybyPub.L.94–580,§2,Oct.21,1976,90Stat.2795,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter82(§6901etseq.)ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection6901ofthistitleandTables.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
ReviewofAcidGasScrubbingRequirements
Pub.L.101–549,titleIII,§305(c),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2583,providedthat:"Priortothepromulgationofanyperformancestandardforsolidwasteincinerationunitscombustingmunicipalwasteundersection111orsection129oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7411,7429],theAdministratorshallreviewtheavailabilityofacidgasscrubbersasapollutioncontroltechnologyforsmallnewunitsandforexistingunits(asdefinedin54FederalRegister52190(December20,1989)[)],takingintoaccounttheprovisionsofsubsection(a)(2)ofsection129oftheCleanAirAct."
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsection".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesubsection"(h)(3)".
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"the".
§7430.Emissionfactors
Within6monthsafterNovember15,1990,andatleastevery3yearsthereafter,theAdministratorshallreviewand,ifnecessary,revise,themethods("emissionfactors")usedforpurposesofthischaptertoestimatethequantityofemissionsofcarbonmonoxide,volatileorganiccompounds,andoxidesofnitrogenfromsourcesofsuchairpollutants(includingareasourcesandmobilesources).Inaddition,theAdministratorshallestablishemissionfactorsforsourcesforwhichnosuchmethodshavepreviouslybeenestablishedbytheAdministrator.TheAdministratorshallpermitanypersontodemonstrateimprovedemissionsestimatingtechniques,andfollowingapprovalofsuchtechniques,theAdministratorshallauthorizetheuseofsuchtechniques.Anysuchtechniquemaybeapprovedonlyafterappropriatepublicparticipation.UntiltheAdministratorhascompletedtherevisionrequiredbythissection,nothinginthissectionshallbeconstruedtoaffectthevalidityofemissionfactorsestablishedbytheAdministratorbeforeNovember15,1990.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§130,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§804,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2689.)
§7431.Landuseauthority
Nothinginthischapterconstitutesaninfringementontheexistingauthorityofcountiesandcitiestoplanorcontrollanduse,andnothinginthischapterprovidesortransfersauthorityoversuchlanduse.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§131,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§805,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2689.)
PartB—OzoneProtection
§§7450to7459.Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleVI,§601,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2648
Section7450,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§150,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.725,setforthCongressionaldeclarationofpurpose.
Section7451,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§151,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.726,setforthCongressionalfindings.
Section7452,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§152,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.726,setforthdefinitionsapplicabletothispart.
Section7453,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§153,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.726,relatedtostudiesbyEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
Section7454,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§154,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.728;amendedPub.L.96–88,titleV,§509(b),Oct.17,1979,93Stat.695,relatedtoresearchandmonitoringactivitiesbyFederalagencies.
Section7455,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§155,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.729,relatedtoreportsonprogressofregulation.
Section7456,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§156,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.729,authorizedPresidenttoenterintointernationalagreementstofostercooperativeresearch.
Section7457,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§157,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.729,relatedtopromulgationofregulations.
Section7458,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§158,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.730,setforthotherprovisionsoflawthatwouldbeunaffectedbythispart.
Section7459,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§159,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§126,91Stat.730,relatedtoauthorityofStatestoprotectthestratosphere.
EditorialNotes
SimilarProvisions
Forprovisionsrelatingtostratosphericozoneprotection,seesection7671etseq.ofthistitle.
PartC—PreventionofSignificantDeteriorationofAirQuality
subparti—cleanair
§7470.Congressionaldeclarationofpurpose
Thepurposesofthispartareasfollows:
(1)toprotectpublichealthandwelfarefromanyactualorpotentialadverseeffectwhichintheAdministrator'sjudgmentmayreasonablybeanticipate 1tooccurfromairpollutionorfromexposurestopollutantsinothermedia,whichpollutantsoriginateasemissionstotheambientair) 2,notwithstandingattainmentandmaintenanceofallnationalambientairqualitystandards;
(2)topreserve,protect,andenhancetheairqualityinnationalparks,nationalwildernessareas,nationalmonuments,nationalseashores,andotherareasofspecialnationalorregionalnatural,recreational,scenic,orhistoricvalue;
(3)toinsurethateconomicgrowthwilloccurinamannerconsistentwiththepreservationofexistingcleanairresources;
(4)toassurethatemissionsfromanysourceinanyStatewillnotinterferewithanyportionoftheapplicableimplementationplantopreventsignificantdeteriorationofairqualityforanyotherState;and
(5)toassurethatanydecisiontopermitincreasedairpollutioninanyareatowhichthissectionappliesismadeonlyaftercarefulevaluationofalltheconsequencesofsuchadecisionandafteradequateproceduralopportunitiesforinformedpublicparticipationinthedecisionmakingprocess.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§160,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.731.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SubparteffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
GuidanceDocument
Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(c),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.741,requiredAdministrator,notlaterthan1yearafterAug.7,1977,topublishaguidancedocumenttoassistStatesincarryingouttheirfunctionsunderpartCoftitleIoftheCleanAirAct(thispart)withrespecttopollutantsforwhichnationalambientairqualitystandardsarepromulgated.
StudyandReportonProgressMadeinProgramRelatingtoSignificantDeteriorationofAirQuality
Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(d),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.742,directedAdministrator,notlaterthan2yearsafterAug.7,1977,tocompleteastudyandreporttoCongressonprogressmadeincarryingoutpartCoftitleIoftheCleanAirAct(thispart)andtheproblemsassociatedincarryingoutsuchsection.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"anticipated".
2 Soinoriginal.Sectionwasenactedwithoutanopeningparenthesis.
§7471.Planrequirements
Inaccordancewiththepolicyofsection7401(b)(1)ofthistitle,eachapplicableimplementationplanshallcontainemissionlimitationsandsuchothermeasuresasmaybenecessary,asdeterminedunderregulationspromulgatedunderthispart,topreventsignificantdeteriorationofairqualityineachregion(orportionthereof)designatedpursuanttosection7407ofthistitleasattainmentorunclassifiable.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§161,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.731;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§110(1),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2470.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549substituted"designatedpursuanttosection7407ofthistitleasattainmentorunclassifiable"for"identifiedpursuanttosection7407(d)(1)(D)or(E)ofthistitle".
§7472.Initialclassifications
(a)AreasdesignatedasclassI
Upontheenactmentofthispart,all—
(1)internationalparks,
(2)nationalwildernessareaswhichexceed5,000acresinsize,
(3)nationalmemorialparkswhichexceed5,000acresinsize,and
(4)nationalparkswhichexceedsixthousandacresinsize,
andwhichareinexistenceonAugust7,1977,shallbeclassIareasandmaynotberedesignated.AllareaswhichwereredesignatedasclassIunderregulationspromulgatedbeforeAugust7,1977,shallbeclassIareaswhichmayberedesignatedasprovidedinthispart.TheextentoftheareasdesignatedasClassIunderthissectionshallconformtoanychangesintheboundariesofsuchareaswhichhaveoccurredsubsequenttoAugust7,1977,orwhichmayoccursubsequenttoNovember15,1990.
(b)AreasdesignatedasclassII
AllareasinsuchStatedesignatedpursuanttosection7407(d)ofthistitleasattainmentorunclassifiablewhicharenotestablishedasclassIundersubsection(a)shallbeclassIIareasunlessredesignatedundersection7474ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§162,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.731;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(40),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1401;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§§108(m),110(2),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2469,2470.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.101–549,§108(m),insertedatend"TheextentoftheareasdesignatedasClassIunderthissectionshallconformtoanychangesintheboundariesofsuchareaswhichhaveoccurredsubsequenttoAugust7,1977,orwhichmayoccursubsequenttoNovember15,1990."
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.101–549,§110(2),substituted"designatedpursuanttosection7407(d)ofthistitleasattainmentorunclassifiable"for"identifiedpursuanttosection7407(d)(1)(D)or(E)ofthistitle".
1977—Subsec.(a)(4).Pub.L.95–190insertedacommaafter"size".
§7473.Incrementsandceilings
(a)Sulfuroxideandparticulatematter;requirementthatmaximumallowableincreasesandmaximumallowableconcentrationsnotbeexceeded
Inthecaseofsulfuroxideandparticulatematter,eachapplicableimplementationplanshallcontainmeasuresassuringthatmaximumallowableincreasesoverbaselineconcentrationsof,andmaximumallowableconcentrationsof,suchpollutantshallnotbeexceeded.Inthecaseofanymaximumallowableincrease(exceptanallowableincreasespecifiedundersection7475(d)(2)(C)(iv)ofthistitle)forapollutantbasedonconcentrationspermittedundernationalambientairqualitystandardsforanyperiodotherthananannualperiod,suchregulationsshallpermitsuchmaximumallowableincreasetobeexceededduringonesuchperiodperyear.
(b)Maximumallowableincreasesinconcentrationsoverbaselineconcentrations
(1)ForanyclassIarea,themaximumallowableincreaseinconcentrationsofsulfurdioxideandparticulatematteroverthebaselineconcentrationofsuchpollutantsshallnotexceedthefollowingamounts:
Pollutant Maximumallowableincrease(inmicrogramspercubicmeter)
Particulatematter:
Annualgeometricmean
5
Twenty-four-hourmaximum
10
Sulfurdioxide:
Annualarithmeticmean
2
Twenty-four-hourmaximum
5
Three-hourmaximum
25
(2)ForanyclassIIarea,themaximumallowableincreaseinconcentrationsofsulfurdioxideandparticulatematteroverthebaselineconcentrationofsuchpollutantsshallnotexceedthefollowingamounts:
Pollutant Maximumallowableincrease(inmicrogramspercubicmeter)
Particulatematter:
Annualgeometricmean
19
Twenty-four-hourmaximum
37
Sulfurdioxide:
Annualarithmeticmean
20
Twenty-four-hourmaximum
91
Three-hourmaximum
512
(3)ForanyclassIIIarea,themaximumallowableincreaseinconcentrationsofsulfurdioxideandparticulatematteroverthebaselineconcentrationofsuchpollutantsshallnotexceedthefollowingamounts:
Pollutant Maximumallowableincrease(inmicrogramspercubicmeter)
Particulatematter:
Annualgeometricmean
37
Twenty-four-hourmaximum
75
Sulfurdioxide:
Annualarithmeticmean
40
Twenty-four-hourmaximum
182
Three-hourmaximum
700
(4)Themaximumallowableconcentrationofanyairpollutantinanyareatowhichthispartappliesshallnotexceedaconcentrationforsuchpollutantforeachperiodofexposureequalto—
(A)theconcentrationpermittedunderthenationalsecondaryambientairqualitystandard,or
(B)theconcentrationpermittedunderthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandard,
whicheverconcentrationislowestforsuchpollutantforsuchperiodofexposure.
(c)Ordersorrulesfordeterminingcompliancewithmaximumallowableincreasesinambientconcentrationsofairpollutants
(1)InthecaseofanyStatewhichhasaplanapprovedbytheAdministratorforpurposesofcarryingoutthispart,theGovernorofsuchStatemay,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,issueordersorpromulgaterulesprovidingthatforpurposesofdeterminingcompliancewiththemaximumallowableincreasesinambientconcentrationsofanairpollutant,thefollowingconcentrationsofsuchpollutantshallnotbetakenintoaccount:
(A)concentrationsofsuchpollutantattributabletotheincreaseinemissionsfromstationarysourceswhichhaveconvertedfromtheuseofpetroleumproducts,ornaturalgas,orboth,byreasonofanorderwhichisineffectundertheprovisionsofsections792(a)and(b)oftitle15(oranysubsequentlegislationwhichsupersedessuchprovisions)overtheemissionsfromsuchsourcesbeforetheeffectivedateofsuchorder.1
(B)theconcentrationsofsuchpollutantattributabletotheincreaseinemissionsfromstationarysourceswhichhaveconvertedfromusingnaturalgasbyreasonofanaturalgascurtailmentpursuanttoanaturalgascurtailmentplanineffectpursuanttotheFederalPowerAct[16U.S.C.791aetseq.]overtheemissionsfromsuchsourcesbeforetheeffectivedateofsuchplan,
(C)concentrationsofparticulatematterattributabletotheincreaseinemissionsfromconstructionorothertemporaryemission-relatedactivities,and
(D)theincreaseinconcentrationsattributabletonewsourcesoutsidetheUnitedStatesovertheconcentrationsattributabletoexistingsourceswhichareincludedinthebaselineconcentrationdeterminedinaccordancewithsection7479(4)ofthistitle.
(2)Noactiontakenwithrespecttoasourceunderparagraph(1)(A)or(1)(B)shallapplymorethanfiveyearsaftertheeffectivedateoftheorderreferredtoinparagraph(1)(A)ortheplanreferredtoinparagraph(1)(B),whicheverisapplicable.Ifbothsuchorderandplanareapplicable,nosuchactionshallapplymorethanfiveyearsafterthelaterofsucheffectivedates.
(3)NoactionunderthissubsectionshalltakeeffectunlesstheGovernorsubmitstheorderorruleprovidingforsuchexclusiontotheAdministratorandtheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchorderorruleisincompliancewiththeprovisionsofthissubsection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§163,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.732;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(41),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1401.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheFederalPowerAct,referredtoinsubsec.(c)(1)(B),isactJune10,1920,ch.285,41Stat.1063,asamended,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter12(§791aetseq.)ofTitle16,Conservation.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seesection791aofTitle16andTables.
Amendments
1977—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.95–190inserted"section"before"7475".
1 Soinoriginal.Theperiodprobablyshouldbeacomma.
§7474.Arearedesignation
(a)AuthorityofStatestoredesignateareas
Exceptasotherwiseprovidedundersubsection(c),aStatemayredesignatesuchareasasitdeemsappropriateasclassIareas.ThefollowingareasmayberedesignatedonlyasclassIorII:
(1)anareawhichexceedstenthousandacresinsizeandisanationalmonument,anationalprimitivearea,anationalpreserve,anationalrecreationarea,anationalwildandscenicriver,anationalwildliferefuge,anationallakeshoreorseashore,and
(2)anationalparkornationalwildernessareaestablishedafterAugust7,1977,whichexceedstenthousandacresinsize.
Theextentoftheareasreferredtoinparagraph 1(1)and(2)shallconformtoanychangesintheboundariesofsuchareaswhichhaveoccurredsubsequenttoAugust7,1977,orwhichmayoccursubsequenttoNovember15,1990.Anyarea(otherthananareareferredtoinparagraph(1)or(2)oranareaestablishedasclassIunderthefirstsentenceofsection7472(a)ofthistitle)mayberedesignatedbytheStateasclassIIIif—
(A)suchredesignationhasbeenspecificallyapprovedbytheGovernoroftheState,afterconsultationwiththeappropriateCommitteesofthelegislatureifitisinsessionorwiththeleadershipofthelegislatureifitisnotinsession(unlessStatelawprovidesthatsuchredesignationmustbespecificallyapprovedbyStatelegislation)andifgeneralpurposeunitsoflocalgovernmentrepresentingamajorityoftheresidentsoftheareasoredesignatedenactlegislation(includingforsuchunitsoflocalgovernmentresolutionswhereappropriate)concurringintheState'sredesignation;
(B)suchredesignationwillnotcause,orcontributeto,concentrationsofanyairpollutantwhichexceedanymaximumallowableincreaseormaximumallowableconcentrationpermittedundertheclassificationofanyotherarea;and
(C)suchredesignationotherwisemeetstherequirementsofthispart.
Subparagraph(A)ofthisparagraphshallnotapplytoarearedesignationsbyIndiantribes.
(b)Noticeandhearing;noticetoFederallandmanager;writtencommentsandrecommendations;regulations;disapprovalofredesignation
(1)(A)Priortoredesignationofanyareaunderthispart,noticeshallbeaffordedandpublichearingsshallbeconductedinareasproposedtoberedesignatedandinareaswhichmaybeaffectedbytheproposedredesignation.Priortoanysuchpublichearingasatisfactorydescriptionandanalysisofthehealth,environmental,economic,social,andenergyeffectsoftheproposedredesignationshallbepreparedandmadeavailableforpublicinspectionandpriortoanysuchredesignation,thedescriptionandanalysisofsucheffectsshallbereviewedandexaminedbytheredesignatingauthorities.
(B)Priortotheissuanceofnoticeundersubparagraph(A)respectingtheredesignationofanyareaunderthissubsection,ifsuchareaincludesanyFederallands,theStateshallprovidewrittennoticetotheappropriateFederallandmanagerandaffordadequateopportunity(butnotinexcessof60days)toconferwiththeStaterespectingtheintendednoticeofredesignationandtosubmitwrittencommentsandrecommendationswithrespecttosuchintendednoticeofredesignation.InredesignatinganyareaunderthissectionwithrespecttowhichanyFederallandmanagerhassubmittedwrittencommentsandrecommendations,theStateshallpublishalistofanyinconsistencybetweensuchredesignationandsuchrecommendationsandanexplanationofsuchinconsistency(togetherwiththereasonsformakingsuchredesignationagainsttherecommendationoftheFederallandmanager).
(C)TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsnotlaterthansixmonthsafterAugust7,1977,toassure,insofaraspracticable,thatpriortoanypublichearingonredesignationofanyarea,thereshallbeavailableforpublicinspectionanyspecificplansforanynewormodifiedmajoremittingfacilitywhichmaybepermittedtobeconstructedandoperatedonlyiftheareainquestionisdesignatedorredesignatedasclassIII.
(2)TheAdministratormaydisapprovetheredesignationofanyareaonlyifhefinds,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,thatsuchredesignationdoesnotmeettheproceduralrequirementsofthissectionorisinconsistentwiththerequirementsofsection7472(a)ofthistitleorofsubsection(a)ofthissection.Ifanysuchdisapprovaloccurs,theclassificationoftheareashallbethatwhichwasineffectpriortotheredesignationwhichwasdisapproved.
(c)Indianreservations
LandswithintheexteriorboundariesofreservationsoffederallyrecognizedIndiantribesmayberedesignatedonlybytheappropriateIndiangoverningbody.SuchIndiangoverningbodyshallbesubjectinallrespecttotheprovisionsofsubsection(e).
(d)Reviewofnationalmonuments,primitiveareas,andnationalpreserves
TheFederalLandManagershallreviewallnationalmonuments,primitiveareas,andnationalpreserves,andshallrecommendanyappropriateareasforredesignationasclassIwhereairqualityrelatedvaluesareimportantattributesofthearea.TheFederalLandManagershallreportsuchrecommendations,within 2supportinganalysis,totheCongressandtheaffectedStateswithinoneyearafterAugust7,1977.TheFederalLandManagershallconsultwiththeappropriateStatesbeforemakingsuchrecommendations.
(e)ResolutionofdisputesbetweenStateandIndiantribes
IfanyStateaffectedbytheredesignationofanareabyanIndiantribeoranyIndiantribeaffectedbytheredesignationofanareabyaStatedisagreeswithsuchredesignationofanyarea,orifapermitisproposedtobeissuedforanynewmajoremittingfacilityproposedforconstructioninanyStatewhichtheGovernorofanaffectedStateorgoverningbodyofanaffectedIndiantribedetermineswillcauseorcontributetoacumulativechangeinairqualityinexcessofthatallowedinthispartwithintheaffectedStateortribalreservation,theGovernororIndianrulingbodymayrequesttheAdministratortoenterintonegotiationswiththepartiesinvolvedtoresolvesuchdispute.IfrequestedbyanyStateorIndiantribeinvolved,theAdministratorshallmakearecommendationtoresolvethedisputeandprotecttheairqualityrelatedvaluesofthelandsinvolved.Ifthepartiesinvolveddonotreachagreement,theAdministratorshallresolvethedisputeandhisdetermination,ortheresultsofagreementsreachedthroughothermeans,shallbecomepartoftheapplicableplanandshallbeenforceableaspartofsuchplan.Inresolvingsuchdisputesrelatingtoarearedesignation,theAdministratorshallconsidertheextenttowhichthelandsinvolvedareofsufficientsizetoalloweffectiveairqualitymanagementorhaveairqualityrelatedvaluesofsuchanarea.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§164,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.733;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(42),(43),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1402;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§108(n),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2469.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.101–549,whichdirectedtheinsertionof"Theextentoftheareasreferredtoinparagraph(1)and(2)shallconformtoanychangesintheboundariesofsuchareaswhichhaveoccurredsubsequenttoAugust7,1977,orwhichmayoccursubsequenttoNovember15,1990."before"Anyarea(otherthananareareferredtoinparagraph(1)or(2))",wasexecutedbymakingtheinsertionbefore"Anyarea(otherthananareareferredtoinparagraph(1)or(2)",toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
1977—Subsec.(b)(2).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(42),inserted"orisinconsistentwiththerequirementsofsection7472(a)ofthistitleorofsubsection(a)ofthissection"after"thissection".
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(43),inserted"an"after"IfanyStateaffectedbytheredesignationof".
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"paragraphs".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"with".
§7475.Preconstructionrequirements
(a)Majoremittingfacilitiesonwhichconstructioniscommenced
NomajoremittingfacilityonwhichconstructioniscommencedafterAugust7,1977,maybeconstructedinanyareatowhichthispartappliesunless—
(1)apermithasbeenissuedforsuchproposedfacilityinaccordancewiththispartsettingforthemissionlimitationsforsuchfacilitywhichconformtotherequirementsofthispart;
(2)theproposedpermithasbeensubjecttoareviewinaccordancewiththissection,therequiredanalysishasbeenconductedinaccordancewithregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator,andapublichearinghasbeenheldwithopportunityforinterestedpersonsincludingrepresentativesoftheAdministratortoappearandsubmitwrittenororalpresentationsontheairqualityimpactofsuchsource,alternativesthereto,controltechnologyrequirements,andotherappropriateconsiderations;
(3)theowneroroperatorofsuchfacilitydemonstrates,asrequiredpursuanttosection7410(j)ofthistitle,thatemissionsfromconstructionoroperationofsuchfacilitywillnotcause,orcontributeto,airpollutioninexcessofany(A)maximumallowableincreaseormaximumallowableconcentrationforanypollutantinanyareatowhichthispartappliesmorethanonetimeperyear,(B)nationalambientairqualitystandardinanyairqualitycontrolregion,or(C)anyotherapplicableemissionstandardorstandardofperformanceunderthischapter;
(4)theproposedfacilityissubjecttothebestavailablecontroltechnologyforeachpollutantsubjecttoregulationunderthischapteremittedfrom,orwhichresultsfrom,suchfacility;
(5)theprovisionsofsubsection(d)withrespecttoprotectionofclassIareashavebeencompliedwithforsuchfacility;
(6)therehasbeenananalysisofanyairqualityimpactsprojectedfortheareaasaresultofgrowthassociatedwithsuchfacility;
(7)thepersonwhoownsoroperates,orproposestoownoroperate,amajoremittingfacilityforwhichapermitisrequiredunderthispartagreestoconductsuchmonitoringasmaybenecessarytodeterminetheeffectwhichemissionsfromanysuchfacilitymayhave,orishaving,onairqualityinanyareawhichmaybeaffectedbyemissionsfromsuchsource;and
(8)inthecaseofasourcewhichproposestoconstructinaclassIIIarea,emissionsfromwhichwouldcauseorcontributetoexceedingthemaximumallowableincrementsapplicableinaclassIIareaandwherenostandardundersection7411ofthistitlehasbeenpromulgatedsubsequenttoAugust7,1977,forsuchsourcecategory,theAdministratorhasapprovedthedeterminationofbestavailabletechnologyassetforthinthepermit.
(b)Exception
Thedemonstrationpertainingtomaximumallowableincreasesrequiredundersubsection(a)(3)shallnotapplytomaximumallowableincreasesforclassIIareasinthecaseofanexpansionormodificationofamajoremittingfacilitywhichisinexistenceonAugust7,1977,whoseallowableemissionsofairpollutants,aftercompliancewithsubsection(a)(4),willbelessthanfiftytonsperyearandforwhichtheowneroroperatorofsuchfacilitydemonstratesthatemissionsofparticulatematterandsulfuroxideswillnotcauseorcontributetoambientairqualitylevelsinexcessofthenationalsecondaryambientairqualitystandardforeitherofsuchpollutants.
(c)Permitapplications
Anycompletedpermitapplicationundersection7410ofthistitleforamajoremittingfacilityinanyareatowhichthispartappliesshallbegrantedordeniednotlaterthanoneyearafterthedateoffilingofsuchcompletedapplication.
(d)Actiontakenonpermitapplications;notice;adverseimpactonairqualityrelatedvalues;variance;emissionlimitations
(1)EachStateshalltransmittotheAdministratoracopyofeachpermitapplicationrelatingtoamajoremittingfacilityreceivedbysuchStateandprovidenoticetotheAdministratorofeveryactionrelatedtotheconsiderationofsuchpermit.
(2)(A)TheAdministratorshallprovidenoticeofthepermitapplicationtotheFederalLandManagerandtheFederalofficialchargedwithdirectresponsibilityformanagementofanylandswithinaclassIareawhichmaybeaffectedbyemissionsfromtheproposedfacility.
(B)TheFederalLandManagerandtheFederalofficialchargedwithdirectresponsibilityformanagementofsuchlandsshallhaveanaffirmativeresponsibilitytoprotecttheairqualityrelatedvalues(includingvisibility)ofanysuchlandswithinaclassIareaandtoconsider,inconsultationwiththeAdministrator,whetheraproposedmajoremittingfacilitywillhaveanadverseimpactonsuchvalues.
(C)(i)InanycasewheretheFederalofficialchargedwithdirectresponsibilityformanagementofanylandswithinaclassIareaortheFederalLandManagerofsuchlands,ortheAdministrator,ortheGovernorofanadjacentStatecontainingsuchaclassIareafilesanoticeallegingthatemissionsfromaproposedmajoremittingfacilitymaycauseorcontributetoachangeintheairqualityinsuchareaandidentifyingthepotentialadverseimpactofsuchchange,apermitshallnotbeissuedunlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchfacilitydemonstratesthatemissionsofparticulatematterandsulfurdioxidewillnotcauseorcontributetoconcentrationswhichexceedthemaximumallowableincreasesforaclassIarea.
(ii)InanycasewheretheFederalLandManagerdemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheStatethattheemissionsfromsuchfacilitywillhaveanadverseimpactontheairquality-relatedvalues(includingvisibility)ofsuchlands,notwithstandingthefactthatthechangeinairqualityresultingfromemissionsfromsuchfacilitywillnotcauseorcontributetoconcentrationswhichexceedthemaximumallowableincreasesforaclassIarea,apermitshallnotbeissued.
(iii)InanycasewheretheowneroroperatorofsuchfacilitydemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheFederalLandManager,andtheFederalLandManagersocertifies,thattheemissionsfromsuchfacilitywillhavenoadverseimpactontheairquality-relatedvaluesofsuchlands(includingvisibility),notwithstandingthefactthatthechangeinairqualityresultingfromemissionsfromsuchfacilitywillcauseorcontributetoconcentrationswhichexceedthemaximumallowableincreasesforclassIareas,theStatemayissueapermit.
(iv)Inthecaseofapermitissuedpursuanttoclause(iii),suchfacilityshallcomplywithsuchemissionlimitationsundersuchpermitasmaybenecessarytoassurethatemissionsofsulfuroxidesandparticulatesfromsuchfacilitywillnotcauseorcontributetoconcentrationsofsuchpollutantwhichexceedthefollowingmaximumallowableincreasesoverthebaselineconcentrationforsuchpollutants:
Maximumallowableincrease(inmicrogramspercubicmeter)
Particulatematter:
Annualgeometricmean
19
Twenty-four-hourmaximum
37
Sulfurdioxide:
Annualarithmeticmean
20
Twenty-four-hourmaximum
91
Three-hourmaximum
325
(D)(i)Inanycasewheretheowneroroperatorofaproposedmajoremittingfacilitywhohasbeendeniedacertificationundersubparagraph(C)(iii)demonstratestothesatisfactionoftheGovernor,afternoticeandpublichearing,andtheGovernorfinds,thatthefacilitycannotbeconstructedbyreasonofanymaximumallowableincreaseforsulfurdioxideforperiodsoftwenty-fourhoursorlessapplicabletoanyclassIareaand,inthecaseofFederalmandatoryclassIareas,thatavarianceunderthisclausewillnotadverselyaffecttheairqualityrelatedvaluesofthearea(includingvisibility),theGovernor,afterconsiderationoftheFederalLandManager'srecommendation(ifany)andsubjecttohisconcurrence,maygrantavariancefromsuchmaximumallowableincrease.Ifsuchvarianceisgranted,apermitmaybeissuedtosuchsourcepursuanttotherequirementsofthissubparagraph.
(ii)InanycaseinwhichtheGovernorrecommendsavarianceunderthissubparagraphinwhichtheFederalLandManagerdoesnotconcur,therecommendationsoftheGovernorandtheFederalLandManagershallbetransmittedtothePresident.ThePresidentmayapprovetheGovernor'srecommendationifhefindsthatsuchvarianceisinthenationalinterest.NoPresidentialfindingshallbereviewableinanycourt.ThevarianceshalltakeeffectifthePresidentapprovestheGovernor'srecommendations.ThePresidentshallapproveordisapprovesuchrecommendationwithinninetydaysafterhisreceiptoftherecommendationsoftheGovernorandtheFederalLandManager.
(iii)Inthecaseofapermitissuedpursuanttothissubparagraph,suchfacilityshallcomplywithsuchemissionlimitationsundersuchpermitasmaybenecessarytoassurethatemissionsofsulfuroxidesfromsuchfacilitywillnot(duringanydayonwhichtheotherwiseapplicablemaximumallowableincreasesareexceeded)causeorcontributetoconcentrationswhichexceedthefollowingmaximumallowableincreasesforsuchareasoverthebaselineconcentrationforsuchpollutantandtoassurethatsuchemissionswillnotcauseorcontributetoconcentrationswhichexceedtheotherwiseapplicablemaximumallowableincreasesforperiodsofexposureof24hoursorlessonmorethan18daysduringanyannualperiod:
MAXIMUMALLOWABLEINCREASE(Inmicrogramspercubicmeter)
PeriodofexposureLowterrainareasHighterrainareas
24-hrmaximum
36
62
3-hrmaximum
130
221
(iv)Forpurposesofclause(iii),theterm"highterrainarea"meanswithrespecttoanyfacility,anyareahavinganelevationof900feetormoreabovethebaseofthestackofsuchfacility,andtheterm"lowterrainarea"meansanyareaotherthanahighterrainarea.
(e)Analysis;continuousairqualitymonitoringdata;regulations;modeladjustments
(1)Thereviewprovidedforinsubsection(a)shallbeprecededbyananalysisinaccordancewithregulationsoftheAdministrator,promulgatedunderthissubsection,whichmaybeconductedbytheState(oranygeneralpurposeunitoflocalgovernment)orbythemajoremittingfacilityapplyingforsuchpermit,oftheambientairqualityattheproposedsiteandinareaswhichmaybeaffectedbyemissionsfromsuchfacilityforeachpollutantsubjecttoregulationunderthischapterwhichwillbeemittedfromsuchfacility.
(2)EffectiveoneyearafterAugust7,1977,theanalysisrequiredbythissubsectionshallincludecontinuousairqualitymonitoringdatagatheredforpurposesofdeterminingwhetheremissionsfromsuchfacilitywillexceedthemaximumallowableincreasesorthemaximumallowableconcentrationpermittedunderthispart.SuchdatashallbegatheredoveraperiodofonecalendaryearprecedingthedateofapplicationforapermitunderthispartunlesstheState,inaccordancewithregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator,determinesthatacompleteandadequateanalysisforsuchpurposesmaybeaccomplishedinashorterperiod.Theresultsofsuchanalysisshallbeavailableatthetimeofthepublichearingontheapplicationforsuchpermit.
(3)TheAdministratorshallwithinsixmonthsafterAugust7,1977,promulgateregulationsrespectingtheanalysisrequiredunderthissubsectionwhichregulations—
(A)shallnotrequiretheuseofanyautomaticoruniformbufferzoneorzones,
(B)shallrequireananalysisoftheambientairquality,climateandmeteorology,terrain,soilsandvegetation,andvisibilityatthesiteoftheproposedmajoremittingfacilityandintheareapotentiallyaffectedbytheemissionsfromsuchfacilityforeachpollutantregulatedunderthischapterwhichwillbeemittedfrom,orwhichresultsfromtheconstructionoroperationof,suchfacility,thesizeandnatureoftheproposedfacility,thedegreeofcontinuousemissionreductionwhichcouldbeachievedbysuchfacility,andsuchotherfactorsasmayberelevantindeterminingtheeffectofemissionsfromaproposedfacilityonanyairqualitycontrolregion,
(C)shallrequiretheresultsofsuchanalysisshallbeavailableatthetimeofthepublichearingontheapplicationforsuchpermit,and
(D)shallspecifywithreasonableparticularityeachairqualitymodelormodelstobeusedunderspecifiedsetsofconditionsforpurposesofthispart.
Anymodelormodelsdesignatedundersuchregulationsmaybeadjusteduponadetermination,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,bytheAdministratorthatsuchadjustmentisnecessarytotakeintoaccountuniqueterrainormeteorologicalcharacteristicsofanareapotentiallyaffectedbyemissionsfromasourceapplyingforapermitrequiredunderthispart.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§165,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.735;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(44)–(51),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1402.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1977—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(44),substituted"part;"for"part:".
Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(45),insertedprovisionmakingapplicablerequirementofsection7410(j)ofthistitle.
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(46),inserted"causeor"before"contribute"andstruckout"actual"before"allowableemissions".
Subsec.(d)(2)(C).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(47)–(49),incl.(ii)substituted"contribute"for"contrbute",incl.(iii)substituted"quality-related"for"qualityrelated"and"concentrationswhich"for"concentrations,which",andincl.(iv)substituted"suchfacility"for"suchsources"and"willnotcauseorcontributetoconcentrationsofsuchpollutantwhichexceed"for"togetherwithallothersources,willnotexceed".
Subsec.(d)(2)(D).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(50),(51),incl.(iii)substitutedprovisionsrelatingtodeterminationsofamountsofemissionsofsulfuroxidesfromfacilities,forprovisionsrelatingtodeterminationsofamountsofemissionsofsulfuroxidesfromsourcesoperatingunderpermitsissuedpursuanttothissubpar.,togetherwithallothersources,andaddedcl.(iv).
§7476.Otherpollutants
(a)Hydrocarbons,carbonmonoxide,petrochemicaloxidants,andnitrogenoxides
Inthecaseofthepollutantshydrocarbons,carbonmonoxide,photochemicaloxidants,andnitrogenoxides,theAdministratorshallconductastudyandnotlaterthantwoyearsafterAugust7,1977,promulgateregulationstopreventthesignificantdeteriorationofairqualitywhichwouldresultfromtheemissionsofsuchpollutants.InthecaseofpollutantsforwhichnationalambientairqualitystandardsarepromulgatedafterAugust7,1977,heshallpromulgatesuchregulationsnotmorethan2yearsafterthedateofpromulgationofsuchstandards.
(b)Effectivedateofregulations
Regulationsreferredtoinsubsection(a)shallbecomeeffectiveoneyearafterthedateofpromulgation.Within21monthsaftersuchdateofpromulgationsuchplanrevisionshallbesubmittedtotheAdministratorwhoshallapproveordisapprovetheplanwithin25monthsaftersuchdateor 1promulgationinthesamemannerasrequiredundersection7410ofthistitle.
(c)Contentsofregulations
Suchregulationsshallprovidespecificnumericalmeasuresagainstwhichpermitapplicationsmaybeevaluated,aframeworkforstimulatingimprovedcontroltechnology,protectionofairqualityvalues,andfulfillthegoalsandpurposessetforthinsection7401andsection7470ofthistitle.
(d)Specificmeasurestofulfillgoalsandpurposes
TheregulationsoftheAdministratorundersubsection(a)shallprovidespecificmeasuresatleastaseffectiveastheincrementsestablishedinsection7473ofthistitletofulfillsuchgoalsandpurposes,andmaycontainairqualityincrements,emissiondensityrequirements,orothermeasures.
(e)Areaclassificationplannotrequired
Withrespecttoanyairpollutantforwhichanationalambientairqualitystandardisestablishedotherthansulfuroxidesorparticulatematter,anareaclassificationplanshallnotberequiredunderthissectioniftheimplementationplanadoptedbytheStateandsubmittedfortheAdministrator'sapprovalorpromulgatedbytheAdministratorundersection7410(c)ofthistitlecontainsotherprovisionswhichwhenconsideredasawhole,theAdministratorfindswillcarryoutthepurposesinsection7470ofthistitleatleastaseffectivelyasanareaclassificationplanforsuchpollutant.Suchotherprovisionsreferredtointheprecedingsentenceneednotrequiretheestablishmentofmaximumallowableincreaseswithrespecttosuchpollutantforanyareatowhichthissectionapplies.
(f)PM–10increments
TheAdministratorisauthorizedtosubstitute,forthemaximumallowableincreasesinparticulatematterspecifiedinsection7473(b)ofthistitleandsection7475(d)(2)(C)(iv)ofthistitle,maximumallowableincreasesinparticulatematterwithanaerodynamicdiametersmallerthanorequalto10micrometers.Suchsubstitutedmaximumallowableincreasesshallbeofequalstringencyineffectasthosespecifiedintheprovisionsforwhichtheyaresubstituted.UntiltheAdministratorpromulgatesregulationsundertheauthorityofthissubsection,thecurrentmaximumallowableincreasesinconcentrationsofparticulatemattershallremainineffect.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§166,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.739;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§105(b),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2462.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(f).Pub.L.101–549addedsubsec.(f).
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"of".
§7477.Enforcement
TheAdministratorshall,andaStatemay,takesuchmeasures,includingissuanceofanorder,orseekinginjunctiverelief,asnecessarytopreventtheconstructionormodificationofamajoremittingfacilitywhichdoesnotconformtotherequirementsofthispart,orwhichisproposedtobeconstructedinanyareadesignatedpursuanttosection7407(d)ofthistitleasattainmentorunclassifiableandwhichisnotsubjecttoanimplementationplanwhichmeetstherequirementsofthispart.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§167,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.740;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§110(3),titleVII,§708,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2470,2684.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549,§708,substituted"constructionormodificationofamajoremittingfacility"for"constructionofamajoremittingfacility".
Pub.L.101–549,§110(3),substituted"designatedpursuanttosection7407(d)asattainmentorunclassifiable"for"includedinthelistpromulgatedpursuanttoparagraph(1)(D)or(E)ofsubsection(d)ofsection7407ofthistitle".
§7478.Periodbeforeplanapproval
(a)Existingregulationstoremainineffect
Untilsuchtimeasanapplicableimplementationplanisineffectforanyarea,whichplanmeetstherequirementsofthisparttopreventsignificantdeteriorationofairqualitywithrespecttoanyairpollutant,applicableregulationsunderthischapterpriortoAugust7,1977,shallremainineffecttopreventsignificantdeteriorationofairqualityinanysuchareaforanysuchpollutantexceptasotherwiseprovidedinsubsection(b).
(b)Regulationsdeemedamended;constructioncommencedafterJune1,1975
IfanyregulationineffectpriortoAugust7,1977,topreventsignificantdeteriorationofairqualitywouldbeinconsistentwiththerequirementsofsection7472(a),section7473(b)orsection7474(a)ofthistitle,thensuchregulationsshallbedeemedamendedsoastoconformwithsuchrequirements.Inthecaseofafacilityonwhichconstructionwascommenced(inaccordancewiththedefinitionof"commenced"insection7479(2)ofthistitle)afterJune1,1975,andpriortoAugust7,1977,thereviewandpermittingofsuchfacilityshallbeinaccordancewiththeregulationsforthepreventionofsignificantdeteriorationineffectpriortoAugust7,1977.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§168,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.740;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(52),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1402.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1977—Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–190substituted"(inaccordancewiththedefinitionof'commenced'insection7479(2)ofthistitle)"for"inaccordancewiththisdefinition".
§7479.Definitions
Forpurposesofthispart—
(1)Theterm"majoremittingfacility"meansanyofthefollowingstationarysourcesofairpollutantswhichemit,orhavethepotentialtoemit,onehundredtonsperyearormoreofanyairpollutantfromthefollowingtypesofstationarysources:fossil-fuelfiredsteamelectricplantsofmorethantwohundredandfiftymillionBritishthermalunitsperhourheatinput,coalcleaningplants(thermaldryers),kraftpulpmills,PortlandCementplants,primaryzincsmelters,ironandsteelmillplants,primaryaluminumorereductionplants,primarycoppersmelters,municipalincineratorscapableofchargingmorethanfiftytonsofrefuseperday,hydrofluoric,sulfuric,andnitricacidplants,petroleumrefineries,limeplants,phosphaterockprocessingplants,cokeovenbatteries,sulfurrecoveryplants,carbonblackplants(furnaceprocess),primaryleadsmelters,fuelconversionplants,sinteringplants,secondarymetalproductionfacilities,chemicalprocessplants,fossil-fuelboilersofmorethantwohundredandfiftymillionBritishthermalunitsperhourheatinput,petroleumstorageandtransferfacilitieswithacapacityexceedingthreehundredthousandbarrels,taconiteoreprocessingfacilities,glassfiberprocessingplants,charcoalproductionfacilities.Suchtermalsoincludesanyothersourcewiththepotentialtoemittwohundredandfiftytonsperyearormoreofanyairpollutant.ThistermshallnotincludenewormodifiedfacilitieswhicharenonprofithealthoreducationinstitutionswhichhavebeenexemptedbytheState.
(2)(A)Theterm"commenced"asappliedtoconstructionofamajoremittingfacilitymeansthattheowneroroperatorhasobtainedallnecessarypreconstructionapprovalsorpermitsrequiredbyFederal,State,orlocalairpollutionemissionsandairqualitylawsorregulationsandeitherhas(i)begun,orcausedtobegin,acontinuousprogramofphysicalon-siteconstructionofthefacilityor(ii)enteredintobindingagreementsorcontractualobligations,whichcannotbecanceledormodifiedwithoutsubstantiallosstotheowneroroperator,toundertakeaprogramofconstructionofthefacilitytobecompletedwithinareasonabletime.
(B)Theterm"necessarypreconstructionapprovalsorpermits"meansthosepermitsorapprovals,requiredbythepermittingauthorityasapreconditiontoundertakinganyactivityunderclauses(i)or(ii)ofsubparagraph(A)ofthisparagraph.
(C)Theterm"construction"whenusedinconnectionwithanysourceorfacility,includesthemodification(asdefinedinsection7411(a)ofthistitle)ofanysourceorfacility.
(3)Theterm"bestavailablecontroltechnology"meansanemissionlimitationbasedonthemaximumdegreeofreductionofeachpollutantsubjecttoregulationunderthischapteremittedfromorwhichresultsfromanymajoremittingfacility,whichthepermittingauthority,onacase-by-casebasis,takingintoaccountenergy,environmental,andeconomicimpactsandothercosts,determinesisachievableforsuchfacilitythroughapplicationofproductionprocessesandavailablemethods,systems,andtechniques,includingfuelcleaning,cleanfuels,ortreatmentorinnovativefuelcombustiontechniquesforcontrolofeachsuchpollutant.Innoeventshallapplicationof"bestavailablecontroltechnology"resultinemissionsofanypollutantswhichwillexceedtheemissionsallowedbyanyapplicablestandardestablishedpursuanttosection7411or7412ofthistitle.Emissionsfromanysourceutilizingcleanfuels,oranyothermeans,tocomplywiththisparagraphshallnotbeallowedtoincreaseabovelevelsthatwouldhavebeenrequiredunderthisparagraphasitexistedpriortoNovember15,1990.
(4)Theterm"baselineconcentration"means,withrespecttoapollutant,theambientconcentrationlevelswhichexistatthetimeofthefirstapplicationforapermitinanareasubjecttothispart,basedonairqualitydataavailableintheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyoraStateairpollutioncontrolagencyandonsuchmonitoringdataasthepermitapplicantisrequiredtosubmit.Suchambientconcentrationlevelsshalltakeintoaccountallprojectedemissionsin,orwhichmayaffect,suchareafromanymajoremittingfacilityonwhichconstructioncommencedpriortoJanuary6,1975,butwhichhasnotbegunoperationbythedateofthebaselineairqualityconcentrationdetermination.EmissionsofsulfuroxidesandparticulatematterfromanymajoremittingfacilityonwhichconstructioncommencedafterJanuary6,1975,shallnotbeincludedinthebaselineandshallbecountedagainstthemaximumallowableincreasesinpollutantconcentrationsestablishedunderthispart.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§169,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.740;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(54),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1402;Pub.L.101–549,titleIII,§305(b),titleIV,§403(d),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2583,2631.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Par.(1).Pub.L.101–549,§305(b),struckout"twohundredand"after"municipalincineratorscapableofchargingmorethan".
Par.(3).Pub.L.101–549,§403(d),directedtheinsertionof", cleanfuels,"after"includingfuelcleaning,",whichwasexecutedbymakingtheinsertionafter"includingfuelcleaning"toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress,andinsertedatend"Emissionsfromanysourceutilizingcleanfuels,oranyothermeans,tocomplywiththisparagraphshallnotbeallowedtoincreaseabovelevelsthatwouldhavebeenrequiredunderthisparagraphasitexistedpriortoNovember15,1990."
1977—Par.(2)(C).Pub.L.95–190addedsubpar.(C).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
StudyofMajorEmittingFacilitiesWithPotentialofEmitting250TonsPerYear
Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§127(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.741,directedAdministrator,within1yearafterAug.7,1977,toreporttoCongressonconsequencesofthatportionofdefinitionof"majoremittingfacility"underthissubpartwhichappliestofacilitieswithpotentialtoemit250tonsperyearormore.
subpartii—visibilityprotection
EditorialNotes
Codification
Asoriginallyenacted,subpartIIofpartCofsubchapterIofthischapterwasaddedfollowingsection7478ofthistitle.Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(53),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1402,struckoutsubpartIIandinsertedsuchsubpartfollowingsection7479ofthistitle.
§7491.VisibilityprotectionforFederalclassIareas
(a)Impairmentofvisibility;listofareas;studyandreport
(1)Congressherebydeclaresasanationalgoalthepreventionofanyfuture,andtheremedyingofanyexisting,impairmentofvisibilityinmandatoryclassIFederalareaswhichimpairmentresultsfrommanmadeairpollution.
(2)NotlaterthansixmonthsafterAugust7,1977,theSecretaryoftheInteriorinconsultationwithotherFederallandmanagersshallreviewallmandatoryclassIFederalareasandidentifythosewherevisibilityisanimportantvalueofthearea.FromtimetotimetheSecretaryoftheInteriormayrevisesuchidentifications.NotlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977,theAdministratorshall,afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryoftheInterior,promulgatealistofmandatoryclassIFederalareasinwhichhedeterminesvisibilityisanimportantvalue.
(3)NotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterAugust7,1977,theAdministratorshallcompleteastudyandreporttoCongressonavailablemethodsforimplementingthenationalgoalsetforthinparagraph(1).Suchreportshallincluderecommendationsfor—
(A)methodsforidentifying,characterizing,determining,quantifying,andmeasuringvisibilityimpairmentinFederalareasreferredtoinparagraph(1),and
(B)modelingtechniques(orothermethods)fordeterminingtheextenttowhichmanmadeairpollutionmayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributetosuchimpairment,and
(C)methodsforpreventingandremedyingsuchmanmadeairpollutionandresultingvisibilityimpairment.
Suchreportshallalsoidentifytheclassesorcategoriesofsourcesandthetypesofairpollutantswhich,aloneorinconjunctionwithothersourcesorpollutants,mayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributesignificantlytoimpairmentofvisibility.
(4)Notlaterthantwenty-fourmonthsafterAugust7,1977,andafternoticeandpublichearing,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationstoassure(A)reasonableprogresstowardmeetingthenationalgoalspecifiedinparagraph(1),and(B)compliancewiththerequirementsofthissection.
(b)Regulations
Regulationsundersubsection(a)(4)shall—
(1)provideguidelinestotheStates,takingintoaccounttherecommendationsundersubsection(a)(3)onappropriatetechniquesandmethodsforimplementingthissection(asprovidedinsubparagraphs(A)through(C)ofsuchsubsection(a)(3)),and
(2)requireeachapplicableimplementationplanforaStateinwhichanyarealistedbytheAdministratorundersubsection(a)(2)islocated(orforaStatetheemissionsfromwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributetoanyimpairmentofvisibilityinanysucharea)tocontainsuchemissionlimits,schedulesofcomplianceandothermeasuresasmaybenecessarytomakereasonableprogresstowardmeetingthenationalgoalspecifiedinsubsection(a),including—
(A)exceptasotherwiseprovidedpursuanttosubsection(c),arequirementthateachmajorstationarysourcewhichisinexistenceonAugust7,1977,butwhichhasnotbeeninoperationformorethanfifteenyearsasofsuchdate,andwhich,asdeterminedbytheState(ortheAdministratorinthecaseofaplanpromulgatedundersection7410(c)ofthistitle)emitsanyairpollutantwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributetoanyimpairmentofvisibilityinanysucharea,shallprocure,install,andoperate,asexpeditiouslyaspracticable(andmaintainthereafter)thebestavailableretrofittechnology,asdeterminedbytheState(ortheAdministratorinthecaseofaplanpromulgatedundersection7410(c)ofthistitle)forcontrollingemissionsfromsuchsourceforthepurposeofeliminatingorreducinganysuchimpairment,and
(B)along-term(tentofifteenyears)strategyformakingreasonableprogresstowardmeetingthenationalgoalspecifiedinsubsection(a).
Inthecaseofafossil-fuelfiredgeneratingpowerplanthavingatotalgeneratingcapacityinexcessof750megawatts,theemissionlimitationsrequiredunderthisparagraphshallbedeterminedpursuanttoguidelines,promulgatedbytheAdministratorunderparagraph(1).
(c)Exemptions
(1)TheAdministratormay,byrule,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,exemptanymajorstationarysourcefromtherequirementofsubsection(b)(2)(A),uponhisdeterminationthatsuchsourcedoesnotorwillnot,byitselforincombinationwithothersources,emitanyairpollutantwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributetoasignificantimpairmentofvisibilityinanymandatoryclassIFederalarea.
(2)Paragraph(1)ofthissubsectionshallnotbeapplicabletoanyfossil-fuelfiredpowerplantwithtotaldesigncapacityof750megawattsormore,unlesstheowneroroperatorofanysuchplantdemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthatsuchpowerplantislocatedatsuchdistancefromallareaslistedbytheAdministratorundersubsection(a)(2)thatsuchpowerplantdoesnotorwillnot,byitselforincombinationwithothersources,emitanyairpollutantwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributetosignificantimpairmentofvisibilityinanysucharea.
(3)AnexemptionunderthissubsectionshallbeeffectiveonlyuponconcurrencebytheappropriateFederallandmanagerormanagerswiththeAdministrator'sdeterminationunderthissubsection.
(d)ConsultationswithappropriateFederallandmanagers
Beforeholdingthepublichearingontheproposedrevisionofanapplicableimplementationplantomeettherequirementsofthissection,theState(ortheAdministrator,inthecaseofaplanpromulgatedundersection7410(c)ofthistitle)shallconsultinpersonwiththeappropriateFederallandmanagerormanagersandshallincludeasummaryoftheconclusionsandrecommendationsoftheFederallandmanagersinthenoticetothepublic.
(e)Bufferzones
Inpromulgatingregulationsunderthissection,theAdministratorshallnotrequiretheuseofanyautomaticoruniformbufferzoneorzones.
(f)Nondiscretionaryduty
Forpurposesofsection7604(a)(2)ofthistitle,themeetingofthenationalgoalspecifiedinsubsection(a)(1)byanyspecificdateordatesshallnotbeconsidereda"nondiscretionaryduty"oftheAdministrator.
(g)Definitions
Forthepurposeofthissection—
(1)indeterminingreasonableprogressthereshallbetakenintoconsiderationthecostsofcompliance,thetimenecessaryforcompliance,andtheenergyandnonairqualityenvironmentalimpactsofcompliance,andtheremainingusefullifeofanyexistingsourcesubjecttosuchrequirements;
(2)indeterminingbestavailableretrofittechnologytheState(ortheAdministratorindeterminingemissionlimitationswhichreflectsuchtechnology)shalltakeintoconsiderationthecostsofcompliance,theenergyandnonairqualityenvironmentalimpactsofcompliance,anyexistingpollutioncontroltechnologyinuseatthesource,theremainingusefullifeofthesource,andthedegreeofimprovementinvisibilitywhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoresultfromtheuseofsuchtechnology;
(3)theterm"manmadeairpollution"meansairpollutionwhichresultsdirectlyorindirectlyfromhumanactivities;
(4)theterm"asexpeditiouslyaspracticable"meansasexpeditiouslyaspracticablebutinnoeventlaterthanfiveyearsafterthedateofapprovalofaplanrevisionunderthissection(orthedateofpromulgationofsuchaplanrevisioninthecaseofactionbytheAdministratorundersection7410(c)ofthistitleforpurposesofthissection);
(5)theterm"mandatoryclassIFederalareas"meansFederalareaswhichmaynotbedesignatedasotherthanclassIunderthispart;
(6)theterms"visibilityimpairment"and"impairmentofvisibility"shallincludereductioninvisualrangeandatmosphericdiscoloration;and
(7)theterm"majorstationarysource"meansthefollowingtypesofstationarysourceswiththepotentialtoemit250tonsormoreofanypollutant:fossil-fuelfiredsteamelectricplantsofmorethan250millionBritishthermalunitsperhourheatinput,coalcleaningplants(thermaldryers),kraftpulpmills,PortlandCementplants,primaryzincsmelters,ironandsteelmillplants,primaryaluminumorereductionplants,primarycoppersmelters,municipalincineratorscapableofchargingmorethan250tonsofrefuseperday,hydrofluoric,sulfuric,andnitricacidplants,petroleumrefineries,limeplants,phosphaterockprocessingplants,cokeovenbatteries,sulfurrecoveryplants,carbonblackplants(furnaceprocess),primaryleadsmelters,fuelconversionplants,sinteringplants,secondarymetalproductionfacilities,chemicalprocessplants,fossil-fuelboilersofmorethan250millionBritishthermalunitsperhourheatinput,petroleumstorageandtransferfacilitieswithacapacityexceeding300,000barrels,taconiteoreprocessingfacilities,glassfiberprocessingplants,charcoalproductionfacilities.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§169A,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§128,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.742.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SubparteffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7492.Visibility
(a)Studies
(1)TheAdministrator,inconjunctionwiththeNationalParkServiceandotherappropriateFederalagencies,shallconductresearchtoidentifyandevaluatesourcesandsourceregionsofbothvisibilityimpairmentandregionsthatprovidepredominantlycleanairinclassIareas.Atotalof$8,000,000peryearfor5yearsisauthorizedtobeappropriatedfortheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandtheotherFederalagenciestoconductthisresearch.Theresearchshallinclude—
(A)expansionofcurrentvisibilityrelatedmonitoringinclassIareas;
(B)assessmentofcurrentsourcesofvisibilityimpairingpollutionandcleanaircorridors;
(C)adaptationofregionalairqualitymodelsfortheassessmentofvisibility;
(D)studiesofatmosphericchemistryandphysicsofvisibility.
(2)Basedonthefindingsavailablefromtheresearchrequiredinsubsection(a)(1)aswellasotheravailablescientificandtechnicaldata,studies,andotheravailableinformationpertainingtovisibilitysource-receptorrelationships,theAdministratorshallconductanassessmentandevaluationthatidentifies,totheextentpossible,sourcesandsourceregionsofvisibilityimpairmentincludingnaturalsourcesaswellassourceregionsofclearairforclassIareas.TheAdministratorshallproduceinterimfindingsfromthisstudywithin3yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(b)Impactsofotherprovisions
Within24monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallconductanassessmentoftheprogressandimprovementsinvisibilityinclassIareasthatarelikelytoresultfromtheimplementationoftheprovisionsoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990otherthantheprovisionsofthissection.Every5yearsthereaftertheAdministratorshallconductanassessmentofactualprogressandimprovementinvisibilityinclassIareas.TheAdministratorshallprepareawrittenreportoneachassessmentandtransmitcopiesofthesereportstotheappropriatecommitteesofCongress.
(c)Establishmentofvisibilitytransportregionsandcommissions
(1)Authoritytoestablishvisibilitytransportregions
Whenever,upontheAdministrator'smotionorbypetitionfromtheGovernorsofatleasttwoaffectedStates,theAdministratorhasreasontobelievethatthecurrentorprojectedinterstatetransportofairpollutantsfromoneormoreStatescontributessignificantlytovisibilityimpairmentinclassIareaslocatedintheaffectedStates,theAdministratormayestablishatransportregionforsuchpollutantsthatincludessuchStates.TheAdministrator,upontheAdministrator'sownmotionoruponpetitionfromtheGovernorofanyaffectedState,orupontherecommendationsofatransportcommissionestablishedundersubsection(b)ofthissection 1may—
(A)addanyStateorportionofaStatetoavisibilitytransportregionwhentheAdministratordeterminesthattheinterstatetransportofairpollutantsfromsuchStatesignificantlycontributestovisibilityimpairmentinaclassIarealocatedwithinthetransportregion,or
(B)removeanyStateorportionofaStatefromtheregionwhenevertheAdministratorhasreasontobelievethatthecontrolofemissionsinthatStateorportionoftheStatepursuanttothissectionwillnotsignificantlycontributetotheprotectionorenhancementofvisibilityinanyclassIareaintheregion.
(2)Visibilitytransportcommissions
WhenevertheAdministratorestablishesatransportregionundersubsection(c)(1),theAdministratorshallestablishatransportcommissioncomprisedof(asaminimum)eachofthefollowingmembers:
(A)theGovernorofeachStateintheVisibilityTransportRegion,ortheGovernor'sdesignee;
(B)The 2AdministratorortheAdministrator'sdesignee;and
(C)A 2representativeofeachFederalagencychargedwiththedirectmanagementofeachclassIareaorareaswithintheVisibilityTransportRegion.
(3)Exofficiomembers
AllrepresentativesoftheFederalGovernmentshallbeexofficiomembers.
(4)FederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct
ThevisibilitytransportcommissionsshallbeexemptfromtherequirementsoftheFederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct[5U.S.C.App.].
(d)Dutiesofvisibilitytransportcommissions
AVisibilityTransportCommission—
(1)shallassessthescientificandtechnicaldata,studies,andothercurrentlyavailableinformation,includingstudiesconductedpursuanttosubsection(a)(1),pertainingtoadverseimpactsonvisibilityfrompotentialorprojectedgrowthinemissionsfromsourceslocatedintheVisibilityTransportRegion;and
(2)shall,within4yearsofestablishment,issueareporttotheAdministratorrecommendingwhatmeasures,ifany,shouldbetakenunderthischaptertoremedysuchadverseimpacts.Thereportrequiredbythissubsectionshalladdressatleastthefollowingmeasures:
(A)theestablishmentofcleanaircorridors,inwhichadditionalrestrictionsonincreasesinemissionsmaybeappropriatetoprotectvisibilityinaffectedclassIareas;
(B)theimpositionoftherequirementsofpartDofthissubchapteraffectingtheconstructionofnewmajorstationarysourcesormajormodificationstoexistingsourcesinsuchcleanaircorridorsspecificallyincludingthealternativesitinganalysisprovisionsofsection7503(a)(5)ofthistitle;and
(C)thepromulgationofregulationsundersection7491ofthistitletoaddresslongrangestrategiesforaddressingregionalhazewhichimpairsvisibilityinaffectedclassIareas.
(e)DutiesofAdministrator
(1)TheAdministratorshall,takingintoaccountthestudiespursuanttosubsection(a)(1)andthereportspursuanttosubsection(d)(2)andanyotherrelevantinformation,withineighteenmonthsofreceiptofthereportreferredtoinsubsection(d)(2)ofthissection,carryouttheAdministrator'sregulatoryresponsibilitiesundersection7491ofthistitle,includingcriteriaformeasuring"reasonableprogress"towardthenationalgoal.
(2)Anyregulationspromulgatedundersection7491ofthistitlepursuanttothissubsectionshallrequireaffectedStatestorevisewithin12monthstheirimplementationplansundersection7410ofthistitletocontainsuchemissionlimits,schedulesofcompliance,andothermeasuresasmaybenecessarytocarryoutregulationspromulgatedpursuanttothissubsection.
(f)GrandCanyonvisibilitytransportcommission
TheAdministratorpursuanttosubsection(c)(1)shall,within12months,establishavisibilitytransportcommissionfortheregionaffectingthevisibilityoftheGrandCanyonNationalPark.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§169B,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§816,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2695.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990,referredtoinsubsec.(b),probablymeansPub.L.101–549,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2399.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection7401ofthistitleandTables.
TheFederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct,referredtoinsubsec.(c)(4),isPub.L.92–463,Oct.6,1972,86Stat.770,asamended,whichissetoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
1 Soinoriginal.Words"subsection(b)ofthissection"probablyshouldbe"paragraph(2)".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldnotbecapitalized.
PartD—PlanRequirementsforNonattainmentAreas
subpart1—nonattainmentareasingeneral
§7501.Definitions
Forthepurposeofthispart—
(1)Reasonablefurtherprogress.—Theterm"reasonablefurtherprogress"meanssuchannualincrementalreductionsinemissionsoftherelevantairpollutantasarerequiredbythispartormayreasonablyberequiredbytheAdministratorforthepurposeofensuringattainmentoftheapplicablenationalambientairqualitystandardbytheapplicabledate.
(2)Nonattainmentarea.—Theterm"nonattainmentarea"means,foranyairpollutant,anareawhichisdesignated"nonattainment"withrespecttothatpollutantwithinthemeaningofsection7407(d)ofthistitle.
(3)Theterm"lowestachievableemissionrate"meansforanysource,thatrateofemissionswhichreflects—
(A)themoststringentemissionlimitationwhichiscontainedintheimplementationplanofanyStateforsuchclassorcategoryofsource,unlesstheowneroroperatoroftheproposedsourcedemonstratesthatsuchlimitationsarenotachievable,or
(B)themoststringentemissionlimitationwhichisachievedinpracticebysuchclassorcategoryofsource,whicheverismorestringent.
Innoeventshalltheapplicationofthistermpermitaproposednewormodifiedsourcetoemitanypollutantinexcessoftheamountallowableunderapplicablenewsourcestandardsofperformance.
(4)Theterms"modifications"and"modified"meanthesameastheterm"modification"asusedinsection7411(a)(4)ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§171,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.745;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§102(a)(2),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2412.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549,§102(a)(2)(A),struckout"andsection7410(a)(2)(I)ofthistitle"after"purposeofthispart".
Pars.(1),(2).Pub.L.101–549,§102(a)(2)(B),(C),amendedpars.(1)and(2)generally.Priortoamendment,pars.(1)and(2)readasfollows:
"(1)Theterm'reasonablefurtherprogress'meansannualincrementalreductionsinemissionsoftheapplicableairpollutant(includingsubstantialreductionsintheearlyyearsfollowingapprovalorpromulgationofplanprovisionsunderthispartandsection7410(a)(2)(I)ofthistitleandregularreductionsthereafter)whicharesufficientinthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,toprovideforattainmentoftheapplicablenationalambientairqualitystandardbythedaterequiredinsection7502(a)ofthistitle.
"(2)Theterm'nonattainmentarea'means,foranyairpollutantanareawhichisshownbymonitoreddataorwhichiscalculatedbyairqualitymodeling(orothermethodsdeterminedbytheAdministratortobereliable)toexceedanynationalambientairqualitystandardforsuchpollutant.Suchtermincludesanyareaidentifiedundersubparagraphs(A)through(C)ofsection7407(d)(1)ofthistitle."
EffectiveDate
ParteffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7502.Nonattainmentplanprovisionsingeneral
(a)Classificationsandattainmentdates
(1)Classifications
(A)OnorafterthedatetheAdministratorpromulgatesthedesignationofanareaasanonattainmentareapursuanttosection7407(d)ofthistitlewithrespecttoanynationalambientairqualitystandard(oranyrevisedstandard,includingarevisionofanystandardineffectonNovember15,1990),theAdministratormayclassifytheareaforthepurposeofapplyinganattainmentdatepursuanttoparagraph(2),andforotherpurposes.Indeterminingtheappropriateclassification,ifany,foranonattainmentarea,theAdministratormayconsidersuchfactorsastheseverityofnonattainmentinsuchareaandtheavailabilityandfeasibilityofthepollutioncontrolmeasuresthattheAdministratorbelievesmaybenecessarytoprovideforattainmentofsuchstandardinsucharea.
(B)TheAdministratorshallpublishanoticeintheFederalRegisterannouncingeachclassificationundersubparagraph(A),excepttheAdministratorshallprovideanopportunityforatleast30daysforwrittencomment.Suchclassificationshallnotbesubjecttotheprovisionsofsections553through557oftitle5(concerningnoticeandcomment)andshallnotbesubjecttojudicialreviewuntiltheAdministratortakesfinalactionundersubsection(k)or(l)ofsection7410ofthistitle(concerningactiononplansubmissions)orsection7509ofthistitle(concerningsanctions)withrespecttoanyplansubmissionsrequiredbyvirtueofsuchclassification.
(C)Thisparagraphshallnotapplywithrespecttononattainmentareasforwhichclassificationsarespecificallyprovidedunderotherprovisionsofthispart.
(2)Attainmentdatesfornonattainmentareas
(A)Theattainmentdateforanareadesignatednonattainmentwithrespecttoanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardshallbethedatebywhichattainmentcanbeachievedasexpeditiouslyaspracticable,butnolaterthan5yearsfromthedatesuchareawasdesignatednonattainmentundersection7407(d)ofthistitle,exceptthattheAdministratormayextendtheattainmentdatetotheextenttheAdministratordeterminesappropriate,foraperiodnogreaterthan10yearsfromthedateofdesignationasnonattainment,consideringtheseverityofnonattainmentandtheavailabilityandfeasibilityofpollutioncontrolmeasures.
(B)Theattainmentdateforanareadesignatednonattainmentwithrespecttoasecondarynationalambientairqualitystandardshallbethedatebywhichattainmentcanbeachievedasexpeditiouslyaspracticableafterthedatesuchareawasdesignatednonattainmentundersection7407(d)ofthistitle.
(C)UponapplicationbyanyState,theAdministratormayextendfor1additionalyear(hereinafterreferredtoasthe"ExtensionYear")theattainmentdatedeterminedbytheAdministratorundersubparagraph(A)or(B)if—
(i)theStatehascompliedwithallrequirementsandcommitmentspertainingtotheareaintheapplicableimplementationplan,and
(ii)inaccordancewithguidancepublishedbytheAdministrator,nomorethanaminimalnumberofexceedancesoftherelevantnationalambientairqualitystandardhasoccurredintheareaintheyearprecedingtheExtensionYear.
Nomorethan2one-yearextensionsmaybeissuedunderthissubparagraphforasinglenonattainmentarea.
(D)Thisparagraphshallnotapplywithrespecttononattainmentareasforwhichattainmentdatesarespecificallyprovidedunderotherprovisionsofthispart.
(b)Scheduleforplansubmissions
AtthetimetheAdministratorpromulgatesthedesignationofanareaasnonattainmentwithrespecttoanationalambientairqualitystandardundersection7407(d)ofthistitle,theAdministratorshallestablishascheduleaccordingtowhichtheStatecontainingsuchareashallsubmitaplanorplanrevision(includingtheplanitems)meetingtheapplicablerequirementsofsubsection(c)andsection7410(a)(2)ofthistitle.Suchscheduleshallataminimum,includeadateordates,extendingnolaterthan3yearsfromthedateofthenonattainmentdesignation,forthesubmissionofaplanorplanrevision(includingtheplanitems)meetingtheapplicablerequirementsofsubsection(c)andsection7410(a)(2)ofthistitle.
(c)Nonattainmentplanprovisions
Theplanprovisions(includingplanitems)requiredtobesubmittedunderthispartshallcomplywitheachofthefollowing:
(1)Ingeneral
Suchplanprovisionsshallprovidefortheimplementationofallreasonablyavailablecontrolmeasuresasexpeditiouslyaspracticable(includingsuchreductionsinemissionsfromexistingsourcesintheareaasmaybeobtainedthroughtheadoption,ataminimum,ofreasonablyavailablecontroltechnology)andshallprovideforattainmentofthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandards.
(2)RFP
Suchplanprovisionsshallrequirereasonablefurtherprogress.
(3)Inventory
Suchplanprovisionsshallincludeacomprehensive,accurate,currentinventoryofactualemissionsfromallsourcesoftherelevantpollutantorpollutantsinsucharea,includingsuchperiodicrevisionsastheAdministratormaydeterminenecessarytoassurethattherequirementsofthispartaremet.
(4)Identificationandquantification
Suchplanprovisionsshallexpresslyidentifyandquantifytheemissions,ifany,ofanysuchpollutantorpollutantswhichwillbeallowed,inaccordancewithsection7503(a)(1)(B)ofthistitle,fromtheconstructionandoperationofmajornewormodifiedstationarysourcesineachsucharea.TheplanshalldemonstratetothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheemissionsquantifiedforthispurposewillbeconsistentwiththeachievementofreasonablefurtherprogressandwillnotinterferewithattainmentoftheapplicablenationalambientairqualitystandardbytheapplicableattainmentdate.
(5)Permitsfornewandmodifiedmajorstationarysources
Suchplanprovisionsshallrequirepermitsfortheconstructionandoperationofnewormodifiedmajorstationarysourcesanywhereinthenonattainmentarea,inaccordancewithsection7503ofthistitle.
(6)Othermeasures
Suchplanprovisionsshallincludeenforceableemissionlimitations,andsuchothercontrolmeasures,meansortechniques(includingeconomicincentivessuchasfees,marketablepermits,andauctionsofemissionrights),aswellasschedulesandtimetablesforcompliance,asmaybenecessaryorappropriatetoprovideforattainmentofsuchstandardinsuchareabytheapplicableattainmentdatespecifiedinthispart.
(7)Compliancewithsection7410(a)(2)
Suchplanprovisionsshallalsomeettheapplicableprovisionsofsection7410(a)(2)ofthistitle.
(8)Equivalenttechniques
UponapplicationbyanyState,theAdministratormayallowtheuseofequivalentmodeling,emissioninventory,andplanningprocedures,unlesstheAdministratordeterminesthattheproposedtechniquesare,intheaggregate,lesseffectivethanthemethodsspecifiedbytheAdministrator.
(9)Contingencymeasures
Suchplanshallprovidefortheimplementationofspecificmeasurestobeundertakeniftheareafailstomakereasonablefurtherprogress,ortoattainthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardbytheattainmentdateapplicableunderthispart.SuchmeasuresshallbeincludedintheplanrevisionascontingencymeasurestotakeeffectinanysuchcasewithoutfurtheractionbytheStateortheAdministrator.
(d)Planrevisionsrequiredinresponsetofindingofplaninadequacy
AnyplanrevisionforanonattainmentareawhichisrequiredtobesubmittedinresponsetoafindingbytheAdministratorpursuanttosection7410(k)(5)ofthistitle(relatingtocallsforplanrevisions)mustcorrecttheplandeficiency(ordeficiencies)specifiedbytheAdministratorandmeetallotherapplicableplanrequirementsofsection7410ofthistitleandthispart.TheAdministratormayreasonablyadjustthedatesotherwiseapplicableundersuchrequirementstosuchrevision(exceptforattainmentdatesthathavenotyetelapsed),totheextentnecessarytoachieveaconsistentapplicationofsuchrequirements.InordertofacilitatesubmittalbytheStatesofadequateandapprovableplansconsistentwiththeapplicablerequirementsofthischapter,theAdministratorshall,asappropriateandfromtimetotime,issuewrittenguidelines,interpretations,andinformationtotheStateswhichshallbeavailabletothepublic,takingintoconsiderationanysuchguidelines,interpretations,orinformationprovidedbeforeNovember15,1990.
(e)Futuremodificationofstandard
IftheAdministratorrelaxesanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshall,within12monthsaftertherelaxation,promulgaterequirementsapplicabletoallareaswhichhavenotattainedthatstandardasofthedateofsuchrelaxation.Suchrequirementsshallprovideforcontrolswhicharenotlessstringentthanthecontrolsapplicabletoareasdesignatednonattainmentbeforesuchrelaxation.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§172,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.746;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(55),(56),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1402;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§102(b),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2412.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedsectiongenerally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionswhichrelatedto:insubsec.(a),expeditiousattainmentofnationalambientairqualitystandards;insubsec.(b),requisiteprovisionsofplan;andinsubsec.(c),attainmentofapplicablestandardnotlaterthanJuly1,1987.
1977—Subsec.(b)(4).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(55),substituted"subsection(a)"for"paragraph(1)".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(56),substituted"December31"for"July1".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
NonattainmentAreas
Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.745,asamendedbyPub.L.95–190,§14(b)(2),(3),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1404,providedthat:
"(1)BeforeJuly1,1979,theinterpretativeregulationoftheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencypublishedin41FederalRegister55524–30,December21,1976,asmaybemodifiedbyruleoftheAdministrator,shallapplyexceptthatthebaselinetobeusedfordeterminationofappropriateemissionoffsetsundersuchregulationshallbetheapplicableimplementationplanoftheStateineffectatthetimeofapplicationforapermitbyaproposedmajorstationarysource(withinthemeaningofsection302oftheCleanAirAct)[section7602ofthistitle].
"(2)BeforeJuly1,1979,therequirementsoftheregulationreferredtoinparagraph(1)shallbewaivedbytheAdministratorwithrespecttoanypollutantifhedeterminesthattheStatehas—
"(A)aninventoryofemissionsoftheapplicablepollutantforeachnonattainmentarea(asdefinedinsection171oftheCleanAirAct[section7501ofthistitle])thatidentifiesthetype,quantity,andsourceofsuchpollutantsoastoprovideinformationsufficienttodemonstratethattherequirementsofsubparagraph(C)arebeingmet;
"(B)anenforceablepermitprogramwhich—
"(i)requiresnewormodifiedmajorstationarysourcestomeetemissionlimitationsatleastasstringentasrequiredunderthepermitrequirementsreferredtoinparagraphs(2)and(3)ofsection173oftheCleanAirAct[section7503ofthistitle](relatingtolowestachievableemissionrateandcompliancebyothersources)andwhichassurescompliancewiththeannualreductionrequirementsofsubparagraph(C);and
"(ii)requiresexistingsourcestoachievesuchreductioninemissionsintheareaasmaybeobtainedthroughtheadoption,ataminimumofreasonablyavailablecontroltechnology,and
"(C)aprogramwhichrequiresreductionsintotalallowableemissionsintheareapriortoJuly1,1979,soastoprovideforthesamelevelofemissionreductionaswouldresultfromtheapplicationoftheregulationreferredtoinparagraph(1).
TheAdministratorshallterminatesuchwaiverifinhisjudgmentthereductioninemissionsactuallybeingattainedislessthanthereductiononwhichthewaiverwasconditionedpursuanttosubparagraph(C),oriftheAdministratordeterminesthattheStateisnolongerincompliancewithanyrequirementofthisparagraph.UponapplicationbytheState,theAdministratormayreinstateawaiverterminatedundertheprecedingsentenceifheissatisfiedthatsuchStateisincompliancewithallrequirementsofthissubsection.
"(3)Operatingpermitsmaybeissuedtothoseapplicantswhowereproperlygrantedconstructionpermits,inaccordancewiththelawandapplicableregulationsineffectatthetimegranted,forconstructionofanewormodifiedsourceinareasexceedingnationalprimaryairqualitystandardsonorbeforethedateoftheenactmentofthisAct[Aug.7,1977]ifsuchconstructionpermitsweregrantedpriortothedateoftheenactmentofthisActandthepersonissuedanysuchpermitisabletodemonstratethattheemissionsfromthesourcewillbewithinthelimitationssetforthinsuchconstructionpermit."
StateImplementationPlanRevision
Pub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(c),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.750,asamendedbyPub.L.95–190,§14(b)(4),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1405,providedthat:"Notwithstandingtherequirementsofsection406(d)(2)[setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle](relatingtodaterequiredforsubmissionofcertainimplementationplanrevisions),forpurposesofsection110(a)(2)oftheCleanAirAct[section7410(a)(2)ofthistitle]eachStateinwhichthereisanynonattainmentarea(asdefinedinpartDoftitleIoftheCleanAirAct)[thispart]shalladoptandsubmitanimplementationplanrevisionwhichmeetstherequirementsofsection110(a)(2)(I)[section7410(a)(2)(I)ofthistitle]andpartDoftitleIoftheCleanAirAct[thispart]notlaterthanJanuary1,1979.InthecaseofanyStateforwhichaplanrevisionadoptedandsubmittedbeforesuchdatehasmadethedemonstrationrequiredundersection172(a)(2)oftheCleanAirAct[subsec.(a)(2)ofthissection](respectingimpossibilityofattainmentbefore1983),suchStateshalladoptandsubmittotheAdministratoraplanrevisionbeforeJuly1,1982,whichmeetstherequirementsofsection172(b)and(c)ofsuchAct[subsecs.(b)and(c)ofthissection]."
§7503.Permitrequirements
(a)Ingeneral
Thepermitprogramrequiredbysection7502(b)(6) 1ofthistitleshallprovidethatpermitstoconstructandoperatemaybeissuedif—
(1)inaccordancewithregulationsissuedbytheAdministratorforthedeterminationofbaselineemissionsinamannerconsistentwiththeassumptionsunderlyingtheapplicableimplementationplanapprovedundersection7410ofthistitleandthispart,thepermittingagencydeterminesthat—
(A)bythetimethesourceistocommenceoperation,sufficientoffsettingemissionsreductionshavebeenobtained,suchthattotalallowableemissionsfromexistingsourcesintheregion,fromnewormodifiedsourceswhicharenotmajoremittingfacilities,andfromtheproposedsourcewillbesufficientlylessthantotalemissionsfromexistingsources(asdeterminedinaccordancewiththeregulationsunderthisparagraph)priortotheapplicationforsuchpermittoconstructormodifysoastorepresent(whenconsideredtogetherwiththeplanprovisionsrequiredundersection7502ofthistitle)reasonablefurtherprogress(asdefinedinsection7501ofthistitle);or
(B)inthecaseofanewormodifiedmajorstationarysourcewhichislocatedinazone(withinthenonattainmentarea)identifiedbytheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,asazonetowhicheconomicdevelopmentshouldbetargeted,thatemissionsofsuchpollutantresultingfromtheproposednewormodifiedmajorstationarysourcewillnotcauseorcontributetoemissionslevelswhichexceedtheallowancepermittedforsuchpollutantforsuchareafromnewormodifiedmajorstationarysourcesundersection7502(c)ofthistitle;
(2)theproposedsourceisrequiredtocomplywiththelowestachievableemissionrate;
(3)theowneroroperatoroftheproposednewormodifiedsourcehasdemonstratedthatallmajorstationarysourcesownedoroperatedbysuchperson(orbyanyentitycontrolling,controlledby,orundercommoncontrolwithsuchperson)insuchStatearesubjecttoemissionlimitationsandareincompliance,oronascheduleforcompliance,withallapplicableemissionlimitationsandstandardsunderthischapter;and 2
(4)theAdministratorhasnotdeterminedthattheapplicableimplementationplanisnotbeingadequatelyimplementedforthenonattainmentareainwhichtheproposedsourceistobeconstructedormodifiedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthispart;and
(5)ananalysisofalternativesites,sizes,productionprocesses,andenvironmentalcontroltechniquesforsuchproposedsourcedemonstratesthatbenefitsoftheproposedsourcesignificantlyoutweightheenvironmentalandsocialcostsimposedasaresultofitslocation,construction,ormodification.
Anyemissionreductionsrequiredasapreconditionoftheissuanceofapermitunderparagraph(1)shallbefederallyenforceablebeforesuchpermitmaybeissued.
(b)Prohibitiononuseofoldgrowthallowances
Anygrowthallowanceincludedinanapplicableimplementationplantomeettherequirementsofsection7502(b)(5)ofthistitle(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)shallnotbevalidforuseinanyareathatreceivedorreceivesanoticeundersection7410(a)(2)(H)(ii)ofthistitle(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)orundersection7410(k)(1)ofthistitlethatitsapplicableimplementationplancontainingsuchallowanceissubstantiallyinadequate.
(c)Offsets
(1)Theowneroroperatorofanewormodifiedmajorstationarysourcemaycomplywithanyoffsetrequirementineffectunderthispartforincreasedemissionsofanyairpollutantonlybyobtainingemissionreductionsofsuchairpollutantfromthesamesourceorothersourcesinthesamenonattainmentarea,exceptthattheStatemayallowtheowneroroperatorofasourcetoobtainsuchemissionreductionsinanothernonattainmentareaif(A)theotherareahasanequalorhighernonattainmentclassificationthantheareainwhichthesourceislocatedand(B)emissionsfromsuchotherareacontributetoaviolationofthenationalambientairqualitystandardinthenonattainmentareainwhichthesourceislocated.Suchemissionreductionsshallbe,bythetimeanewormodifiedsourcecommencesoperation,ineffectandenforceableandshallassurethatthetotaltonnageofincreasedemissionsoftheairpollutantfromthenewormodifiedsourceshallbeoffsetbyanequalorgreaterreduction,asapplicable,intheactualemissionsofsuchairpollutantfromthesameorothersourcesinthearea.
(2)Emissionreductionsotherwiserequiredbythischaptershallnotbecreditableasemissionsreductionsforpurposesofanysuchoffsetrequirement.Incidentalemissionreductionswhicharenototherwiserequiredbythischaptershallbecreditableasemissionreductionsforsuchpurposesifsuchemissionreductionsmeettherequirementsofparagraph(1).
(d)Controltechnologyinformation
TheStateshallprovidethatcontroltechnologyinformationfrompermitsissuedunderthissectionwillbepromptlysubmittedtotheAdministratorforpurposesofmakingsuchinformationavailablethroughtheRACT/BACT/LAERclearinghousetootherStatesandtothegeneralpublic.
(e)Rocketenginesormotors
ThepermittingauthorityofaStateshallallowasourcetooffsetbyalternativeorinnovativemeansemissionincreasesfromrocketengineandmotorfiring,andcleaningrelatedtosuchfiring,atanexistingormodifiedmajorsourcethattestsrocketenginesormotorsunderthefollowingconditions:
(1)AnymodificationproposedissolelyforthepurposeofexpandingthetestingofrocketenginesormotorsatanexistingsourcethatispermittedtotestsuchenginesonNovember15,1990.
(2)ThesourcedemonstratestothesatisfactionofthepermittingauthorityoftheStatethatithasusedallreasonablemeanstoobtainandutilizeoffsets,asdeterminedonanannualbasis,fortheemissionsincreasesbeyondallowablelevels,thatallavailableoffsetsarebeingused,andthatsufficientoffsetsarenotavailabletothesource.
(3)ThesourcehasobtainedawrittenfindingfromtheDepartmentofDefense,DepartmentofTransportation,NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationorotherappropriateFederalagency,thatthetestingofrocketmotorsorenginesatthefacilityisrequiredforaprogramessentialtothenationalsecurity.
(4)Thesourcewillcomplywithanalternativemeasure,imposedbythepermittingauthority,designedtooffsetanyemissionincreasesbeyondpermittedlevelsnotdirectlyoffsetbythesource.Inlieuofimposinganyalternativeoffsetmeasures,thepermittingauthoritymayimposeanemissionsfeetobepaidtosuchauthorityofaStatewhichshallbeanamountnogreaterthan1.5timestheaveragecostofstationarysourcecontrolmeasuresadoptedinthatareaduringtheprevious3years.Thepermittingauthorityshallutilizethefeesinamannerthatmaximizestheemissionsreductionsinthatarea.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§173,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.748;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(57),(58),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1403;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§102(c),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2415.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7502(b)ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(a),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleI,§102(b),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2412,and,assoamended,doesnotcontainapar.(6).Seesection7502(c)(5)ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549,§102(c)(1),madetechnicalamendmenttosectioncatchline.
Pub.L.101–549,§102(c)(2),(8),designatedexistingprovisionsassubsec.(a),insertedheading,andsubstituted"(1)shallbefederallyenforceable"for"(1)(A)shallbelegallybinding"inlastsentence.
Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§102(c)(3),insertedatbeginning"inaccordancewithregulationsissuedbytheAdministratorforthedeterminationofbaselineemissionsinamannerconsistentwiththeassumptionsunderlyingtheapplicableimplementationplanapprovedundersection7410ofthistitleandthispart,".
Subsec.(a)(1)(A).Pub.L.101–549,§102(c)(4),inserted"sufficientoffsettingemissionsreductionshavebeenobtained,suchthat"after"tocommenceoperation,"andsubstituted"(asdeterminedinaccordancewiththeregulationsunderthisparagraph)"for"allowedundertheapplicableimplementationplan".
Subsec.(a)(1)(B).Pub.L.101–549,§102(c)(5),insertedatbeginning"inthecaseofanewormodifiedmajorstationarysourcewhichislocatedinazone(withinthenonattainmentarea)identifiedbytheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,asazonetowhicheconomicdevelopmentshouldbetargeted,"andsubstituted"7502(c)"for"7502(b)".
Subsec.(a)(4).Pub.L.101–549,§102(c)(6),insertedatbeginning"theAdministratorhasnotdeterminedthat",substituted"notbeingadequatelyimplemented"for"beingcarriedout",andsubstituted"; and"forperiodatend.
Subsec.(a)(5).Pub.L.101–549,§102(c)(7),addedpar.(5).
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.101–549,§102(c)(9),addedsubsec.(b).
Subsecs.(c)to(e).Pub.L.101–549,§102(c)(10),addedsubsecs.(c)to(e).
1977—Par.(1)(A).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(57),inserted"ormodified"after"fromnew"and"applicable"before"implementationplan",andsubstituted"source"for"facility"whereverappearing.
Par.(4).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(58),addedpar.(4).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
FailureToAttainNationalPrimaryAmbientAirQualityStandardsUnderCleanAirAct
Pub.L.100–202,§101(f)[titleII],Dec.22,1987,101Stat.1329–187,1329-199,providedthat:"Norestrictionorprohibitiononconstruction,permitting,orfundingundersections110(a)(2)(I),173(4),176(a),176(b),or316oftheCleanAirAct[sections7410(a)(2)(I),7503(4),7506(a),(b),7616ofthistitle]shallbeimposedortakeeffectduringtheperiodpriortoAugust31,1988,byreasonof(1)thefailureofanynonattainmentareatoattainthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardundertheCleanAirAct[thischapter]forphotochemicaloxidants(ozone)orcarbonmonoxide(orboth)byDecember31,1987,(2)thefailureofanyStatetoadoptandsubmittotheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyanimplementationplanthatmeetstherequirementsofpartDoftitleIofsuchAct[thispart]andprovidesforattainmentofsuchstandardsbyDecember31,1987,(3)thefailureofanyStateordesignatedlocalgovernmenttoimplementtheapplicableimplementationplan,or(4)anycombinationoftheforegoing.Duringsuchperiodandconsistentwiththeprecedingsentence,theissuanceofapermit(includingrequiredoffsets)undersection173ofsuchAct[thissection]fortheconstructionormodificationofasourceinanonattainmentareashallnotbedeniedsolelyorpartiallybyreasonofthereferencecontainedinsection171(l)ofsuchAct[section7501(1)ofthistitle]totheapplicabledateestablishedinsection172(a)[section7502(a)ofthistitle].Thissubsection[probablymeansthefirst3sentencesofthisnote]shallnotapplytoanyrestrictionorprohibitionineffectundersections110(a)(2)(I),173(4),176(a),176(b),or316ofsuchActpriortotheenactmentofthissection[Dec.22,1987].PriortoAugust31,1988,theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallevaluateairqualitydataandmakedeterminationswithrespecttowhichareasthroughoutthenationhaveattained,orfailedtoattain,eitherorbothofthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardsreferredtoinsubsection(a)[probablymeansthefirst3sentencesofthisnote]andshalltakeappropriatestepstodesignatethoseareasfailingtoattaineitherorbothofsuchstandardsasnonattainmentareaswithinthemeaningofpartDoftitleIoftheCleanAirAct."
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.Theword"and"probablyshouldnotappear.
§7504.Planningprocedures
(a)Ingeneral
Foranyozone,carbonmonoxide,orPM–10nonattainmentarea,theStatecontainingsuchareaandelectedofficialsofaffectedlocalgovernmentsshall,beforethedaterequiredforsubmittaloftheinventorydescribedundersections7511a(a)(1)and7512a(a)(1)ofthistitle,jointlyreviewandupdateasnecessarytheplanningproceduresadoptedpursuanttothissubsectionasineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990,ordevelopnewplanningprocedurespursuanttothissubsection,asappropriate.InpreparingsuchprocedurestheStateandlocalelectedofficialsshalldeterminewhichelementsofarevisedimplementationplanwillbedeveloped,adopted,andimplemented(throughmeansincludingenforcement)bytheStateandwhichbylocalgovernmentsorregionalagencies,oranycombinationoflocalgovernments,regionalagencies,ortheState.TheimplementationplanrequiredbythispartshallbepreparedbyanorganizationcertifiedbytheState,inconsultationwithelectedofficialsoflocalgovernmentsandinaccordancewiththedeterminationunderthesecondsentenceofthissubsection.Suchorganizationshallincludeelectedofficialsoflocalgovernmentsintheaffectedarea,andrepresentativesoftheStateairqualityplanningagency,theStatetransportationplanningagency,themetropolitanplanningorganizationdesignatedtoconductthecontinuing,cooperativeandcomprehensivetransportationplanningprocessfortheareaundersection134oftitle23,theorganizationresponsiblefortheairqualitymaintenanceplanningprocessunderregulationsimplementingthischapter,andanyotherorganizationwithresponsibilitiesfordeveloping,submitting,orimplementingtheplanrequiredbythispart.SuchorganizationmaybeonethatcarriedoutthesefunctionsbeforeNovember15,1990.
(b)Coordination
Thepreparationofimplementationplanprovisionsandsubsequentplanrevisionsunderthecontinuingtransportation-airqualityplanningprocessdescribedinsection7408(e)ofthistitleshallbecoordinatedwiththecontinuing,cooperativeandcomprehensivetransportationplanningprocessrequiredundersection134oftitle23,andsuchplanningprocessesshalltakeintoaccounttherequirementsofthispart.
(c)Jointplanning
InthecaseofanonattainmentareathatisincludedwithinmorethanoneState,theaffectedStatesmayjointly,throughinterstatecompactorotherwise,undertakeandimplementallorpartoftheplanningproceduresdescribedinthissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§174,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.748;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§102(d),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2417.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedsectiongenerally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionswhichrelatedto:insubsec.(a),preparationofimplementationplanbydesignatedorganization;andinsubsec.(b),coordinationofplanpreparation.
§7505.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencygrants
(a)Planrevisiondevelopmentcosts
TheAdministratorshallmakegrantstoanyorganizationoflocalelectedofficialswithtransportationorairqualitymaintenanceplanningresponsibilitiesrecognizedbytheStateundersection7504(a)ofthistitleforpaymentofthereasonablecostsofdevelopingaplanrevisionunderthispart.
(b)Usesofgrantfunds
Theamountgrantedtoanyorganizationundersubsection(a)shallbe100percentofanyadditionalcostsofdevelopingaplanrevisionunderthispartforthefirsttwofiscalyearsfollowingreceiptofthegrantunderthisparagraph,andshallsupplementanyfundsavailableunderFederallawtosuchorganizationfortransportationorairqualitymaintenanceplanning.Grantsunderthissectionshallnotbeusedforconstruction.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§175,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.749.)
§7505a.Maintenanceplans
(a)Planrevision
EachStatewhichsubmitsarequestundersection7407(d)ofthistitleforredesignationofanonattainmentareaforanyairpollutantasanareawhichhasattainedthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforthatairpollutantshallalsosubmitarevisionoftheapplicableStateimplementationplantoprovideforthemaintenanceofthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforsuchairpollutantintheareaconcernedforatleast10yearsaftertheredesignation.Theplanshallcontainsuchadditionalmeasures,ifany,asmaybenecessarytoensuresuchmaintenance.
(b)Subsequentplanrevisions
8yearsafterredesignationofanyareaasanattainmentareaundersection7407(d)ofthistitle,theStateshallsubmittotheAdministratoranadditionalrevisionoftheapplicableStateimplementationplanformaintainingthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardfor10yearsaftertheexpirationofthe10-yearperiodreferredtoinsubsection(a).
(c)Nonattainmentrequirementsapplicablependingplanapproval
Untilsuchplanrevisionisapprovedandanareaisredesignatedasattainmentforanyareadesignatedasanonattainmentarea,therequirementsofthispartshallcontinueinforceandeffectwithrespecttosucharea.
(d)Contingencyprovisions
EachplanrevisionsubmittedunderthissectionshallcontainsuchcontingencyprovisionsastheAdministratordeemsnecessarytoassurethattheStatewillpromptlycorrectanyviolationofthestandardwhichoccursaftertheredesignationoftheareaasanattainmentarea.SuchprovisionsshallincludearequirementthattheStatewillimplementallmeasureswithrespecttothecontroloftheairpollutantconcernedwhichwerecontainedintheStateimplementationplanfortheareabeforeredesignationoftheareaasanattainmentarea.ThefailureofanyarearedesignatedasanattainmentareatomaintainthenationalambientairqualitystandardconcernedshallnotresultinarequirementthattheStatereviseitsStateimplementationplanunlesstheAdministrator,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,requirestheStatetosubmitarevisedStateimplementationplan.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§175A,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§102(e),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2418.)
§7506.LimitationsoncertainFederalassistance
(a),(b)Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§110(4),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2470
(c)Activitiesnotconformingtoapprovedorpromulgatedplans
(1)Nodepartment,agency,orinstrumentalityoftheFederalGovernmentshallengagein,supportinanywayorprovidefinancialassistancefor,licenseorpermit,orapprove,anyactivitywhichdoesnotconformtoanimplementationplanafterithasbeenapprovedorpromulgatedundersection7410ofthistitle.Nometropolitanplanningorganizationdesignatedundersection134oftitle23,shallgiveitsapprovaltoanyproject,program,orplanwhichdoesnotconformtoanimplementationplanapprovedorpromulgatedundersection7410ofthistitle.Theassuranceofconformitytosuchanimplementationplanshallbeanaffirmativeresponsibilityoftheheadofsuchdepartment,agency,orinstrumentality.Conformitytoanimplementationplanmeans—
(A)conformitytoanimplementationplan'spurposeofeliminatingorreducingtheseverityandnumberofviolationsofthenationalambientairqualitystandardsandachievingexpeditiousattainmentofsuchstandards;and
(B)thatsuchactivitieswillnot—
(i)causeorcontributetoanynewviolationofanystandardinanyarea;
(ii)increasethefrequencyorseverityofanyexistingviolationofanystandardinanyarea;or
(iii)delaytimelyattainmentofanystandardoranyrequiredinterimemissionreductionsorothermilestonesinanyarea.
Thedeterminationofconformityshallbebasedonthemostrecentestimatesofemissions,andsuchestimatesshallbedeterminedfromthemostrecentpopulation,employment,travelandcongestionestimatesasdeterminedbythemetropolitanplanningorganizationorotheragencyauthorizedtomakesuchestimates.
(2)Anytransportationplanorprogramdevelopedpursuanttotitle23orchapter53oftitle49shallimplementthetransportationprovisionsofanyapplicableimplementationplanapprovedunderthischapterapplicabletoallorpartoftheareacoveredbysuchtransportationplanorprogram.NoFederalagencymayapprove,acceptorfundanytransportationplan,programorprojectunlesssuchplan,programorprojecthasbeenfoundtoconformtoanyapplicableimplementationplanineffectunderthischapter.Inparticular—
(A)notransportationplanortransportationimprovementprogrammaybeadoptedbyametropolitanplanningorganizationdesignatedundertitle23orchapter53oftitle49,orbefoundtobeinconformitybyametropolitanplanningorganizationuntilafinaldeterminationhasbeenmadethatemissionsexpectedfromimplementationofsuchplansandprogramsareconsistentwithestimatesofemissionsfrommotorvehiclesandnecessaryemissionsreductionscontainedintheapplicableimplementationplan,andthattheplanorprogramwillconformtotherequirementsofparagraph(1)(B);
(B)nometropolitanplanningorganizationorotherrecipientoffundsundertitle23orchapter53oftitle49shalladoptorapproveatransportationimprovementprogramofprojectsuntilitdeterminesthatsuchprogramprovidesfortimelyimplementationoftransportationcontrolmeasuresconsistentwithschedulesincludedintheapplicableimplementationplan;
(C)atransportationprojectmaybeadoptedorapprovedbyametropolitanplanningorganizationoranyrecipientoffundsdesignatedundertitle23orchapter53oftitle49,orfoundinconformitybyametropolitanplanningorganizationorapproved,accepted,orfundedbytheDepartmentofTransportationonlyifitmeetseithertherequirementsofsubparagraph(D)orthefollowingrequirements—
(i)suchaprojectcomesfromaconformingplanandprogram;
(ii)thedesignconceptandscopeofsuchprojecthavenotchangedsignificantlysincetheconformityfindingregardingtheplanandprogramfromwhichtheprojectderived;and
(iii)thedesignconceptandscopeofsuchprojectatthetimeoftheconformitydeterminationfortheprogramwasadequatetodetermineemissions.
(D)Anyprojectnotreferredtoinsubparagraph(C)shallbetreatedasconformingtotheapplicableimplementationplanonlyifitisdemonstratedthattheprojectedemissionsfromsuchproject,whenconsideredtogetherwithemissionsprojectedfortheconformingtransportationplansandprogramswithinthenonattainmentarea,donotcausesuchplansandprogramstoexceedtheemissionreductionprojectionsandschedulesassignedtosuchplansandprogramsintheapplicableimplementationplan.
(E)Theappropriatemetropolitanplanningorganizationshallredetermineconformityofexistingtransportationplansandprogramsnotlaterthan2yearsafterthedateonwhichtheAdministrator—
(i)findsamotorvehicleemissionsbudgettobeadequateinaccordancewithsection93.118(e)(4)oftitle40,CodeofFederalRegulations(asineffectonOctober1,2004);
(ii)approvesanimplementationplanthatestablishesamotorvehicleemissionsbudgetifthatbudgethasnotyetbeendeterminedtobeadequateinaccordancewithclause(i);or
(iii)promulgatesanimplementationplanthatestablishesorrevisesamotorvehicleemissionsbudget.
(3)Untilsuchtimeastheimplementationplanrevisionreferredtoinparagraph(4)(C) 1isapproved,conformityofsuchplans,programs,andprojectswillbedemonstratedif—
(A)thetransportationplansandprograms—
(i)areconsistentwiththemostrecentestimatesofmobilesourceemissions;
(ii)providefortheexpeditiousimplementationoftransportationcontrolmeasuresintheapplicableimplementationplan;and
(iii)withrespecttoozoneandcarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareas,contributetoannualemissionsreductionsconsistentwithsections7511a(b)(1)and7512a(a)(7)ofthistitle;and
(B)thetransportationprojects—
(i)comefromaconformingtransportationplanandprogramasdefinedinsubparagraph(A)orfor12monthsafterNovember15,1990,fromatransportationprogramfoundtoconformwithin3yearspriortoNovember15,1990;and
(ii)incarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareas,eliminateorreducetheseverityandnumberofviolationsofthecarbonmonoxidestandardsintheareasubstantiallyaffectedbytheproject.
Withregardtosubparagraph(B)(ii),suchdeterminationmaybemadeaspartofeithertheconformitydeterminationforthetransportationprogramorfortheindividualprojecttakenasawholeduringtheenvironmentalreviewphaseofprojectdevelopment.
(4)Criteriaandproceduresfordeterminingconformity.—
(A)Ingeneral.—TheAdministratorshallpromulgate,andperiodicallyupdate,criteriaandproceduresfordeterminingconformity(exceptinthecaseoftransportationplans,programs,andprojects)of,andforkeepingtheAdministratorinformedabout,theactivitiesreferredtoinparagraph(1).
(B)Transportationplans,programs,andprojects.—TheAdministrator,withtheconcurrenceoftheSecretaryofTransportation,shallpromulgate,andperiodicallyupdate,criteriaandproceduresfordemonstratingandassuringconformityinthecaseoftransportationplans,programs,andprojects.
(C)Civilactiontocompelpromulgation.—AcivilactionmaybebroughtagainsttheAdministratorandtheSecretaryofTransportationundersection7604ofthistitletocompelpromulgationofsuchcriteriaandproceduresandtheFederaldistrictcourtshallhavejurisdictiontoordersuchpromulgation.
(D)Theproceduresandcriteriashall,ataminimum—
(i)addresstheconsultationprocedurestobeundertakenbymetropolitanplanningorganizationsandtheSecretaryofTransportationwithStateandlocalairqualityagenciesandStatedepartmentsoftransportationbeforesuchorganizationsandtheSecretarymakeconformitydeterminations;
(ii)addresstheappropriatefrequencyformakingconformitydeterminations,butthefrequencyformakingconformitydeterminationsonupdatedtransportationplansandprogramsshallbeevery4years,exceptinacaseinwhich—
(I)themetropolitanplanningorganizationelectstoupdateatransportationplanorprogrammorefrequently;or
(II)themetropolitanplanningorganizationisrequiredtodetermineconformityinaccordancewithparagraph(2)(E);and
(iii)addresshowconformitydeterminationswillbemadewithrespecttomaintenanceplans.
(E)Inclusionofcriteriaandproceduresinsip.—Notlaterthan2yearsafterAugust10,2005,theproceduresundersubparagraph(A)shallincludearequirementthateachStateincludeintheStateimplementationplancriteriaandproceduresforconsultationrequiredbysubparagraph(D)(i),andenforcementandenforceability(pursuanttosections93.125(c)and93.122(a)(4)(ii)oftitle40,CodeofFederalRegulations)inaccordancewiththeAdministrator'scriteriaandproceduresforconsultation,enforcementandenforceability.
(F)CompliancewiththerulesoftheAdministratorfordeterminingtheconformityoftransportationplans,programs,andprojectsfundedorapprovedundertitle23orchapter53oftitle49toStateorFederalimplementationplansshallnotberequiredfortrafficsignalsynchronizationprojectspriortothefunding,approvalorimplementationofsuchprojects.Thesupportingregionalemissionsanalysisforanyconformitydeterminationmadewithrespecttoatransportationplan,program,orprojectshallconsidertheeffectonemissionsofanysuchprojectfunded,approved,orimplementedpriortotheconformitydetermination.
(5)Applicability.—Thissubsectionshallapplyonlywithrespectto—
(A)anonattainmentareaandeachpollutantforwhichtheareaisdesignatedasanonattainmentarea;and
(B)anareathatwasdesignatedasanonattainmentareabutthatwaslaterredesignatedbytheAdministratorasanattainmentareaandthatisrequiredtodevelopamaintenanceplanundersection7505aofthistitlewithrespecttothespecificpollutantforwhichtheareawasdesignatednonattainment.
(6)Notwithstandingparagraph5,2thissubsectionshallnotapplywithrespecttoanareadesignatednonattainmentundersection7407(d)(1)ofthistitleuntil1yearafterthatareaisfirstdesignatednonattainmentforaspecificnationalambientairqualitystandard.Thisparagraphonlyapplieswithrespecttothenationalambientairqualitystandardforwhichanareaisnewlydesignatednonattainmentanddoesnotaffectthearea'srequirementswithrespecttoallothernationalambientairqualitystandardsforwhichtheareaisdesignatednonattainmentorhasbeenredesignatedfromnonattainmenttoattainmentwithamaintenanceplanpursuanttosection7505a 1ofthistitle(includinganypre-existingnationalambientairqualitystandardforapollutantforwhichaneworrevisedstandardhasbeenissued).
(7)Conformityhorizonfortransportationplans.—
(A)Ingeneral.—Eachconformitydeterminationrequiredunderthissectionforatransportationplanundersection134(i)oftitle23orsection5303(i)oftitle49shallrequireademonstrationofconformityfortheperiodendingoneitherthefinalyearofthetransportationplan,orattheelectionofthemetropolitanplanningorganization,afterconsultationwiththeairpollutioncontrolagencyandsolicitationofpubliccommentsandconsiderationofsuchcomments,thelongestofthefollowingperiods:
(i)Thefirst10-yearperiodofanysuchtransportationplan.
(ii)Thelatestyearintheimplementationplanapplicabletotheareathatcontainsamotorvehicleemissionbudget.
(iii)Theyearafterthecompletiondateofaregionallysignificantprojectiftheprojectisincludedinthetransportationimprovementprogramortheprojectrequiresapprovalbeforethesubsequentconformitydetermination.
(B)Regionalemissionsanalysis.—Theconformitydeterminationshallbeaccompaniedbyaregionalemissionsanalysisforthelastyearofthetransportationplanandforanyyearshowntoexceedemissionbudgetsbyaprioranalysis,ifsuchyearextendsbeyondtheapplicableperiodasdeterminedundersubparagraph(A).
(C)Exception.—Inanycaseinwhichanareahasarevisiontoanimplementationplanundersection7505a(b)ofthistitleandtheAdministratorhasfoundthemotorvehiclesemissionsbudgetsfromthatrevisiontobeadequateinaccordancewithsection93.118(e)(4)oftitle40,CodeofFederalRegulations(asineffectonOctober1,2004),orhasapprovedtherevision,thedemonstrationofconformityattheelectionofthemetropolitanplanningorganization,afterconsultationwiththeairpollutioncontrolagencyandsolicitationofpubliccommentsandconsiderationofsuchcomments,shallberequiredtoextendonlythroughthelastyearoftheimplementationplanrequiredundersection7505a(b)ofthistitle.
(D)Effectofelection.—Anyelectionbyametropolitanplanningorganizationunderthisparagraphshallcontinueineffectuntilthemetropolitanplanningorganizationelectsotherwise.
(E)Airpollutioncontrolagencydefined.—Inthisparagraph,theterm"airpollutioncontrolagency"meansanairpollutioncontrolagency(asdefinedinsection7602(b)ofthistitle)thatisresponsiblefordevelopingplansorcontrollingairpollutionwithintheareacoveredbyatransportationplan.
(8)Substitutionoftransportationcontrolmeasures.—
(A)Ingeneral.—Transportationcontrolmeasuresthatarespecifiedinanimplementationplanmaybereplacedoraddedtotheimplementationplanwithalternateoradditionaltransportationcontrolmeasures—
(i)ifthesubstitutemeasuresachieveequivalentorgreateremissionsreductionsthanthecontrolmeasuretobereplaced,asdemonstratedwithanemissionsimpactanalysisthatisconsistentwiththecurrentmethodologyusedforevaluatingthereplacedcontrolmeasureintheimplementationplan;
(ii)ifthesubstitutecontrolmeasuresareimplemented—
(I)inaccordancewithaschedulethatisconsistentwiththescheduleprovidedforcontrolmeasuresintheimplementationplan;or
(II)iftheimplementationplandateforimplementationofthecontrolmeasuretobereplacedhaspassed,assoonaspracticableaftertheimplementationplandatebutnotlaterthanthedateonwhichemissionreductionsarenecessarytoachievethepurposeoftheimplementationplan;
(iii)ifthesubstituteandadditionalcontrolmeasuresareaccompaniedwithevidenceofadequatepersonnelandfundingandauthorityunderStateorlocallawtoimplement,monitor,andenforcethecontrolmeasures;
(iv)ifthesubstituteandadditionalcontrolmeasuresweredevelopedthroughacollaborativeprocessthatincluded—
(I)participationbyrepresentativesofallaffectedjurisdictions(includinglocalairpollutioncontrolagencies,theStateairpollutioncontrolagency,andStateandlocaltransportationagencies);
(II)consultationwiththeAdministrator;and
(III)reasonablepublicnoticeandopportunityforcomment;and
(v)ifthemetropolitanplanningorganization,Stateairpollutioncontrolagency,andtheAdministratorconcurwiththeequivalencyofthesubstituteoradditionalcontrolmeasures.
(B)Adoption.—(i)Concurrencebythemetropolitanplanningorganization,StateairpollutioncontrolagencyandtheAdministratorasrequiredbysubparagraph(A)(v)shallconstituteadoptionofthesubstituteoradditionalcontrolmeasuressolongastherequirementsofsubparagraphs(A)(i),(A)(ii),(A)(iii)and(A)(iv)aremet.
(ii)Onceadopted,thesubstituteoradditionalcontrolmeasuresbecome,byoperationoflaw,partoftheStateimplementationplanandbecomefederallyenforceable.
(iii)Within90daysofitsconcurrenceundersubparagraph(A)(v),theStateairpollutioncontrolagencyshallsubmitthesubstituteoradditionalcontrolmeasuretotheAdministratorforincorporationinthecodificationoftheapplicableimplementationplan.Nothwithstanding 3anyotherprovisionofthischapter,noadditionalStateprocessshallbenecessarytosupportsuchrevisiontotheapplicableplan.
(C)Norequirementforexpresspermission.—Thesubstitutionoradditionofatransportationcontrolmeasureinaccordancewiththisparagraphandthefundingorapprovalofsuchacontrolmeasureshallnotbecontingentontheexistenceofanyprovisionintheapplicableimplementationplanthatexpresslypermitssuchasubstitutionoraddition.
(D)Norequirementfornewconformitydetermination.—Thesubstitutionoradditionofatransportationcontrolmeasureinaccordancewiththisparagraphshallnotrequire—
(i)anewconformitydeterminationforthetransportationplan;or
(ii)arevisionoftheimplementationplan.
(E)Continuationofcontrolmeasurebeingreplaced.—AcontrolmeasurethatisbeingreplacedbyasubstitutecontrolmeasureunderthisparagraphshallremainineffectuntilthesubstitutecontrolmeasureisadoptedbytheStatepursuanttosubparagraph(B).
(F)Effectofadoption.—Adoptionofasubstitutecontrolmeasureshallconstituterescissionofthepreviouslyapplicablecontrolmeasure.
(9)Lapseofconformity.—Ifaconformitydeterminationrequiredunderthissubsectionforatransportationplanundersection134(i)oftitle23orsection5303(i)oftitle49oratransportationimprovementprogramundersection134(j)ofsuchtitle23orundersection5303(j)ofsuchtitle49isnotmadebytheapplicabledeadlineandsuchfailureisnotcorrectedbyadditionalmeasurestoeitherreducemotorvehicleemissionssufficienttodemonstratecompliancewiththerequirementsofthissubsectionwithin12monthsaftersuchdeadlineorothermeasuressufficienttocorrectsuchfailures,thetransportationplanshalllapse.
(10)Lapse.—Inthissubsection,theterm"lapse"meansthattheconformitydeterminationforatransportationplanortransportationimprovementprogramhasexpired,andthusthereisnocurrentlyconformingtransportationplanortransportationimprovementprogram.
(d)Priorityofachievingandmaintainingnationalprimaryambientairqualitystandards
Eachdepartment,agency,orinstrumentalityoftheFederalGovernmenthavingauthoritytoconductorsupportanyprogramwithair-qualityrelatedtransportationconsequencesshallgivepriorityintheexerciseofsuchauthority,consistentwithstatutoryrequirementsforallocationamongStatesorotherjurisdictions,totheimplementationofthoseportionsofplanspreparedunderthissectiontoachieveandmaintainthenationalprimaryambientair-qualitystandard.Thisparagraphextendsto,butisnotlimitedto,authorityexercisedunderchapter53oftitle49,title23,andtheHousingandUrbanDevelopmentAct.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§176,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.749;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(59),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1403;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§§101(f),110(4),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2409,2470;Pub.L.104–59,titleIII,§305(b),Nov.28,1995,109Stat.580;Pub.L.104–260,§1,Oct.9,1996,110Stat.3175;Pub.L.106–377,§1(a)(1)[titleIII],Oct.27,2000,114Stat.1441,1441A-44;Pub.L.109–59,titleVI,§6011(a)–(f),Aug.10,2005,119Stat.1878–1881.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Paragraph(4)ofsubsec.(c),referredtoinsubsec.(c)(3),wasamendedbyPub.L.109–59,titleVI,§6011(f),Aug.10,2005,119Stat.1881,toredesignatesubpar.(C)as(E),strikeitout,andaddnewsubpars.(C)and(E).See2005Amendmentnotesbelow.
Section7505aofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(c)(6),wasintheoriginal"section175(A)"andwastranslatedasreading"section175A",meaningsection175AofactJuly14,1955,whichisclassifiedtosection7505aofthistitle,toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
TheHousingandUrbanDevelopmentAct,referredtoinsubsec.(d),maybethenameforaseriesofactssharingthesamenamebutenactedindifferentyearsbyPub.L.89–117,Aug.10,1965,79Stat.451;Pub.L.90–448,Aug.1,1968,82Stat.476;Pub.L.91–152,Dec.24,1969,83Stat.379;andPub.L.91–609,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1770,respectively.ForcompleteclassificationoftheseActstotheCode,seeShortTitlenotessetoutundersection1701ofTitle12,BanksandBanking,andTables.
Codification
Insubsecs.(c)(2)and(d),"chapter53oftitle49"substitutedfor"theUrbanMassTransportationAct[49App.U.S.C.1601etseq.]"andinsubsec.(c)(4)(F)substitutedfor"FederalTransitAct"onauthorityofPub.L.103–272,§6(b),July5,1994,108Stat.1378(thefirstsectionofwhichenactedsubtitlesII,III,andVtoXofTitle49,Transportation),andofPub.L.102–240,titleIII,§3003(b),Dec.18,1991,105Stat.2088,whichprovidedthatreferencesinlawstotheUrbanMassTransportationActof1964bedeemedtobereferencestotheFederalTransitAct.
Amendments
2005—Subsec.(c)(2)(E).Pub.L.109–59,§6011(a),addedsubpar.(E).
Subsec.(c)(4).Pub.L.109–59,§6011(f)(1)–(3),insertedpar.(4)andsubpar.(A)headings,infirstsentencesubstituted"TheAdministratorshallpromulgate,andperiodicallyupdate,"for"NolaterthanoneyearafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgate",designatedsecondsentenceassubpar.(B),insertedheading,substituted"TheAdministrator,withtheconcurrenceoftheSecretaryofTransportation,shallpromulgate,andperiodicallyupdate,"for"NolaterthanoneyearafterNovember15,1990,theAdministrator,withtheconcurrenceoftheSecretaryofTransportation,shallpromulgate",designatedthirdsentenceassubpar.(C),insertedheading,substituted"Acivilaction"for"Asuit",andredesignatedformersubpars.(B)to(D)as(D)to(F),respectively.
Subsec.(c)(4)(B)(ii).Pub.L.109–59,§6011(b),amendedcl.(ii)generally.Priortoamendment,cl.(ii)readasfollows:"addresstheappropriatefrequencyformakingconformitydeterminations,butinnocaseshallsuchdeterminationsfortransportationplansandprogramsbelessfrequentthaneverythreeyears;and".
Subsec.(c)(4)(E).Pub.L.109–59,§6011(f)(4),addedsubpar.(E)andstruckoutformersubpar.(E)whichreadasfollows:"SuchproceduresshallalsoincludearequirementthateachStateshallsubmittotheAdministratorandtheSecretaryofTransportationwithin24monthsofNovember15,1990,arevisiontoitsimplementationplanthatincludescriteriaandproceduresforassessingtheconformityofanyplan,program,orprojectsubjecttotheconformityrequirementsofthissubsection."
Subsec.(c)(7)to(10).Pub.L.109–59,§6011(c)–(e),addedpars.(7)to(10).
2000—Subsec.(c)(6).Pub.L.106–377addedpar.(6).
1996—Subsec.(c)(4)(D).Pub.L.104–260addedsubpar.(D).
1995—Subsec.(c)(5).Pub.L.104–59addedpar.(5).
1990—Subsecs.(a),(b).Pub.L.101–549,§110(4),struckoutsubsec.(a)whichrelatedtoapprovalofprojectsorawardofgrants,andsubsec.(b)whichrelatedtoimplementationofapprovedorpromulgatedplans.
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.101–549,§101(f),designatedexistingprovisionsaspar.(1),struckout"(1)","(2)","(3)",and"(4)"before"engagein","supportin","licenseor",and"approve,any",respectively,substituted"conformtoanimplementationplanafterit"for"conformtoaplanafterit","conformtoanimplementationplanapproved"for"conformtoaplanapproved",and"conformitytosuchanimplementationplanshall"for"conformitytosuchaplanshall",inserted"Conformitytoanimplementationplanmeans—"followedimmediatelybysubpars.(A)and(B)andclosingprovisionsrelatingtodeterminationofconformitybeingbasedonrecentestimatesofemissionsandthedeterminationofsuchestimates,andaddedpars.(2)to(4).
1977—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.95–190inserted"national"before"primary".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
Regulations
Pub.L.109–59,titleVI,§6011(g),Aug.10,2005,119Stat.1882,providedthat:"Notlaterthan2yearsafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.10,2005],theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallpromulgaterevisedregulationstoimplementthechangesmadebythissection[amendingthissection]."
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"paragraph(5),".
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"Notwithstanding".
§7506a.Interstatetransportcommissions
(a)Authoritytoestablishinterstatetransportregions
Whenever,ontheAdministrator'sownmotionorbypetitionfromtheGovernorofanyState,theAdministratorhasreasontobelievethattheinterstatetransportofairpollutantsfromoneormoreStatescontributessignificantlytoaviolationofanationalambientairqualitystandardinoneormoreotherStates,theAdministratormayestablish,byrule,atransportregionforsuchpollutantthatincludessuchStates.TheAdministrator,ontheAdministrator'sownmotionoruponpetitionfromtheGovernorofanyState,orupontherecommendationofatransportcommissionestablishedundersubsection(b),may—
(1)addanyStateorportionofaStatetoanyregionestablishedunderthissubsectionwhenevertheAdministratorhasreasontobelievethattheinterstatetransportofairpollutantsfromsuchStatesignificantlycontributestoaviolationofthestandardinthetransportregion,or
(2)removeanyStateorportionofaStatefromtheregionwhenevertheAdministratorhasreasontobelievethatthecontrolofemissionsinthatStateorportionoftheStatepursuanttothissectionwillnotsignificantlycontributetotheattainmentofthestandardinanyareaintheregion.
TheAdministratorshallapproveordisapproveanysuchpetitionorrecommendationwithin18monthsofitsreceipt.TheAdministratorshallestablishappropriateproceedingsforpublicparticipationregardingsuchpetitionsandmotions,includingnoticeandcomment.
(b)Transportcommissions
(1)Establishment
WhenevertheAdministratorestablishesatransportregionundersubsection(a),theAdministratorshallestablishatransportcommissioncomprisedof(ataminimum)eachofthefollowingmembers:
(A)TheGovernorofeachStateintheregionorthedesigneeofeachsuchGovernor.
(B)TheAdministratorortheAdministrator'sdesignee.
(C)TheRegionalAdministrator(ortheAdministrator'sdesignee)foreachRegionalOfficeforeachEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyRegionaffectedbythetransportregionconcerned.
(D)AnairpollutioncontrolofficialrepresentingeachStateintheregion,appointedbytheGovernor.
Decisionsof,andrecommendationsandrequeststo,theAdministratorbyeachtransportcommissionmaybemadeonlybyamajorityvoteofallmembersotherthantheAdministratorandtheRegionalAdministrators(ordesigneesthereof).
(2)Recommendations
Thetransportcommissionshallassessthedegreeofinterstatetransportofthepollutantorprecursorstothepollutantthroughoutthetransportregion,assessstrategiesformitigatingtheinterstatepollution,andrecommendtotheAdministratorsuchmeasuresastheCommissiondeterminestobenecessarytoensurethattheplansfortherelevantStatesmeettherequirementsofsection7410(a)(2)(D)ofthistitle.SuchcommissionshallnotbesubjecttotheprovisionsoftheFederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct(5U.S.C.App.).
(c)Commissionrequests
Atransportcommissionestablishedundersubsection(b)mayrequesttheAdministratortoissueafindingundersection7410(k)(5)ofthistitlethattheimplementationplanforoneormoreoftheStatesinthetransportregionissubstantiallyinadequatetomeettherequirementsofsection7410(a)(2)(D)ofthistitle.TheAdministratorshallapprove,disapprove,orpartiallyapproveandpartiallydisapprovesucharequestwithin18monthsofitsreceiptand,totheextenttheAdministratorapprovessuchrequest,issuethefindingundersection7410(k)(5)ofthistitleatthetimeofsuchapproval.Inactingonsuchrequest,theAdministratorshallprovideanopportunityforpublicparticipationandshalladdresseachspecificrecommendationmadebythecommission.Approvalordisapprovalofsucharequestshallconstitutefinalagencyactionwithinthemeaningofsection7607(b)ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§176A,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§102(f)(1),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2419.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheFederalAdvisoryCommitteeAct,referredtoinsubsec.(b)(2),isPub.L.92–463,Oct.6,1972,86Stat.770,asamended,whichissetoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
§7507.Newmotorvehicleemissionstandardsinnonattainmentareas
Notwithstandingsection7543(a)ofthistitle,anyStatewhichhasplanprovisionsapprovedunderthispartmayadoptandenforceforanymodelyearstandardsrelatingtocontrolofemissionsfromnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleenginesandtakesuchotheractionsasarereferredtoinsection7543(a)ofthistitlerespectingsuchvehiclesif—
(1)suchstandardsareidenticaltotheCaliforniastandardsforwhichawaiverhasbeengrantedforsuchmodelyear,and
(2)CaliforniaandsuchStateadoptsuchstandardsatleasttwoyearsbeforecommencementofsuchmodelyear(asdeterminedbyregulationsoftheAdministrator).
NothinginthissectionorinsubchapterIIofthischaptershallbeconstruedasauthorizinganysuchStatetoprohibitorlimit,directlyorindirectly,themanufactureorsaleofanewmotorvehicleormotorvehicleenginethatiscertifiedinCaliforniaasmeetingCaliforniastandards,ortotakeanyactionofanykindtocreate,orhavetheeffectofcreating,amotorvehicleormotorvehicleenginedifferentthanamotorvehicleorenginecertifiedinCaliforniaunderCaliforniastandards(a"thirdvehicle")orotherwisecreatesucha"thirdvehicle".
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§177,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.750;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§232,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2529.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549addedsentenceatendprohibitingStatesfromlimitingorprohibitingsaleormanufactureofnewvehiclesorenginescertifiedinCaliforniaashavingmetCaliforniastandardsandfromtakinganyactionswhereeffectofthoseactionswouldbetocreatea"thirdvehicle".
§7508.Guidancedocuments
TheAdministratorshallissueguidancedocumentsundersection7408ofthistitleforpurposesofassistingStatesinimplementingrequirementsofthispartrespectingthelowestachievableemissionrate.SuchadocumentshallbepublishednotlaterthanninemonthsafterAugust7,1977,andshallberevisedatleasteverytwoyearsthereafter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§178,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleI,§129(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.750.)
§7509.Sanctionsandconsequencesoffailuretoattain
(a)Statefailure
Foranyimplementationplanorplanrevisionrequiredunderthispart(orrequiredinresponsetoafindingofsubstantialinadequacyasdescribedinsection7410(k)(5)ofthistitle),iftheAdministrator—
(1)findsthataStatehasfailed,foranareadesignatednonattainmentundersection7407(d)ofthistitle,tosubmitaplan,ortosubmit1ormoreoftheelements(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator)requiredbytheprovisionsofthischapterapplicabletosuchanarea,orhasfailedtomakeasubmissionforsuchanareathatsatisfiestheminimumcriteriaestablishedinrelationtoanysuchelementundersection7410(k)ofthistitle,
(2)disapprovesasubmissionundersection7410(k)ofthistitle,foranareadesignatednonattainmentundersection7407ofthistitle,basedonthesubmission'sfailuretomeetoneormoreoftheelementsrequiredbytheprovisionsofthischapterapplicabletosuchanarea,
(3)(A)determinesthataStatehasfailedtomakeanysubmissionasmayberequiredunderthischapter,otherthanonedescribedunderparagraph(1)or(2),includinganadequatemaintenanceplan,orhasfailedtomakeanysubmission,asmayberequiredunderthischapter,otherthanonedescribedunderparagraph(1)or(2),thatsatisfiestheminimumcriteriaestablishedinrelationtosuchsubmissionundersection7410(k)(1)(A)ofthistitle,or
(B)disapprovesinwholeorinpartasubmissiondescribedundersubparagraph(A),or
(4)findsthatanyrequirementofanapprovedplan(orapprovedpartofaplan)isnotbeingimplemented,
unlesssuchdeficiencyhasbeencorrectedwithin18monthsafterthefinding,disapproval,ordeterminationreferredtoinparagraphs(1),(2),(3),and(4),oneofthesanctionsreferredtoinsubsection(b)shallapply,asselectedbytheAdministrator,untiltheAdministratordeterminesthattheStatehascomeintocompliance,exceptthatiftheAdministratorfindsalackofgoodfaith,sanctionsunderbothparagraph(1)andparagraph(2)ofsubsection(b)shallapplyuntiltheAdministratordeterminesthattheStatehascomeintocompliance.IftheAdministratorhasselectedoneofsuchsanctionsandthedeficiencyhasnotbeencorrectedwithin6monthsthereafter,sanctionsunderbothparagraph(1)andparagraph(2)ofsubsection(b)shallapplyuntiltheAdministratordeterminesthattheStatehascomeintocompliance.Inadditiontoanyothersanctionapplicableasprovidedinthissection,theAdministratormaywithholdallorpartofthegrantsforsupportofairpollutionplanningandcontrolprogramsthattheAdministratormayawardundersection7405ofthistitle.
(b)Sanctions
ThesanctionsavailabletotheAdministratorasprovidedinsubsection(a)areasfollows:
(1)Highwaysanctions
(A)TheAdministratormayimposeaprohibition,applicabletoanonattainmentarea,ontheapprovalbytheSecretaryofTransportationofanyprojectsortheawardingbytheSecretaryofanygrants,undertitle23otherthanprojectsorgrantsforsafetywheretheSecretarydetermines,basedonaccidentorotherappropriatedatasubmittedbytheState,thattheprincipalpurposeoftheprojectisanimprovementinsafetytoresolveademonstratedsafetyproblemandlikelywillresultinasignificantreductionin,oravoidanceof,accidents.SuchprohibitionshallbecomeeffectiveupontheselectionbytheAdministratorofthissanction.
(B)Inadditiontosafety,projectsorgrantsthatmaybeapprovedbytheSecretary,notwithstandingtheprohibitioninsubparagraph(A),arethefollowing—
(i)capitalprogramsforpublictransit;
(ii)constructionorrestrictionofcertainroadsorlanessolelyfortheuseofpassengerbusesorhighoccupancyvehicles;
(iii)planningforrequirementsforemployerstoreduceemployeework-trip-relatedvehicleemissions;
(iv)highwayrampmetering,trafficsignalization,andrelatedprogramsthatimprovetrafficflowandachieveanetemissionreduction;
(v)fringeandtransportationcorridorparkingfacilitiesservingmultipleoccupancyvehicleprogramsortransitoperations;
(vi)programstolimitorrestrictvehicleuseindowntownareasorotherareasofemissionconcentrationparticularlyduringperiodsofpeakuse,throughroadusecharges,tolls,parkingsurcharges,orotherpricingmechanisms,vehiclerestrictedzonesorperiods,orvehicleregistrationprograms;
(vii)programsforbreakdownandaccidentscenemanagement,nonrecurringcongestion,andvehicleinformationsystems,toreducecongestionandemissions;and
(viii)suchothertransportation-relatedprogramsastheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportation,findswouldimproveairqualityandwouldnotencouragesingleoccupancyvehiclecapacity.
Inconsideringsuchmeasures,theStateshouldseektoensureadequateaccesstodowntown,othercommercial,andresidentialareas,andavoidincreasingorrelocatingemissionsandcongestionratherthanreducingthem.
(2)Offsets
Inapplyingtheemissionsoffsetrequirementsofsection7503ofthistitletonewormodifiedsourcesoremissionsunitsforwhichapermitisrequiredunderthispart,theratioofemissionreductionstoincreasedemissionsshallbeatleast2to1.
(c)Noticeoffailuretoattain
(1)Asexpeditiouslyaspracticableaftertheapplicableattainmentdateforanynonattainmentarea,butnotlaterthan6monthsaftersuchdate,theAdministratorshalldetermine,basedonthearea'sairqualityasoftheattainmentdate,whethertheareaattainedthestandardbythatdate.
(2)Uponmakingthedeterminationunderparagraph(1),theAdministratorshallpublishanoticeintheFederalRegistercontainingsuchdeterminationandidentifyingeachareathattheAdministratorhasdeterminedtohavefailedtoattain.TheAdministratormayreviseorsupplementsuchdeterminationatanytimebasedonmorecompleteinformationoranalysisconcerningthearea'sairqualityasoftheattainmentdate.
(d)Consequencesforfailuretoattain
(1)Within1yearaftertheAdministratorpublishesthenoticeundersubsection(c)(2)(relatingtonoticeoffailuretoattain),eachStatecontaininganonattainmentareashallsubmitarevisiontotheapplicableimplementationplanmeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(2)ofthissubsection.
(2)Therevisionrequiredunderparagraph(1)shallmeettherequirementsofsection7410ofthistitleandsection7502ofthistitle.Inaddition,therevisionshallincludesuchadditionalmeasuresastheAdministratormayreasonablyprescribe,includingallmeasuresthatcanbefeasiblyimplementedintheareainlightoftechnologicalachievability,costs,andanynonairqualityandotherairquality-relatedhealthandenvironmentalimpacts.
(3)Theattainmentdateapplicabletotherevisionrequiredunderparagraph(1)shallbethesameasprovidedintheprovisionsofsection7502(a)(2)ofthistitle,exceptthatinapplyingsuchprovisionsthephrase"fromthedateofthenoticeundersection7509(c)(2)ofthistitle"shallbesubstitutedforthephrase"fromthedatesuchareawasdesignatednonattainmentundersection7407(d)ofthistitle"andforthephrase"fromthedateofdesignationasnonattainment".
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§179,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§102(g),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2420.)
§7509a.Internationalborderareas
(a)Implementationplansandrevisions
Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,animplementationplanorplanrevisionrequiredunderthischaptershallbeapprovedbytheAdministratorif—
(1)suchplanorrevisionmeetsalltherequirementsapplicabletoitunderthe 1chapterotherthanarequirementthatsuchplanorrevisiondemonstrateattainmentandmaintenanceoftherelevantnationalambientairqualitystandardsbytheattainmentdatespecifiedundertheapplicableprovisionofthischapter,orinaregulationpromulgatedundersuchprovision,and
(2)thesubmittingStateestablishestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheimplementationplanofsuchStatewouldbeadequatetoattainandmaintaintherelevantnationalambientairqualitystandardsbytheattainmentdatespecifiedundertheapplicableprovisionofthischapter,orinaregulationpromulgatedundersuchprovision,butforemissionsemanatingfromoutsideoftheUnitedStates.
(b)Attainmentofozonelevels
Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,anyStatethatestablishestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthat,withrespecttoanozonenonattainmentareainsuchState,suchStatewouldhaveattainedthenationalambientairqualitystandardforozonebytheapplicableattainmentdate,butforemissionsemanatingfromoutsideoftheUnitedStates,shallnotbesubjecttotheprovisionsofsection7511(a)(2)or(5)ofthistitleorsection7511dofthistitle.
(c)Attainmentofcarbonmonoxidelevels
Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,anyStatethatestablishestothesatisfactionoftheAdministrator,withrespecttoacarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareainsuchState,thatsuchStatehasattainedthenationalambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxidebytheapplicableattainmentdate,butforemissionsemanatingfromoutsideoftheUnitedStates,shallnotbesubjecttotheprovisionsofsection7512(b)(2)or(9) 2ofthistitle.
(d)AttainmentofPM–10levels
Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,anyStatethatestablishestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthat,withrespecttoaPM–10nonattainmentareainsuchState,suchStatewouldhaveattainedthenationalambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxidebytheapplicableattainmentdate,butforemissionsemanatingfromoutsidetheUnitedStates,shallnotbesubjecttotheprovisionsofsection7513(b)(2)ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§179B,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§818,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2697.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EstablishmentofProgramToMonitorandImproveAirQualityinRegionsAlongBorderBetweenUnitedStatesandMexico
Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§815,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2693,providedthattheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencywasauthorized,incooperationwiththeDepartmentofStateandtheaffectedborderStates,tonegotiatewithrepresentativesofMexicotoauthorizeaprogram,nottoextendbeyondJuly1,1995,tomonitorandimproveairqualityinregionsalongtheborderbetweentheUnitedStatesandMexico,withrequirementsformonitoring,remediation,annualreports,andfundingandpersonnel.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"this".
2 Soinoriginal.Section7512(b)ofthistitledoesnotcontainapar.(9).
subpart2—additionalprovisionsforozonenonattainmentareas
§7511.Classificationsandattainmentdates
(a)Classificationandattainmentdatesfor1989nonattainmentareas
(1)Eachareadesignatednonattainmentforozonepursuanttosection7407(d)ofthistitleshallbeclassifiedatthetimeofsuchdesignation,undertable1,byoperationoflaw,asaMarginalArea,aModerateArea,aSeriousArea,aSevereArea,oranExtremeAreabasedonthedesignvalueforthearea.ThedesignvalueshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheinterpretationmethodologyissuedbytheAdministratormostrecentlybeforeNovember15,1990.Foreachareaclassifiedunderthissubsection,theprimarystandardattainmentdateforozoneshallbeasexpeditiouslyaspracticablebutnotlaterthanthedateprovidedintable1.
TABLE1
AreaclassDesignvalue*Primarystandardattainmentdate**
Marginal
0.121upto0.138
3yearsafterNovember15,1990
Moderate
0.138upto0.160
6yearsafterNovember15,1990
Serious
0.160upto0.180
9yearsafterNovember15,1990
Severe
0.180upto0.280
15yearsafterNovember15,1990
Extreme
0.280andabove
20yearsafterNovember15,1990
*Thedesignvalueismeasuredinpartspermillion(ppm).
**TheprimarystandardattainmentdateismeasuredfromNovember15,1990.
(2)Notwithstandingtable1,inthecaseofasevereareawitha1988ozonedesignvaluebetween0.190and0.280ppm,theattainmentdateshallbe17years(inlieuof15years)afterNovember15,1990.
(3)Atthetimeofpublicationofthenoticeundersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle(relatingtoareadesignations)foreachozonenonattainmentarea,theAdministratorshallpublishanoticeannouncingtheclassificationofsuchozonenonattainmentarea.Theprovisionsofsection7502(a)(1)(B)ofthistitle(relatingtolackofnoticeandcommentandjudicialreview)shallapplytosuchclassification.
(4)Ifanareaclassifiedunderparagraph(1)(Table1)wouldhavebeenclassifiedinanothercategoryifthedesignvalueintheareawere5percentgreateror5percentlessthanthelevelonwhichsuchclassificationwasbased,theAdministratormay,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,within90daysaftertheinitialclassification,bytheprocedurerequiredunderparagraph(3),adjusttheclassificationtoplacetheareainsuchothercategory.Inmakingsuchadjustment,theAdministratormayconsiderthenumberofexceedancesofthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforozoneinthearea,thelevelofpollutiontransportbetweentheareaandotheraffectedareas,includingbothintrastateandinterstatetransport,andthemixofsourcesandairpollutantsinthearea.
(5)UponapplicationbyanyState,theAdministratormayextendfor1additionalyear(hereinafterreferredtoasthe"ExtensionYear")thedatespecifiedintable1ofparagraph(1)ofthissubsectionif—
(A)theStatehascompliedwithallrequirementsandcommitmentspertainingtotheareaintheapplicableimplementationplan,and
(B)nomorethan1exceedanceofthenationalambientairqualitystandardlevelforozonehasoccurredintheareaintheyearprecedingtheExtensionYear.
Nomorethan2one-yearextensionsmaybeissuedunderthisparagraphforasinglenonattainmentarea.
(b)Newdesignationsandreclassifications
(1)Newdesignationstononattainment
Anyareathatisdesignatedattainmentorunclassifiableforozoneundersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle,andthatissubsequentlyredesignatedtononattainmentforozoneundersection7407(d)(3)ofthistitle,shall,atthetimeoftheredesignation,beclassifiedbyoperationoflawinaccordancewithtable1undersubsection(a).Uponitsclassification,theareashallbesubjecttothesamerequirementsundersection7410ofthistitle,subpart1ofthispart,andthissubpartthatwouldhaveappliedhadtheareabeensoclassifiedatthetimeofthenoticeundersubsection(a)(3),exceptthatanyabsolute,fixeddateapplicableinconnectionwithanysuchrequirementisextendedbyoperationoflawbyaperiodequaltothelengthoftimebetweenNovember15,1990,andthedatetheareaisclassifiedunderthisparagraph.
(2)Reclassificationuponfailuretoattain
(A)Within6monthsfollowingtheapplicableattainmentdate(includinganyextensionthereof)foranozonenonattainmentarea,theAdministratorshalldetermine,basedonthearea'sdesignvalue(asoftheattainmentdate),whethertheareaattainedthestandardbythatdate.ExceptforanySevereorExtremearea,anyareathattheAdministratorfindshasnotattainedthestandardbythatdateshallbereclassifiedbyoperationoflawinaccordancewithtable1ofsubsection(a)tothehigherof—
(i)thenexthigherclassificationforthearea,or
(ii)theclassificationapplicabletothearea'sdesignvalueasdeterminedatthetimeofthenoticerequiredundersubparagraph(B).
NoareashallbereclassifiedasExtremeunderclause(ii).
(B)TheAdministratorshallpublishanoticeintheFederalRegister,nolaterthan6monthsfollowingtheattainmentdate,identifyingeachareathattheAdministratorhasdeterminedundersubparagraph(A)ashavingfailedtoattainandidentifyingthereclassification,ifany,describedundersubparagraph(A).
(3)Voluntaryreclassification
TheAdministratorshallgranttherequestofanyStatetoreclassifyanonattainmentareainthatStateinaccordancewithtable1ofsubsection(a)toahigherclassification.TheAdministratorshallpublishanoticeintheFederalRegisterofanysuchrequestandofactionbytheAdministratorgrantingtherequest.
(4)FailureofSevereAreastoattainstandard
(A)IfanySevereAreafailstoachievethenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforozonebytheapplicableattainmentdate(includinganyextensionthereof),thefeeprovisionsundersection7511dofthistitleshallapplywithinthearea,thepercentreductionrequirementsofsection7511a(c)(2)(B)and(C)ofthistitle(relatingtoreasonablefurtherprogressdemonstrationandNOxcontrol)shallcontinuetoapplytothearea,andtheStateshalldemonstratethatsuchpercentreductionhasbeenachievedineach3-yearintervalaftersuchfailureuntilthestandardisattained.Anyfailuretomakesuchademonstrationshallbesubjecttothesanctionsprovidedunderthispart.
(B)Inadditiontotherequirementsofsubparagraph(A),iftheozonedesignvalueforaSevereAreareferredtoinsubparagraph(A)isabove0.140ppmfortheyearoftheapplicableattainmentdate,oriftheareahasfailedtoachieveitsmostrecentmilestoneundersection7511a(g)ofthistitle,thenewsourcereviewrequirementsapplicableunderthissubpartinExtremeAreasshallapplyintheareaandtheterm 1"majorsource"and"majorstationarysource"shallhavethesamemeaningasinExtremeAreas.
(C)Inadditiontotherequirementsofsubparagraph(A)forthoseareasreferredtoinsubparagraph(A)andnotcoveredbysubparagraph(B),theprovisionsreferredtoinsubparagraph(B)shallapplyafter3yearsfromtheapplicableattainmentdateunlesstheareahasattainedthestandardbytheendofsuch3-yearperiod.
(D)If,afterNovember15,1990,theAdministratormodifiesthemethodofdeterminingcompliancewiththenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandard,adesignvalueorotherindicatorcomparableto0.140intermsofitsrelationshiptothestandardshallbeusedinlieuof0.140forpurposesofapplyingtheprovisionsofsubparagraphs(B)and(C).
(c)Referencestoterms
(1)Anyreferenceinthissubparttoa"MarginalArea",a"ModerateArea",a"SeriousArea",a"SevereArea",oran"ExtremeArea"shallbeconsideredareferencetoaMarginalArea,aModerateArea,aSeriousArea,aSevereArea,oranExtremeAreaasrespectivelyclassifiedunderthissection.
(2)Anyreferenceinthissubpartto"nexthigherclassification"orcomparabletermsshallbeconsideredareferencetotheclassificationrelatedtothenexthighersetofdesignvaluesintable1.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§181,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§103,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2423.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
ExemptionsforStripperWells
Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§819,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2698,providedthat:"Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,theamendmentstotheCleanAirActmadebysection103oftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[enactingthissectionandsections7511ato7511fofthistitle](relatingtoadditionalprovisionsforozonenonattainmentareas),bysection104ofsuchamendments[enactingsections7512and7512aofthistitle](relatingtoadditionalprovisionsforcarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareas),bysection105ofsuchamendments[enactingsections7513to7513bofthistitleandamendingsection7476ofthistitle](relatingtoadditionalprovisionsforPM–10nonattainmentareas),andbysection106ofsuchamendments[enactingsections7514and7514aofthistitle](relatingtoadditionalprovisionsforareasdesignatedasnonattainmentforsulfuroxides,nitrogendioxide,andlead)shallnotapplywithrespecttotheproductionofandequipmentusedintheexploration,production,development,storageorprocessingof—
"(1)oilfromastripperwellproperty,withinthemeaningoftheJune1979energyregulations(withinthemeaningofsection4996(b)(7)oftheInternalRevenueCodeof1986[26U.S.C.4996(b)(7)],asineffectbeforetherepealofsuchsection);and
"(2)stripperwellnaturalgas,asdefinedinsection108(b)oftheNaturalGasPolicyActof1978(15U.S.C.3318(b)).[,]
excepttotheextentthatprovisionsofsuchamendmentscoverareasdesignatedasSeriouspursuanttopartDoftitleIoftheCleanAirAct[thispart]andhavingapopulationof350,000ormore,orareasdesignatedasSevereorExtremepursuanttosuchpartD."
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"terms".
§7511a.Plansubmissionsandrequirements
(a)MarginalAreas
EachStateinwhichallorpartofaMarginalAreaislocatedshall,withrespecttotheMarginalArea(orportionthereof,totheextentspecifiedinthissubsection),submittotheAdministratortheStateimplementationplanrevisions(includingtheplanitems)describedunderthissubsectionexcepttotheextenttheStatehasmadesuchsubmissionsasofNovember15,1990.
(1)Inventory
Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitacomprehensive,accurate,currentinventoryofactualemissionsfromallsources,asdescribedinsection7502(c)(3)ofthistitle,inaccordancewithguidanceprovidedbytheAdministrator.
(2)CorrectionstotheStateimplementationplan
Withintheperiodsprescribedinthisparagraph,theStateshallsubmitarevisiontotheStateimplementationplanthatmeetsthefollowingrequirements—
(A)Reasonablyavailablecontroltechnologycorrections
ForanyMarginalArea(or,withintheAdministrator'sdiscretion,portionthereof)theStateshallsubmit,within6monthsofthedateofclassificationundersection7511(a)ofthistitle,arevisionthatincludessuchprovisionstocorrectrequirementsin(oraddrequirementsto)theplanconcerningreasonablyavailablecontroltechnologyaswererequiredundersection7502(b)ofthistitle(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990),asinterpretedinguidanceissuedbytheAdministratorundersection7408ofthistitlebeforeNovember15,1990.
(B)Savingsclauseforvehicleinspectionandmaintenance
(i)ForanyMarginalArea(or,withintheAdministrator'sdiscretion,portionthereof),theplanforwhichalreadyincludes,orwasrequiredbysection7502(b)(11)(B)ofthistitle(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)tohaveincluded,aspecificscheduleforimplementationofavehicleemissioncontrolinspectionandmaintenanceprogram,theStateshallsubmit,immediatelyafterNovember15,1990,arevisionthatincludesanyprovisionsnecessarytoprovideforavehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramofnolessstringencythanthatofeithertheprogramdefinedinHouseReportNumbered95–294,95thCongress,1stSession,281–291(1977)asinterpretedinguidanceoftheAdministratorissuedpursuanttosection7502(b)(11)(B)ofthistitle(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)ortheprogramalreadyincludedintheplan,whicheverismorestringent.
(ii)Within12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallreview,revise,update,andrepublishintheFederalRegistertheguidancefortheStatesformotorvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramsrequiredbythischapter,takingintoconsiderationtheAdministrator'sinvestigationsandauditsofsuchprogram.Theguidanceshall,ataminimum,coverthefrequencyofinspections,thetypesofvehiclestobeinspected(whichshallincludeleasedvehiclesthatareregisteredinthenonattainmentarea),vehiclemaintenancebyownersandoperators,auditsbytheState,thetestmethodandmeasures,includingwhethercentralizedordecentralized,inspectionmethodsandprocedures,qualityofinspection,componentscovered,assurancethatavehiclesubjecttoarecallnoticefromamanufacturerhascompliedwiththatnotice,andeffectiveimplementationandenforcement,includingensuringthatanyretestingofavehicleafterafailureshallincludeproofofcorrectiveactionandprovidingfordenialofvehicleregistrationinthecaseoftamperingormisfueling.TheguidancewhichshallbeincorporatedintheapplicableStateimplementationplansbytheStatesshallprovidetheStateswithcontinuedreasonableflexibilitytofashioneffective,reasonable,andfairprogramsfortheaffectedconsumer.Nolaterthan2yearsaftertheAdministratorpromulgatesregulationsundersection7521(m)(3)ofthistitle(relatingtoemissioncontroldiagnostics),theStateshallsubmitarevisiontosuchprogramtomeetanyrequirementsthattheAdministratormayprescribeunderthatsection.
(C)Permitprograms
Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisionthatincludeseachofthefollowing:
(i)Provisionstorequirepermits,inaccordancewithsections7502(c)(5)and7503ofthistitle,fortheconstructionandoperationofeachnewormodifiedmajorstationarysource(withrespecttoozone)tobelocatedinthearea.
(ii)Provisionstocorrectrequirementsin(oraddrequirementsto)theplanconcerningpermitprogramsaswererequiredundersection7502(b)(6)ofthistitle(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990),asinterpretedinregulationsoftheAdministratorpromulgatedasofNovember15,1990.
(3)Periodicinventory
(A)Generalrequirement
Nolaterthantheendofeach3-yearperiodaftersubmissionoftheinventoryunderparagraph(1)untiltheareaisredesignatedtoattainment,theStateshallsubmitarevisedinventorymeetingtherequirementsofsubsection(a)(1).
(B)Emissionsstatements
(i)Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisiontotheStateimplementationplantorequirethattheowneroroperatorofeachstationarysourceofoxidesofnitrogenorvolatileorganiccompoundsprovidetheStatewithastatement,insuchformastheAdministratormayprescribe(oracceptanequivalentalternativedevelopedbytheState),forclassesorcategoriesofsources,showingtheactualemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenandvolatileorganiccompoundsfromthatsource.Thefirstsuchstatementshallbesubmittedwithin3yearsafterNovember15,1990.Subsequentstatementsshallbesubmittedatleasteveryyearthereafter.Thestatementshallcontainacertificationthattheinformationcontainedinthestatementisaccuratetothebestknowledgeoftheindividualcertifyingthestatement.
(ii)TheStatemaywaivetheapplicationofclause(i)toanyclassorcategoryofstationarysourceswhichemitlessthan25tonsperyearofvolatileorganiccompoundsoroxidesofnitrogeniftheState,initssubmissionsundersubparagraphs 1(1)or(3)(A),providesaninventoryofemissionsfromsuchclassorcategoryofsources,basedontheuseoftheemissionfactorsestablishedbytheAdministratororothermethodsacceptabletotheAdministrator.
(4)Generaloffsetrequirement
Forpurposesofsatisfyingtheemissionoffsetrequirementsofthispart,theratiooftotalemissionreductionsofvolatileorganiccompoundstototalincreasedemissionsofsuchairpollutantshallbeatleast1.1to1.
TheAdministratormay,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,requireStatestosubmitascheduleforsubmittinganyoftherevisionsorotheritemsrequiredunderthissubsection.TherequirementsofthissubsectionshallapplyinlieuofanyrequirementthattheStatesubmitademonstrationthattheapplicableimplementationplanprovidesforattainmentoftheozonestandardbytheapplicableattainmentdateinanyMarginalArea.Section7502(c)(9)ofthistitle(relatingtocontingencymeasures)shallnotapplytoMarginalAreas.
(b)ModerateAreas
EachStateinwhichallorpartofaModerateAreaislocatedshall,withrespecttotheModerateArea,makethesubmissionsdescribedundersubsection(a)ofthissection(relatingtoMarginalAreas),andshallalsosubmittherevisionstotheapplicableimplementationplandescribedunderthissubsection.
(1)Planprovisionsforreasonablefurtherprogress
(A)Generalrule
(i)Bynolaterthan3yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisiontotheapplicableimplementationplantoprovideforvolatileorganiccompoundemissionreductions,within6yearsafterNovember15,1990,ofatleast15percentfrombaselineemissions,accountingforanygrowthinemissionsafter1990.Suchplanshallprovideforsuchspecificannualreductionsinemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsandoxidesofnitrogenasnecessarytoattainthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforozonebytheattainmentdateapplicableunderthischapter.ThissubparagraphshallnotapplyinthecaseofoxidesofnitrogenforthoseareasforwhichtheAdministratordetermines(whentheAdministratorapprovestheplanorplanrevision)thatadditionalreductionsofoxidesofnitrogenwouldnotcontributetoattainment.
(ii)Apercentagelessthan15percentmaybeusedforpurposesofclause(i)inthecaseofanyStatewhichdemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthat—
(I)newsourcereviewprovisionsareapplicableinthenonattainmentareasinthesamemannerandtothesameextentasrequiredundersubsection(e)inthecaseofExtremeAreas(withtheexceptionthat,inapplyingsuchprovisions,theterms"majorsource"and"majorstationarysource"shallinclude(inadditiontothesourcesdescribedinsection7602ofthistitle)anystationarysourceorgroupofsourceslocatedwithinacontiguousareaandundercommoncontrolthatemits,orhasthepotentialtoemit,atleast5tonsperyearofvolatileorganiccompounds);
(II)reasonablyavailablecontroltechnologyisrequiredforallexistingmajorsources(asdefinedinsubclause(I));and
(III)theplanreflectingalesserpercentagethan15percentincludesallmeasuresthatcanfeasiblybeimplementedinthearea,inlightoftechnologicalachievability.
Toqualifyforalesserpercentageunderthisclause,aStatemustdemonstratetothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheplanfortheareaincludesthemeasuresthatareachievedinpracticebysourcesinthesamesourcecategoryinnonattainmentareasofthenexthighercategory.
(B)Baselineemissions
Forpurposesofsubparagraph(A),theterm"baselineemissions"meansthetotalamountofactualVOCorNOxemissionsfromallanthropogenicsourcesintheareaduringthecalendaryear1990,excludingemissionsthatwouldbeeliminatedundertheregulationsdescribedinclauses(i)and(ii)ofsubparagraph(D).
(C)Generalruleforcreditabilityofreductions
Exceptasprovidedundersubparagraph(D),emissionsreductionsarecreditabletowardthe15percentrequiredundersubparagraph(A)totheextenttheyhaveactuallyoccurred,asof6yearsafterNovember15,1990,fromtheimplementationofmeasuresrequiredundertheapplicableimplementationplan,rulespromulgatedbytheAdministrator,orapermitundersubchapterV.
(D)Limitsoncreditabilityofreductions
Emissionreductionsfromthefollowingmeasuresarenotcreditabletowardthe15percentreductionsrequiredundersubparagraph(A):
(i)AnymeasurerelatingtomotorvehicleexhaustorevaporativeemissionspromulgatedbytheAdministratorbyJanuary1,1990.
(ii)RegulationsconcerningReidVaporPressurepromulgatedbytheAdministratorbyNovember15,1990,orrequiredtobepromulgatedundersection7545(h)ofthistitle.
(iii)Measuresrequiredundersubsection(a)(2)(A)(concerningcorrectionstoimplementationplansprescribedunderguidancebytheAdministrator).
(iv)Measuresrequiredundersubsection(a)(2)(B)tobesubmittedimmediatelyafterNovember15,1990(concerningcorrectionstomotorvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprograms).
(2)Reasonablyavailablecontroltechnology
TheStateshallsubmitarevisiontotheapplicableimplementationplantoincludeprovisionstorequiretheimplementationofreasonablyavailablecontroltechnologyundersection7502(c)(1)ofthistitlewithrespecttoeachofthefollowing:
(A)EachcategoryofVOCsourcesintheareacoveredbyaCTGdocumentissuedbytheAdministratorbetweenNovember15,1990,andthedateofattainment.
(B)AllVOCsourcesintheareacoveredbyanyCTGissuedbeforeNovember15,1990.
(C)AllothermajorstationarysourcesofVOCsthatarelocatedinthearea.
Eachrevisiondescribedinsubparagraph(A)shallbesubmittedwithintheperiodsetforthbytheAdministratorinissuingtherelevantCTGdocument.Therevisionswithrespecttosourcesdescribedinsubparagraphs(B)and(C)shallbesubmittedby2yearsafterNovember15,1990,andshallprovidefortheimplementationoftherequiredmeasuresasexpeditiouslyaspracticablebutnolaterthanMay31,1995.
(3)Gasolinevaporrecovery
(A)Generalrule
Notlaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisiontotheapplicableimplementationplantorequireallownersoroperatorsofgasolinedispensingsystemstoinstallandoperate,bythedateprescribedundersubparagraph(B),asystemforgasolinevaporrecoveryofemissionsfromthefuelingofmotorvehicles.TheAdministratorshallissueguidanceasappropriateastotheeffectivenessofsuchsystem.Thissubparagraphshallapplyonlytofacilitieswhichsellmorethan10,000gallonsofgasolinepermonth(50,000gallonspermonthinthecaseofanindependentsmallbusinessmarketerofgasolineasdefinedinsection7625–1 2ofthistitle).
(B)Effectivedate
Thedaterequiredundersubparagraph(A)shallbe—
(i)6monthsaftertheadoptiondate,inthecaseofgasolinedispensingfacilitiesforwhichconstructioncommencedafterNovember15,1990;
(ii)oneyearaftertheadoptiondate,inthecaseofgasolinedispensingfacilitieswhichdispenseatleast100,000gallonsofgasolinepermonth,basedonaveragemonthlysalesforthe2-yearperiodbeforetheadoptiondate;or
(iii)2yearsaftertheadoptiondate,inthecaseofallothergasolinedispensingfacilities.
Anygasolinedispensingfacilitydescribedunderbothclause(i)andclause(ii)shallmeettherequirementsofclause(i).
(C)Referencetoterms
Forpurposesofthisparagraph,anyreferencetotheterm"adoptiondate"shallbeconsideredareferencetothedateofadoptionbytheStateofrequirementsfortheinstallationandoperationofasystemforgasolinevaporrecoveryofemissionsfromthefuelingofmotorvehicles.
(4)Motorvehicleinspectionandmaintenance
ForallModerateAreas,theStateshallsubmit,immediatelyafterNovember15,1990,arevisiontotheapplicableimplementationplanthatincludesprovisionsnecessarytoprovideforavehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramasdescribedinsubsection(a)(2)(B)(withoutregardtowhetherornottheareawasrequiredbysection7502(b)(11)(B)ofthistitle(asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990)tohaveincludedaspecificscheduleforimplementationofsuchaprogram).
(5)Generaloffsetrequirement
Forpurposesofsatisfyingtheemissionoffsetrequirementsofthispart,theratiooftotalemissionreductionsofvolatileorganiccompoundstototalincrease 3emissionsofsuchairpollutantshallbeatleast1.15to1.
(c)SeriousAreas
Exceptasotherwisespecifiedinparagraph(4),eachStateinwhichallorpartofaSeriousAreaislocatedshall,withrespecttotheSeriousArea(orportionthereof,totheextentspecifiedinthissubsection),makethesubmissionsdescribedundersubsection(b)(relatingtoModerateAreas),andshallalsosubmittherevisionstotheapplicableimplementationplan(includingtheplanitems)describedunderthissubsection.ForanySeriousArea,theterms"majorsource"and"majorstationarysource"include(inadditiontothesourcesdescribedinsection7602ofthistitle)anystationarysourceorgroupofsourceslocatedwithinacontiguousareaandundercommoncontrolthatemits,orhasthepotentialtoemit,atleast50tonsperyearofvolatileorganiccompounds.
(1)Enhancedmonitoring
Inordertoobtainmorecomprehensiveandrepresentativedataonozoneairpollution,notlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgaterules,afternoticeandpubliccomment,forenhancedmonitoringofozone,oxidesofnitrogen,andvolatileorganiccompounds.Therulesshall,amongotherthings,coverthelocationandmaintenanceofmonitors.ImmediatelyfollowingthepromulgationofrulesbytheAdministratorrelatingtoenhancedmonitoring,theStateshallcommencesuchactionsasmaybenecessarytoadoptandimplementaprogrambasedonsuchrules,toimprovemonitoringforambientconcentrationsofozone,oxidesofnitrogenandvolatileorganiccompoundsandtoimprovemonitoringofemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenandvolatileorganiccompounds.EachStateimplementationplanfortheareashallcontainmeasurestoimprovetheambientmonitoringofsuchairpollutants.
(2)Attainmentandreasonablefurtherprogressdemonstrations
Within4yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisiontotheapplicableimplementationplanthatincludeseachofthefollowing:
(A)Attainmentdemonstration
Ademonstrationthattheplan,asrevised,willprovideforattainmentoftheozonenationalambientairqualitystandardbytheapplicableattainmentdate.ThisattainmentdemonstrationmustbebasedonphotochemicalgridmodelingoranyotheranalyticalmethoddeterminedbytheAdministrator,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,tobeatleastaseffective.
(B)Reasonablefurtherprogressdemonstration
Ademonstrationthattheplan,asrevised,willresultinVOCemissionsreductionsfromthebaselineemissionsdescribedinsubsection(b)(1)(B)equaltothefollowingamountaveragedovereachconsecutive3-yearperiodbeginning6yearsafterNovember15,1990,untiltheattainmentdate:
(i)atleast3percentofbaselineemissionseachyear;or
(ii)anamountlessthan3percentofsuchbaselineemissionseachyear,iftheStatedemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheplanreflectingsuchlesseramountincludesallmeasuresthatcanfeasiblybeimplementedinthearea,inlightoftechnologicalachievability.
Tolessenthe3percentrequirementunderclause(ii),aStatemustdemonstratetothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheplanfortheareaincludesthemeasuresthatareachievedinpracticebysourcesinthesamesourcecategoryinnonattainmentareasofthenexthigherclassification.Anydeterminationtolessenthe3percentrequirementshallbereviewedateachmilestoneundersubsection(g)andrevisedtoreflectsuchnewmeasures(ifany)achievedinpracticebysourcesinthesamecategoryinanyState,allowingareasonabletimetoimplementsuchmeasures.Theemissionreductionsdescribedinthissubparagraphshallbecalculatedinaccordancewithsubsection(b)(1)(C)and(D)(concerningcreditabilityofreductions).Thereductionscreditablefortheperiodbeginning6yearsafterNovember15,1990,shallincludereductionsthatoccurredbeforesuchperiod,computedinaccordancewithsubsection(b)(1),thatexceedthe15-percentamountofreductionsrequiredundersubsection(b)(1)(A).
(C)NOxcontrol
Therevisionmaycontain,inlieuofthedemonstrationrequiredundersubparagraph(B),ademonstrationtothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheapplicableimplementationplan,asrevised,providesforreductionsofemissionsofVOC'sandoxidesofnitrogen(calculatedaccordingtothecreditabilityprovisionsofsubsection(b)(1)(C)and(D)),thatwouldresultinareductioninozoneconcentrationsatleastequivalenttothatwhichwouldresultfromtheamountofVOCemissionreductionsrequiredundersubparagraph(B).Within1yearafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallissueguidanceconcerningtheconditionsunderwhichNOxcontrolmaybesubstitutedforVOCcontrolormaybecombinedwithVOCcontrolinordertomaximizethereductioninozoneairpollution.Inaccordwithsuchguidance,alesserpercentageofVOCsmaybeacceptedasanadequatedemonstrationforpurposesofthissubsection.
(3)Enhancedvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogram
(A)Requirementforsubmission
Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisiontotheapplicableimplementationplantoprovideforanenhancedprogramtoreducehydrocarbonemissionsandNOxemissionsfromin-usemotorvehiclesregisteredineachurbanizedarea(inthenonattainmentarea),asdefinedbytheBureauoftheCensus,witha1980populationof200,000ormore.
(B)EffectivedateofStateprograms;guidance
TheStateprogramrequiredundersubparagraph(A)shalltakeeffectnolaterthan2yearsfromNovember15,1990,andshallcomplyinallrespectswithguidancepublishedintheFederalRegister(andfromtimetotimerevised)bytheAdministratorforenhancedvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprograms.Suchguidanceshallinclude—
(i)aperformancestandardachievablebyaprogramcombiningemissiontesting,includingon-roademissiontesting,withinspectiontodetecttamperingwithemissioncontroldevicesandmisfuelingforalllight-dutyvehiclesandalllight-dutytruckssubjecttostandardsundersection7521ofthistitle;and
(ii)programadministrationfeaturesnecessarytoreasonablyassurethatadequatemanagementresources,tools,andpracticesareinplacetoattainandmaintaintheperformancestandard.
Compliancewiththeperformancestandardunderclause(i)shallbedeterminedusingamethodtobeestablishedbytheAdministrator.
(C)Stateprogram
TheStateprogramrequiredundersubparagraph(A)shallinclude,ataminimum,eachofthefollowingelements—
(i)Computerizedemissionanalyzers,includingon-roadtestingdevices.
(ii)Nowaiversforvehiclesandpartscoveredbytheemissioncontrolperformancewarrantyasprovidedforinsection7541(b)ofthistitleunlessawarrantyremedyhasbeendeniedinwriting,orfortampering-relatedrepairs.
(iii)Inviewoftheairqualitypurposeoftheprogram,if,foranyvehicle,waiversarepermittedforemissions-relatedrepairsnotcoveredbywarranty,anexpendituretoqualifyforthewaiverofanamountof$450ormoreforsuchrepairs(adjustedannuallyasdeterminedbytheAdministratoronthebasisoftheConsumerPriceIndexinthesamemannerasprovidedinsubchapterV).
(iv)Enforcementthroughdenialofvehicleregistration(exceptforanyprograminoperationbeforeNovember15,1990,whoseenforcementmechanismisdemonstratedtotheAdministratortobemoreeffectivethantheapplicablevehicleregistrationprograminassuringthatnoncomplyingvehiclesarenotoperatedonpublicroads).
(v)Annualemissiontestingandnecessaryadjustment,repair,andmaintenance,unlesstheStatedemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthatabiennialinspection,incombinationwithotherfeaturesoftheprogramwhichexceedtherequirementsofthischapter,willresultinemissionreductionswhichequalorexceedthereductionswhichcanbeobtainedthroughsuchannualinspections.
(vi)Operationoftheprogramonacentralizedbasis,unlesstheStatedemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthatadecentralizedprogramwillbeequallyeffective.Anelectronicallyconnectedtestingsystem,alicensingsystem,orothermeasures(oranycombinationthereof)maybeconsidered,inaccordancewithcriteriaestablishedbytheAdministrator,asequallyeffectiveforsuchpurposes.
(vii)Inspectionofemissioncontroldiagnosticsystemsandthemaintenanceorrepairofmalfunctionsorsystemdeteriorationidentifiedbyoraffectingsuchdiagnosticssystems.
EachStateshallbienniallyprepareareporttotheAdministratorwhichassessestheemissionreductionsachievedbytheprogramrequiredunderthisparagraphbasedondatacollectedduringinspectionandrepairofvehicles.ThemethodsusedtoassesstheemissionreductionsshallbethoseestablishedbytheAdministrator.
(4)Clean-fuelvehicleprograms
(A)ExcepttotheextentthatsubstituteprovisionshavebeenapprovedbytheAdministratorundersubparagraph(B),theStateshallsubmittotheAdministrator,within42monthsofNovember15,1990,arevisiontotheapplicableimplementationplanforeachareadescribedunderpartCofsubchapterIItoincludesuchmeasuresasmaybenecessarytoensuretheeffectivenessoftheapplicableprovisionsoftheclean-fuelvehicleprogramprescribedunderpartCofsubchapterII,includingallmeasuresnecessarytomaketheuseofcleanalternativefuelsinclean-fuelvehicles(asdefinedinpartCofsubchapterII)economicfromthestandpointofvehicleowners.Sucharevisionshallalsobesubmittedforeachareathatoptsintothecleanfuel-vehicleprogramasprovidedinpartCofsubchapterII.
(B)TheAdministratorshallapprove,asasubstituteforalloraportionoftheclean-fuelvehicleprogramprescribedunderpartCofsubchapterII,anyrevisiontotherelevantapplicableimplementationplanthatintheAdministrator'sjudgmentwillachievelong-termreductionsinozone-producingandtoxicairemissionsequaltothoseachievedunderpartCofsubchapterII,orthepercentagethereofattributabletotheportionoftheclean-fuelvehicleprogramforwhichtherevisionistosubstitute.TheAdministratormayapprovesuchrevisiononlyifitconsistsexclusivelyofprovisionsotherthanthoserequiredunderthischapterforthearea.AnyStateseekingapprovalofsuchrevisionmustsubmittherevisiontotheAdministratorwithin24monthsofNovember15,1990.TheAdministratorshallapproveordisapproveanysuchrevisionwithin30monthsofNovember15,1990.TheAdministratorshallpublishtherevisionsubmittedbyaStateintheFederalRegisteruponreceipt.Suchnoticeshallconstituteanoticeofproposedrulemakingonwhetherornottoapprovesuchrevisionandshallbedeemedtocomplywiththerequirementsconcerningnoticesofproposedrulemakingcontainedinsections553through557oftitle5(relatedtonoticeandcomment).WheretheAdministratorapprovessuchrevisionforanyarea,theStateneednotsubmittherevisionrequiredbysubparagraph(A)fortheareawithrespecttotheportionsoftheFederalclean-fuelvehicleprogramforwhichtheAdministratorhasapprovedtherevisionasasubstitute.
(C)IftheAdministratordetermines,undersection7509ofthistitle,thattheStatehasfailedtosubmitanyportionoftheprogramrequiredundersubparagraph(A),then,inadditiontoanysanctionsavailableundersection7509ofthistitle,theStatemaynotreceivecredit,inanydemonstrationofattainmentorreasonablefurtherprogressforthearea,foranyemissionreductionsfromimplementationofthecorrespondingaspectsoftheFederalclean-fuelvehiclerequirementsestablishedinpartCofsubchapterII.
(5)Transportationcontrol
(A) 4Beginning6yearsafterNovember15,1990,andeachthirdyearthereafter,theStateshallsubmitademonstrationastowhethercurrentaggregatevehiclemileage,aggregatevehicleemissions,congestionlevels,andotherrelevantparametersareconsistentwiththoseusedforthearea'sdemonstrationofattainment.Wheresuchparametersandemissionslevelsexceedthelevelsprojectedforpurposesofthearea'sattainmentdemonstration,theStateshallwithin18monthsdevelopandsubmitarevisionoftheapplicableimplementationplanthatincludesatransportationcontrolmeasuresprogramconsistingofmeasuresfrom,butnotlimitedto,section7408(f)ofthistitlethatwillreduceemissionstolevelsthatareconsistentwithemissionlevelsprojectedinsuchdemonstration.Inconsideringsuchmeasures,theStateshouldensureadequateaccesstodowntown,othercommercial,andresidentialareasandshouldavoidmeasuresthatincreaseorrelocateemissionsandcongestionratherthanreducethem.SuchrevisionshallbedevelopedinaccordancewithguidanceissuedbytheAdministratorpursuanttosection7408(e)ofthistitleandwiththerequirementsofsection7504(b)ofthistitleandshallincludeimplementationandfundingschedulesthatachieveexpeditiousemissionsreductionsinaccordancewithimplementationplanprojections.
(6)Deminimisrule
Thenewsourcereviewprovisionsunderthispartshallensurethatincreasedemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsresultingfromanyphysicalchangein,orchangeinthemethodofoperationof,astationarysourcelocatedintheareashallnotbeconsidereddeminimisforpurposesofdeterminingtheapplicabilityofthepermitrequirementsestablishedbythischapterunlesstheincreaseinnetemissionsofsuchairpollutantfromsuchsourcedoesnotexceed25tonswhenaggregatedwithallothernetincreasesinemissionsfromthesourceoveranyperiodof5consecutivecalendaryearswhichincludesthecalendaryearinwhichsuchincreaseoccurred.
(7)Specialruleformodificationsofsourcesemittinglessthan100tons
Inthecaseofanymajorstationarysourceofvolatileorganiccompoundslocatedinthearea(otherthanasourcewhichemitsorhasthepotentialtoemit100tonsormoreofvolatileorganiccompoundsperyear),wheneveranychange(asdescribedinsection7411(a)(4)ofthistitle)atthatsourceresultsinanyincrease(otherthanademinimisincrease)inemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsfromanydiscreteoperation,unit,orotherpollutantemittingactivityatthesource,suchincreaseshallbeconsideredamodificationforpurposesofsection7502(c)(5)ofthistitleandsection7503(a)ofthistitle,exceptthatsuchincreaseshallnotbeconsideredamodificationforsuchpurposesiftheowneroroperatorofthesourceelectstooffsettheincreasebyagreaterreductioninemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsconcernedfromotheroperations,units,oractivitieswithinthesourceataninternaloffsetratioofatleast1.3to1.Iftheowneroroperatordoesnotmakesuchelection,suchchangeshallbeconsideredamodificationforsuchpurposes,butinapplyingsection7503(a)(2)ofthistitleinthecaseofanysuchmodification,thebestavailablecontroltechnology(BACT),asdefinedinsection7479ofthistitle,shallbesubstitutedforthelowestachievableemissionrate(LAER).TheAdministratorshallestablishandpublishpoliciesandproceduresforimplementingtheprovisionsofthisparagraph.
(8)Specialruleformodificationsofsourcesemitting100tonsormore
Inthecaseofanymajorstationarysourceofvolatileorganiccompoundslocatedintheareawhichemitsorhasthepotentialtoemit100tonsormoreofvolatileorganiccompoundsperyear,wheneveranychange(asdescribedinsection7411(a)(4)ofthistitle)atthatsourceresultsinanyincrease(otherthanademinimisincrease)inemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsfromanydiscreteoperation,unit,orotherpollutantemittingactivityatthesource,suchincreaseshallbeconsideredamodificationforpurposesofsection7502(c)(5)ofthistitleandsection7503(a)ofthistitle,exceptthatiftheowneroroperatorofthesourceelectstooffsettheincreasebyagreaterreductioninemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsfromotheroperations,units,oractivitieswithinthesourceataninternaloffsetratioofatleast1.3to1,therequirementsofsection7503(a)(2)ofthistitle(concerningthelowestachievableemissionrate(LAER))shallnotapply.
(9)Contingencyprovisions
Inadditiontothecontingencyprovisionsrequiredundersection7502(c)(9)ofthistitle,theplanrevisionshallprovidefortheimplementationofspecificmeasurestobeundertakeniftheareafailstomeetanyapplicablemilestone.SuchmeasuresshallbeincludedintheplanrevisionascontingencymeasurestotakeeffectwithoutfurtheractionbytheStateortheAdministratoruponafailurebytheStatetomeettheapplicablemilestone.
(10)Generaloffsetrequirement
Forpurposesofsatisfyingtheemissionoffsetrequirementsofthispart,theratiooftotalemissionreductionsofvolatileorganiccompoundstototalincreaseemissionsofsuchairpollutantshallbeatleast1.2to1.
Anyreferenceto"attainmentdate"insubsection(b),whichisincorporatedbyreferenceintothissubsection,shallrefertotheattainmentdateforseriousareas.
(d)SevereAreas
EachStateinwhichallorpartofaSevereAreaislocatedshall,withrespecttotheSevereArea,makethesubmissionsdescribedundersubsection(c)(relatingtoSeriousAreas),andshallalsosubmittherevisionstotheapplicableimplementationplan(includingtheplanitems)describedunderthissubsection.ForanySevereArea,theterms"majorsource"and"majorstationarysource"include(inadditiontothesourcesdescribedinsection7602ofthistitle)anystationarysourceorgroupofsourceslocatedwithinacontiguousareaandundercommoncontrolthatemits,orhasthepotentialtoemit,atleast25tonsperyearofvolatileorganiccompounds.
(1)Vehiclemilestraveled
(A)Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisionthatidentifiesandadoptsspecificenforceabletransportationcontrolstrategiesandtransportationcontrolmeasurestooffsetanygrowthinemissionsfromgrowthinvehiclemilestraveledornumbersofvehicletripsinsuchareaandtoattainreductioninmotorvehicleemissionsasnecessary,incombinationwithotheremissionreductionrequirementsofthissubpart,tocomplywiththerequirementsofsubsection 5(b)(2)(B)and(c)(2)(B)(pertainingtoperiodicemissionsreductionrequirements).TheStateshallconsidermeasuresspecifiedinsection7408(f)ofthistitle,andchoosefromamongandimplementsuchmeasuresasnecessarytodemonstrateattainmentwiththenationalambientairqualitystandards;inconsideringsuchmeasures,theStateshouldensureadequateaccesstodowntown,othercommercial,andresidentialareasandshouldavoidmeasuresthatincreaseorrelocateemissionsandcongestionratherthanreducethem.
(B)TheStatemayalso,initsdiscretion,submitarevisionatanytimerequiringemployersinsuchareatoimplementprogramstoreducework-relatedvehicletripsandmilestravelledbyemployees.SuchrevisionshallbedevelopedinaccordancewithguidanceissuedbytheAdministratorpursuanttosection7408(f)ofthistitleandmayrequirethatemployersinsuchareaincreaseaveragepassengeroccupancypervehicleincommutingtripsbetweenhomeandtheworkplaceduringpeaktravelperiods.TheguidanceoftheAdministratormayspecifyaveragevehicleoccupancyrateswhichvaryforlocationswithinanonattainmentarea(suburban,centercity,businessdistrict)oramongnonattainmentareasreflectingexistingoccupancyratesandtheavailabilityofhighoccupancymodes.AnyStaterequiredtosubmitarevisionunderthissubparagraph(asineffectbeforeDecember23,1995)containingprovisionsrequiringemployerstoreducework-relatedvehicletripsandmilestravelledbyemployeesmay,inaccordancewithStatelaw,removesuchprovisionsfromtheimplementationplan,orwithdrawitssubmission,iftheStatenotifiestheAdministrator,inwriting,thattheStatehasundertaken,orwillundertake,oneormorealternativemethodsthatwillachieveemissionreductionsequivalenttothosetobeachievedbytheremovedorwithdrawnprovisions.
(2)Offsetrequirement
Forpurposesofsatisfyingtheoffsetrequirementspursuanttothispart,theratiooftotalemissionreductionsofVOCstototalincreasedemissionsofsuchairpollutantshallbeatleast1.3to1,exceptthatiftheStateplanrequiresallexistingmajorsourcesinthenonattainmentareatousebestavailablecontroltechnology(asdefinedinsection7479(3)ofthistitle)forthecontrolofvolatileorganiccompounds,theratioshallbeatleast1.2to1.
(3)Enforcementundersection7511d
ByDecember31,2000,theStateshallsubmitaplanrevisionwhichincludestheprovisionsrequiredundersection7511dofthistitle.
Anyreferencetotheterm"attainmentdate"insubsection(b)or(c),whichisincorporatedbyreferenceintothissubsection(d),shallrefertotheattainmentdateforSevereAreas.
(e)ExtremeAreas
EachStateinwhichallorpartofanExtremeAreaislocatedshall,withrespecttotheExtremeArea,makethesubmissionsdescribedundersubsection(d)(relatingtoSevereAreas),andshallalsosubmittherevisionstotheapplicableimplementationplan(includingtheplanitems)describedunderthissubsection.Theprovisionsofclause(ii)ofsubsection(c)(2)(B)(relatingtoreductionsoflessthan3percent),theprovisionsofparagaphs 6(6),(7)and(8)ofsubsection(c)(relatingtodeminimus 7ruleandmodificationofsources),andtheprovisionsofclause(ii)ofsubsection(b)(1)(A)(relatingtoreductionsoflessthan15percent)shallnotapplyinthecaseofanExtremeArea.ForanyExtremeArea,theterms"majorsource"and"majorstationarysource"includes 8(inadditiontothesourcesdescribedinsection7602ofthistitle)anystationarysourceorgroupofsourceslocatedwithinacontiguousareaandundercommoncontrolthatemits,orhasthepotentialtoemit,atleast10tonsperyearofvolatileorganiccompounds.
(1)Offsetrequirement
Forpurposesofsatisfyingtheoffsetrequirementspursuanttothispart,theratiooftotalemissionreductionsofVOCstototalincreasedemissionsofsuchairpollutantshallbeatleast1.5to1,exceptthatiftheStateplanrequiresallexistingmajorsourcesinthenonattainmentareatousebestavailablecontroltechnology(asdefinedinsection7479(3)ofthistitle)forthecontrolofvolatileorganiccompounds,theratioshallbeatleast1.2to1.
(2)Modifications
Anychange(asdescribedinsection7411(a)(4)ofthistitle)atamajorstationarysourcewhichresultsinanyincreaseinemissionsfromanydiscreteoperation,unit,orotherpollutantemittingactivityatthesourceshallbeconsideredamodificationforpurposesofsection7502(c)(5)ofthistitleandsection7503(a)ofthistitle,exceptthatforpurposesofcomplyingwiththeoffsetrequirementpursuanttosection7503(a)(1)ofthistitle,anysuchincreaseshallnotbeconsideredamodificationiftheowneroroperatorofthesourceelectstooffsettheincreasebyagreaterreductioninemissionsoftheairpollutantconcernedfromotherdiscreteoperations,units,oractivitieswithinthesourceataninternaloffsetratioofatleast1.3to1.TheoffsetrequirementsofthispartshallnotbeapplicableinExtremeAreastoamodificationofanexistingsourceifsuchmodificationconsistsofinstallationofequipmentrequiredtocomplywiththeapplicableimplementationplan,permit,orthischapter.
(3)Useofcleanfuelsoradvancedcontroltechnology
ForExtremeAreas,aplanrevisionshallbesubmittedwithin3yearsafterNovember15,1990,torequire,effective8yearsafterNovember15,1990,thateachnew,modified,andexistingelectricutilityandindustrialandcommercialboilerwhichemitsmorethan25tonsperyearofoxidesofnitrogen—
(A)burnasitsprimaryfuelnaturalgas,methanol,orethanol(oracomparablylowpollutingfuel),or
(B)useadvancedcontroltechnology(suchascatalyticcontroltechnologyorothercomparablyeffectivecontrolmethods)forreductionofemissionsofoxidesofnitrogen.
Forpurposesofthissubsection,theterm"primaryfuel"meansthefuelwhichisused90percentormoreoftheoperatingtime.Thisparagraphshallnotapplyduringanynaturalgassupplyemergency(asdefinedintitleIIIoftheNaturalGasPolicyActof1978[15U.S.C.3361etseq.]).
(4)Trafficcontrolmeasuresduringheavytraffichours
ForExtremeAreas,eachimplementationplanrevisionunderthissubsectionmaycontainprovisionsestablishingtrafficcontrolmeasuresapplicableduringheavytraffichourstoreducetheuseofhighpollutingvehiclesorheavy-dutyvehicles,notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw.
(5)Newtechnologies
TheAdministratormay,inaccordancewithsection7410ofthistitle,approveprovisionsofanimplementationplanforanExtremeAreawhichanticipatedevelopmentofnewcontroltechniquesorimprovementofexistingcontroltechnologies,andanattainmentdemonstrationbasedonsuchprovisions,iftheStatedemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthat—
(A)suchprovisionsarenotnecessarytoachievetheincrementalemissionreductionsrequiredduringthefirst10yearsafterNovember15,1990;and
(B)theStatehassubmittedenforceablecommitmentstodevelopandadoptcontingencymeasurestobeimplementedassetforthhereiniftheanticipatedtechnologiesdonotachieveplannedreductions.
SuchcontingencymeasuresshallbesubmittedtotheAdministratornolaterthan3yearsbeforeproposedimplementationoftheplanprovisionsandapprovedordisapprovedbytheAdministratorinaccordancewithsection7410ofthistitle.Thecontingencymeasuresshallbeadequatetoproduceemissionreductionssufficient,inconjunctionwithotherapprovedplanprovisions,toachievetheperiodicemissionreductionsrequiredbysubsection(b)(1)or(c)(2)andattainmentbytheapplicabledates.IftheAdministratordeterminesthatanExtremeAreahasfailedtoachieveanemissionreductionrequirementsetforthinsubsection(b)(1)or(c)(2),andthatsuchfailureisdueinwholeorparttoaninabilitytofullyimplementprovisionsapprovedpursuanttothissubsection,theAdministratorshallrequiretheStatetoimplementthecontingencymeasurestotheextentnecessarytoassurecompliancewithsubsections(b)(1)and(c)(2).
Anyreferencetotheterm"attainmentdate"insubsection(b),(c),or(d)whichisincorporatedbyreferenceintothissubsection,shallrefertotheattainmentdateforExtremeAreas.
(f)NOxrequirements
(1)Theplanprovisionsrequiredunderthissubpartformajorstationarysourcesofvolatileorganiccompoundsshallalsoapplytomajorstationarysources(asdefinedinsection7602ofthistitleandsubsections(c),(d),and(e)ofthissection)ofoxidesofnitrogen.ThissubsectionshallnotapplyinthecaseofoxidesofnitrogenforthosesourcesforwhichtheAdministratordetermines(whentheAdministratorapprovesaplanorplanrevision)thatnetairqualitybenefitsaregreaterintheabsenceofreductionsofoxidesofnitrogenfromthesourcesconcerned.Thissubsectionshallalsonotapplyinthecaseofoxidesofnitrogenfor—
(A)nonattainmentareasnotwithinanozonetransportregionundersection7511cofthistitle,iftheAdministratordetermines(whentheAdministratorapprovesaplanorplanrevision)thatadditionalreductionsofoxidesofnitrogenwouldnotcontributetoattainmentofthenationalambientairqualitystandardforozoneinthearea,or
(B)nonattainmentareaswithinsuchanozonetransportregioniftheAdministratordetermines(whentheAdministratorapprovesaplanorplanrevision)thatadditionalreductionsofoxidesofnitrogenwouldnotproducenetozoneairqualitybenefitsinsuchregion.
TheAdministratorshall,intheAdministrator'sdeterminations,considerthestudyrequiredundersection7511fofthistitle.
(2)(A)IftheAdministratordeterminesthatexcessreductionsinemissionsofNOxwouldbeachievedunderparagraph(1),theAdministratormaylimittheapplicationofparagraph(1)totheextentnecessarytoavoidachievingsuchexcessreductions.
(B)Forpurposesofthisparagraph,excessreductionsinemissionsofNOxareemissionreductionsforwhichtheAdministratordeterminesthatnetairqualitybenefitsaregreaterintheabsenceofsuchreductions.Alternatively,forpurposesofthisparagraph,excessreductionsinemissionsofNOxare,for—
(i)nonattainmentareasnotwithinanozonetransportregionundersection7511cofthistitle,emissionreductionsthattheAdministratordetermineswouldnotcontributetoattainmentofthenationalambientairqualitystandardforozoneinthearea,or
(ii)nonattainmentareaswithinsuchozonetransportregion,emissionreductionsthattheAdministratordetermineswouldnotproducenetozoneairqualitybenefitsinsuchregion.
(3)Atanytimeafterthefinalreportundersection7511fofthistitleissubmittedtoCongress,apersonmaypetitiontheAdministratorforadeterminationunderparagraph(1)or(2)withrespecttoanynonattainmentareaoranyozonetransportregionundersection7511cofthistitle.TheAdministratorshallgrantordenysuchpetitionwithin6monthsafteritsfilingwiththeAdministrator.
(g)Milestones
(1)Reductionsinemissions
6yearsafterNovember15,1990,andatintervalsofevery3yearsthereafter,theStateshalldeterminewhethereachnonattainmentarea(otherthananareaclassifiedasMarginalorModerate)hasachievedareductioninemissionsduringtheprecedingintervalsequivalenttothetotalemissionreductionsrequiredtobeachievedbytheendofsuchintervalpursuanttosubsection(b)(1)andthecorrespondingrequirementsofsubsections(c)(2)(B)and(C),(d),and(e).Suchreductionshallbereferredtointhissectionasanapplicablemilestone.
(2)Compliancedemonstration
Foreachnonattainmentareareferredtoinparagraph(1),notlaterthan90daysafterthedateonwhichanapplicablemilestoneoccurs(notincludinganattainmentdateonwhichamilestoneoccursincaseswherethestandardhasbeenattained),eachStateinwhichallorpartofsuchareaislocatedshallsubmittotheAdministratorademonstrationthatthemilestonehasbeenmet.Ademonstrationunderthisparagraphshallbesubmittedinsuchformandmanner,andshallcontainsuchinformationandanalysis,astheAdministratorshallrequire,byrule.TheAdministratorshalldeterminewhetherornotaState'sdemonstrationisadequatewithin90daysaftertheAdministrator'sreceiptofademonstrationwhichcontainstheinformationandanalysisrequiredbytheAdministrator.
(3)SeriousandSevereAreas;Stateelection
IfaStatefailstosubmitademonstrationunderparagraph(2)foranySeriousorSevereAreawithintherequiredperiodoriftheAdministratordeterminesthattheareahasnotmetanyapplicablemilestone,theStateshallelect,within90daysaftersuchfailureordetermination—
(A)tohavetheareareclassifiedtothenexthigherclassification,
(B)toimplementspecificadditionalmeasuresadequate,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,tomeetthenextmilestoneasprovidedintheapplicablecontingencyplan,or
(C)toadoptaneconomicincentiveprogramasdescribedinparagraph(4).
IftheStatemakesanelectionundersubparagraph(B),theAdministratorshall,within90daysaftertheelection,reviewsuchplanandshall,iftheAdministratorfindsthecontingencyplaninadequate,requirefurthermeasuresnecessarytomeetsuchmilestone.OncetheStatemakesanelection,itshallbedeemedacceptedbytheAdministratorasmeetingtheelectionrequirement.IftheStatefailstomakeanelectionrequiredunderthisparagraphwithintherequired90-dayperiodorwithin6monthsthereafter,theareashallbereclassifiedtothenexthigherclassificationbyoperationoflawattheexpirationofsuch6-monthperiod.Within12monthsafterthedaterequiredfortheStatetomakeanelection,theStateshallsubmitarevisionoftheapplicableimplementationplanfortheareathatmeetstherequirementsofthisparagraph.TheAdministratorshallreviewsuchplanrevisionandapproveordisapprovetherevisionwithin9monthsafterthedateofitssubmission.
(4)Economicincentiveprogram
(A)AneconomicincentiveprogramunderthisparagraphshallbeconsistentwithrulespublishedbytheAdministratorandsufficient,incombinationwithotherelementsoftheStateplan,toachievethenextmilestone.TheStateprogrammayincludeanondiscriminatorysystem,consistentwithapplicablelawregardinginterstatecommerce,ofStateestablishedemissionsfeesorasystemofmarketablepermits,orasystemofStatefeesonsaleormanufactureofproductstheuseofwhichcontributestoozoneformation,oranycombinationoftheforegoingorothersimilarmeasures.Theprogrammayalsoincludeincentivesandrequirementstoreducevehicleemissionsandvehiclemilestraveledinthearea,includinganyofthetransportationcontrolmeasuresidentifiedinsection7408(f)ofthistitle.
(B)Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpublishrulesfortheprogramstobeadoptedpursuanttosubparagraph(A).Suchrulesshallincludemodelplanprovisionswhichmaybeadoptedforreducingemissionsfrompermittedstationarysources,areasources,andmobilesources.Theguidelinesshallrequirethatanyrevenuesgeneratedbytheplanprovisionsadoptedpursuanttosubparagraph(A)shallbeusedbytheStateforanyofthefollowing:
(i)Providingincentivesforachievingemissionreductions.
(ii)Providingassistanceforthedevelopmentofinnovativetechnologiesforthecontrolofozoneairpollutionandforthedevelopmentoflower-pollutingsolventsandsurfacecoatings.Suchassistanceshallnotprovideforthepaymentofmorethan75percentofeitherthecostsofanyprojecttodevelopsuchatechnologyorthecostsofdevelopmentofalower-pollutingsolventorsurfacecoating.
(iii)FundingtheadministrativecostsofStateprogramsunderthischapter.Notmorethan50percentofsuchrevenuesmaybeusedforpurposesofthisclause.
(5)ExtremeAreas
IfaStatefailstosubmitademonstrationunderparagraph(2)foranyExtremeAreawithintherequiredperiod,oriftheAdministratordeterminesthattheareahasnotmetanyapplicablemilestone,theStateshall,within9monthsaftersuchfailureordetermination,submitaplanrevisiontoimplementaneconomicincentiveprogramwhichmeetstherequirementsofparagraph(4).TheAdministratorshallreviewsuchplanrevisionandapproveordisapprovetherevisionwithin9monthsafterthedateofitssubmission.
(h)Ruraltransportareas
(1)Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionofsection7511ofthistitleorthissection,aStatecontaininganozonenonattainmentareathatdoesnotinclude,andisnotadjacentto,anypartofaMetropolitanStatisticalAreaor,whereoneexists,aConsolidatedMetropolitanStatisticalArea(asdefinedbytheUnitedStatesBureauoftheCensus),whichareaistreatedbytheAdministrator,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,asaruraltransportareawithinthemeaningofparagraph(2),shallbetreatedbyoperationoflawassatisfyingtherequirementsofthissectionifitmakesthesubmissionsrequiredundersubsection(a)ofthissection(relatingtomarginalareas).
(2)TheAdministratormaytreatanozonenonattainmentareaasaruraltransportareaiftheAdministratorfindsthatsourcesofVOC(and,wheretheAdministratordeterminesrelevant,NOx)emissionswithintheareadonotmakeasignificantcontributiontotheozoneconcentrationsmeasuredintheareaorinotherareas.
(i)Reclassifiedareas
EachStatecontaininganozonenonattainmentareareclassifiedundersection7511(b)(2)ofthistitleshallmeetsuchrequirementsofsubsections(b)through(d)ofthissectionasmaybeapplicabletotheareaasreclassified,accordingtotheschedulesprescribedinconnectionwithsuchrequirements,exceptthattheAdministratormayadjustanyapplicabledeadlines(otherthanattainmentdates)totheextentsuchadjustmentisnecessaryorappropriatetoassureconsistencyamongtherequiredsubmissions.
(j)Multi-Stateozonenonattainmentareas
(1)CoordinationamongStates
EachStateinwhichthereislocatedaportionofasingleozonenonattainmentareawhichcoversmorethanoneState(hereinafterinthissectionreferredtoasa"multi-Stateozonenonattainmentarea")shall—
(A)takeallreasonablestepstocoordinate,substantivelyandprocedurally,therevisionsandimplementationofStateimplementationplansapplicabletothenonattainmentareaconcerned;and
(B)usephotochemicalgridmodelingoranyotheranalyticalmethoddeterminedbytheAdministrator,inhisdiscretion,tobeatleastaseffective.
TheAdministratormaynotapproveanyrevisionofaStateimplementationplansubmittedunderthispartforaStateinwhichpartofamulti-StateozonenonattainmentareaislocatediftheplanrevisionforthatStatefailstocomplywiththerequirementsofthissubsection.
(2)Failuretodemonstrateattainment
IfanyStateinwhichthereislocatedaportionofamulti-Stateozonenonattainmentareafailstoprovideademonstrationofattainmentofthenationalambientairqualitystandardforozoneinthatportionwithintherequiredperiod,theStatemaypetitiontheAdministratortomakeafindingthattheStatewouldhavebeenabletomakesuchdemonstrationbutforthefailureofoneormoreotherStatesinwhichotherportionsoftheareaarelocatedtocommittotheimplementationofallmeasuresrequiredunderthissection(relatingtoplansubmissionsandrequirementsforozonenonattainmentareas).IftheAdministratormakessuchfinding,theprovisionsofsection7509ofthistitle(relatingtosanctions)shallnotapply,byreasonofthefailuretomakesuchdemonstration,intheportionofthemulti-StateozonenonattainmentareawithintheStatesubmittingsuchpetition.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§182,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§103,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2426;amendedPub.L.104–70,§1,Dec.23,1995,109Stat.773.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheNaturalGasPolicyActof1978,referredtoinsubsec.(e)(3),isPub.L.95–621,Nov.9,1978,92Stat.3350,asamended.TitleIIIoftheActisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterIII(§3361etseq.)ofchapter60ofTitle15,CommerceandTrade.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection3301ofTitle15andTables.
Amendments
1995—Subsec.(d)(1)(B).Pub.L.104–70amendedsubpar.(B)generally.Priortoamendment,subpar.(B)readasfollows:"Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisionrequiringemployersinsuchareatoimplementprogramstoreducework-relatedvehicletripsandmilestraveledbyemployees.SuchrevisionshallbedevelopedinaccordancewithguidanceissuedbytheAdministratorpursuanttosection7408(f)ofthistitleandshall,ataminimum,requirethateachemployerof100ormorepersonsinsuchareaincreaseaveragepassengeroccupancypervehicleincommutingtripsbetweenhomeandtheworkplaceduringpeaktravelperiodsbynotlessthan25percentabovetheaveragevehicleoccupancyforallsuchtripsintheareaatthetimetherevisionissubmitted.TheguidanceoftheAdministratormayspecifyaveragevehicleoccupancyrateswhichvaryforlocationswithinanonattainmentarea(suburban,centercity,businessdistrict)oramongnonattainmentareasreflectingexistingoccupancyratesandtheavailabilityofhighoccupancymodes.Therevisionshallprovidethateachemployersubjecttoavehicleoccupancyrequirementshallsubmitacomplianceplanwithin2yearsafterthedatetherevisionissubmittedwhichshallconvincinglydemonstratecompliancewiththerequirementsofthisparagraphnotlaterthan4yearsaftersuchdate."
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
MoratoriumonCertainEmissionsTestingRequirements
Pub.L.104–59,titleIII,§348,Nov.28,1995,109Stat.617,providedthat:
"(a)InGeneral.—TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(hereinafterinthissectionreferredtoasthe'Administrator')shallnotrequireadoptionorimplementationbyaStateofatest-onlyI/M240enhancedvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramasameansofcompliancewithsection182or187oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7511a;7512a),buttheAdministratormayapprovesuchaprogramifaStatechoosestoadopttheprogramasameansofcompliancewithsuchsection.
"(b)LimitationonPlanDisapproval.—TheAdministratorshallnotdisapproveorapplyanautomaticdiscounttoaStateimplementationplanrevisionundersection182or187oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7511a;7512a)onthebasisofapolicy,regulation,orguidanceprovidingforadiscountofemissionscreditsbecausetheinspectionandmaintenanceprograminsuchplanrevisionisdecentralizedoratest-and-repairprogram.
"(c)EmissionsReductionCredits.—
"(1)Stateplanrevision;approval.—Within120daysofthedateoftheenactmentofthissubsection[Nov.28,1995],aStatemaysubmitanimplementationplanrevisionproposinganinteriminspectionandmaintenanceprogramundersection182or187oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7511a;7512a).TheAdministratorshallapprovetheprogrambasedonthefullamountofcreditsproposedbytheStateforeachelementoftheprogramiftheproposedcreditsreflectgoodfaithestimatesbytheStateandtherevisionisotherwiseincompliancewithsuchAct.If,withinsuch120-dayperiod,theStatesubmitstotheAdministratorproposedrevisionstotheimplementationplan,hasallofthestatutoryauthoritynecessarytoimplementtherevisions,andhasproposedaregulationtomaketherevisions,theAdministratormayapprovetherevisionswithoutregardtowhetherornotsuchregulationhasbeenissuedasafinalregulationbytheState.
"(2)Expirationofinterimapproval.—Theinterimapprovalshallexpireontheearlierof(A)thelastdayofthe18-monthperiodbeginningonthedateoftheinterimapproval,or(B)thedateoffinalapproval.Theinterimapprovalmaynotbeextended.
"(3)Finalapproval.—TheAdministratorshallgrantfinalapprovaloftherevisionbasedonthecreditsproposedbytheStateduringoraftertheperiodofinterimapprovalifdatacollectedontheoperationoftheStateprogramdemonstratesthatthecreditsareappropriateandtherevisionisotherwiseincompliancewiththeCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7401etseq.].
"(4)Basisofapproval;noautomaticdiscount.—Anydeterminationwithrespecttointerimorfullapprovalshallbebasedontheelementsoftheprogramandshallnotapplyanyautomaticdiscountbecausetheprogramisdecentralizedoratest-and-repairprogram."
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subparagraph".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7625".
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"increased".
4 Soinoriginal.Nosubpar.(B)hasbeenenacted.
5 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsections".
6 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"paragraphs".
7 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"deminimis".
8 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"include".
§7511b.Federalozonemeasures
(a)ControltechniquesguidelinesforVOCsources
Within3yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallissuecontroltechniquesguidelines,inaccordancewithsection7408ofthistitle,for11categoriesofstationarysourcesofVOCemissionsforwhichsuchguidelineshavenotbeenissuedasofNovember15,1990,notincludingthecategoriesreferredtoinparagraphs(3)and(4)ofsubsection(b)ofthissection.TheAdministratormayissuesuchadditionalcontroltechniquesguidelinesastheAdministratordeemsnecessary.
(b)ExistingandnewCTGS
(1)Within36monthsafterNovember15,1990,andperiodicallythereafter,theAdministratorshallreviewand,ifnecessary,updatecontroltechniqueguidanceissuedundersection7408ofthistitlebeforeNovember15,1990.
(2)InissuingtheguidelinestheAdministratorshallgiveprioritytothosecategorieswhichtheAdministratorconsiderstomakethemostsignificantcontributiontotheformationofozoneairpollutioninozonenonattainmentareas,includinghazardouswastetreatment,storage,anddisposalfacilitieswhicharepermittedundersubtitleCoftheSolidWasteDisposalAct[42U.S.C.6921etseq.].ThereaftertheAdministratorshallperiodicallyreviewand,ifnecessary,revisesuchguidelines.
(3)Within3yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallissuecontroltechniquesguidelinesinaccordancewithsection7408ofthistitletoreducetheaggregateemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsintotheambientairfromaerospacecoatingsandsolvents.Suchcontroltechniquesguidelinesshall,ataminimum,beadequatetoreduceaggregateemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsintotheambientairfromtheapplicationofsuchcoatingsandsolventstosuchlevelastheAdministratordeterminesmaybeachievedthroughtheadoptionofbestavailablecontrolmeasures.SuchcontroltechnologyguidanceshallprovideforsuchreductionsinsuchincrementsandonsuchschedulesastheAdministratordeterminestobereasonable,butinnoeventlaterthan10yearsafterthefinalissuanceofsuchcontroltechnologyguidance.Indevelopingcontroltechnologyguidanceunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshallconsultwiththeSecretaryofDefense,theSecretaryofTransportation,andtheAdministratoroftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationwithregardtotheestablishmentofspecificationsforsuchcoatings.InevaluatingVOCreductionstrategies,theguidanceshalltakeintoaccounttheapplicablerequirementsofsection7412ofthistitleandtheneedtoprotectstratosphericozone.
(4)Within3yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallissuecontroltechniquesguidelinesinaccordancewithsection7408ofthistitletoreducetheaggregateemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsandPM–10intotheambientairfrompaints,coatings,andsolventsusedinshipbuildingoperationsandshiprepair.Suchcontroltechniquesguidelinesshall,ataminimum,beadequatetoreduceaggregateemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsandPM–10intotheambientairfromtheremovalorapplicationofsuchpaints,coatings,andsolventstosuchlevelastheAdministratordeterminesmaybeachievedthroughtheadoptionofthebestavailablecontrolmeasures.SuchcontroltechniquesguidelinesshallprovideforsuchreductionsinsuchincrementsandonsuchschedulesastheAdministratordeterminestobereasonable,butinnoeventlaterthan10yearsafterthefinalissuanceofsuchcontroltechnologyguidance.Indevelopingcontroltechniquesguidelinesunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshallconsultwiththeappropriateFederalagencies.
(c)Alternativecontroltechniques
Within3yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallissuetechnicaldocumentswhichidentifyalternativecontrolsforallcategoriesofstationarysourcesofvolatileorganiccompoundsandoxidesofnitrogenwhichemit,orhavethepotentialtoemit25tonsperyearormoreofsuchairpollutant.TheAdministratorshallreviseandupdatesuchdocumentsastheAdministratordeterminesnecessary.
(d)Guidanceforevaluatingcost-effectiveness
Within1yearafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallprovideguidancetotheStatestobeusedinevaluatingtherelativecost-effectivenessofvariousoptionsforthecontrolofemissionsfromexistingstationarysourcesofairpollutantswhichcontributetononattainmentofthenationalambientairqualitystandardsforozone.
(e)Controlofemissionsfromcertainsources
(1)Definitions
Forpurposesofthissubsection—
(A)Bestavailablecontrols
Theterm"bestavailablecontrols"meansthedegreeofemissionsreductionthattheAdministratordetermines,onthebasisoftechnologicalandeconomicfeasibility,health,environmental,andenergyimpacts,isachievablethroughtheapplicationofthemosteffectiveequipment,measures,processes,methods,systemsortechniques,includingchemicalreformulation,productorfeedstocksubstitution,repackaging,anddirectionsforuse,consumption,storage,ordisposal.
(B)Consumerorcommercialproduct
Theterm"consumerorcommercialproduct"meansanysubstance,product(includingpaints,coatings,andsolvents),orarticle(includinganycontainerorpackaging)heldbyanyperson,theuse,consumption,storage,disposal,destruction,ordecompositionofwhichmayresultinthereleaseofvolatileorganiccompounds.Thetermdoesnotincludefuelsorfueladditivesregulatedundersection7545ofthistitle,ormotorvehicles,non-roadvehicles,andnon-roadenginesasdefinedundersection7550ofthistitle.
(C)Regulatedentities
Theterm"regulatedentities"means—
(i)manufacturers,processors,wholesaledistributors,orimportersofconsumerorcommercialproductsforsaleordistributionininterstatecommerceintheUnitedStates;or
(ii)manufacturers,processors,wholesaledistributors,orimportersthatsupplytheentitieslistedunderclause(i)withsuchproductsforsaleordistributionininterstatecommerceintheUnitedStates.
(2)Studyandreport
(A)Study
TheAdministratorshallconductastudyoftheemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundsintotheambientairfromconsumerandcommercialproducts(oranycombinationthereof)inorderto—
(i)determinetheirpotentialtocontributetoozonelevelswhichviolatethenationalambientairqualitystandardforozone;and
(ii)establishcriteriaforregulatingconsumerandcommercialproductsorclassesorcategoriesthereofwhichshallbesubjecttocontrolunderthissubsection.
ThestudyshallbecompletedandareportsubmittedtoCongressnotlaterthan3yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(B)Considerationofcertainfactors
Inestablishingthecriteriaundersubparagraph(A)(ii),theAdministratorshalltakeintoconsiderationeachofthefollowing:
(i)Theuses,benefits,andcommercialdemandofconsumerandcommercialproducts.
(ii)Thehealthorsafetyfunctions(ifany)servedbysuchconsumerandcommercialproducts.
(iii)Thoseconsumerandcommercialproductswhichemithighlyreactivevolatileorganiccompoundsintotheambientair.
(iv)Thoseconsumerandcommercialproductswhicharesubjecttothemostcost-effectivecontrols.
(v)Theavailabilityofalternatives(ifany)tosuchconsumerandcommercialproductswhichareofcomparablecosts,consideringhealth,safety,andenvironmentalimpacts.
(3)Regulationstorequireemissionreductions
(A)Ingeneral
Uponsubmissionofthefinalreportunderparagraph(2),theAdministratorshalllistthosecategoriesofconsumerorcommercialproductsthattheAdministratordetermines,basedonthestudy,accountforatleast80percentoftheVOCemissions,onareactivity-adjustedbasis,fromconsumerorcommercialproductsinareasthatviolatetheNAAQSforozone.Credittowardthe80percentemissionscalculationshallbegivenforemissionreductionsfromconsumerorcommercialproductsmadeafterNovember15,1990.Atsuchtime,theAdministratorshalldividethelistinto4groupsestablishingprioritiesforregulationbasedonthecriteriaestablishedinparagraph(2).Every2yearsafterpromulgatingsuchlist,theAdministratorshallregulateonegroupofcategoriesuntilall4groupsareregulated.Theregulationsshallrequirebestavailablecontrolsasdefinedinthissection.SuchregulationsmayexempthealthuseproductsforwhichtheAdministratordeterminesthereisnosuitablesubstitute.Inordertocarryoutthissection,theAdministratormay,byregulation,controlorprohibitanyactivity,includingthemanufactureorintroductionintocommerce,offeringforsale,orsaleofanyconsumerorcommercialproductwhichresultsinemissionofvolatileorganiccompoundsintotheambientair.
(B)Regulatedentities
Regulationsunderthissubsectionmaybeimposedonlywithrespecttoregulatedentities.
(C)UseofCTGS
ForanyconsumerorcommercialproducttheAdministratormayissuecontroltechniquesguidelinesunderthischapterinlieuofregulationsrequiredundersubparagraph(A)iftheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchguidancewillbesubstantiallyaseffectiveasregulationsinreducingemissionsofvolatileorganiccompoundswhichcontributetoozonelevelsinareaswhichviolatethenationalambientairqualitystandardforozone.
(4)Systemsofregulation
TheregulationsunderthissubsectionmayincludeanysystemorsystemsofregulationastheAdministratormaydeemappropriate,includingrequirementsforregistrationandlabeling,self-monitoringandreporting,prohibitions,limitations,oreconomicincentives(includingmarketablepermitsandauctionsofemissionsrights)concerningthemanufacture,processing,distribution,use,consumption,ordisposaloftheproduct.
(5)Specialfund
AnyamountscollectedbytheAdministratorundersuchregulationsshallbedepositedinaspecialfundintheUnitedStatesTreasuryforlicensingandotherservices,whichthereaftershallbeavailableuntilexpended,subjecttoannualappropriationActs,solelytocarryouttheactivitiesoftheAdministratorforwhichsuchfees,charges,orcollectionsareestablishedormade.
(6)Enforcement
Anyregulationestablishedunderthissubsectionshallbetreated,forpurposesofenforcementofthischapter,asastandardundersection7411ofthistitleandanyviolationofsuchregulationshallbetreatedasaviolationofarequirementofsection7411(e)ofthistitle.
(7)Stateadministration
EachStatemaydevelopandsubmittotheAdministratoraprocedureunderStatelawforimplementingandenforcingregulationspromulgatedunderthissubsection.IftheAdministratorfindstheStateprocedureisadequate,theAdministratorshallapprovesuchprocedure.NothinginthisparagraphshallprohibittheAdministratorfromenforcinganyapplicableregulationsunderthissubsection.
(8)Size,etc.
Noregulationsregardingthesize,shape,orlabelingofaproductmaybepromulgated,unlesstheAdministratordeterminessuchregulationstobeusefulinmeetinganynationalambientairqualitystandard.
(9)Stateconsultation
AnyStatewhichproposesregulationsotherthanthoseadoptedunderthissubsectionshallconsultwiththeAdministratorregardingwhetheranyotherStateorlocalsubdivisionhaspromulgatedorispromulgatingregulationsonanyproductscoveredunderthispart.TheAdministratorshallestablishaclearinghouseofinformation,studies,andregulationsproposedandpromulgatedregardingproductscoveredunderthissubsectionanddisseminatesuchinformationcollectedasrequestedbyStateorlocalsubdivisions.
(f)Tankvesselstandards
(1)Scheduleforstandards
(A)Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryoftheDepartmentinwhichtheCoastGuardisoperating,shallpromulgatestandardsapplicabletotheemissionofVOCsandanyotherairpollutantfromloadingandunloadingoftankvessels(asthattermisdefinedinsection2101oftitle46)whichtheAdministratorfindscauses,orcontributesto,airpollutionthatmaybereasonablyanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare.Suchstandardsshallrequiretheapplicationofreasonablyavailablecontroltechnology,consideringcosts,anynonair-qualitybenefits,environmentalimpacts,energyrequirementsandsafetyfactorsassociatedwithalternativecontroltechniques.Totheextentpracticablesuchstandardsshallapplytoloadingandunloadingfacilitiesandnottotankvessels.
(B)Anyregulationprescribedunderthissubsection(andanyrevisionthereof)shalltakeeffectaftersuchperiodastheAdministratorfinds(afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofthedepartment 1inwhichtheCoastGuardisoperating)necessarytopermitthedevelopmentandapplicationoftherequisitetechnology,givingappropriateconsiderationtothecostofcompliancewithinsuchperiod,exceptthattheeffectivedateshallnotbemorethan2yearsafterpromulgationofsuchregulations.
(2)Regulationsonequipmentsafety
Within6monthsafterNovember15,1990,theSecretaryoftheDepartmentinwhichtheCoastGuardisoperatingshallissueregulationstoensurethesafetyoftheequipmentandoperationswhicharetocontrolemissionsfromtheloadingandunloadingoftankvessels,undersection3703oftitle46andsection1225 2oftitle33.ThestandardspromulgatedbytheAdministratorunderparagraph(1)andtheregulationsissuedbyaStateorpoliticalsubdivisionregardingemissionsfromtheloadingandunloadingoftankvesselsshallbeconsistentwiththeregulationsregardingsafetyoftheDepartmentinwhichtheCoastGuardisoperating.
(3)Agencyauthority
(A)TheAdministratorshallensurecompliancewiththetankvesselemissionstandardsprescribedunderparagraph(1)(A).TheSecretaryoftheDepartmentinwhichtheCoastGuardisoperatingshallalsoensurecompliancewiththetankvesselstandardsprescribedunderparagraph(1)(A).
(B)TheSecretaryoftheDepartmentinwhichtheCoastGuardisoperatingshallensurecompliancewiththeregulationsissuedunderparagraph(2).
(4)Stateorlocalstandards
AftertheAdministratorpromulgatesstandardsunderthissection,noStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereofmayadoptorattempttoenforceanystandardrespectingemissionsfromtankvesselssubjecttoregulationunderparagraph(1)unlesssuchstandardisnolessstringentthanthestandardspromulgatedunderparagraph(1).
(5)Enforcement
Anystandardestablishedunderparagraph(1)(A)shallbetreated,forpurposesofenforcementofthischapter,asastandardundersection7411ofthistitleandanyviolationofsuchstandardshallbetreatedasaviolationofarequirementofsection7411(e)ofthistitle.
(g)Ozonedesignvaluestudy
TheAdministratorshallconductastudyofwhetherthemethodologyinusebytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyasofNovember15,1990,forestablishingadesignvalueforozoneprovidesareasonableindicatoroftheozoneairqualityofozonenonattainmentareas.TheAdministratorshallobtaininputfromStates,localsubdivisionsthereof,andothers.ThestudyshallbecompletedandareportsubmittedtoCongressnotlaterthan3yearsafterNovember15,1990.TheresultsofthestudyshallbesubjecttopeerandpublicreviewbeforesubmittingittoCongress.
(h)Vehiclesenteringozonenonattainmentareas
(1)Authorityregardingozoneinspectionandmaintenancetesting
(A)Ingeneral
NononcommercialmotorvehicleregisteredinaforeigncountryandoperatedbyaUnitedStatescitizenorbyanalienwhoisapermanentresidentoftheUnitedStates,orwhoholdsavisaforthepurposesofemploymentoreducationalstudyintheUnitedStates,mayenteracoveredozonenonattainmentareafromaforeigncountryborderingtheUnitedStatesandcontiguoustothenonattainmentareamorethantwiceinasinglecalendar-monthperiod,ifStatelawhasrequirementsfortheinspectionandmaintenanceofsuchvehiclesundertheapplicableimplementationplaninthenonattainmentarea.
(B)Applicability
Subparagraph(A)shallnotapplyiftheoperatorpresentsdocumentationattheUnitedStatesborderentrypointestablishingthatthevehiclehascompliedwithsuchinspectionandmaintenancerequirementsasareineffectandareapplicabletomotorvehiclesofthesametypeandmodelyear.
(2)Sanctionsforviolations
ThePresidentmayimposeandcollectfromtheoperatorofanymotorvehiclewhoviolates,orattemptstoviolate,paragraph(1)acivilpenaltyofnotmorethan$200forthesecondviolationorattemptedviolationand$400forthethirdandeachsubsequentviolationorattemptedviolation.
(3)Stateelection
Theprohibitionsetforthinparagraph(1)shallnotapplyinanyStatethatelectstobeexemptfromtheprohibition.SuchanelectionshalltakeeffectuponthePresident'sreceiptofwrittennoticefromtheGovernoroftheStatenotifyingthePresidentofsuchelection.
(4)Alternativeapproach
Theprohibitionsetforthinparagraph(1)shallnotapplyinaState,andthePresidentmayimplementanalternativeapproach,if—
(A)theGovernoroftheStatesubmitstothePresidentawrittendescriptionofanalternativeapproachtofacilitatethecompliance,bysomeorallforeign-registeredmotorvehicles,withthemotorvehicleinspectionandmaintenancerequirementsthatare—
(i)relatedtoemissionsofairpollutants;
(ii)ineffectundertheapplicableimplementationplaninthecoveredozonenonattainmentarea;and
(iii)applicabletomotorvehiclesofthesametypesandmodelyearsastheforeign-registeredmotorvehicles;and
(B)thePresidentapprovesthealternativeapproachasfacilitatingcompliancewiththemotorvehicleinspectionandmaintenancerequirementsreferredtoinsubparagraph(A).
(5)Definitionofcoveredozonenonattainmentarea
Inthissection,theterm"coveredozonenonattainmentarea"meansaSeriousArea,asclassifiedundersection7511ofthistitleasofOctober27,1998.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§183,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§103,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2443;amendedPub.L.105–286,§2,Oct.27,1998,112Stat.2773.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheSolidWasteDisposalAct,referredtoinsubsec.(b)(2),istitleIIofPub.L.89–272,Oct.20,1965,79Stat.997,asamendedgenerallybyPub.L.94–580,§2,Oct.21,1976,90Stat.2795.SubtitleCoftheActisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterIII(§6921etseq.)ofchapter82ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection6901ofthistitleandTables.
Section1225oftitle33,referredtoinsubsec.(f)(2),wasrepealedbyPub.L.115–282,titleIV,§402(e),Dec.4,2018,132Stat.4264.SeeTransitionalandSavingsProvisionsnoteprecedingsection101ofTitle46,Shipping,andsection70011ofTitle46.
Amendments
1998—Subsec.(h).Pub.L.105–286addedsubsec.(h).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1998Amendment;PublicationofProhibition
Pub.L.105–286,§3,Oct.27,1998,112Stat.2774,providedthat:
"(a)InGeneral.—Theamendmentmadebysection2[amendingthissection]takeseffect180daysafterthedateoftheenactmentofthisAct[Oct.27,1998].NothinginthatamendmentshallrequireactionthatisinconsistentwiththeobligationsoftheUnitedStatesunderanyinternationalagreement.
"(b)Information.—AssoonaspracticableafterthedateoftheenactmentofthisAct,theappropriateagencyoftheUnitedStatesshalldistributeinformationtopublicizetheprohibitionsetforthintheamendmentmadebysection2."
TransferofFunctions
Fortransferofauthorities,functions,personnel,andassetsoftheCoastGuard,includingtheauthoritiesandfunctionsoftheSecretaryofTransportationrelatingthereto,totheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,andfortreatmentofrelatedreferences,seesections468(b),551(d),552(d),and557ofTitle6,DomesticSecurity,andtheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityReorganizationPlanofNovember25,2002,asmodified,setoutasanoteundersection542ofTitle6.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbecapitalized.
2 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7511c.Controlofinterstateozoneairpollution
(a)Ozonetransportregions
Asingletransportregionforozone(withinthemeaningofsection7506a(a)ofthistitle),comprisedoftheStatesofConnecticut,Delaware,Maine,Maryland,Massachusetts,NewHampshire,NewJersey,NewYork,Pennsylvania,RhodeIsland,Vermont,andtheConsolidatedMetropolitanStatisticalAreathatincludestheDistrictofColumbia,isherebyestablishedbyoperationoflaw.Theprovisionsofsection7506a(a)(1)and(2)ofthistitleshallapplywithrespecttothetransportregionestablishedunderthissectionandanyothertransportregionestablishedforozone,excepttotheextentinconsistentwiththeprovisionsofthissection.TheAdministratorshallconvenethecommissionrequired(undersection7506a(b)ofthistitle)asaresultoftheestablishmentofsuchregionwithin6monthsofNovember15,1990.
(b)PlanprovisionsforStatesinozonetransportregions
(1)Inaccordancewithsection7410ofthistitle,notlaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990(or9monthsafterthesubsequentinclusionofaStateinatransportregionestablishedforozone),eachStateincludedwithinatransportregionestablishedforozoneshallsubmitaStateimplementationplanorrevisionthereoftotheAdministratorwhichrequiresthefollowing—
(A)thateachareainsuchStatethatisinanozonetransportregion,andthatisametropolitanstatisticalareaorpartthereofwithapopulationof100,000ormorecomplywiththeprovisionsofsection7511a(c)(2)(A)ofthistitle(pertainingtoenhancedvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprograms);and
(B)implementationofreasonablyavailablecontroltechnologywithrespecttoallsourcesofvolatileorganiccompoundsintheStatecoveredbyacontroltechniquesguidelineissuedbeforeorafterNovember15,1990.
(2)Within3yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallcompleteastudyidentifyingcontrolmeasurescapableofachievingemissionreductionscomparabletothoseachievablethroughvehiclerefuelingcontrolscontainedinsection7511a(b)(3)ofthistitle,andsuchmeasuresorsuchvehiclerefuelingcontrolsshallbeimplementedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthissection.Notwithstandingotherdeadlinesinthissection,theapplicableimplementationplanshallberevisedtoreflectsuchmeasureswithin1yearofcompletionofthestudy.Forpurposesofthissectionanystationarysourcethatemitsorhasthepotentialtoemitatleast50tonsperyearofvolatileorganiccompoundsshallbeconsideredamajorstationarysourceandsubjecttotherequirementswhichwouldbeapplicabletomajorstationarysourcesiftheareawereclassifiedasaModeratenonattainmentarea.
(c)Additionalcontrolmeasures
(1)Recommendations
UponpetitionofanyStatewithinatransportregionestablishedforozone,andbasedonamajorityvoteoftheGovernorsontheCommission 1(ortheirdesignees),theCommission 1may,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,developrecommendationsforadditionalcontrolmeasurestobeappliedwithinallorapartofsuchtransportregionifthecommissiondeterminessuchmeasuresarenecessarytobringanyareainsuchregionintoattainmentbythedatesprovidedbythissubpart.ThecommissionshalltransmitsuchrecommendationstotheAdministrator.
(2)Noticeandreview
WhenevertheAdministratorreceivesrecommendationspreparedbyacommissionpursuanttoparagraph(1)(thedateofreceiptofwhichshallhereinafterinthissectionbereferredtoasthe"receiptdate"),theAdministratorshall—
(A)immediatelypublishintheFederalRegisteranoticestatingthattherecommendationsareavailableandprovideanopportunityforpublichearingwithin90daysbeginningonthereceiptdate;and
(B)commenceareviewoftherecommendationstodeterminewhetherthecontrolmeasuresintherecommendationsarenecessarytobringanyareainsuchregionintoattainmentbythedatesprovidedbythissubpartandareotherwiseconsistentwiththischapter.
(3)Consultation
Inundertakingthereviewrequiredunderparagraph(2)(B),theAdministratorshallconsultwithmembersofthecommissionoftheaffectedStatesandshalltakeintoaccountthedata,views,andcommentsreceivedpursuanttoparagraph(2)(A).
(4)Approvalanddisapproval
Within9monthsafterthereceiptdate,theAdministratorshall(A)determinewhethertoapprove,disapprove,orpartiallydisapproveandpartiallyapprovetherecommendations;(B)notifythecommissioninwritingofsuchapproval,disapproval,orpartialdisapproval;and(C)publishsuchdeterminationintheFederalRegister.IftheAdministratordisapprovesorpartiallydisapprovestherecommendations,theAdministratorshallspecify—
(i)whyanydisapprovedadditionalcontrolmeasuresarenotnecessarytobringanyareainsuchregionintoattainmentbythedatesprovidedbythissubpartorareotherwisenotconsistentwiththe 2chapter;and
(ii)recommendationsconcerningequalormoreeffectiveactionsthatcouldbetakenbythecommissiontoconformthedisapprovedportionoftherecommendationstotherequirementsofthissection.
(5)Finding
Uponapprovalorpartialapprovalofrecommendationssubmittedbyacommission,theAdministratorshallissuetoeachStatewhichisincludedinthetransportregionandtowhicharequirementoftheapprovedplanapplies,afindingundersection7410(k)(5)ofthistitlethattheimplementationplanforsuchStateisinadequatetomeettherequirementsofsection7410(a)(2)(D)ofthistitle.SuchfindingshallrequireeachsuchStatetoreviseitsimplementationplantoincludetheapprovedadditionalcontrolmeasureswithinoneyearafterthefindingisissued.
(d)Bestavailableairqualitymonitoringandmodeling
Forpurposesofthissection,notlaterthan6monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgatecriteriaforpurposesofdeterminingthecontributionofsourcesinoneareatoconcentrationsofozoneinanotherareawhichisanonattainmentareaforozone.Suchcriteriashallrequirethatthebestavailableairqualitymonitoringandmodelingtechniquesbeusedforpurposesofmakingsuchdeterminations.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§184,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§103,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2448.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldnotbecapitalized.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"this".
§7511d.EnforcementforSevereandExtremeozonenonattainmentareasforfailuretoattain
(a)Generalrule
Eachimplementationplanrevisionrequiredundersection7511a(d)and(e)ofthistitle(relatingtotheattainmentplanforSevereandExtremeozonenonattainmentareas)shallprovidethat,iftheareatowhichsuchplanrevisionapplieshasfailedtoattainthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforozonebytheapplicableattainmentdate,eachmajorstationarysourceofVOCslocatedintheareashall,exceptasotherwiseprovidedundersubsection(c),payafeetotheStateasapenaltyforsuchfailure,computedinaccordancewithsubsection(b),foreachcalendaryearbeginningaftertheattainmentdate,untiltheareaisredesignatedasanattainmentareaforozone.Eachsuchplanrevisionshouldincludeproceduresforassessmentandcollectionofsuchfees.
(b)Computationoffee
(1)Feeamount
Thefeeshallequal$5,000,adjustedinaccordancewithparagraph(3),pertonofVOCemittedbythesourceduringthecalendaryearinexcessof80percentofthebaselineamount,computedunderparagraph(2).
(2)Baselineamount
Forpurposesofthissection,thebaselineamountshallbecomputed,inaccordancewithsuchguidanceastheAdministratormayprovide,astheloweroftheamountofactualVOCemissions("actuals")orVOCemissionsallowedunderthepermitapplicabletothesource(or,ifnosuchpermithasbeenissuedfortheattainmentyear,theamountofVOCemissionsallowedundertheapplicableimplementationplan("allowables"))duringtheattainmentyear.Notwithstandingtheprecedingsentence,theAdministratormayissueguidanceauthorizingthebaselineamounttobedeterminedinaccordancewiththelowerofaverageactualsoraverageallowables,determinedoveraperiodofmorethanonecalendaryear.Suchguidancemayprovidethatsuchaveragecalculationforaspecificsourcemaybeusedifthatsource'semissionsareirregular,cyclical,orotherwisevarysignificantlyfromyeartoyear.
(3)Annualadjustment
Thefeeamountunderparagraph(1)shallbeadjustedannually,beginningintheyearbeginningafter1990,inaccordancewithsection7661a(b)(3)(B)(v)ofthistitle(relatingtoinflationadjustment).
(c)Exception
Notwithstandinganyprovisionofthissection,nosourceshallberequiredtopayanyfeeundersubsection(a)withrespecttoemissionsduringanyyearthatistreatedasanExtensionYearundersection7511(a)(5)ofthistitle.
(d)FeecollectionbyAdministrator
IftheAdministratorhasfoundthatthefeeprovisionsoftheimplementationplandonotmeettherequirementsofthissection,oriftheAdministratormakesafindingthattheStateisnotadministeringandenforcingthefeerequiredunderthissection,theAdministratorshall,inadditiontoanyotheractionauthorizedunderthissubchapter,collect,inaccordancewithprocedurespromulgatedbytheAdministrator,theunpaidfeesrequiredundersubsection(a).IftheAdministratormakessuchafindingundersection7509(a)(4)ofthistitle,theAdministratormaycollectfeesforperiodsbeforethedetermination,plusinterestcomputedinaccordancewithsection6621(a)(2)oftitle26(relatingtocomputationofinterestonunderpaymentofFederaltaxes),totheextenttheAdministratorfindssuchfeeshavenotbeenpaidtotheState.Theprovisionsofclauses(ii)through(iii)ofsection7661a(b)(3)(C)ofthistitle(relatingtopenaltiesanduseofthefunds,respectively)shallapplywithrespecttofeescollectedunderthissubsection.
(e)Exemptionsforcertainsmallareas
Forareaswithatotalpopulationunder200,000whichfailtoattainthestandardbytheapplicableattainmentdate,nosanctionunderthissectionorunderanyotherprovisionofthischaptershallapplyiftheareacandemonstrate,consistentwithguidanceissuedbytheAdministrator,thatattainmentintheareaispreventedbecauseofozoneorozoneprecursorstransportedfromotherareas.Theprohibitionappliesonlyincasesinwhichtheareahasmetallrequirementsandimplementedallmeasuresapplicabletotheareaunderthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§185,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§103,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2450.)
§7511e.Transitionalareas
IfanareadesignatedasanozonenonattainmentareaasofNovember15,1990,hasnotviolatedthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforozoneforthe36-monthperiodcommencingonJanuary1,1987,andendingonDecember31,1989,theAdministratorshallsuspendtheapplicationoftherequirementsofthissubparttosuchareauntilDecember31,1991.ByJune30,1992,theAdministratorshalldeterminebyorder,basedonthearea'sdesignvalueasoftheattainmentdate,whethertheareaattainedsuchstandardbyDecember31,1991.IftheAdministratordeterminesthattheareaattainedthestandard,theAdministratorshallrequire,aspartoftheorder,theStatetosubmitamaintenanceplanfortheareawithin12monthsofsuchdetermination.IftheAdministratordeterminesthattheareafailedtoattainthestandard,theAdministratorshall,byJune30,1992,designatetheareaasnonattainmentundersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§185A,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§103,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2451.)
§7511f.NOxandVOCstudy
TheAdministrator,inconjunctionwiththeNationalAcademyofSciences,shallconductastudyontheroleofozoneprecursorsintroposphericozoneformationandcontrol.ThestudyshallexaminetherolesofNOxandVOCemissionreductions,theextenttowhichNOxreductionsmaycontribute(orbecounterproductive)toachievementofattainmentindifferentnonattainmentareas,thesensitivityofozonetothecontrolofNOx,theavailabilityandextentofcontrolsforNOx,theroleofbiogenicVOCemissions,andthebasicinformationrequiredforairqualitymodels.Thestudyshallbecompletedandaproposedreportmadepublicfor30dayscommentwithin1yearofNovember15,1990,andafinalreportshallbesubmittedtoCongresswithin15monthsafterNovember15,1990.TheAdministratorshallutilizeallavailableinformationandstudies,aswellasdevelopadditionalinformation,inconductingthestudyrequiredbythissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§185B,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§103,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2452.)
subpart3—additionalprovisionsforcarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareas
§7512.Classificationandattainmentdates
(a)Classificationbyoperationoflawandattainmentdatesfornonattainmentareas
(1)Eachareadesignatednonattainmentforcarbonmonoxidepursuanttosection7407(d)ofthistitleshallbeclassifiedatthetimeofsuchdesignationundertable1,byoperationoflaw,asaModerateAreaoraSeriousAreabasedonthedesignvalueforthearea.ThedesignvalueshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheinterpretationmethodologyissuedbytheAdministratormostrecentlybeforeNovember15,1990.Foreachareaclassifiedunderthissubsection,theprimarystandardattainmentdateforcarbonmonoxideshallbeasexpeditiouslyaspracticablebutnotlaterthanthedateprovidedintable1:
TABLE3 1
AreaclassificationDesignvaluePrimarystandardattainmentdate
Moderate
9.1–16.4ppm
December31,1995
Serious
16.5andabove
December31,2000
(2)Atthetimeofpublicationofthenoticerequiredundersection7407ofthistitle(designatingcarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareas),theAdministratorshallpublishanoticeannouncingtheclassificationofeachsuchcarbonmonoxidenonattainmentarea.Theprovisionsofsection7502(a)(1)(B)ofthistitle(relatingtolackofnotice-and-commentandjudicialreview)shallapplywithrespecttosuchclassification.
(3)Ifanareaclassifiedunderparagraph(1),table1,wouldhavebeenclassifiedinanothercategoryifthedesignvalueintheareawere5percentgreateror5percentlessthanthelevelonwhichsuchclassificationwasbased,theAdministratormay,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,within90daysafterNovember15,1990,bytheprocedurerequiredunderparagraph(2),adjusttheclassificationofthearea.Inmakingsuchadjustment,theAdministratormayconsiderthenumberofexceedancesofthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxideinthearea,thelevelofpollutiontransportbetweentheareaandtheotheraffectedareas,andthemixofsourcesandairpollutantsinthearea.TheAdministratormaymakethesameadjustmentforpurposesofparagraphs(2),(3),(6),and(7)ofsection7512a(a)ofthistitle.
(4)UponapplicationbyanyState,theAdministratormayextendfor1additionalyear(hereinafterinthissubpartreferredtoasthe"ExtensionYear")thedatespecifiedintable1ofsubsection(a)if—
(A)theStatehascompliedwithallrequirementsandcommitmentspertainingtotheareaintheapplicableimplementationplan,and
(B)nomorethanoneexceedanceofthenationalambientairqualitystandardlevelforcarbonmonoxidehasoccurredintheareaintheyearprecedingtheExtensionYear.
Nomorethan2one-yearextensionsmaybeissuedunderthisparagraphforasinglenonattainmentarea.
(b)Newdesignationsandreclassifications
(1)Newdesignationstononattainment
Anyareathatisdesignatedattainmentorunclassifiableforcarbonmonoxideundersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle,andthatissubsequentlyredesignatedtononattainmentforcarbonmonoxideundersection7407(d)(3)ofthistitle,shall,atthetimeoftheredesignation,beclassifiedbyoperationoflawinaccordancewithtable1undersubsections(a)(1)and(a)(4).Uponitsclassification,theareashallbesubjecttothesamerequirementsundersection7410ofthistitle,subpart1ofthispart,andthissubpartthatwouldhaveappliedhadtheareabeensoclassifiedatthetimeofthenoticeundersubsection(a)(2),exceptthatanyabsolute,fixeddateapplicableinconnectionwithanysuchrequirementisextendedbyoperationoflawbyaperiodequaltothelengthoftimebetweenNovember15,1990,andthedatetheareaisclassified.
(2)ReclassificationofModerateAreasuponfailuretoattain
(A)Generalrule
Within6monthsfollowingtheapplicableattainmentdateforacarbonmonoxidenonattainmentarea,theAdministratorshalldetermine,basedonthearea'sdesignvalueasoftheattainmentdate,whethertheareahasattainedthestandardbythatdate.AnyModerateAreathattheAdministratorfindshasnotattainedthestandardbythatdateshallbereclassifiedbyoperationoflawinaccordancewithtable1ofsubsection(a)(1)asaSeriousArea.
(B)Publicationofnotice
TheAdministratorshallpublishanoticeintheFederalRegister,nolaterthan6monthsfollowingtheattainmentdate,identifyingeachareathattheAdministratorhasdetermined,undersubparagraph(A),ashavingfailedtoattainandidentifyingthereclassification,ifany,describedundersubparagraph(A).
(c)Referencestoterms
Anyreferenceinthissubparttoa"ModerateArea"ora"SeriousArea"shallbeconsideredareferencetoaModerateAreaoraSeriousArea,respectively,asclassifiedunderthissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§186,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§104,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2452.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"TABLE1".
§7512a.Plansubmissionsandrequirements
(a)ModerateAreas
EachStateinwhichallorpartofaModerateAreaislocatedshall,withrespecttotheModerateArea(orportionthereof,totheextentspecifiedinguidanceoftheAdministratorissuedbeforeNovember15,1990),submittotheAdministratortheStateimplementationplanrevisions(includingtheplanitems)describedunderthissubsection,withinsuchperiodsasareprescribedunderthissubsection,excepttotheextenttheStatehasmadesuchsubmissionsasofNovember15,1990:
(1)Inventory
Nolaterthan2yearsfromNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitacomprehensive,accurate,currentinventoryofactualemissionsfromallsources,asdescribedinsection7502(c)(3)ofthistitle,inaccordancewithguidanceprovidedbytheAdministrator.
(2)(A)Vehiclemilestraveled
Nolaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990,forareaswithadesignvalueabove12.7ppmatthetimeofclassification,theplanrevisionshallcontainaforecastofvehiclemilestraveledinthenonattainmentareaconcernedforeachyearbeforetheyearinwhichtheplanprojectsthenationalambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxidetobeattainedinthearea.TheforecastshallbebasedonguidancewhichshallbepublishedbytheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportation,within6monthsafterNovember15,1990.TheplanrevisionshallprovideforannualupdatesoftheforecaststobesubmittedtotheAdministratortogetherwithannualreportsregardingtheextenttowhichsuchforecastsprovedtobeaccurate.Suchannualreportsshallcontainestimatesofactualvehiclemilestraveledineachyearforwhichaforecastwasrequired.
(B)SpecialruleforDenver
Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,inthecaseofDenver,theStateshallsubmitarevisionthatincludesthetransportationcontrolmeasuresasrequiredinsection7511a(d)(1)(A)ofthistitleexceptthatsuchrevisionshallbeforthepurposeofreducingCOemissionsratherthanvolatileorganiccompoundemissions.IftheStatefailstoincludeanysuchmeasure,theimplementationplanshallcontainanexplanationofwhysuchmeasurewasnotadoptedandwhatemissionsreductionmeasurewasadoptedtoprovideacomparablereductioninemissions,orreasonswhysuchreductionisnotnecessarytoattainthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxide.
(3)Contingencyprovisions
Nolaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990,forareaswithadesignvalueabove12.7ppmatthetimeofclassification,theplanrevisionshallprovidefortheimplementationofspecificmeasurestobeundertakenifanyestimateofvehiclemilestraveledintheareawhichissubmittedinanannualreportunderparagraph(2)exceedsthenumberpredictedinthemostrecentpriorforecastoriftheareafailstoattainthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxidebytheprimarystandardattainmentdate.SuchmeasuresshallbeincludedintheplanrevisionascontingencymeasurestotakeeffectwithoutfurtheractionbytheStateortheAdministratorifthepriorforecasthasbeenexceededbyanupdatedforecastorifthenationalstandardisnotattainedbysuchdeadline.
(4)SavingsclauseforvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprovisionsoftheStateimplementationplan
ImmediatelyafterNovember15,1990,foranyModerateArea(or,withintheAdministrator'sdiscretion,portionthereof),theplanforwhichisofthetypedescribedinsection7511a(a)(2)(B)ofthistitleanyprovisionsnecessarytoensurethattheapplicableimplementationplanincludesthevehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramdescribedinsection7511a(a)(2)(B)ofthistitle.
(5)Periodicinventory
NolaterthanSeptember30,1995,andnolaterthantheendofeach3yearperiodthereafter,untiltheareaisredesignatedtoattainment,arevisedinventorymeetingtherequirementsofsubsection(a)(1).
(6)Enhancedvehicleinspectionandmaintenance
Nolaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990,inthecaseofModerateAreaswithadesignvaluegreaterthan12.7ppmatthetimeofclassification,arevisionthatincludesprovisionsforanenhancedvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramasrequiredinsection7511a(c)(3)ofthistitle(concerningseriousozonenonattainmentareas),exceptthatsuchprogramshallbeforthepurposeofreducingcarbonmonoxideratherthanhydrocarbonemissions.
(7)Attainmentdemonstrationandspecificannualemissionreductions
InthecaseofModerateAreaswithadesignvaluegreaterthan12.7ppmatthetimeofclassification,nolaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990,arevisiontoprovide,andademonstrationthattheplanasrevisedwillprovide,forattainmentofthecarbonmonoxideNAAQSbytheapplicableattainmentdateandprovisionsforsuchspecificannualemissionreductionsasarenecessarytoattainthestandardbythatdate.
TheAdministratormay,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,requireStatestosubmitascheduleforsubmittinganyoftherevisionsorotheritemsrequiredunderthissubsection.InthecaseofModerateAreaswithadesignvalueof12.7ppmorloweratthetimeofclassification,therequirementsofthissubsectionshallapplyinlieuofanyrequirementthattheStatesubmitademonstrationthattheapplicableimplementationplanprovidesforattainmentofthecarbonmonoxidestandardbytheapplicableattainmentdate.
(b)SeriousAreas
(1)Ingeneral
EachStateinwhichallorpartofaSeriousAreaislocatedshall,withrespecttotheSeriousArea,makethesubmissions(otherthanthoserequiredundersubsection(a)(1)(B) 1)applicableundersubsection(a)toModerateAreaswithadesignvalueof12.7ppmorgreateratthetimeofclassification,andshallalsosubmittherevisionandotheritemsdescribedunderthissubsection.
(2)Vehiclemilestraveled
Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisionthatincludesthetransportationcontrolmeasuresasrequiredinsection7511a(d)(1)ofthistitleexceptthatsuchrevisionshallbeforthepurposeofreducingCOemissionsratherthanvolatileorganiccompoundemissions.Inthecaseofanysucharea(otherthananareainNewYorkState)whichisacoveredarea(asdefinedinsection7586(a)(2)(B)ofthistitle)forpurposesoftheCleanFuelFleetprogramunderpartCofsubchapterII,iftheStatefailstoincludeanysuchmeasure,theimplementationplanshallcontainanexplanationofwhysuchmeasurewasnotadoptedandwhatemissionsreductionmeasurewasadoptedtoprovideacomparablereductioninemissions,orreasonswhysuchreductionisnotnecessarytoattainthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxide.
(3)Oxygenatedgasoline
(A)Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateshallsubmitarevisiontorequirethatgasolinesold,supplied,offeredforsaleorsupply,dispensed,transportedorintroducedintocommerceinthelargerof—
(i)theConsolidatedMetropolitanStatisticalArea(asdefinedbytheUnitedStatesOfficeofManagementandBudget)(CMSA)inwhichtheareaislocated,or
(ii)iftheareaisnotlocatedinaCMSA,theMetropolitanStatisticalArea(asdefinedbytheUnitedStatesOfficeofManagementandBudget)inwhichtheareaislocated,
beblended,duringtheportionoftheyearinwhichtheareaispronetohighambientconcentrationsofcarbonmonoxide(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator),withfuelscontainingsuchlevelofoxygenasisnecessary,incombinationwithothermeasures,toprovideforattainmentofthecarbonmonoxidenationalambientairqualitystandardbytheapplicableattainmentdateandmaintenanceofthenationalambientairqualitystandardthereafterinthearea.TherevisionshallprovidethatsuchrequirementshalltakeeffectnolaterthanOctober1,1993,andshallincludeaprogramforimplementationandenforcementoftherequirementconsistentwithguidancetobeissuedbytheAdministrator.
(B)Notwithstandingsubparagraph(A),therevisiondescribedinthisparagraphshallnotberequiredforanareaiftheStatedemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattherevisionisnotnecessarytoprovideforattainmentofthecarbonmonoxidenationalambientairqualitystandardbytheapplicableattainmentdateandmaintenanceofthenationalambientairqualitystandardthereafterinthearea.
(c)AreaswithsignificantstationarysourceemissionsofCO
(1)SeriousAreas
InthecaseofSeriousAreasinwhichstationarysourcescontributesignificantlytocarbonmonoxidelevels(asdeterminedunderrulesissuedbytheAdministrator),theStateshallsubmitaplanrevisionwithin2yearsafterNovember15,1990,whichprovidesthattheterm"majorstationarysource"includes(inadditiontothesourcesdescribedinsection7602ofthistitle)anystationarysourcewhichemits,orhasthepotentialtoemit,50tonsperyearormoreofcarbonmonoxide.
(2)Waiversforcertainareas
TheAdministratormay,onacase-by-casebasis,waiveanyrequirementsthatpertaintotransportationcontrols,inspectionandmaintenance,oroxygenatedfuelswheretheAdministratordeterminesbyrulethatmobilesourcesofcarbonmonoxidedonotcontributesignificantlytocarbonmonoxidelevelsinthearea.
(3)Guidelines
Within6monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallissueguidelinesforandrulesdeterminingwhetherstationarysourcescontributesignificantlytocarbonmonoxidelevelsinanarea.
(d)COmilestone
(1)Milestonedemonstration
ByMarch31,1996,eachStateinwhichallorpartofaSeriousAreaislocatedshallsubmittotheAdministratorademonstrationthattheareahasachievedareductioninemissionsofCOequivalenttothetotalofthespecificannualemissionreductionsrequiredbyDecember31,1995.Suchreductionsshallbereferredtointhissubsectionasthemilestone.
(2)Adequacyofdemonstration
Ademonstrationunderthisparagraphshallbesubmittedinsuchformandmanner,andshallcontainsuchinformationandanalysis,astheAdministratorshallrequire.TheAdministratorshalldeterminewhetherornotaState'sdemonstrationisadequatewithin90daysaftertheAdministrator'sreceiptofademonstrationwhichcontainstheinformationandanalysisrequiredbytheAdministrator.
(3)Failuretomeetemissionreductionmilestone
IfaStatefailstosubmitademonstrationunderparagraph(1)withintherequiredperiod,oriftheAdministratornotifiestheStatethattheStatehasnotmetthemilestone,theStateshall,within9monthsaftersuchafailureornotification,submitaplanrevisiontoimplementaneconomicincentiveandtransportationcontrolprogramasdescribedinsection7511a(g)(4)ofthistitle.Suchrevisionshallbesufficienttoachievethespecificannualreductionsincarbonmonoxideemissionssetforthintheplanbytheattainmentdate.
(e)Multi-StateCOnonattainmentareas
(1)CoordinationamongStates
EachStateinwhichthereislocatedaportionofasinglenonattainmentareaforcarbonmonoxidewhichcoversmorethanoneState("multi-Statenonattainmentarea")shalltakeallreasonablestepstocoordinate,substantivelyandprocedurally,therevisionsandimplementationofStateimplementationplansapplicabletothenonattainmentareaconcerned.TheAdministratormaynotapproveanyrevisionofaStateimplementationplansubmittedunderthispartforaStateinwhichpartofamulti-StatenonattainmentareaislocatediftheplanrevisionforthatStatefailstocomplywiththerequirementsofthissubsection.
(2)Failuretodemonstrateattainment
IfanyStateinwhichthereislocatedaportionofamulti-StatenonattainmentareafailstoprovideademonstrationofattainmentofthenationalambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxideinthatportionwithintheperiodrequiredunderthisparttheStatemaypetitiontheAdministratortomakeafindingthattheStatewouldhavebeenabletomakesuchdemonstrationbutforthefailureofoneormoreotherStatesinwhichotherportionsoftheareaarelocatedtocommittotheimplementationofallmeasuresrequiredunderthissection(relatingtoplansubmissionsforcarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareas).IftheAdministratormakessuchfinding,intheportionofthenonattainmentareawithintheStatesubmittingsuchpetition,nosanctionshallbeimposedundersection7509ofthistitleorunderanyotherprovisionofthischapter,byreasonofthefailuretomakesuchdemonstration.
(f)Reclassifiedareas
EachStatecontainingacarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareareclassifiedundersection7512(b)(2)ofthistitleshallmeettherequirementsofsubsection(b)ofthissection,asmaybeapplicabletotheareaasreclassified,accordingtotheschedulesprescribedinconnectionwithsuchrequirements,exceptthattheAdministratormayadjustanyapplicabledeadlines(otherthantheattainmentdate)wheresuchdeadlinesareshowntobeinfeasible.
(g)FailureofSeriousAreatoattainstandard
IftheAdministratordeterminesundersection7512(b)(2)ofthistitlethatthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxidehasnotbeenattainedinaSeriousAreabytheapplicableattainmentdate,theStateshallsubmitaplanrevisionfortheareawithin9monthsafterthedateofsuchdetermination.Theplanrevisionshallprovidethataprogramofincentivesandrequirementsasdescribedinsection7511a(g)(4)ofthistitleshallbeapplicableinthearea,andsuchprogram,incombinationwithotherelementsoftherevisedplan,shallbeadequatetoreducethetotaltonnageofemissionsofcarbonmonoxideintheareabyatleast5percentperyearineachyearafterapprovaloftheplanrevisionandbeforeattainmentofthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxide.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§187,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§104,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2454.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
MoratoriumonCertainEmissionsTestingRequirements
ForprovisionsprohibitingAdministratorofEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyfromrequiringadoptionorimplementationbyStateoftest-onlyI/M240enhancedvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramasmeansofcompliancewiththissection,withfurtherprovisionsrelatingtoplandisapprovalandemissionsreductioncredits,seesection348ofPub.L.104–59,setoutasanoteundersection7511aofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Subsec.(a)(1)ofthissectiondoesnotcontainasubpar.(B).
subpart4—additionalprovisionsforparticulatematternonattainmentareas
§7513.Classificationsandattainmentdates
(a)Initialclassifications
EveryareadesignatednonattainmentforPM–10pursuanttosection7407(d)ofthistitleshallbeclassifiedatthetimeofsuchdesignation,byoperationoflaw,asamoderatePM–10nonattainmentarea(alsoreferredtointhissubpartasa"ModerateArea")atthetimeofsuchdesignation.Atthetimeofpublicationofthenoticeundersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle(relatingtoareadesignations)foreachPM–10nonattainmentarea,theAdministratorshallpublishanoticeannouncingtheclassificationofsucharea.Theprovisionsofsection7502(a)(1)(B)ofthistitle(relatingtolackofnotice-and-commentandjudicialreview)shallapplywithrespecttosuchclassification.
(b)ReclassificationasSerious
(1)Reclassificationbeforeattainmentdate
TheAdministratormayreclassifyasaSeriousPM–10nonattainmentarea(identifiedinthissubpartalsoasa"SeriousArea")anyareathattheAdministratordeterminescannotpracticablyattainthenationalambientairqualitystandardforPM–10bytheattainmentdate(asprescribedinsubsection(c))forModerateAreas.TheAdministratorshallreclassifyappropriateareasasSeriousbythefollowingdates:
(A)ForareasdesignatednonattainmentforPM–10undersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle,theAdministratorshallproposetoreclassifyappropriateareasbyJune30,1991,andtakefinalactionbyDecember31,1991.
(B)Forareassubsequentlydesignatednonattainment,theAdministratorshallreclassifyappropriateareaswithin18monthsaftertherequireddatefortheState'ssubmissionofaSIPfortheModerateArea.
(2)Reclassificationuponfailuretoattain
Within6monthsfollowingtheapplicableattainmentdateforaPM–10nonattainmentarea,theAdministratorshalldeterminewhethertheareaattainedthestandardbythatdate.IftheAdministratorfindsthatanyModerateAreaisnotinattainmentaftertheapplicableattainmentdate—
(A)theareashallbereclassifiedbyoperationoflawasaSeriousArea;and
(B)theAdministratorshallpublishanoticeintheFederalRegisternolaterthan6monthsfollowingtheattainmentdate,identifyingtheareaashavingfailedtoattainandidentifyingthereclassificationdescribedundersubparagraph(A).
(c)Attainmentdates
Exceptasprovidedundersubsection(d),theattainmentdatesforPM–10nonattainmentareasshallbeasfollows:
(1)ModerateAreas
ForaModerateArea,theattainmentdateshallbeasexpeditiouslyaspracticablebutnolaterthantheendofthesixthcalendaryearafterthearea'sdesignationasnonattainment,exceptthat,forareasdesignatednonattainmentforPM–10undersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle,theattainmentdateshallnotextendbeyondDecember31,1994.
(2)SeriousAreas
ForaSeriousArea,theattainmentdateshallbeasexpeditiouslyaspracticablebutnolaterthantheendofthetenthcalendaryearbeginningafterthearea'sdesignationasnonattainment,exceptthat,forareasdesignatednonattainmentforPM–10undersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle,thedateshallnotextendbeyondDecember31,2001.
(d)ExtensionofattainmentdateforModerateAreas
UponapplicationbyanyState,theAdministratormayextendfor1additionalyear(hereinafterreferredtoasthe"ExtensionYear")thedatespecifiedinparagraph 1(c)(1)if—
(1)theStatehascompliedwithallrequirementsandcommitmentspertainingtotheareaintheapplicableimplementationplan;and
(2)nomorethanoneexceedanceofthe24-hournationalambientairqualitystandardlevelforPM–10hasoccurredintheareaintheyearprecedingtheExtensionYear,andtheannualmeanconcentrationofPM–10intheareaforsuchyearislessthanorequaltothestandardlevel.
Nomorethan2one-yearextensionsmaybeissuedunderthesubsectionforasinglenonattainmentarea.
(e)ExtensionofattainmentdateforSeriousAreas
UponapplicationbyanyState,theAdministratormayextendtheattainmentdateforaSeriousAreabeyondthedatespecifiedundersubsection(c),ifattainmentbythedateestablishedundersubsection(c)wouldbeimpracticable,theStatehascompliedwithallrequirementsandcommitmentspertainingtothatareaintheimplementationplan,andtheStatedemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheplanforthatareaincludesthemoststringentmeasuresthatareincludedintheimplementationplanofanyStateorareachievedinpracticeinanyState,andcanfeasiblybeimplementedinthearea.Atthetimeofsuchapplication,theStatemustsubmitarevisiontotheimplementationplanthatincludesademonstrationofattainmentbythemostexpeditiousalternativedatepracticable.Indeterminingwhethertograntanextension,andtheappropriatelengthoftimeforanysuchextension,theAdministratormayconsiderthenatureandextentofnonattainment,thetypesandnumbersofsourcesorotheremittingactivitiesinthearea(includingtheinfluenceofuncontrollablenaturalsourcesandtransboundaryemissionsfromforeigncountries),thepopulationexposedtoconcentrationsinexcessofthestandard,thepresenceandconcentrationofpotentiallytoxicsubstancesinthemixofparticulateemissionsinthearea,andthetechnologicalandeconomicfeasibilityofvariouscontrolmeasures.TheAdministratormaynotapproveanextensionuntiltheStatesubmitsanattainmentdemonstrationforthearea.TheAdministratormaygrantatmostonesuchextensionforanarea,ofnomorethan5years.
(f)Waiversforcertainareas
TheAdministratormay,onacase-by-casebasis,waiveanyrequirementapplicabletoanySeriousAreaunderthissubpartwheretheAdministratordeterminesthatanthropogenicsourcesofPM–10donotcontributesignificantlytotheviolationofthePM–10standardinthearea.TheAdministratormayalsowaiveaspecificdateforattainmentofthestandardwheretheAdministratordeterminesthatnonanthropogenicsourcesofPM–10contributesignificantlytotheviolationofthePM–10standardinthearea.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§188,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§105(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2458.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsection".
§7513a.Planprovisionsandschedulesforplansubmissions
(a)ModerateAreas
(1)Planprovisions
EachStateinwhichallorpartofaModerateAreaislocatedshallsubmit,accordingtotheapplicablescheduleunderparagraph(2),animplementationplanthatincludeseachofthefollowing:
(A)Forthepurposeofmeetingtherequirementsofsection7502(c)(5)ofthistitle,apermitprogramprovidingthatpermitsmeetingtherequirementsofsection7503ofthistitlearerequiredfortheconstructionandoperationofnewandmodifiedmajorstationarysourcesofPM–10.
(B)Either(i)ademonstration(includingairqualitymodeling)thattheplanwillprovideforattainmentbytheapplicableattainmentdate;or(ii)ademonstrationthatattainmentbysuchdateisimpracticable.
(C)ProvisionstoassurethatreasonablyavailablecontrolmeasuresforthecontrolofPM–10shallbeimplementednolaterthanDecember10,1993,or4yearsafterdesignationinthecaseofanareaclassifiedasmoderateafterNovember15,1990.
(2)Scheduleforplansubmissions
AStateshallsubmittheplanrequiredundersubparagraph(1)nolaterthanthefollowing:
(A)Within1yearofNovember15,1990,forareasdesignatednonattainmentundersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle,exceptthattheprovisionrequiredundersubparagraph(1)(A)shallbesubmittednolaterthanJune30,1992.
(B)18monthsafterthedesignationasnonattainment,forthoseareasdesignatednonattainmentafterthedesignationsprescribedundersection7407(d)(4)ofthistitle.
(b)SeriousAreas
(1)Planprovisions
Inadditiontotheprovisionssubmittedtomeettherequirementsofparagraph 1(a)(1)(relatingtoModerateAreas),eachStateinwhichallorpartofaSeriousAreaislocatedshallsubmitanimplementationplanforsuchareathatincludeseachofthefollowing:
(A)Ademonstration(includingairqualitymodeling)—
(i)thattheplanprovidesforattainmentofthePM–10nationalambientairqualitystandardbytheapplicableattainmentdate,or
(ii)foranyareaforwhichtheStateisseeking,pursuanttosection7513(e)ofthistitle,anextensionoftheattainmentdatebeyondthedatesetforthinsection7513(c)ofthistitle,thatattainmentbythatdatewouldbeimpracticable,andthattheplanprovidesforattainmentbythemostexpeditiousalternativedatepracticable.
(B)ProvisionstoassurethatthebestavailablecontrolmeasuresforthecontrolofPM–10shallbeimplementednolaterthan4yearsafterthedatetheareaisclassified(orreclassified)asaSeriousArea.
(2)Scheduleforplansubmissions
AStateshallsubmitthedemonstrationrequiredforanareaunderparagraph(1)(A)nolaterthan4yearsafterreclassificationoftheareatoSerious,exceptthatforareasreclassifiedundersection7513(b)(2)ofthistitle,theStateshallsubmittheattainmentdemonstrationwithin18monthsafterreclassificationtoSerious.AStateshallsubmittheprovisionsdescribedunderparagraph(1)(B)nolaterthan18monthsafterreclassificationoftheareaasaSeriousArea.
(3)Majorsources
ForanySeriousArea,theterms"majorsource"and"majorstationarysource"includeanystationarysourceorgroupofstationarysourceslocatedwithinacontiguousareaandundercommoncontrolthatemits,orhasthepotentialtoemit,atleast70tonsperyearofPM–10.
(c)Milestones
(1)PlanrevisionsdemonstratingattainmentsubmittedtotheAdministratorforapprovalunderthissubpartshallcontainquantitativemilestoneswhicharetobeachievedevery3yearsuntiltheareaisredesignatedattainmentandwhichdemonstratereasonablefurtherprogress,asdefinedinsection7501(1)ofthistitle,towardattainmentbytheapplicabledate.
(2)Notlaterthan90daysafterthedateonwhichamilestoneapplicabletotheareaoccurs,eachStateinwhichallorpartofsuchareaislocatedshallsubmittotheAdministratorademonstrationthatallmeasuresintheplanapprovedunderthissectionhavebeenimplementedandthatthemilestonehasbeenmet.Ademonstrationunderthissubsectionshallbesubmittedinsuchformandmanner,andshallcontainsuchinformationandanalysis,astheAdministratorshallrequire.TheAdministratorshalldeterminewhetherornotaState'sdemonstrationunderthissubsectionisadequatewithin90daysaftertheAdministrator'sreceiptofademonstrationwhichcontainstheinformationandanalysisrequiredbytheAdministrator.
(3)IfaStatefailstosubmitademonstrationunderparagraph(2)withrespecttoamilestonewithintherequiredperiodoriftheAdministratordeterminesthattheareahasnotmetanyapplicablemilestone,theAdministratorshallrequiretheState,within9monthsaftersuchfailureordeterminationtosubmitaplanrevisionthatassuresthattheStatewillachievethenextmilestone(orattainthenationalambientairqualitystandardforPM–10,ifthereisnonextmilestone)bytheapplicabledate.
(d)Failuretoattain
InthecaseofaSeriousPM–10nonattainmentareainwhichthePM–10standardisnotattainedbytheapplicableattainmentdate,theStateinwhichsuchareaislocatedshall,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,submitwithin12monthsaftertheapplicableattainmentdate,planrevisionswhichprovideforattainmentofthePM–10airqualitystandardand,fromthedateofsuchsubmissionuntilattainment,foranannualreductioninPM–10orPM–10precursoremissionswithintheareaofnotlessthan5percentoftheamountofsuchemissionsasreportedinthemostrecentinventorypreparedforsucharea.
(e)PM–10precursors
ThecontrolrequirementsapplicableunderplansineffectunderthispartformajorstationarysourcesofPM–10shallalsoapplytomajorstationarysourcesofPM–10precursors,exceptwheretheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchsourcesdonotcontributesignificantlytoPM–10levelswhichexceedthestandardinthearea.TheAdministratorshallissueguidelinesregardingtheapplicationoftheprecedingsentence.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§189,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§105(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2460.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsection".
§7513b.IssuanceofRACMandBACMguidance
TheAdministratorshallissue,inthesamemannerandaccordingtothesameprocedureasguidanceisissuedundersection7408(c)ofthistitle,technicalguidanceonreasonablyavailablecontrolmeasuresandbestavailablecontrolmeasuresforurbanfugitivedust,andemissionsfromresidentialwoodcombustion(includingcurtailmentsandexemptionsfromsuchcurtailments)andprescribedsilviculturalandagriculturalburning,nolaterthan18monthsfollowingNovember15,1990.TheAdministratorshallalsoexamineothercategoriesofsourcescontributingtononattainmentofthePM–10standard,anddeterminewhetheradditionalguidanceonreasonablyavailablecontrolmeasuresandbestavailablecontrolmeasuresisneeded,andissueanysuchguidancenolaterthan3yearsafterNovember15,1990.Inissuingguidelinesandmakingdeterminationsunderthissection,theAdministrator(inconsultationwiththeState)shalltakeintoaccountemissionreductionsachieved,orexpectedtobeachieved,undersubchapterIV–Aandotherprovisionsofthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§190,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§105(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2462.)
subpart5—additionalprovisionsforareasdesignatednonattainmentforsulfuroxides,nitrogendioxide,orlead
§7514.Plansubmissiondeadlines
(a)Submission
AnyStatecontaininganareadesignatedorredesignatedundersection7407(d)ofthistitleasnonattainmentwithrespecttothenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardsforsulfuroxides,nitrogendioxide,orleadsubsequenttoNovember15,1990,shallsubmittotheAdministrator,within18monthsofthedesignation,anapplicableimplementationplanmeetingtherequirementsofthispart.
(b)StateslackingfullyapprovedStateimplementationplans
AnyStatecontaininganareadesignatednonattainmentwithrespecttonationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardsforsulfuroxidesornitrogendioxideundersection7407(d)(1)(C)(i)ofthistitle,butlackingafullyapprovedimplementationplancomplyingwiththerequirementsofthischapter(includingthispart)asineffectimmediatelybeforeNovember15,1990,shallsubmittotheAdministrator,within18monthsofNovember15,1990,animplementationplanmeetingtherequirementsofsubpart1(exceptasotherwiseprescribedbysection7514aofthistitle).
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§191,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§106,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2463.)
§7514a.Attainmentdates
(a)Plansundersection7514(a)
Implementationplansrequiredundersection7514(a)ofthistitleshallprovideforattainmentoftherelevantprimarystandardasexpeditiouslyaspracticablebutnolaterthan5yearsfromthedateofthenonattainmentdesignation.
(b)Plansundersection7514(b)
Implementationplansrequiredundersection7514(b)ofthistitleshallprovideforattainmentoftherelevantprimarynationalambientairqualitystandardwithin5yearsafterNovember15,1990.
(c)Inadequateplans
ImplementationplansfornonattainmentareasforsulfuroxidesornitrogendioxidewithplansthatwereapprovedbytheAdministratorbeforeNovember15,1990,but,subsequenttosuchapproval,werefoundbytheAdministratortobesubstantiallyinadequate,shallprovideforattainmentoftherelevantprimarystandardwithin5yearsfromthedateofsuchfinding.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§192,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§106,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2463.)
subpart6—savingsprovisions
§7515.Generalsavingsclause
Eachregulation,standard,rule,notice,orderandguidancepromulgatedorissuedbytheAdministratorunderthischapter,asineffectbeforeNovember15,1990,shallremainineffectaccordingtoitsterms,excepttotheextentotherwiseprovidedunderthischapter,inconsistentwithanyprovisionofthischapter,orrevisedbytheAdministrator.Nocontrolrequirementineffect,orrequiredtobeadoptedbyanorder,settlementagreement,orplanineffectbeforeNovember15,1990,inanyareawhichisanonattainmentareaforanyairpollutantmaybemodifiedafterNovember15,1990,inanymannerunlessthemodificationinsuresequivalentorgreateremissionreductionsofsuchairpollutant.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§193,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleI,§108(l),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2469.)
SUBCHAPTERII—EMISSIONSTANDARDSFORMOVINGSOURCES
PartA—MotorVehicleEmissionandFuelStandards
§7521.Emissionstandardsfornewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleengines
(a)AuthorityofAdministratortoprescribebyregulation
Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinsubsection(b)—
(1)TheAdministratorshallbyregulationprescribe(andfromtimetotimerevise)inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthissection,standardsapplicabletotheemissionofanyairpollutantfromanyclassorclassesofnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleengines,whichinhisjudgmentcause,orcontributeto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare.Suchstandardsshallbeapplicabletosuchvehiclesandenginesfortheirusefullife(asdeterminedundersubsection(d),relatingtousefullifeofvehiclesforpurposesofcertification),whethersuchvehiclesandenginesaredesignedascompletesystemsorincorporatedevicestopreventorcontrolsuchpollution.
(2)Anyregulationprescribedunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsection(andanyrevisionthereof)shalltakeeffectaftersuchperiodastheAdministratorfindsnecessarytopermitthedevelopmentandapplicationoftherequisitetechnology,givingappropriateconsiderationtothecostofcompliancewithinsuchperiod.
(3)(A)Ingeneral.—(i)Unlessthestandardischangedasprovidedinsubparagraph(B),regulationsunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsectionapplicabletoemissionsofhydrocarbons,carbonmonoxide,oxidesofnitrogen,andparticulatematterfromclassesorcategoriesofheavy-dutyvehiclesorenginesmanufacturedduringoraftermodelyear1983shallcontainstandardswhichreflectthegreatestdegreeofemissionreductionachievablethroughtheapplicationoftechnologywhichtheAdministratordetermineswillbeavailableforthemodelyeartowhichsuchstandardsapply,givingappropriateconsiderationtocost,energy,andsafetyfactorsassociatedwiththeapplicationofsuchtechnology.
(ii)Inestablishingclassesorcategoriesofvehiclesorenginesforpurposesofregulationsunderthisparagraph,theAdministratormaybasesuchclassesorcategoriesongrossvehicleweight,horsepower,typeoffuelused,orotherappropriatefactors.
(B)Revisedstandardsforheavydutytrucks.—(i)OnthebasisofinformationavailabletotheAdministratorconcerningtheeffectsofairpollutantsemittedfromheavy-dutyvehiclesorenginesandfromothersourcesofmobilesourcerelatedpollutantsonthepublichealthandwelfare,andtakingcostsintoaccount,theAdministratormaypromulgateregulationsunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsectionrevisinganystandardpromulgatedunder,orbeforethedateof,theenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990(orpreviouslyrevisedunderthissubparagraph)andapplicabletoclassesorcategoriesofheavy-dutyvehiclesorengines.
(ii)Effectiveforthemodelyear1998andthereafter,theregulationsunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsectionapplicabletoemissionsofoxidesofnitrogen(NOx)fromgasolineanddiesel-fueledheavydutytrucksshallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatsuchemissionsmaynotexceed4.0gramsperbrakehorsepowerhour(gbh).
(C)Leadtimeandstability.—Anystandardpromulgatedorrevisedunderthisparagraphandapplicabletoclassesorcategoriesofheavy-dutyvehiclesorenginesshallapplyforaperiodofnolessthan3modelyearsbeginningnoearlierthanthemodelyearcommencing4yearsaftersuchrevisedstandardispromulgated.
(D)Rebuildingpractices.—TheAdministratorshallstudythepracticeofrebuildingheavy-dutyenginesandtheimpactrebuildinghasonengineemissions.OnthebasisofthatstudyandotherinformationavailabletotheAdministrator,theAdministratormayprescriberequirementstocontrolrebuildingpractices,includingstandardsapplicabletoemissionsfromanyrebuiltheavy-dutyengines(whetherornottheengineispastitsstatutoryusefullife),whichintheAdministrator'sjudgmentcause,orcontributeto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfaretakingcostsintoaccount.AnyregulationshalltakeeffectafteraperiodtheAdministratorfindsnecessarytopermitthedevelopmentandapplicationoftherequisitecontrolmeasures,givingappropriateconsiderationtothecostofcompliancewithintheperiodandenergyandsafetyfactors.
(E)Motorcycles.—Forpurposesofthisparagraph,motorcyclesandmotorcycleenginesshallbetreatedinthesamemannerasheavy-dutyvehiclesandengines(exceptasotherwisepermittedundersection7525(f)(1) 1ofthistitle)unlesstheAdministratorpromulgatesarulereclassifyingmotorcyclesaslight-dutyvehicleswithinthemeaningofthissectionorunlesstheAdministratorpromulgatesregulationsundersubsection(a)applyingstandardsapplicabletotheemissionofairpollutantsfrommotorcyclesasaseparateclassorcategory.Inanycaseinwhichsuchstandardsarepromulgatedforsuchemissionsfrommotorcyclesasaseparateclassorcategory,theAdministrator,inpromulgatingsuchstandards,shallconsidertheneedtoachieveequivalencyofemissionreductionsbetweenmotorcyclesandothermotorvehiclestothemaximumextentpracticable.
(4)(A)Effectivewithrespecttovehiclesandenginesmanufacturedaftermodelyear1978,noemissioncontroldevice,system,orelementofdesignshallbeusedinanewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleengineforpurposesofcomplyingwithrequirementsprescribedunderthissubchapterifsuchdevice,system,orelementofdesignwillcauseorcontributetoanunreasonablerisktopublichealth,welfare,orsafetyinitsoperationorfunction.
(B)Indeterminingwhetheranunreasonableriskexistsundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshallconsider,amongotherfactors,(i)whetherandtowhatextenttheuseofanydevice,system,orelementofdesigncauses,increases,reduces,oreliminatesemissionsofanyunregulatedpollutants;(ii)availablemethodsforreducingoreliminatinganyrisktopublichealth,welfare,orsafetywhichmaybeassociatedwiththeuseofsuchdevice,system,orelementofdesign,and(iii)theavailabilityofotherdevices,systems,orelementsofdesignwhichmaybeusedtoconformtorequirementsprescribedunderthissubchapterwithoutcausingorcontributingtosuchunreasonablerisk.TheAdministratorshallincludeintheconsiderationrequiredbythisparagraphallrelevantinformationdevelopedpursuanttosection7548ofthistitle.
(5)(A)IftheAdministratorpromulgatesfinalregulationswhichdefinethedegreeofcontrolrequiredandthetestproceduresbywhichcompliancecouldbedeterminedforgasolinevaporrecoveryofuncontrolledemissionsfromthefuelingofmotorvehicles,theAdministratorshall,afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportationwithrespecttomotorvehiclesafety,prescribe,byregulation,fillpipestandardsfornewmotorvehiclesinordertoinsureeffectiveconnectionbetweensuchfillpipeandanyvaporrecoverysystemwhichtheAdministratordeterminesmayberequiredtocomplywithsuchvaporrecoveryregulations.InpromulgatingsuchstandardstheAdministratorshalltakeintoconsiderationlimitsonfillpipediameter,minimumdesigncriteriafornozzleretainerlips,limitsonthelocationoftheunleadedfuelrestrictors,aminimumaccesszonesurroundingafillpipe,aminimumpipeornozzleinsertionangle,andsuchotherfactorsashedeemspertinent.
(B)Regulationsprescribingstandardsundersubparagraph(A)shallnotbecomeeffectiveuntiltheintroductionofthemodelyearforwhichitwouldbefeasibletoimplementsuchstandards,takingintoconsiderationtherestraintsofanadequateleadtimefordesignandproduction.
(C)Nothinginsubparagraph(A)shall(i)preventtheAdministratorfromspecifyingdifferentnozzleandfillnecksizesforgasolinewithadditivesandgasolinewithoutadditivesor(ii)permittheAdministratortorequireaspecificlocation,configuration,modeling,orstylingofthemotorvehiclebodywithrespecttothefueltankfillneckorfillnozzleclearanceenvelope.
(D)Forthepurposeofthisparagraph,theterm"fillpipe"shallincludethefueltankfillpipe,fillneck,fillinlet,andclosure.
(6)Onboardvaporrecovery.—Within1yearafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshall,afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportationregardingthesafetyofvehicle-based("onboard")systemsforthecontrolofvehiclerefuelingemissions,promulgatestandardsunderthissectionrequiringthatnewlight-dutyvehiclesmanufacturedbeginninginthefourthmodelyearafterthemodelyearinwhichthestandardsarepromulgatedandthereaftershallbeequippedwithsuchsystems.Thestandardsrequiredunderthisparagraphshallapplytoapercentageofeachmanufacturer'sfleetofnewlight-dutyvehiclesbeginningwiththefourthmodelyearafterthemodelyearinwhichthestandardsarepromulgated.Thepercentageshallbeasspecifiedinthefollowingtable:
ImplementationScheduleforOnboardVaporRecoveryRequirements
ModelyearcommencingafterstandardspromulgatedPercentage*
Fourth
40
Fifth
80
AfterFifth
100
*Percentagesinthetablerefertoapercentageofthemanufacturer'ssalesvolume.
Thestandardsshallrequirethatsuchsystemsprovideaminimumevaporativeemissioncaptureefficiencyof95percent.Therequirementsofsection7511a(b)(3)ofthistitle(relatingtostageIIgasolinevaporrecovery)forareasclassifiedundersection7511ofthistitleasmoderateforozoneshallnotapplyafterpromulgationofsuchstandardsandtheAdministratormay,byrule,reviseorwaivetheapplicationoftherequirementsofsuchsection7511a(b)(3)ofthistitleforareasclassifiedundersection7511ofthistitleasSerious,Severe,orExtremeforozone,asappropriate,aftersuchtimeastheAdministratordeterminesthatonboardemissionscontrolsystemsrequiredunderthisparagraphareinwidespreadusethroughoutthemotorvehiclefleet.
(b)Emissionsofcarbonmonoxide,hydrocarbons,andoxidesofnitrogen;annualreporttoCongress;waiverofemissionstandards;researchobjectives
(1)(A)Theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofcarbonmonoxideandhydrocarbonsfromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringmodelyears1977through1979shallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatsuchemissionsfromsuchvehiclesandenginesmaynotexceed1.5gramspervehiclemileofhydrocarbonsand15.0gramspervehiclemileofcarbonmonoxide.Theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofcarbonmonoxidefromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringthemodelyear1980shallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatsuchemissionsmaynotexceed7.0gramspervehiclemile.Theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofhydrocarbonsfromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringoraftermodelyear1980shallcontainstandardswhichrequireareductionofatleast90percentfromemissionsofsuchpollutantallowableunderthestandardsunderthissectionapplicabletolight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinmodelyear1970.Unlesswaivedasprovidedinparagraph(5),1regulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofcarbonmonoxidefromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringorafterthemodelyear1981shallcontainstandardswhichrequireareductionofatleast90percentfromemissionsofsuchpollutantallowableunderthestandardsunderthissectionapplicabletolight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinmodelyear1970.
(B)Theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenfromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringmodelyears1977through1980shallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatsuchemissionsfromsuchvehiclesandenginesmaynotexceed2.0gramspervehiclemile.Theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenfromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringthemodelyear1981andthereaftershallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatsuchemissionsfromsuchvehiclesandenginesmaynotexceed1.0grampervehiclemile.TheAdministratorshallprescribestandardsinlieuofthoserequiredbytheprecedingsentence,whichprovidethatemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenmaynotexceed2.0gramspervehiclemileforanylight-dutyvehiclemanufacturedduringmodelyears1981and1982byanymanufacturerwhoseproduction,bycorporateidentity,forcalendaryear1976waslessthanthreehundredthousandlight-dutymotorvehiclesworldwideiftheAdministratordeterminesthat—
(i)theabilityofsuchmanufacturertomeetemissionstandardsinthe1975andsubsequentmodelyearswas,andis,primarilydependentupontechnologydevelopedbyothermanufacturersandpurchasedfromsuchmanufacturers;and
(ii)suchmanufacturerlacksthefinancialresourcesandtechnologicalabilitytodevelopsuchtechnology.
(C)TheAdministratormaypromulgateregulationsundersubsection(a)(1)revisinganystandardprescribedorpreviouslyrevisedunderthissubsection,asneededtoprotectpublichealthorwelfare,takingcosts,energy,andsafetyintoaccount.Anyrevisedstandardshallrequireareductionofemissionsfromthestandardthatwaspreviouslyapplicable.Anysuchrevisionunderthissubchaptermayprovideforaphase-inofthestandard.ItistheintentofCongressthatthenumericalemissionstandardsspecifiedinsubsections(a)(3)(B)(ii),(g),(h),and(i)shallnotbemodifiedbytheAdministratorafterNovember15,1990,foranymodelyearbeforethemodelyear2004.
(2)Emissionstandardsunderparagraph(1),andmeasurementtechniquesonwhichsuchstandardsarebased(ifnotpromulgatedpriortoNovember15,1990),shallbepromulgatedbyregulationwithin180daysafterNovember15,1990.
(3)Forpurposesofthispart—
(A)(i)Theterm"modelyear"withreferencetoanyspecificcalendaryearmeansthemanufacturer'sannualproductionperiod(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator)whichincludesJanuary1ofsuchcalendaryear.Ifthemanufacturerhasnoannualproductionperiod,theterm"modelyear"shallmeanthecalendaryear.
(ii)Forthepurposeofassuringthatvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedbeforethebeginningofamodelyearwerenotmanufacturedforpurposesofcircumventingtheeffectivedateofastandardrequiredtobeprescribedbysubsection(b),theAdministratormayprescriberegulationsdefining"modelyear"otherwisethanasprovidedinclause(i).
(B)Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§230(1),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2529.
(C)Theterm"heavydutyvehicle"meansatruck,bus,orothervehiclemanufacturedprimarilyforuseonthepublicstreets,roads,andhighways(notincludinganyvehicleoperatedexclusivelyonarailorrails)whichhasagrossvehicleweight(asdeterminedunderregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator)inexcessofsixthousandpounds.Suchtermincludesanysuchvehiclewhichhasspecialfeaturesenablingoff-streetoroff-highwayoperationanduse.
(3) 2Uponthepetitionofanymanufacturer,theAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,maywaivethestandardrequiredundersubparagraph(B)ofparagraph(1)tonotexceed1.5gramsofoxidesofnitrogenpervehiclemileforanyclassorcategoryoflight-dutyvehiclesorenginesmanufacturedbysuchmanufacturerduringanyperiodofuptofourmodelyearsbeginningafterthemodelyear1980ifthemanufacturerdemonstratesthatsuchwaiverisnecessarytopermittheuseofaninnovativepowertraintechnology,orinnovativeemissioncontroldeviceorsystem,insuchclassorcategoryofvehiclesorenginesandthatsuchtechnologyorsystemwasnotutilizedbymorethan1percentofthelight-dutyvehiclessoldintheUnitedStatesinthe1975modelyear.SuchwaivermaybegrantedonlyiftheAdministratordetermines—
(A)thatsuchwaiverwouldnotendangerpublichealth,
(B)thatthereisasubstantiallikelihoodthatthevehiclesorengineswillbeabletocomplywiththeapplicablestandardunderthissectionattheexpirationofthewaiver,and
(C)thatthetechnologyorsystemhasapotentialforlong-termairqualitybenefitandhasthepotentialtomeetorexceedtheaveragefueleconomystandardapplicableundertheEnergyPolicyandConservationAct[42U.S.C.6201etseq.]upontheexpirationofthewaiver.
Nowaiverunderthissubparagraph 3grantedtoanymanufacturershallapplytomorethan5percentofsuchmanufacturer'sproductionormorethanfiftythousandvehiclesorengines,whicheverisgreater.
(c)FeasibilitystudyandinvestigationbyNationalAcademyofSciences;reportstoAdministratorandCongress;availabilityofinformation
(1)TheAdministratorshallundertaketoenterintoappropriatearrangementswiththeNationalAcademyofSciencestoconductacomprehensivestudyandinvestigationofthetechnologicalfeasibilityofmeetingtheemissionsstandardsrequiredtobeprescribedbytheAdministratorbysubsection(b)ofthissection.
(2)OfthefundsauthorizedtobeappropriatedtotheAdministratorbythischapter,suchamountsasarerequiredshallbeavailabletocarryoutthestudyandinvestigationauthorizedbyparagraph(1)ofthissubsection.
(3)InenteringintoanyarrangementwiththeNationalAcademyofSciencesforconductingthestudyandinvestigationauthorizedbyparagraph(1)ofthissubsection,theAdministratorshallrequesttheNationalAcademyofSciencestosubmitsemiannualreportsontheprogressofitsstudyandinvestigationtotheAdministratorandtheCongress,beginningnotlaterthanJuly1,1971,andcontinuinguntilsuchstudyandinvestigationiscompleted.
(4)TheAdministratorshallfurnishtosuchAcademyatitsrequestanyinformationwhichtheAcademydeemsnecessaryforthepurposeofconductingtheinvestigationandstudyauthorizedbyparagraph(1)ofthissubsection.Forthepurposeoffurnishingsuchinformation,theAdministratormayuseanyauthorityhehasunderthischapter(A)toobtaininformationfromanyperson,and(B)torequiresuchpersontoconductsuchtests,keepsuchrecords,andmakesuchreportsrespectingresearchorotheractivitiesconductedbysuchpersonasmaybereasonablynecessarytocarryoutthissubsection.
(d)Usefullifeofvehicles
TheAdministratorshallprescriberegulationsunderwhichtheusefullifeofvehiclesandenginesshallbedeterminedforpurposesofsubsection(a)(1)ofthissectionandsection7541ofthistitle.Suchregulationsshallprovidethatexceptwhereadifferentusefullifeperiodisspecifiedinthissubchapterusefullifeshall—
(1)inthecaseoflightdutyvehiclesandlightdutyvehicleenginesandlight-dutytrucksupto3,750lbs.LVWandupto6,000lbs.GVWR,beaperiodofuseoffiveyearsorfiftythousandmiles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs,exceptthatinthecaseofanyrequirementofthissectionwhichfirstbecomesapplicableafterNovember15,1990,wheretheusefullifeperiodisnototherwisespecifiedforsuchvehiclesandengines,theperiodshallbe10yearsor100,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs,withtestingforpurposesofin-usecomplianceundersection7541ofthistitleupto(butnotbeyond)7yearsor75,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs;
(2)inthecaseofanyothermotorvehicleormotorvehicleengine(otherthanmotorcyclesormotorcycleengines),beaperiodofusesetforthinparagraph(1)unlesstheAdministratordeterminesthataperiodofuseofgreaterdurationormileageisappropriate;and
(3)inthecaseofanymotorcycleormotorcycleengine,beaperiodofusetheAdministratorshalldetermine.
(e)Newpowersourcesorpropulsionsystems
Intheeventofanewpowersourceorpropulsionsystemfornewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleenginesissubmittedforcertificationpursuanttosection7525(a)ofthistitle,theAdministratormaypostponecertificationuntilhehasprescribedstandardsforanyairpollutantsemittedbysuchvehicleorenginewhichinhisjudgmentcause,orcontributeto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerthepublichealthorwelfarebutforwhichstandardshavenotbeenprescribedundersubsection(a).
(f) 4Highaltituderegulations
(1)Thehighaltituderegulationineffectwithrespecttomodelyear1977motorvehiclesshallnotapplytothemanufacture,distribution,orsaleof1978andlatermodelyearmotorvehicles.Anyfutureregulationaffectingthesaleordistributionofmotorvehiclesorenginesmanufacturedbeforethemodelyear1984inhighaltitudeareasofthecountryshalltakeeffectnoearlierthanmodelyear1981.
(2)Anysuchfutureregulationapplicabletohighaltitudevehiclesorenginesshallnotrequireapercentageofreductionintheemissionsofsuchvehicleswhichisgreaterthantherequiredpercentageofreductioninemissionsfrommotorvehiclesassetforthinsubsection(b).Thispercentagereductionshallbedeterminedbycomparinganyproposedhighaltitudeemissionstandardstohighaltitudeemissionsfromvehiclesmanufacturedduringmodelyear1970.Innoeventshallregulationsapplicabletohighaltitudevehiclesmanufacturedbeforethemodelyear1984establishanumericalstandardwhichismorestringentthanthatapplicabletovehiclescertifiedundernon-highaltitudeconditions.
(3)Section7607(d)ofthistitleshallapplytoanyhighaltituderegulationreferredtoinparagraph(2)andbeforepromulgatinganysuchregulation,theAdministratorshallconsiderandmakeafindingwithrespectto—
(A)theeconomicimpactuponconsumers,individualhighaltitudedealers,andtheautomobileindustryofanysuchregulation,includingtheeconomicimpactwhichwasexperiencedasaresultoftheregulationimposedduringmodelyear1977withrespecttohighaltitudecertificationrequirements;
(B)thepresentandfutureavailabilityofemissioncontroltechnologycapableofmeetingtheapplicablevehicleandengineemissionrequirementswithoutreducingmodelavailability;and
(C)thelikelihoodthattheadoptionofsuchahighaltituderegulationwillresultinanysignificantimprovementinairqualityinanyareatowhichitshallapply.
(g)Light-dutytrucksupto6,000lbs.GVWRandlight-dutyvehicles;standardsformodelyearsafter1993
(1)NMHC,CO,andNOx
Effectivewithrespecttothemodelyear1994andthereafter,theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofnonmethanehydrocarbons(NMHC),carbonmonoxide(CO),andoxidesofnitrogen(NOx)fromlight-dutytrucks(LDTs)ofupto6,000lbs.grossvehicleweightrating(GVWR)andlight-dutyvehicles(LDVs)shallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatemissionsfromapercentageofeachmanufacturer'ssalesvolumeofsuchvehiclesandtrucksshallcomplywiththelevelsspecifiedintableG.Thepercentageshallbeasspecifiedintheimplementationschedulebelow:
tableg—emissionstandardsfornmhc,co,andnoxfromlight-dutytrucksofupto6,000lbs.gvwrandlight-dutyvehicles
VehicletypeColumnAColumnB
(5yrs/50,000mi)(10yrs/100,000mi)
NMHCCONOxNMHCCONOx
LDTs(0–3,750lbs.LVW)andlight-dutyvehicles
0.25
3.4
0.4*
0.31
4.2
0.6*
LDTs(3,751–5,750lbs.LVW)
0.32
4.4
0.7**
0.40
5.5
0.97
Standardsareexpressedingramspermile(gpm).
ForstandardsundercolumnA,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe5yearsor50,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs.
ForstandardsundercolumnB,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe10yearsor100,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs.
*Inthecaseofdiesel-fueledLDTs(0–3,750lvw)andlight-dutyvehicles,beforethemodelyear2004,inlieuofthe0.4and0.6standardsforNOx,theapplicablestandardsforNOxshallbe1.0gpmforausefullifeof5yearsor50,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs,and1.25gpmforausefullifeof10yearsor100,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccurs.
**Thisstandarddoesnotapplytodiesel-fueledLDTs(3,751–5,750lbs.LVW).
ImplementationScheduleforTableGStandards
ModelyearPercentage*
1994
40
1995
80
after1995
100
*Percentagesinthetablerefertoapercentageofeachmanufacturer'ssalesvolume.
(2)PMStandard
Effectivewithrespecttomodelyear1994andthereafterinthecaseoflight-dutyvehicles,andeffectivewithrespecttothemodelyear1995andthereafterinthecaseoflight-dutytrucks(LDTs)ofupto6,000lbs.grossvehicleweightrating(GVWR),theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofparticulatematter(PM)fromsuchvehiclesandtrucksshallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatsuchemissionsfromapercentageofeachmanufacturer'ssalesvolumeofsuchvehiclesandtrucksshallnotexceedthelevelsspecifiedinthetablebelow.ThepercentageshallbeasspecifiedintheImplementationSchedulebelow.
PMStandardforLDTsofupto6,000lbs.GVWR
UsefullifeperiodStandard
5/50,000
0.08gpm
10/100,000
0.10gpm
Theapplicableusefullife,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitleandforpurposesofin-usecomplianceundersection7541ofthistitle,shallbe5yearsor50,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs,inthecaseofthe5/50,000standard.
Theapplicableusefullife,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitleandforpurposesofin-usecomplianceundersection7541ofthistitle,shallbe10yearsor100,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccursinthecaseofthe10/100,000standard.
ImplementationScheduleforPMStandards
ModelyearLight-dutyvehiclesLDTs
1994
40%*
1995
80%*
40%*
1996
100%*
80%*
after1996
100%*
100%*
*Percentagesinthetablerefertoapercentageofeachmanufacturer'ssalesvolume.
(h)Light-dutytrucksofmorethan6,000lbs.GVWR;standardsformodelyearsafter1995
Effectivewithrespecttothemodelyear1996andthereafter,theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofnonmethanehydrocarbons(NMHC),carbonmonoxide(CO),oxidesofnitrogen(NOx),andparticulatematter(PM)fromlight-dutytrucks(LDTs)ofmorethan6,000lbs.grossvehicleweightrating(GVWR)shallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatemissionsfromaspecifiedpercentageofeachmanufacturer'ssalesvolumeofsuchtrucksshallcomplywiththelevelsspecifiedintableH.Thespecifiedpercentageshallbe50percentinmodelyear1996and100percentthereafter.
tableh—emissionstandardsfornmhcandcofromgasolineanddieselfueledlight-dutytrucksofmorethan6,000lbs.gvwr
LDTTestweightColumnAColumnB
(5yrs/50,000mi)(11yrs/120,000mi)
NMHCCONOxNMHCCONOxPM
3,751–5,750lbs.TW
0.32
4.4
0.7*
0.46
6.4
0.98
0.10
Over5,750lbs.TW
0.39
5.0
1.1*
0.56
7.3
1.53
0.12
Standardsareexpressedingramspermile(GPM).
ForstandardsundercolumnA,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe5yearsor50,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccurs.
ForstandardsundercolumnB,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe11yearsor120,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs.
*Notapplicabletodiesel-fueledLDTs.
(i)PhaseIIstudyforcertainlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytrucks
(1)TheAdministrator,withtheparticipationoftheOfficeofTechnologyAssessment,shallstudywhetherornotfurtherreductionsinemissionsfromlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytrucksshouldberequiredpursuanttothissubchapter.ThestudyshallconsiderwhethertoestablishwithrespecttomodelyearscommencingafterJanuary1,2003,thestandardsandusefullifeperiodforgasolineanddiesel-fueledlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytruckswithaloadedvehicleweight(LVW)of3,750lbs.orlessspecifiedinthefollowingtable:
table3—pendingemissionstandardsforgasolineanddieselfueledlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytrucks3,750lbs.lvworless
PollutantEmissionlevel*
NMHC
0.125GPM
NOx
0.2GPM
CO
1.7GPM
*Emissionlevelsareexpressedingramspermile(GPM).Forvehiclesandenginessubjecttothissubsectionforpurposesofsubsection(d)andanyreferencethereto,theusefullifeofsuchvehiclesandenginesshallbeaperiodof10yearsor100,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs.
Suchstudyshallalsoconsiderotherstandardsandusefullifeperiodswhicharemorestringentorlessstringentthanthosesetforthintable3(butmorestringentthanthosereferredtoinsubsections(g)and(h)).
(2)(A)Aspartofthestudyunderparagraph(1),theAdministratorshallexaminetheneedforfurtherreductionsinemissionsinordertoattainormaintainthenationalambientairqualitystandards,takingintoconsiderationthewaiverprovisionsofsection7543(b)ofthistitle.Aspartofsuchstudy,theAdministratorshallalsoexamine—
(i)theavailabilityoftechnology(includingthecoststhereof),inthecaseoflight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytruckswithaloadedvehicleweight(LVW)of3,750lbs.orless,formeetingmorestringentemissionstandardsthanthoseprovidedinsubsections(g)and(h)formodelyearscommencingnotearlierthanafterJanuary1,2003,andnotlaterthanmodelyear2006,includingtheleadtimeandsafetyandenergyimpactsofmeetingmorestringentemissionstandards;and
(ii)theneedfor,andcosteffectivenessof,obtainingfurtherreductionsinemissionsfromsuchlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytrucks,takingintoconsiderationalternativemeansofattainingormaintainingthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardspursuanttoStateimplementationplansandotherrequirementsofthischapter,includingtheirfeasibilityandcosteffectiveness.
(B)TheAdministratorshallsubmitareporttoCongressnolaterthanJune1,1997,containingtheresultsofthestudyunderthissubsection,includingtheresultsoftheexaminationconductedundersubparagraph(A).BeforesubmittalofsuchreporttheAdministratorshallprovideareasonableopportunityforpubliccommentandshallincludeasummaryofsuchcommentsinthereporttoCongress.
(3)(A)Basedonthestudyunderparagraph(1)theAdministratorshalldetermine,byrule,within3calendaryearsafterthereportissubmittedtoCongress,butnotlaterthanDecember31,1999,whether—
(i)thereisaneedforfurtherreductionsinemissionsasprovidedinparagraph(2)(A);
(ii)thetechnologyformeetingmorestringentemissionstandardswillbeavailable,asprovidedinparagraph(2)(A)(i),inthecaseoflight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytruckswithaloadedvehicleweight(LVW)of3,750lbs.orless,formodelyearscommencingnotearlierthanJanuary1,2003,andnotlaterthanmodelyear2006,consideringthefactorslistedinparagraph(2)(A)(i);and
(iii)obtainingfurtherreductionsinemissionsfromsuchvehicleswillbeneededandcosteffective,takingintoconsiderationalternativesasprovidedinparagraph(2)(A)(ii).
Therulemakingunderthisparagraphshallcommencewithin3monthsaftersubmissionofthereporttoCongressunderparagraph(2)(B).
(B)IftheAdministratordeterminesundersubparagraph(A)that—
(i)thereisnoneedforfurtherreductionsinemissionsasprovidedinparagraph(2)(A);
(ii)thetechnologyformeetingmorestringentemissionstandardswillnotbeavailableasprovidedinparagraph(2)(A)(i),inthecaseoflight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytruckswithaloadedvehicleweight(LVW)of3,750lbs.orless,formodelyearscommencingnotearlierthanJanuary1,2003,andnotlaterthanmodelyear2006,consideringthefactorslistedinparagraph(2)(A)(i);or
(iii)obtainingfurtherreductionsinemissionsfromsuchvehicleswillnotbeneededorcosteffective,takingintoconsiderationalternativesasprovidedinparagraph(2)(A)(ii),
theAdministratorshallnotpromulgatemorestringentstandardsthanthoseineffectpursuanttosubsections(g)and(h).NothinginthisparagraphshallprohibittheAdministratorfromexercisingtheAdministrator'sauthorityundersubsection(a)topromulgatemorestringentstandardsforlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytruckswithaloadedvehicleweight(LVW)of3,750lbs.orlessatanyothertimethereafterinaccordancewithsubsection(a).
(C)IftheAdministratordeterminesundersubparagraph(A)that—
(i)thereisaneedforfurtherreductionsinemissionsasprovidedinparagraph(2)(A);
(ii)thetechnologyformeetingmorestringentemissionstandardswillbeavailable,asprovidedinparagraph(2)(A)(i),inthecaseoflight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytruckswithaloadedvehicleweight(LVW)of3,750lbs.orless,formodelyearscommencingnotearlierthanJanuary1,2003,andnotlaterthanmodelyear2006,consideringthefactorslistedinparagraph(2)(A)(i);and
(iii)obtainingfurtherreductionsinemissionsfromsuchvehicleswillbeneededandcosteffective,takingintoconsiderationalternativesasprovidedinparagraph(2)(A)(ii),
theAdministratorshalleitherpromulgatethestandards(andusefullifeperiods)setforthinTable3inparagraph(1)orpromulgatealternativestandards(andusefullifeperiods)whicharemorestringentthanthosereferredtoinsubsections(g)and(h).Anysuchstandards(orusefullifeperiods)promulgatedbytheAdministratorshalltakeeffectwithrespecttoanysuchvehiclesorenginesnoearlierthanthemodelyear2003butnotlaterthanmodelyear2006,asdeterminedbytheAdministratorintherule.
(D)NothinginthisparagraphshallbeconstruedbytheAdministratororbyacourtasapresumptionthatanystandards(orusefullifeperiod)setforthinTable3shallbepromulgatedintherulemakingrequiredunderthisparagraph.TheactionrequiredoftheAdministratorinaccordancewiththisparagraphshallbetreatedasanondiscretionarydutyforpurposesofsection7604(a)(2)ofthistitle(relatingtocitizensuits).
(E)UnlesstheAdministratordeterminesnottopromulgatemorestringentstandardsasprovidedinsubparagraph(B)ortopostponetheeffectivedateofstandardsreferredtoinTable3inparagraph(1)ortoestablishalternativestandardsasprovidedinsubparagraph(C),effectivewithrespecttomodelyearscommencingafterJanuary1,2003,theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletoemissionsofnonmethanehydrocarbons(NMHC),oxidesofnitrogen(NOx),andcarbonmonoxide(CO)frommotorvehiclesandmotorvehicleenginesintheclassesspecifiedinTable3inparagraph(1)aboveshallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatemissionsmaynotexceedthependingemissionlevelsspecifiedinTable3inparagraph(1).
(j)ColdCOstandard
(1)PhaseI
Notlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsundersubsection(a)ofthissectionapplicabletoemissionsofcarbonmonoxidefrom1994andlatermodelyearlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytruckswhenoperatedat20degreesFahrenheit.Theregulationsshallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatemissionsofcarbonmonoxidefromamanufacturer'svehicleswhenoperatedat20degreesFahrenheitmaynotexceed,inthecaseoflight-dutyvehicles,10.0gramspermile,andinthecaseoflight-dutytrucks,alevelcomparableinstringencytothestandardapplicabletolight-dutyvehicles.Thestandardsshalltakeeffectaftermodelyear1993accordingtoaphase-inschedulewhichrequiresapercentageofeachmanufacturer'ssalesvolumeoflight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytruckstocomplywithapplicablestandardsaftermodelyear1993.Thepercentageshallbeasspecifiedinthefollowingtable:
Phase-InScheduleforColdStartStandards
ModelYearPercentage
1994
40
1995
80
1996andafter
100
(2)PhaseII
(A)NotlaterthanJune1,1997,theAdministratorshallcompleteastudyassessingtheneedforfurtherreductionsinemissionsofcarbonmonoxideandthemaximumreductionsinsuchemissionsachievablefrommodelyear2001andlatermodelyearlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytruckswhenoperatedat20degreesFahrenheit.
(B)(i)IfasofJune1,1997,6ormorenonattainmentareashaveacarbonmonoxidedesignvalueof9.5ppmorgreater,theregulationsundersubsection(a)(1)ofthissectionapplicabletoemissionsofcarbonmonoxidefrommodelyear2002andlatermodelyearlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytrucksshallcontainstandardswhichprovidethatemissionsofcarbonmonoxidefromsuchvehiclesandtruckswhenoperatedat20degreesFahrenheitmaynotexceed3.4gramspermile(gpm)inthecaseoflight-dutyvehiclesand4.4gramspermile(gpm)inthecaseoflight-dutytrucksupto6,000GVWRandalevelcomparableinstringencyinthecaseoflight-dutytrucks6,000GVWRandabove.
(ii)Indeterminingforpurposesofthissubparagraphwhether6ormorenonattainmentareashaveacarbonmonoxidedesignvalueof9.5ppmorgreater,theAdministratorshallexcludetheareasofSteubenville,Ohio,andOshkosh,Wisconsin.
(3)Useful-lifeforphaseIandphaseIIstandards
Inthecaseofthestandardsreferredtoinparagraphs(1)and(2),forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitleandin-usecomplianceundersection7541ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeperiodshallbe5yearsor50,000miles,whicheverfirstoccurs,exceptthattheAdministratormayextendsuchusefullifeperiod(forpurposesofsection7525ofthistitle,orsection7541ofthistitle,orboth)ifhedeterminesthatitisfeasibleforvehiclesandenginessubjecttosuchstandardstomeetsuchstandardsforalongerusefullife.IftheAdministratorextendssuchusefullifeperiod,theAdministratormaymakeanappropriateadjustmentofapplicablestandardsforsuchextendedusefullife.Nosuchextendedusefullifeshallextendbeyondtheusefullifeperiodprovidedinregulationsundersubsection(d).
(4)Heavy-dutyvehiclesandengines
TheAdministratormayalsopromulgateregulationsundersubsection(a)(1)applicabletoemissionsofcarbonmonoxidefromheavy-dutyvehiclesandengineswhenoperatedatcoldtemperatures.
(k)Controlofevaporativeemissions
TheAdministratorshallpromulgate(andfromtimetotimerevise)regulationsapplicabletoevaporativeemissionsofhydrocarbonsfromallgasoline-fueledmotorvehicles—
(1)duringoperation;and
(2)over2ormoredaysofnonuse;
underozone-pronesummertimeconditions(asdeterminedbyregulationsoftheAdministrator).Theregulationsshalltakeeffectasexpeditiouslyaspossibleandshallrequirethegreatestdegreeofemissionreductionachievablebymeansreasonablyexpectedtobeavailableforproductionduringanymodelyeartowhichtheregulationsapply,givingappropriateconsiderationtofuelvolatility,andtocost,energy,andsafetyfactorsassociatedwiththeapplicationoftheappropriatetechnology.TheAdministratorshallcommencearulemakingunderthissubsectionwithin12monthsafterNovember15,1990.Iffinalregulationsarenotpromulgatedunderthissubsectionwithin18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallsubmitastatementtotheCongresscontaininganexplanationofthereasonsforthedelayandadatecertainforpromulgationofsuchfinalregulationsinaccordancewiththischapter.Suchdatecertainshallnotbelaterthan15monthsaftertheexpirationofsuch18monthdeadline.
(l)Mobilesource-relatedairtoxics
(1)Study
Notlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallcompleteastudyoftheneedfor,andfeasibilityof,controllingemissionsoftoxicairpollutantswhichareunregulatedunderthischapterandassociatedwithmotorvehiclesandmotorvehiclefuels,andtheneedfor,andfeasibilityof,controllingsuchemissionsandthemeansandmeasuresforsuchcontrols.Thestudyshallfocusonthosecategoriesofemissionsthatposethegreatestrisktohumanhealthoraboutwhichsignificantuncertaintiesremain,includingemissionsofbenzene,formaldehyde,and1,3butadiene.Theproposedreportshallbeavailableforpublicreviewandcommentandshallincludeasummaryofallcomments.
(2)Standards
Within54monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshall,basedonthestudyunderparagraph(1),promulgate(andfromtimetotimerevise)regulationsundersubsection(a)(1)orsection7545(c)(1)ofthistitlecontainingreasonablerequirementstocontrolhazardousairpollutantsfrommotorvehiclesandmotorvehiclefuels.Theregulationsshallcontainstandardsforsuchfuelsorvehicles,orboth,whichtheAdministratordeterminesreflectthegreatestdegreeofemissionreductionachievablethroughtheapplicationoftechnologywhichwillbeavailable,takingintoconsiderationthestandardsestablishedundersubsection(a),theavailabilityandcostsofthetechnology,andnoise,energy,andsafetyfactors,andleadtime.Suchregulationsshallnotbeinconsistentwithstandardsundersubsection(a).Theregulationsshall,ataminimum,applytoemissionsofbenzeneandformaldehyde.
(m)Emissionscontroldiagnostics
(1)Regulations
Within18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsundersubsection(a)requiringmanufacturerstoinstallonallnewlightdutyvehiclesandlightdutytrucksdiagnosticssystemscapableof—
(A)accuratelyidentifyingforthevehicle'susefullifeasestablishedunderthissection,emission-relatedsystemsdeteriorationormalfunction,including,ataminimum,thecatalyticconverterandoxygensensor,whichcouldcauseorresultinfailureofthevehiclestocomplywithemissionstandardsestablishedunderthissection,
(B)alertingthevehicle'sowneroroperatortothelikelyneedforemission-relatedcomponentsorsystemsmaintenanceorrepair,
(C)storingandretrievingfaultcodesspecifiedbytheAdministrator,and
(D)providingaccesstostoredinformationinamannerspecifiedbytheAdministrator.
TheAdministratormay,intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,promulgateregulationsrequiringmanufacturerstoinstallsuchonboarddiagnosticsystemsonheavy-dutyvehiclesandengines.
(2)Effectivedate
Theregulationsrequiredunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsectionshalltakeeffectinmodelyear1994,exceptthattheAdministratormaywaivetheapplicationofsuchregulationsformodelyear1994or1995(orboth)withrespecttoanyclassorcategoryofmotorvehiclesiftheAdministratordeterminesthatitwouldbeinfeasibletoapplytheregulationstothatclassorcategoryinsuchmodelyearoryears,consistentwithcorrespondingregulationsorpoliciesadoptedbytheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardforsuchsystems.
(3)Stateinspection
TheAdministratorshallbyregulationrequireStatesthathaveimplementationplanscontainingmotorvehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramstoamendtheirplanswithin2yearsafterpromulgationofsuchregulationstoprovideforinspectionofonboarddiagnosticssystems(asprescribedbyregulationsunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsection)andforthemaintenanceorrepairofmalfunctionsorsystemdeteriorationidentifiedbyoraffectingsuchdiagnosticssystems.Suchregulationsshallnotbeinconsistentwiththeprovisionsforwarrantiespromulgatedundersection7541(a)and(b)ofthistitle.
(4)Specificrequirements
Inpromulgatingregulationsunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshallrequire—
(A)thatanyconnectorsthroughwhichtheemissioncontroldiagnosticssystemisaccessedforinspection,diagnosis,service,orrepairshallbestandardanduniformonallmotorvehiclesandmotorvehicleengines;
(B)thataccesstotheemissioncontroldiagnosticssystemthroughsuchconnectorsshallbeunrestrictedandshallnotrequireanyaccesscodeoranydevicewhichisonlyavailablefromavehiclemanufacturer;and
(C)thattheoutputofthedatafromtheemissioncontroldiagnosticssystemthroughsuchconnectorsshallbeusablewithouttheneedforanyuniquedecodinginformationordevice.
(5)Informationavailability
TheAdministrator,byregulation,shallrequire(subjecttotheprovisionsofsection7542(c)ofthistitleregardingtheprotectionofmethodsorprocessesentitledtoprotectionastradesecrets)manufacturerstoprovidepromptlytoanypersonengagedintherepairingorservicingofmotorvehiclesormotorvehicleengines,andtheAdministratorforusebyanysuchpersons,withanyandallinformationneededtomakeuseoftheemissioncontroldiagnosticssystemprescribedunderthissubsectionandsuchotherinformationincludinginstructionsformakingemissionrelateddiagnosisandrepairs.Nosuchinformationmaybewithheldundersection7542(c)ofthistitleifthatinformationisprovided(directlyorindirectly)bythemanufacturertofranchiseddealersorotherpersonsengagedintherepair,diagnosing,orservicingofmotorvehiclesormotorvehicleengines.SuchinformationshallalsobeavailabletotheAdministrator,subjecttosection7542(c)ofthistitle,incarryingouttheAdministrator'sresponsibilitiesunderthissection.
(f) 5Modelyearsafter1990
Formodelyearspriortomodelyear1994,theregulationsundersubsection(a)applicabletobusesotherthanthosesubjecttostandardsundersection7554ofthistitleshallcontainastandardwhichprovidesthatemissionsofparticulatematter(PM)fromsuchbusesmaynotexceedthestandardssetforthinthefollowingtable:
pmstandardforbuses
ModelyearStandard*
1991
0.25
1992
0.25
1993andthereafter
0.10
*Standardsareexpressedingramsperbrakehorsepowerhour(g/bhp/hr).
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§202,asaddedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(8),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.499;Pub.L.91–604,§6(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1690;Pub.L.93–319,§5,June22,1974,88Stat.258;Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§§201,202(b),213(b),214(a),215–217,224(a),(b),(g),titleIV,§401(d),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.751–753,758-761,765,767,769,791;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(60)–(65),(b)(5),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1403,1405;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§§201–207,227(b),230(1)–(5),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2472–2481,2507,2529.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(3)(B),probablymeanstheenactmentofPub.L.101–549,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2399,whichwasapprovedNov.15,1990.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection7401ofthistitleandTables.
Section7525(f)(1)ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(3)(E),wasredesignatedsection7525(f)ofthistitlebyPub.L.101–549,titleII,§230(8),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2529.
Paragraph(5)ofsubsec.(b),referredtoinsubsec.(b)(1)(A),relatedtowaiversformodelyears1981and1982,andwasrepealedbyPub.L.101–549,titleII,§230(3),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2529.See1990Amendmentnotebelow.
TheEnergyPolicyandConservationAct,referredtoinsubsec.(b)(3)(C),isPub.L.94–163,Dec.22,1975,89Stat.871,asamended,whichisclassifiedprincipallytochapter77(§6201etseq.)ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection6201ofthistitleandTables.
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–1ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a)(3)(A).Pub.L.101–549,§201(1),addedsubpar.(A)andstruckoutformersubpar.(A)whichrelatedtopromulgationofregulationsapplicabletoreductionofemissionsfromheavy-dutyvehiclesorenginesmanufacturedduringandaftermodelyear1979inthecaseofcarbonmonoxide,hydrocarbons,andoxidesofnitrogen,andfromvehiclesmanufacturedduringandaftermodelyear1981inthecaseofparticulatematter.
Subsec.(a)(3)(B).Pub.L.101–549,§201(1),addedsubpar.(B)andstruckoutformersubpar.(B)whichreadasfollows:"DuringtheperiodofJune1throughDecember31,1978,inthecaseofhydrocarbonsandcarbonmonoxide,orduringtheperiodofJune1throughDecember31,1980,inthecaseofoxidesofnitrogen,andduringeachperiodofJune1throughDecember31ofeachthirdyearthereafter,theAdministratormay,afternoticeandopportunityforapublichearingpromulgateregulationsrevisinganystandardprescribedasprovidedinsubparagraph(A)(ii)foranyclassorcategoryofheavy-dutyvehiclesorengines.Suchstandardshallapplyonlyfortheperiodofthreemodelyearsbeginningfourmodelyearsafterthemodelyearinwhichsuchrevisedstandardispromulgated.Inrevisinganystandardunderthissubparagraphforanysuchthreemodelyearperiod,theAdministratorshalldeterminethemaximumdegreeofemissionreductionwhichcanbeachievedbymeansreasonablyexpectedtobeavailableforproductionofsuchperiodandshallprescribearevisedemissionstandardinaccordancewithsuchdetermination.Suchrevisedstandardshallrequireareductionofemissionsfromanystandardwhichappliesinthepreviousmodelyear."
Subsec.(a)(3)(C).Pub.L.101–549,§201(1),addedsubpar.(C)andstruckoutformersubpar.(C)whichreadasfollows:"ActionrevisinganystandardforanyperiodmaybetakenbytheAdministratorundersubparagraph(B)onlyifhefinds—
"(i)thatcompliancewiththeemissionstandardsotherwiseapplicableforsuchmodelyearcannotbeachievedbytechnology,processes,operatingmethods,orotheralternativesreasonablyexpectedtobeavailableforproductionforsuchmodelyearwithoutincreasingcostordecreasingfueleconomytoanexcessiveandunreasonabledegree;and
"(ii)theNationalAcademyofScienceshasnot,pursuanttoitsstudyandinvestigationundersubsection(c),issuedareportsubstantiallycontrarytothefindingsoftheAdministratorunderclause(i)."
Subsec.(a)(3)(D).Pub.L.101–549,§201(1),addedsubpar.(D)andstruckoutformersubpar.(D)whichreadasfollows:"AreportshallbemadetotheCongresswithrespecttoanystandardrevisedundersubparagraph(B)whichshallcontain—
"(i)asummaryofthehealtheffectsfound,orbelievedtobeassociatedwith,thepollutantcoveredbysuchstandard,
"(ii)ananalysisofthecost-effectivenessofotherstrategiesforattainingandmaintainingnationalambientairqualitystandardsandcarryingoutregulationsunderpartCofsubchapterI(relatingtosignificantdeterioration)inrelationtothecost-effectivenessforsuchpurposesofstandardswhich,butforsuchrevision,wouldapply.
"(iii)asummaryoftheresearchanddevelopmenteffortsandprogressbeingmadebyeachmanufacturerforpurposesofmeetingthestandardspromulgatedasprovidedinsubparagraph(A)(ii)or,ifapplicable,subparagraph(E),and
"(iv)specificfindingsastotherelativecostsofcompliance,andrelativefueleconomy,whichmaybeexpectedtoresultfromtheapplicationforanymodelyearofsuchrevisedstandardandtheapplicationforsuchmodelyearofthestandard,which,butforsuchrevision,wouldapply."
Subsec.(a)(3)(E),(F).Pub.L.101–549,§201,redesignatedsubpar.(F)as(E),insertedheading,andstruckoutformersubpar.(E)whichreadasfollows:
"(i)TheAdministratorshallconductacontinuingpollutant-specificstudyconcerningtheeffectsofeachairpollutantemittedfromheavy-dutyvehiclesorenginesandfromothersourcesofmobilesourcerelatedpollutantsonthepublichealthandwelfare.TheresultsofsuchstudyshallbepublishedintheFederalRegisterandreportedtotheCongressnotlaterthanJune1,1978,inthecaseofhydrocarbonsandcarbonmonoxide,andJune1,1980,inthecaseofoxidesofnitrogen,andbeforeJune1ofeachthirdyearthereafter.
"(ii)Onthebasisofsuchstudyandsuchotherinformationasisavailabletohim(includingthestudiesundersection7548ofthistitle),theAdministratormay,afternoticeandopportunityforapublichearing,promulgateregulationsunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsectionchanginganystandardprescribedinsubparagraph(A)(ii)(orrevisedundersubparagraph(B)orpreviouslychangedunderthissubparagraph).Nosuchchangedstandardshallapplyforanymodelyearbeforethemodelyearfouryearsafterthemodelyearduringwhichregulationscontainingsuchchangedstandardarepromulgated."
Subsec.(a)(4)(A),(B).Pub.L.101–549,§227(b),substituted"requirementsprescribedunderthissubchapter"for"standardsprescribedunderthissubsection".
Subsec.(a)(6).Pub.L.101–549,§202,amendedpar.(6)generally.Priortoamendment,par.(6)readasfollows:"TheAdministratorshalldeterminethefeasibilityanddesirabilityofrequiringnewmotorvehiclestoutilizeonboardhydrocarboncontroltechnologywhichwouldavoidthenecessityofgasolinevaporrecoveryofuncontrolledemissionsemanatingfromthefuelingofmotorvehicles.TheAdministratorshallcomparethecostsandeffectivenessofsuchtechnologytothatofimplementingandmaintainingvaporrecoverysystems(takingintoconsiderationsuchfactorsasfueleconomy,economiccostsofsuchtechnology,administrativeburdens,andequitabledistributionofcosts).IftheAdministratorfindsthatitisfeasibleanddesirabletoemploysuchtechnology,heshall,afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportationwithrespecttomotorvehiclesafety,prescribe,byregulation,standardsrequiringtheuseofonboardhydrocarbontechnologywhichshallnotbecomeeffectiveuntiltheintroductiontothemodelyearforwhichitwouldbefeasibletoimplementsuchstandards,takingintoconsiderationcompliancecostsandtherestraintsofanadequateleadtimefordesignandproduction."
Subsec.(b)(1)(C).Pub.L.101–549,§203(c),amendedsubpar.(C)generally.Priortoamendment,subpar.(C)readasfollows:"Effectivewithrespecttovehiclesandenginesmanufacturedaftermodelyear1978(orinthecaseofheavy-dutyvehiclesorengines,suchlatermodelyearastheAdministratordeterminesistheearliestfeasiblemodelyear),thetestprocedurepromulgatedunderparagraph(2)formeasurementofevaporativeemissionsofhydrocarbonsshallrequirethatsuchemissionsbemeasuredfromthevehicleorengineasawhole.RegulationstocarryoutthissubparagraphshallbepromulgatednotlaterthantwohundredandseventydaysafterAugust7,1977."
Subsec.(b)(2).Pub.L.101–549,§203(d),amendedpar.(2)generally.Priortoamendment,par.(2)readasfollows:"Emissionstandardsunderparagraph(1),andmeasurementtechniquesonwhichsuchstandardsarebased(ifnotpromulgatedpriortoDecember31,1970),shallbeprescribedbyregulationwithin180daysaftersuchdate."
Subsec.(b)(3).Pub.L.101–549,§230(4),redesignatedpar.(6)relatingtowaiverofstandardsforoxidesofnitrogenaspar.(3),struckoutsubpar.(A)designationbefore"Uponthepetition",redesignatedformercls.(i)to(iii)assubpars.(A)to(C),respectively,andstruckoutformersubpar.(B)whichauthorizedtheAdministratortowaivethestandardundersubsec.(b)(1)(B)ofthissectionforemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenfromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesbeginninginmodelyear1981afterprovidingnoticeandopportunityforapublichearing,andsetforthconditionsunderwhichawaivercouldbegranted.
Subsec.(b)(3)(B).Pub.L.101–549,§230(1),inthepar.(3)definingtermsforpurposesofthispartstruckoutsubpar.(B)whichdefined"lightdutyvehiclesandengines".
Subsec.(b)(4).Pub.L.101–549,§230(2),struckoutpar.(4)whichreadasfollows:"OnJuly1of1971,andofeachyearthereafter,theAdministratorshallreporttotheCongresswithrespecttothedevelopmentofsystemsnecessarytoimplementtheemissionstandardsestablishedpursuanttothissection.Suchreportsshallincludeinformationregardingthecontinuingeffectsofsuchairpollutantssubjecttostandardsunderthissectiononthepublichealthandwelfare,theextentandprogressofeffortsbeingmadetodevelopthenecessarysystems,thecostsassociatedwithdevelopmentandapplicationofsuchsystems,andfollowingsuchhearingsashemaydeemadvisable,anyrecommendationsforadditionalcongressionalactionnecessarytoachievethepurposesofthischapter.Ingatheringinformationforthepurposesofthisparagraphandinconnectionwithanyhearing,theprovisionsofsection7607(a)ofthistitle(relatingtosubpenas)shallapply."
Subsec.(b)(5).Pub.L.101–549,§230(3),struckoutpar.(5)whichrelatedtowaiversformodelyears1981and1982oftheeffectivedateoftheemissionsstandardrequiredunderpar.(1)(A)forcarbonmonoxideapplicabletolight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinthosemodelyears.
Subsec.(b)(6).Pub.L.101–549,§230(4),redesignatedpar.(6)as(3).
Subsec.(b)(7).Pub.L.101–549,§230(5),struckoutpar.(7)whichreadasfollows:"TheCongressherebydeclaresandestablishesasaresearchobjective,thedevelopmentofpropulsionsystemsandemissioncontroltechnologytoachievestandardswhichrepresentareductionofatleast90percentumfromtheaverageemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenactuallymeasuredfromlightdutymotorvehiclesmanufacturedinmodelyear1971notsubjecttoanyFederalorStateemissionstandardforoxidesofnitrogen.TheAdministratorshall,byregulationspromulgatedwithinonehundredandeightydaysafterAugust7,1977,requireeachmanufacturerwhosesalesrepresentatleast0.5percentumoflightdutymotorvehiclesalesintheUnitedStates,tobuildand,onaregularbasis,demonstratetheoperationoflightdutymotorvehiclesthatmeetthisresearchobjective,inadditiontoanyotherapplicablestandardsorrequirementsforotherpollutantsunderthischapter.SuchdemonstrationvehiclesshallbesubmittedtotheAdministratornolaterthanmodelyear1979andineachmodelyearthereafter.Suchdemonstrationshall,inaccordancewithapplicableregulations,tothegreatestextentpossible,(A)bedesignedtoencouragethedevelopmentofnewpowerplantandemissioncontroltechnologiesthatarefuelefficient,(B)assurethatthedemonstrationvehiclesareorcouldreasonablybeexpectedtobewithintheproductivecapabilityofthemanufacturers,and(C)assuretheutilizationofoptimumengine,fuel,andemissioncontrolsystems."
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.101–549,§203(b)(1),substituted"providethatexceptwhereadifferentusefullifeperiodisspecifiedinthissubchapter"for"providethat".
Subsec.(d)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§203(b)(2),(3),inserted"andlight-dutytrucksupto3,750lbs.LVWandupto6,000lbs.GVWR"after"engines"andsubstitutedforsemicolonatend", exceptthatinthecaseofanyrequirementofthissectionwhichfirstbecomesapplicableafterNovember15,1990,wheretheusefullifeperiodisnototherwisespecifiedforsuchvehiclesandengines,theperiodshallbe10yearsor100,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs,withtestingforpurposesofin-usecomplianceundersection7541ofthistitleupto(butnotbeyond)7yearsor75,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs;".
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.101–549,§207(b),added(aftersubsec.(m)atend)subsec.(f)relatingtoregulationsapplicabletobusesformodelyearsafter1990.
Subsecs.(g)to(i).Pub.L.101–549,§203(a),addedsubsecs.(g)to(i).
Subsecs.(j)to(m).Pub.L.101–549,§§204–207(a),addedsubsecs.(j)to(m).
1977—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(60),restructuredsubsec.(a)byprovidingfordesignationofpar.(1)toprecede"TheAdministrator"inplaceof"Exceptas".
Pub.L.95–95,§401(d)(1),substituted"Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinsubsection(b)theAdministrator"for"TheAdministrator","cause,orcontributeto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare"for"causesorcontributesto,orislikelytocauseorcontributeto,airpollutionwhichendangersthepublichealthorwelfare",and"usefullife(asdeterminedundersubsection(d),relatingtousefullifeofvehiclesforpurposesofcertification),whethersuchvehiclesandenginesaredesignedascompletesystemsorincorporatedevices"for"usefullife(asdeterminedundersubsection(d))whethersuchvehiclesandenginesaredesignedascompletesystemsorincorporateddevices".
Subsec.(a)(2).Pub.L.95–95,§214(a),substituted"prescribedunderparagraph(1)ofthissubsection"for"prescribedunderthissubsection".
Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.95–95,§224(a),addedpar.(3).
Subsec.(a)(3)(B).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(61),(62),substitutedprovisionssettingforthapplicableperiodsoffromJune1throughDec.31,1978,June1throughDec.31,1980,andduringeachperiodofJune1throughDec.31ofeachthirdyearthereafter,forprovisionssettingforthapplicableperiodsoffromJune1throughDec.31,1979,andduringeachperiodofJune1throughDec.31ofeachthirdyearafter1979,andsubstituted"fromany"for"offromany".
Subsec.(a)(3)(E).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(63),substituted"1978,inthecaseofhydrocarbonsandcarbonmonoxide,andJune1,1980,inthecaseofoxidesofnitrogen"for"1979,".
Subsec.(a)(4).Pub.L.95–95,§214(a),addedpar.(4).
Subsec.(a)(5).Pub.L.95–95,§215,addedpar.(5).
Subsec.(a)(6).Pub.L.95–95,§216,addedpar.(6).
Subsec.(b)(1)(A).Pub.L.95–95,§201(a),substitutedprovisionssettingthestandardsforemissionsfromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringthemodelyears1977through1980forprovisionswhichhadsetthestandardsforemissionsfromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringthemodelyears1975and1976,substituted"modelyear1980"for"modelyear1977"inprovisionsrequiringareductionofatleast90percentumfromtheemissionsallowableunderstandardsformodelyear1970,andinsertedprovisionsthat,unlesswaivedasprovidedinpar.(5),thestandardsforvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringorafterthemodelyear1981representareductionofatleast90percentumfromtheemissionsallowableunderstandardsformodelyear1970.
Subsec.(b)(1)(B).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(64),(65),substituted"calendaryear1976"for"modelyear1976"andincl.(i)substituted"other"for"UnitedStates".
Pub.L.95–95,§201(b),substitutedprovisionssettingthestandardsforemissionsfromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringthemodelyears1977through1980forprovisionswhichhadsetthestandardsforemissionsfromlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringthemodelyears1975through1977,substitutedprovisionsthatthestandardsformodelyears1981andafterallowemissionsofnomorethan1.0grampervehiclemileforprovisionsthatthestandardsformodelyear1978andafterrequireareductionofatleast90percentumfromtheaverageofemissionsactuallymeasuredfromlight-dutyvehiclesmanufacturedduringmodelyear1971whichwerenotsubjecttoanyFederalorStateemissionstandardsforoxidesofnitrogen,andinsertedprovisionsdirectingtheAdministratortoprescribeseparatestandardsformodelyears1981and1982formanufacturerswhoseproduction,bycorporateidentity,formodelyear1976waslessthanthreehundredthousandlight-dutymotorvehiclesworldwideifthemanufacturer'scapabilitytomeetemissionstandardsdependsuponUnitedStatestechnologyandifthemanufacturercannotdevelopone.
Subsec.(b)(1)(C).Pub.L.95–95,§217,addedsubpar.(C).
Subsec.(b)(3)(C).Pub.L.95–95,§224(b),addedsubpar.(C).
Subsec.(b)(5).Pub.L.95–95,§201(c),substitutedprovisionssettingupaprocedureunderwhichamanufacturermayapplyforawaiverformodelyears1981and1982oftheeffectivedateoftheemissionstandardsforcarbonmonoxiderequiredbypar.(1)(A)forprovisionswhichhadsetupaprocedureunderwhichamanufacturer,afterJan.1,1975,couldapplyforaone-yearsuspensionoftheeffectivedateofanyemissionstandardrequiredbypar.(1)(A)formodelyear1977.
Subsec.(b)(6).Pub.L.95–95,§201(c),addedpar.(6).
Subsec.(b)(7).Pub.L.95–95,§202(b),addedpar.(7).
Subsec.(d)(2).Pub.L.95–95,§224(g),asamendedbyPub.L.95–190,§14(b)(5),tocorrecttypographicalerrorindirectorylanguage,inserted"(otherthanmotorcyclesormotorcycleengines)"after"motorvehicleormotorvehicleengine".
Subsec.(d)(3).Pub.L.95–95,§224(g),addedpar.(3).
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.95–95,§401(d)(2),substituted"whichinhisjudgmentcause,orcontributeto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendanger"for"whichcauseorcontributeto,orarelikelytocauseorcontributeto,airpollutionwhichendangers".
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.95–95,§213(b),addedsubsec.(f).
1974—Subsec.(b)(1)(A).Pub.L.93–319,§5(a),substituted"modelyear1977"for"modelyear1975"inprovisionsrequiringareductionofatleast90percentumfromtheemissionsallowableunderstandardsformodelyear1970andinsertedprovisionscoveringregulationsformodelyears1975and1976.
Subsec.(b)(1)(B).Pub.L.93–319,§5(b),substituted"modelyear1978"for"modelyear1976"inprovisionsrequiringareductionofatleast90percentumfromtheaverageofemissionsactuallymeasuredfromvehiclesmanufacturedduringmodelyear1971andinsertedprovisionscoveringregulationsformodelyears1975,1976,and1977.
Subsec.(b)(5).Pub.L.93–319,§5(c),(d),substitutedinsubpar.(A),"AtanytimeafterJanuary1,1975"for"AtanytimeafterJanuary1,1972","withrespecttosuchmanufacturerforlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinmodelyear1977"for"withrespecttosuchmanufacturer","sixtydays"for"60days","paragraph(1)(A)ofthissubsection"for"paragraph(1)(A)",and"vehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringmodelyear1977"for"vehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringmodelyear1975",redesignatedsubpars.(C)to(E)as(B)to(D),respectively,andstruckoutformersubpar.(B)whichhadallowedmanufacturers,atanytimeafterJan.1,1973,tofilewiththeAdministratoranapplicationrequestinga1-yearsuspensionoftheeffectivedateofanyemissionstandardrequiredbysubsec.(b)(1)(B)withrespecttosuchmanufacturer.
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604redesignatedexistingprovisionsaspar.(1),substitutedAdministratorforSecretaryastheissuingauthorityforstandards,insertedreferencestotheusefullifeofengines,andsubstitutedtheemissionofanyairpollutantfortheemissionofanykindofsubstanceasthesubjecttoberegulated,andaddedpar.(2).
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.91–604addedsubsec.(b).Formersubsec.(b)redesignatedaspar.(2)ofsubsec.(a).
Subsecs.(c)to(e).Pub.L.91–604addedsubsecs.(c)to(e).
1967—Pub.L.90–148reenactedsectionwithoutchange.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
StudyonOxidesofNitrogenFromLight-DutyVehicles
Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§202(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.753,providedthattheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyconductastudyofthepublichealthimplicationsofattaininganemissionstandardonoxidesofnitrogenfromlight-dutyvehiclesof0.4grampervehiclemile,thecostandtechnologicalcapabilityofattainingsuchstandard,andtheneedforsuchastandardtoprotectpublichealthorwelfareandthattheAdministratorsubmitareportofsuchstudytotheCongress,togetherwithrecommendationsnotlaterthanJuly1,1980.
StudyofCarbonMonoxideIntrusionIntoSustained-UseVehicles
Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§226,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.769,providedthattheAdministrator,inconjunctionwiththeSecretaryofTransportation,studytheproblemofcarbonmonoxideintrusionintothepassengerareaofsustained-usemotorvehiclesandthatwithinoneyeartheAdministratorreporttotheCongressrespectingtheresultsofsuchstudy.
ContinuingComprehensiveStudiesandInvestigationsbyNationalAcademyofSciences
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§403(f),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.793,providedthat:"TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallundertaketoenterintoappropriatearrangementswiththeNationalAcademyofSciencestoconductcontinuingcomprehensivestudiesandinvestigationsoftheeffectsonpublichealthandwelfareofemissionssubjecttosection202(a)oftheCleanAirAct[subsec.(a)ofthissection](includingsulfurcompounds)andthetechnologicalfeasibilityofmeetingemissionstandardsrequiredtobeprescribedbytheAdministratorbysection202(b)ofsuchAct[subsec.(b)ofthissection].TheAdministratorshallreporttotheCongresswithinsixmonthsofthedateofenactmentofthissection[Aug.7,1977]andeachyearthereafterregardingthestatusofthecontractualarrangementsandconditionsnecessarytoimplementthisparagraph."
[Fortermination,effectiveMay15,2000,ofprovisionsrelatingtoannualreporttoCongressinsection403(f)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutabove,seesection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance,andthe2nditemonpage165ofHouseDocumentNo.103–7.]
StudyonEmissionofSulfur-BearingCompoundsFromMotorVehiclesandMotorVehicleandAircraftEngines
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§403(g),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.793,providedthattheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyconductastudyandreporttotheCongressbythedateoneyearafterAug.7,1977,ontheemissionofsulfur-bearingcompoundsfrommotorvehiclesandmotorvehicleenginesandaircraftengines.
Ex.Ord.No.13432.CooperationAmongAgenciesinProtectingtheEnvironmentWithRespecttoGreenhouseGasEmissionsFromMotorVehicles,NonroadVehicles,andNonroadEngines
Ex.Ord.No.13432,May14,2007,72F.R.27717,asamendedbyEx.Ord.No.13693,§16(e),Mar.19,2015,80F.R.15881,provided:
BytheauthorityvestedinmeasPresidentbytheConstitutionandthelawsoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,itisherebyorderedasfollows:
Section1.Policy.ItisthepolicyoftheUnitedStatestoensurethecoordinatedandeffectiveexerciseoftheauthoritiesofthePresidentandtheheadsoftheDepartmentofTransportation,theDepartmentofEnergy,andtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytoprotecttheenvironmentwithrespecttogreenhousegasemissionsfrommotorvehicles,nonroadvehicles,andnonroadengines,inamannerconsistentwithsoundscience,analysisofbenefitsandcosts,publicsafety,andeconomicgrowth.
Sec.2.Definitions.Asusedinthisorder:
(a)"agencies"referstotheDepartmentofTransportation,theDepartmentofEnergy,andtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,andallunitsthereof,and"agency"referstoanyofthem;
(b)"alternativefuels"hasthemeaningspecifiedforthatterminsection301(2)oftheEnergyPolicyActof1992(42U.S.C.13211(2));
(c)"authorities"includetheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7401–7671q),theEnergyPolicyActof1992(PublicLaw102–486),theEnergyPolicyActof2005(PublicLaw109–58),theEnergyPolicyandConservationAct(PublicLaw94–163),andanyothercurrentorfuturelawsorregulationsthatmayauthorizeorrequireanyoftheagenciestotakeregulatoryactionthatdirectlyorindirectlyaffectsemissionsofgreenhousegasesfrommotorvehicles;
(d)"greenhousegases"meanscarbondioxide,methane,nitrousoxide,hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons,nitrogentriflouride[sic],andsulfurhexafluoride;
(e)"motorvehicle"hasthemeaningspecifiedforthatterminsection216(2)oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7550(2));
(f)"nonroadengine"hasthemeaningspecifiedforthatterminsection216(10)oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7550(10));
(g)"nonroadvehicle"hasthemeaningspecifiedforthatterminsection216(11)oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7550(11));
(h)"regulation"hasthemeaningspecifiedforthatterminsection3(d)ofExecutiveOrder12866ofSeptember30,1993,asamended(ExecutiveOrder12866);and
(i)"regulatoryaction"hasthemeaningspecifiedforthatterminsection3(e)ofExecutiveOrder12866.
Sec.3.CoordinationAmongtheAgencies.Incarryingoutthepolicysetforthinsection1ofthisorder,theheadofanagencyundertakingaregulatoryactionthatcanreasonablybeexpectedtodirectlyregulateemissions,ortosubstantiallyandpredictablyaffectemissions,ofgreenhousegasesfrommotorvehicles,nonroadvehicles,nonroadengines,ortheuseofmotorvehiclefuels,includingalternativefuels,shall:
(a)undertakesucharegulatoryaction,tothemaximumextentpermittedbylawanddeterminedbytheheadoftheagencytobepracticable,jointlywiththeotheragencies;
(b)inundertakingsucharegulatoryaction,consider,inaccordancewithapplicablelaw,informationandrecommendationsprovidedbytheotheragencies;
(c)inundertakingsucharegulatoryaction,exerciseauthorityvestedbylawintheheadofsuchagencyeffectively,inamannerconsistentwiththeeffectiveexercisebytheheadsoftheotheragenciesoftheauthorityvestedinthembylaw;and
(d)obtain,totheextentpermittedbylaw,concurrenceorotherviewsfromtheheadsoftheotheragenciesduringthedevelopmentandpreparationoftheregulatoryactionandpriortoanykeydecisionpointsduringthatdevelopmentandpreparationprocess,andinnoeventlaterthan30dayspriortopublicationofsuchaction.
Sec.4.DutiesoftheHeadsofAgencies.(a)Toimplementthisorder,theheadofeachagencyshall:
(1)designateappropriatepersonnelwithintheagencyto(i)directtheagency'simplementationofthisorder,(ii)ensurethattheagencykeepstheotheragenciesandtheOfficeofManagementandBudgetinformedoftheagencyregulatoryactionstowhichsection3refers,and(iii)coordinatesuchactionswiththeagencies;
(2)incoordinationasappropriatewiththeCommitteeonClimateChangeScienceandTechnology,continuetoconductandshareresearchdesignedtoadvancetechnologiestofurtherthepolicysetforthinsection1ofthisorder;
(3)facilitatethesharingofpersonnelandthesharingofinformationamongtheagenciestofurtherthepolicysetforthinsection1ofthisorder;
(4)coordinatewiththeotheragenciestoavoidduplicationofrequeststothepublicforinformationfromthepublicinthecourseofundertakingsuchregulatoryaction,consistentwiththePaperworkReductionAct(44U.S.C.3501etseq.);and
(5)consultwiththeSecretaryofAgriculturewheneveraregulatoryactionwillhaveasignificanteffectonagriculturerelatedtotheproductionoruseofethanol,biodiesel,orotherrenewablefuels,includingactionsundertakeninwholeorinpartbasedonauthorityorrequirementsintitleXVoftheEnergyPolicyActof2005,ortheamendmentsmadebysuchtitle,orwhenotherwiseappropriateorrequiredbylaw.
(b)Toimplementthisorder,theheadsoftheagenciesactingjointlymayallocateasappropriateamongtheagenciesadministrativeresponsibilitiesrelatingtoregulatoryactionstowhichsection3refers,suchaspublicationofnoticesintheFederalRegisterandreceiptofcommentsinresponsetonotices.
Sec.5.DutiesoftheDirectoroftheOfficeofManagementandBudgetandtheChairmanoftheCouncilonEnvironmentalQuality.(a)TheDirectoroftheOfficeofManagementandBudget,withsuchassistancefromtheChairmanoftheCouncilonEnvironmentalQualityastheDirectormayrequire,shallmonitortheimplementationofthisorderbytheheadsoftheagenciesandshallreportthereontothePresidentfromtimetotime,andnotlessoftenthansemiannually,withanyrecommendationsoftheDirectorforstrengtheningtheimplementationofthisorder.
(b)Toimplementthisorderandfurtherthepolicysetforthinsection1,theDirectoroftheOfficeofManagementandBudgetmayrequiretheheadsoftheagenciestosubmitreportsto,andcoordinatewith,suchOfficeonmattersrelatedtothisorder.
Sec.6.GeneralProvisions.(a)Thisordershallbeimplementedinaccordancewithapplicablelawandsubjecttotheavailabilityofappropriations.
(b)ThisordershallnotbeconstruedtoimpairorotherwiseaffectthefunctionsoftheDirectoroftheOfficeofManagementandBudgetrelatingtobudget,administrative,andlegislativeproposals.
(c)Thisorderisnotintendedto,anddoesnot,createanyright,benefitorprivilege,substantiveorprocedural,enforceableatlaworinequitybyanypartyagainsttheUnitedStates,itsdepartments,agencies,instrumentalities,orentities,itsofficersoremployees,oranyotherperson.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"(4)".
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"paragraph".
4 Anothersubsec.(f)issetoutaftersubsec.(m).
5 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"(n)".
§7522.Prohibitedacts
(a)Enumeratedprohibitions
Thefollowingactsandthecausingthereofareprohibited—
(1)inthecaseofamanufacturerofnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleenginesfordistributionincommerce,thesale,ortheofferingforsale,ortheintroduction,ordeliveryforintroduction,intocommerce,or(inthecaseofanyperson,exceptasprovidedbyregulationoftheAdministrator),theimportationintotheUnitedStates,ofanynewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleengine,manufacturedaftertheeffectivedateofregulationsunderthispartwhichareapplicabletosuchvehicleorengineunlesssuchvehicleorengineiscoveredbyacertificateofconformityissued(andineffect)underregulationsprescribedunderthispartorpartCinthecaseofclean-fuelvehicles(exceptasprovidedinsubsection(b));
(2)(A)foranypersontofailorrefusetopermitaccesstoorcopyingofrecordsortofailtomakereportsorprovideinformationrequiredundersection7542ofthistitle;
(B)foranypersontofailorrefusetopermitentry,testingorinspectionauthorizedundersection7525(c)ofthistitleorsection7542ofthistitle;
(C)foranypersontofailorrefusetoperformtests,orhavetestsperformedasrequiredundersection7542ofthistitle;
(D)foranymanufacturertofailtomakeinformationavailableasprovidedbyregulationundersection7521(m)(5)ofthistitle;
(3)(A)foranypersontoremoveorrenderinoperativeanydeviceorelementofdesigninstalledonorinamotorvehicleormotorvehicleengineincompliancewithregulationsunderthissubchapterpriortoitssaleanddeliverytotheultimatepurchaser,orforanypersonknowinglytoremoveorrenderinoperativeanysuchdeviceorelementofdesignaftersuchsaleanddeliverytotheultimatepurchaser;or
(B)foranypersontomanufactureorsell,oroffertosell,orinstall,anypartorcomponentintendedforusewith,oraspartof,anymotorvehicleormotorvehicleengine,whereaprincipaleffectofthepartorcomponentistobypass,defeat,orrenderinoperativeanydeviceorelementofdesigninstalledonorinamotorvehicleormotorvehicleengineincompliancewithregulationsunderthissubchapter,andwherethepersonknowsorshouldknowthatsuchpartorcomponentisbeingofferedforsaleorinstalledforsuchuseorputtosuchuse;or
(4)foranymanufacturerofanewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleenginesubjecttostandardsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitleorpartC—
(A)tosellorleaseanysuchvehicleorengineunlesssuchmanufacturerhascompliedwith(i)therequirementsofsection7541(a)and(b)ofthistitlewithrespecttosuchvehicleorengine,andunlessalabelortagisaffixedtosuchvehicleorengineinaccordancewithsection7541(c)(3)ofthistitle,or(ii)thecorrespondingrequirementsofpartCinthecaseofcleanfuelvehiclesunlessthemanufacturerhascompliedwiththecorrespondingrequirementsofpartC 1
(B)tofailorrefusetocomplywiththerequirementsofsection7541(c)or(e)ofthistitle,orthecorrespondingrequirementsofpartCinthecaseofcleanfuelvehicles 1
(C)exceptasprovidedinsubsection(c)(3)ofsection7541ofthistitleandthecorrespondingrequirementsofpartCinthecaseofcleanfuelvehicles,toprovidedirectlyorindirectlyinanycommunicationtotheultimatepurchaseroranysubsequentpurchaserthatthecoverageofanywarrantyunderthischapterisconditioneduponuseofanypart,component,orsystemmanufacturedbysuchmanufactureroranypersonactingforsuchmanufacturerorunderhiscontrol,orconditioneduponserviceperformedbyanysuchperson,or
(D)tofailorrefusetocomplywiththetermsandconditionsofthewarrantyundersection7541(a)or(b)ofthistitleorthecorrespondingrequirementsofpartCinthecaseofcleanfuelvehicleswithrespecttoanyvehicle;or
(5)foranypersontoviolatesection7553ofthistitle,7554ofthistitle,orpartCofthissubchapteroranyregulationsundersection7553ofthistitle,7554ofthistitle,orpartC.
Noactionwithrespecttoanyelementofdesignreferredtoinparagraph(3)(includinganyadjustmentoralterationofsuchelement)shallbetreatedasaprohibitedactundersuchparagraph(3)ifsuchactionisinaccordancewithsection7549ofthistitle.Nothinginparagraph(3)shallbeconstruedtorequiretheuseofmanufacturerpartsinmaintainingorrepairinganymotorvehicleormotorvehicleengine.Forthepurposesoftheprecedingsentence,theterm"manufacturerparts"means,withrespecttoamotorvehicleengine,partsproducedorsoldbythemanufacturerofthemotorvehicleormotorvehicleengine.Noactionwithrespecttoanydeviceorelementofdesignreferredtoinparagraph(3)shallbetreatedasaprohibitedactunderthatparagraphif(i)theactionisforthepurposeofrepairorreplacementofthedeviceorelement,orisanecessaryandtemporaryproceduretorepairorreplaceanyotheritemandthedeviceorelementisreplaceduponcompletionoftheprocedure,and(ii)suchactionthereafterresultsintheproperfunctioningofthedeviceorelementreferredtoinparagraph(3).Noactionwithrespecttoanydeviceorelementofdesignreferredtoinparagraph(3)shallbetreatedasaprohibitedactunderthatparagraphiftheactionisforthepurposeofaconversionofamotorvehicleforuseofacleanalternativefuel(asdefinedinthissubchapter)andifsuchvehiclecomplieswiththeapplicablestandardundersection7521ofthistitlewhenoperatingonsuchfuel,andifinthecaseofacleanalternativefuelvehicle(asdefinedbyrulebytheAdministrator),thedeviceorelementisreplaceduponcompletionoftheconversionprocedureandsuchactionresultsinproperfunctioningofthedeviceorelementwhenthemotorvehicleoperatesonconventionalfuel.
(b)Exemptions;refusaltoadmitvehicleorengineintoUnitedStates;vehiclesorenginesintendedforexport
(1)TheAdministratormayexemptanynewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleengine,fromsubsection(a),uponsuchtermsandconditionsashemayfindnecessaryforthepurposeofresearch,investigations,studies,demonstrations,ortraining,orforreasonsofnationalsecurity.
(2)Anewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleengineofferedforimportationorimportedbyanypersoninviolationofsubsection(a)shallberefusedadmissionintotheUnitedStates,buttheSecretaryoftheTreasuryandtheAdministratormay,byjointregulation,providefordeferringfinaldeterminationastoadmissionandauthorizingthedeliveryofsuchamotorvehicleorengineofferedforimporttotheownerorconsigneethereofuponsuchtermsandconditions(includingthefurnishingofabond)asmayappeartothemappropriatetoinsurethatanysuchmotorvehicleorenginewillbebroughtintoconformitywiththestandards,requirements,andlimitationsapplicabletoitunderthispart.TheSecretaryoftheTreasuryshall,ifamotorvehicleorengineisfinallyrefusedadmissionunderthisparagraph,causedispositionthereofinaccordancewiththecustomslawsunlessitisexported,underregulationsprescribedbysuchSecretary,withinninetydaysofthedateofnoticeofsuchrefusalorsuchadditionaltimeasmaybepermittedpursuanttosuchregulations,exceptthatdispositioninaccordancewiththecustomslawsmaynotbemadeinsuchmannerasmayresult,directlyorindirectly,inthesale,totheultimateconsumer,ofanewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleenginethatfailstocomplywithapplicablestandardsoftheAdministratorunderthispart.
(3)Anewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleengineintendedsolelyforexport,andsolabeledortaggedontheoutsideofthecontainerandonthevehicleorengineitself,shallbesubjecttotheprovisionsofsubsection(a),exceptthatifthecountrywhichistoreceivesuchvehicleorenginehasemissionstandardswhichdifferfromthestandardsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle,thensuchvehicleorengineshallcomplywiththestandardsofsuchcountrywhichistoreceivesuchvehicleorengine.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§203,asaddedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(8),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.993;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.499;Pub.L.91–604,§§7(a),11(a)(2)(A),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1693,1705,1713;Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§§206,211(a),218(a),(d),219(a),(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.755,757,761,762;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(66)–(68),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1403;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§§228(a),(b),(e),230(6),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2507,2511,2529.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–2ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.101–549,§228(b)(2),insertedtwosentencesatendwhichsetforthconditionsunderwhichactionswithrespecttodevicesorelementsofdesign,referredtoinpar.(3),wouldnotbedeemedprohibitedacts.
Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§228(e)(1),inserted"orpartCinthecaseofclean-fuelvehicles"before"(except".
Subsec.(a)(2).Pub.L.101–549,§228(a),amendedpar.(2)generally.Priortoamendment,par.(2)readasfollows:"foranypersontofailorrefusetopermitaccesstoorcopyingofrecordsortofailtomakereportsorprovideinformation,requiredundersection7542ofthistitleorforanypersontofailorrefusetopermitentry,testing,orinspectionauthorizedundersection7525(c)ofthistitle;".
Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.101–549,§228(b)(1),amendedpar.(3)generally.Priortoamendment,par.(3)readasfollows:
"(A)foranypersontoremoveorrenderinoperativeanydeviceorelementofdesigninstalledonorinamotorvehicleormotorvehicleengineincompliancewithregulationsunderthissubchapterpriortoitssaleanddeliverytotheultimatepurchaser,orforanymanufacturerordealerknowinglytoremoveorrenderinoperativeanysuchdeviceorelementofdesignaftersuchsaleanddeliverytotheultimatepurchaser;or
"(B)foranypersonengagedinthebusinessofrepairing,servicing,selling,leasing,ortradingmotorvehiclesormotorvehicleengines,orwhooperatesafleetofmotorvehicles,knowinglytoremoveorrenderinoperativeanydeviceorelementofdesigninstalledonorinamotorvehicleormotorvehicleengineincompliancewithregulationsunderthissubchapterfollowingitssaleanddeliverytotheultimatepurchaser;or".
Subsec.(a)(4).Pub.L.101–549,§228(e)(2),inserted"orpartC"after"section7521ofthistitle".
Subsec.(a)(4)(A).Pub.L.101–549,§228(e)(3),insertedcl.(i)designationandaddedcl.(ii).
Subsec.(a)(4)(B).Pub.L.101–549,§228(e)(4),insertedatend"orthecorrespondingrequirementsofpartCinthecaseofcleanfuelvehicles".
Subsec.(a)(4)(C).Pub.L.101–549,§228(e)(5),inserted"andthecorrespondingrequirementsofpartCinthecaseofcleanfuelvehicles"after"section7541ofthistitle".
Subsec.(a)(4)(D).Pub.L.101–549,§228(e)(6),inserted"orthecorrespondingrequirementsofpartCinthecaseofcleanfuelvehicles"before"withrespecttoanyvehicle".
Subsec.(a)(5).Pub.L.101–549,§228(e)(7),addedpar.(5).
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.101–549,§230(6),struckoutsubsec.(c)whichrelatedtoexemptionstopermitmodificationsofemissioncontroldevicesorsystems.
1977—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(68),inclosingtextinsertedaperiodafter"section7549ofthistitle".
Pub.L.95–95,§§206,211(a),218(a),219(a),(b),inserted"orforanypersontofailorrefusetopermitentry,testing,orinspectionauthorizedundersection7525(c)ofthistitle"inpar.(2),designatedexistingprovisionsofpar.(3)assubpar.(A)andaddedsubpar.(B),addedsubpars.(C)and(D)inpar.(4),and,followingpar.(4),insertedprovisionsthatnoactionwithrespecttoanyelementofdesignreferredtoinpar.(3)(includingadjustmentoralterationofsuchelement)betreatedasaprohibitedactunderpar.(3)iftheactionisinaccordancewithsection7549ofthistitleandthatnothinginpar.(3)beconstruedtorequiretheuseofmanufacturerpartsinmaintainingorrepairingmotorvehiclesormotorvehicleengines.
Subsec.(a)(3)(B).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(66),substituted"purchaser;"for"purchaser,".
Subsec.(a)(4)(C).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(67),inserted"or"after"suchperson,".
Subsec.(b)(3).Pub.L.95–95,§218(d),substituted"section7521ofthistitle"for"subsection(a)"and"countrywhichistoreceivesuchvehicleorengine"for"countryofexport".
1970—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.91–604,§7(a)(1),struckoutreferencetothemanufactureofnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleenginesforsale,insertedprovisionforissuancebytheAdministratorofregulationsregardingexceptionsinthecaseofimportationofnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleengines,andsubstituted"importation"intotheUnitedStatesofsuchunitsfor"importationforsaleorresale"intotheUnitedStatesofsuchunits.
Subsec.(a)(2).Pub.L.91–604,§7(a)(2),substituted"section208"for"section207",bothofwhich,forpurposesofcodification,aretranslatedas"section7542ofthistitle".
Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.91–604,§§7(a)(3),11(a)(2)(A),substituted"part"for"subchapter"andinsertedprovisionsprohibitingtheknowingremovalorinoperationbymanufacturersordealersofdevicesorelementsofdesignaftersaleanddeliverytotheultimatepurchaser.
Subsec.(a)(4).Pub.L.91–604,§7(a)(4),addedpar.(4).
Subsec.(b)(1).Pub.L.91–604,§§7(a)(5),15(c)(2),struckoutreferencetotheexemptionofaclassofnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleengines,struckouttheprotectionofthepublichealthandwelfarefromtheenumerationofpurposesforwhichexemptionsmaybemade,andsubstituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
Subsec.(b)(2).Pub.L.91–604,§§7(a)(6),11(a)(2)(A),15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"SecretaryofHealth,Education,andWelfare","importationorimportedbyanyperson"for"importationbyamanufacturer",and"part"for"subchapter".
Subsec.(b)(3).Pub.L.91–604,§7(a)(7)(A),insertedprovisionthat,ifthecountryofexporthasemissionstandardswhichdifferfromthestandardsprescribedundersubsec.(a),suchvehicleorenginemustcomplywiththestandardsofsuchcountryofexport.
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.91–604,§7(a)(7)(B),addedsubsec.(c).
1967—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.90–148substituted"conformitywithregulationsprescribedunderthissubchapter"for"conformitywithregulationsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle"inpar.(1).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbefollowedbyacomma.
§7523.Actionstorestrainviolations
(a)Jurisdiction
ThedistrictcourtsoftheUnitedStatesshallhavejurisdictiontorestrainviolationsofsection7522(a)ofthistitle.
(b)ActionsbroughtbyorinnameofUnitedStates;subpenas
ActionstorestrainsuchviolationsshallbebroughtbyandinthenameoftheUnitedStates.Inanysuchaction,subpenasforwitnesseswhoarerequiredtoattendadistrictcourtinanydistrictmayrunintoanyotherdistrict.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§204,asaddedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(8),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.994;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.500;Pub.L.91–604,§7(b),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1694;Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§218(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.761.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–3ofthistitle.
Amendments
1977—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.95–95struckout"paragraph(1),(2),(3),or(4)"after"restrainviolationsof".
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604insertedreferencetopar.(4)ofsection7522(a)ofthistitle.
1967—Pub.L.90–148reenactedsectionwithoutchange.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7524.Civilpenalties
(a)Violations
Anypersonwhoviolatessections 17522(a)(1),7522(a)(4),or7522(a)(5)ofthistitleoranymanufacturerordealerwhoviolatessection7522(a)(3)(A)ofthistitleshallbesubjecttoacivilpenaltyofnotmorethan$25,000.Anypersonotherthanamanufacturerordealerwhoviolatessection7522(a)(3)(A)ofthistitleoranypersonwhoviolatessection7522(a)(3)(B)ofthistitleshallbesubjecttoacivilpenaltyofnotmorethan$2,500.Anysuchviolationwithrespecttoparagraph(1),(3)(A),or(4)ofsection7522(a)ofthistitleshallconstituteaseparateoffensewithrespecttoeachmotorvehicleormotorvehicleengine.Anysuchviolationwithrespecttosection7522(a)(3)(B)ofthistitleshallconstituteaseparateoffensewithrespecttoeachpartorcomponent.Anypersonwhoviolatessection7522(a)(2)ofthistitleshallbesubjecttoacivilpenaltyofnotmorethan$25,000perdayofviolation.
(b)Civilactions
TheAdministratormaycommenceacivilactiontoassessandrecoveranycivilpenaltyundersubsection(a)ofthissection,section7545(d)ofthistitle,orsection7547(d)ofthistitle.AnyactionunderthissubsectionmaybebroughtinthedistrictcourtoftheUnitedStatesforthedistrictinwhichtheviolationisallegedtohaveoccurredorinwhichthedefendantresidesorhastheAdministrator'sprincipalplaceofbusiness,andthecourtshallhavejurisdictiontoassessacivilpenalty.Indeterminingtheamountofanycivilpenaltytobeassessedunderthissubsection,thecourtshalltakeintoaccountthegravityoftheviolation,theeconomicbenefitorsavings(ifany)resultingfromtheviolation,thesizeoftheviolator'sbusiness,theviolator'shistoryofcompliancewiththissubchapter,actiontakentoremedytheviolation,theeffectofthepenaltyontheviolator'sabilitytocontinueinbusiness,andsuchothermattersasjusticemayrequire.Inanysuchaction,subpoenasforwitnesseswhoarerequiredtoattendadistrictcourtinanydistrictmayrunintoanyotherdistrict.
(c)Administrativeassessmentofcertainpenalties
(1)Administrativepenaltyauthority
Inlieuofcommencingacivilactionundersubsection(b),theAdministratormayassessanycivilpenaltyprescribedinsubsection(a)ofthissection,section7545(d)ofthistitle,orsection7547(d)ofthistitle,exceptthatthemaximumamountofpenaltysoughtagainsteachviolatorinapenaltyassessmentproceedingshallnotexceed$200,000,unlesstheAdministratorandtheAttorneyGeneraljointlydeterminethatamatterinvolvingalargerpenaltyamountisappropriateforadministrativepenaltyassessment.AnysuchdeterminationbytheAdministratorandtheAttorneyGeneralshallnotbesubjecttojudicialreview.Assessmentofacivilpenaltyunderthissubsectionshallbebyanordermadeontherecordafteropportunityforahearinginaccordancewithsections554and556oftitle5.TheAdministratorshallissuereasonablerulesfordiscoveryandotherproceduresforhearingsunderthisparagraph.Beforeissuingsuchanorder,theAdministratorshallgivewrittennoticetothepersontobeassessedanadministrativepenaltyoftheAdministrator'sproposaltoissuesuchorderandprovidesuchpersonanopportunitytorequestsuchahearingontheorder,within30daysofthedatethenoticeisreceivedbysuchperson.TheAdministratormaycompromise,orremit,withorwithoutconditions,anyadministrativepenaltywhichmaybeimposedunderthissection.
(2)Determiningamount
Indeterminingtheamountofanycivilpenaltyassessedunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshalltakeintoaccountthegravityoftheviolation,theeconomicbenefitorsavings(ifany)resultingfromtheviolation,thesizeoftheviolator'sbusiness,theviolator'shistoryofcompliancewiththissubchapter,actiontakentoremedytheviolation,theeffectofthepenaltyontheviolator'sabilitytocontinueinbusiness,andsuchothermattersasjusticemayrequire.
(3)EffectofAdministrator'saction
(A)ActionbytheAdministratorunderthissubsectionshallnotaffectorlimittheAdministrator'sauthoritytoenforceanyprovisionofthischapter;exceptthatanyviolation,
(i)withrespecttowhichtheAdministratorhascommencedandisdiligentlyprosecutinganactionunderthissubsection,or
(ii)forwhichtheAdministratorhasissuedafinalordernotsubjecttofurtherjudicialreviewandtheviolatorhaspaidapenaltyassessmentunderthissubsection,
shallnotbethesubjectofcivilpenaltyactionundersubsection(b).
(B)NoactionbytheAdministratorunderthissubsectionshallaffectanyperson'sobligationtocomplywithanysectionofthischapter.
(4)Finalityoforder
Anorderissuedunderthissubsectionshallbecomefinal30daysafteritsissuanceunlessapetitionforjudicialreviewisfiledunderparagraph(5).
(5)Judicialreview
AnypersonagainstwhomacivilpenaltyisassessedinaccordancewiththissubsectionmayseekreviewoftheassessmentintheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheDistrictofColumbia,orforthedistrictinwhichtheviolationisallegedtohaveoccurred,inwhichsuchpersonresides,orwheresuchperson'sprincipalplaceofbusinessislocated,withinthe30-dayperiodbeginningonthedateacivilpenaltyorderisissued.SuchpersonshallsimultaneouslysendacopyofthefilingbycertifiedmailtotheAdministratorandtheAttorneyGeneral.TheAdministratorshallfileinthecourtacertifiedcopy,orcertifiedindex,asappropriate,oftherecordonwhichtheorderwasissuedwithin30days.Thecourtshallnotsetasideorremandanyorderissuedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissubsectionunlessthereisnotsubstantialevidenceintherecord,takenasawhole,tosupportthefindingofaviolationorunlesstheAdministrator'sassessmentofthepenaltyconstitutesanabuseofdiscretion,andthecourtshallnotimposeadditionalcivilpenaltiesunlesstheAdministrator'sassessmentofthepenaltyconstitutesanabuseofdiscretion.Inanyproceedings,theUnitedStatesmayseektorecovercivilpenaltiesassessedunderthissection.
(6)Collection
IfanypersonfailstopayanassessmentofacivilpenaltyimposedbytheAdministratorasprovidedinthissubsection—
(A)aftertheordermakingtheassessmenthasbecomefinal,or
(B)afteracourtinanactionbroughtunderparagraph(5)hasenteredafinaljudgmentinfavoroftheAdministrator,
theAdministratorshallrequesttheAttorneyGeneraltobringacivilactioninanappropriatedistrictcourttorecovertheamountassessed(plusinterestatratesestablishedpursuanttosection6621(a)(2)oftitle26fromthedateofthefinalorderorthedateofthefinaljudgment,asthecasemaybe).Insuchanaction,thevalidity,amount,andappropriatenessofthepenaltyshallnotbesubjecttoreview.Anypersonwhofailstopayonatimelybasistheamountofanassessmentofacivilpenaltyasdescribedinthefirstsentenceofthisparagraphshallberequiredtopay,inadditiontothatamountandinterest,theUnitedStates'enforcementexpenses,includingattorneysfeesandcostsforcollectionproceedings,andaquarterlynonpaymentpenaltyforeachquarterduringwhichsuchfailuretopaypersists.Thenonpaymentpenaltyshallbeinanamountequalto10percentoftheaggregateamountofthatperson'spenaltiesandnonpaymentpenaltieswhichareunpaidasofthebeginningofsuchquarter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleI,§205,asaddedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(8),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.994;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.500;Pub.L.91–604,§7(c),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1694;Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§219(c),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.762;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§228(c),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2508.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–4ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedsectiongenerally.Priortoamendment,sectionreadasfollows:"Anypersonwhoviolatesparagraph(1),(2),or(4)ofsection7522(a)ofthistitleoranymanufacturer,dealer,orotherpersonwhoviolatesparagraph(3)(A)ofsection7522(a)ofthistitleshallbesubjecttoacivilpenaltyofnotmorethan$10,000.Anypersonwhoviolatesparagraph(3)(B)ofsuchsection7522(a)shallbesubjecttoacivilpenaltyofnotmorethan$2,500.Anysuchviolationwithrespecttoparagraph(1),(3),or(4)ofsection7522(a)ofthistitleshallconstituteaseparateoffensewithrespecttoeachmotorvehicleormotorvehicleengine."
1977—Pub.L.95–95substituted"Anypersonwhoviolatesparagraph(1),(2),or(4)ofsection7522(a)ofthistitle,oranymanufacturer,dealer,orotherpersonwhoviolatesparagraph(3)(A)ofsection7522(a)ofthistitle"for"Anypersonwhoviolatesparagraph(1),(2),(3),or(4)ofsection7522(a)ofthistitle"inprovisionscoveringthecivilpenaltyof$10,000,andinsertedprovisionsforacivilpenaltyofnotmorethan$2,500forviolationsofpar.(3)(B)ofsection7522(a)ofthistitle.
1970—Pub.L.91–604increasedtheupperlimitoftheallowablefinefrom"$1,000"to"$10,000".
1967—Pub.L.90–148reenactedsectionwithoutchange.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"section".
§7525.Motorvehicleandmotorvehicleenginecompliancetestingandcertification
(a)Testingandissuanceofcertificateofconformity
(1)TheAdministratorshalltest,orrequiretobetestedinsuchmannerashedeemsappropriate,anynewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleenginesubmittedbyamanufacturertodeterminewhethersuchvehicleorengineconformswiththeregulationsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle.Ifsuchvehicleorengineconformstosuchregulations,theAdministratorshallissueacertificateofconformityuponsuchterms,andforsuchperiod(notinexcessofoneyear),ashemayprescribe.Inthecaseofanyoriginalequipmentmanufacturer(asdefinedbytheAdministratorinregulationspromulgatedbeforeNovember15,1990)ofvehiclesorvehicleengineswhoseprojectedsalesintheUnitedStatesforanymodelyear(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator)willnotexceed300,theAdministratorshallnotrequire,forpurposesofdeterminingcompliancewithregulationsundersection7521ofthistitlefortheusefullifeofthevehicleorengine,operationofanyvehicleorenginemanufacturedduringsuchmodelyearformorethan5,000milesor160hours,respectively,unlesstheAdministrator,byregulation,prescribesotherwise.TheAdministratorshallapplyanyadjustmentfactorsthattheAdministratordeemsappropriatetoassurethateachvehicleorenginewillcomplyduringitsusefullife(asdeterminedundersection7521(d)ofthistitle)withtheregulationsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle.
(2)TheAdministratorshalltestanyemissioncontrolsystemincorporatedinamotorvehicleormotorvehicleenginesubmittedtohimbyanyperson,inordertodeterminewhethersuchsystemenablessuchvehicleorenginetoconformtothestandardsrequiredtobeprescribedundersection7521(b)ofthistitle.IftheAdministratorfindsonthebasisofsuchteststhatsuchvehicleorengineconformstosuchstandards,theAdministratorshallissueaverificationofcompliancewithemissionstandardsforsuchsystemwhenincorporatedinvehiclesofaclassofwhichthetestedvehicleisrepresentative.HeshallinformmanufacturersandtheNationalAcademyofSciences,andmakeavailabletothepublic,theresultsofsuchtests.Testsunderthisparagraphshallbeconductedundersuchtermsandconditions(includingrequirementsforpreliminarytestingbyqualifiedindependentlaboratories)astheAdministratormayprescribebyregulations.
(3)(A)AcertificateofconformitymaybeissuedunderthissectiononlyiftheAdministratordeterminesthatthemanufacturer(orinthecaseofavehicleorengineforimport,anyperson)hasestablishedtothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthatanyemissioncontroldevice,system,orelementofdesigninstalledon,orincorporatedin,suchvehicleorengineconformstoapplicablerequirementsofsection7521(a)(4)ofthistitle.
(B)TheAdministratormayconductsuchtestsandmayrequirethemanufacturer(oranysuchperson)toconductsuchtestsandprovidesuchinformationasisnecessarytocarryoutsubparagraph(A)ofthisparagraph.Suchrequirementsshallincludearequirementforpromptreportingoftheemissionofanyunregulatedpollutantfromasystem,device,orelementofdesignifsuchpollutantwasnotemitted,orwasemittedinsignificantlylesseramounts,fromthevehicleorenginewithoutuseofthesystem,device,orelementofdesign.
(4)(A)Notlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallrevisetheregulationspromulgatedunderthissubsectiontoaddtestprocedurescapableofdeterminingwhethermodelyear1994andlatermodelyearlight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytrucks,whenproperlymaintainedandused,willpasstheinspectionmethodsandproceduresestablishedundersection7541(b)ofthistitleforthatmodelyear,underconditionsreasonablylikelytobeencounteredintheconductofinspectionandmaintenanceprograms,butwhichthoseprogramscannotreasonablyinfluenceorcontrol.Theconditionsshallincludefuelcharacteristics,ambienttemperature,andshort(30minutesorless)waitingperiodsbeforetestsareconducted.TheAdministratorshallnotgrantacertificateofconformityunderthissubsectionforany1994orlatermodelyearvehicleorenginethattheAdministratorconcludescannotpassthetestproceduresestablishedunderthisparagraph.
(B)Fromtimetotime,theAdministratormayrevisetheregulationspromulgatedundersubparagraph(A),astheAdministratordeemsappropriate.
(5)(A)Amotorvehicleengine(includingallengineemissioncontrols)maybeinstalledinanexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicleifthemotorvehicleengineisfromamotorvehiclethatiscoveredbyacertificateofconformityissuedbytheAdministratorforthemodelyearinwhichtheexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicleisproduced,orthemotorvehicleengineiscoveredbyanExecutiveordersubjecttoregulationspromulgatedbytheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardforthemodelyearinwhichtheexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicleisproduced,and—
(i)themanufactureroftheenginesupplieswritteninstructionstotheAdministratorandthemanufactureroftheexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicleexplaininghowtoinstalltheengineandmaintainfunctionalityoftheengine'semissioncontrolsystemandtheon-boarddiagnosticsystem(commonlyknownas"OBD"),exceptwithrespecttoevaporativeemissions;
(ii)themanufactureroftheexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicleinstallstheengineinaccordancewithsuchinstructionsandcertifiessuchinstallationinaccordancewithsubparagraph(E);
(iii)theinstallationinstructionsincludeemissioncontrolwarrantyinformationfromtheenginemanufacturerincompliancewithsection7541ofthistitle,includingwherewarrantyrepairscanbemade,emissioncontrollabelstobeaffixedtothevehicle,andthecertificateofconformitynumberfortheapplicablevehicleinwhichtheenginewasoriginallyintendedortheapplicableExecutiveordernumberfortheengine;and
(iv)themanufactureroftheexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicledoesnotproducemorethan325suchvehiclesinthecalendaryearinwhichthevehicleisproduced.
(B)Amotorvehiclecontaininganenginecompliantwiththerequirementsofsubparagraph(A)shallbetreatedasmeetingtherequirementsofsection7521ofthistitleapplicabletonewvehiclesproducedorimportedinthemodelyearinwhichtheexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicleisproducedorimported.
(C)Engineinstallationsthatarenotperformedinaccordancewithinstallationinstructionsprovidedbythemanufacturerandalterationstotheenginenotinaccordancewiththeinstallationinstructionsshall—
(i)betreatedasprohibitedactsbytheinstallerundersection7522ofthistitleandanyapplicableregulations;and
(ii)subjecttocivilpenaltiesundersection7524(a)ofthistitle,civilactionsundersection7524(b)ofthistitle,andadministrativeassessmentofpenaltiesundersection7524(c)ofthistitle.
(D)Themanufacturerofanexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehiclethathasanenginecompliantwiththerequirementsofsubparagraph(A)shallprovidetothepurchaserofsuchvehicleallinformationreceivedbythemanufacturerfromtheenginemanufacturer,includinginformationregardingemissionswarrantiesfromtheenginemanufacturerandallemissions-relatedrecallsbytheenginemanufacturer.
(E)Toqualifytoinstallanengineunderthisparagraph,andsell,offerforsale,introduceintocommerce,deliverforintroductionintocommerceorimportanexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicle,amanufacturerofexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehiclesshallregisterwiththeAdministratoratsuchtimeandinsuchmannerastheAdministratordeterminesappropriate.ThemanufacturershallsubmitanannualreporttotheAdministratorthatincludes—
(i)adescriptionoftheexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehiclesandenginesinstalledinsuchvehicles;
(ii)thecertificateofconformitynumberissuedtothemotorvehicleinwhichtheenginewasoriginallyintendedortheapplicableExecutiveordernumberfortheengine;and
(iii)acertificationthatitproducedallexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehiclesaccordingtothewritteninstructionsfromtheenginemanufacturer,andotherwisethattheengineconformsinallmaterialrespectstothedescriptionintheapplicationfortheapplicablecertificateofconformityorExecutiveorder.
(F)Exemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehiclescompliantwiththisparagraphshallbeexemptedfrom—
(i)motorvehiclecertificationtestingunderthissection;and
(ii)vehicleemissioncontrolinspectionandmaintenanceprogramsrequiredundersection7410ofthistitle.
(G)(i)Exceptasprovidedinsubparagraphs(A)through(F),apersonengagedinthemanufacturingorassemblingofexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehiclesshallbeconsideredamanufacturerforpurposesofthischapter.
(ii)Nothinginthisparagraphshallbeconstruedtoexemptanypersonfromtheprohibitionsinsection7522(a)(3)ofthistitleortherequirementsinsections7542,7525(c),or7521(m)(5)ofthistitle.
(H)Inthisparagraph:
(i)Theterm"exemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicle"meansalight-dutyvehicleorlight-dutytruckproducedbyalow-volumemanufacturerandthat—
(I)isintendedtoresemblethebodyofanothermotorvehiclethatwasmanufacturednotlessthan25yearsbeforethemanufactureoftheexemptedspeciallyproducedmotorvehicle;and
(II)ismanufacturedunderalicensefortheproductconfiguration,tradedress,trademark,orpatent,forthemotorvehiclethatisintendedtobereplicatedfromtheoriginalmanufacturer,itssuccessorsorassignees,orcurrentownerofsuchproductconfiguration,tradedress,trademark,orpatentrights.
(ii)Theterm"low-volumemanufacturer"meansamotorvehiclemanufacturer,otherthanapersonwhoisregisteredasanimporterundersection30141oftitle49,whoseannualworldwideproduction,includingbyaparentorsubsidiaryofthemanufacturer,ifapplicable,isnotmorethan5,000motorvehicles.
(b)Testingprocedures;hearing;judicialreview;additionalevidence
(1)Inordertodeterminewhethernewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleenginesbeingmanufacturedbyamanufacturerdoinfactconformwiththeregulationswithrespecttowhichthecertificateofconformitywasissued,theAdministratorisauthorizedtotestsuchvehiclesorengines.SuchtestsmaybeconductedbytheAdministratordirectlyor,inaccordancewithconditionsspecifiedbytheAdministrator,bythemanufacturer.
(2)(A)(i)If,basedontestsconductedunderparagraph(1)onasampleofnewvehiclesorenginescoveredbyacertificateofconformity,theAdministratordeterminesthatallorpartofthevehiclesorenginessocovereddonotconformwiththeregulationswithrespecttowhichthecertificateofconformitywasissuedandwiththerequirementsofsection7521(a)(4)ofthistitle,hemaysuspendorrevokesuchcertificateinwholeorinpart,andshallsonotifythemanufacturer.Suchsuspensionorrevocationshallapplyinthecaseofanynewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleenginesmanufacturedafterthedateofsuchnotification(ormanufacturedbeforesuchdateifstillinthehandsofthemanufacturer),andshallapplyuntilsuchtimeastheAdministratorfindsthatvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedbythemanufacturerdoconformtosuchregulationsandrequirements.If,duringanyperiodofsuspensionorrevocation,theAdministratorfindsthatavehicleorengineactuallyconformstosuchregulationsandrequirements,heshallissueacertificateofconformityapplicabletosuchvehicleorengine.
(ii)If,basedontestsconductedunderparagraph(1)onanynewvehicleorengine,theAdministratordeterminesthatsuchvehicleorenginedoesnotconformwithsuchregulationsandrequirements,hemaysuspendorrevokesuchcertificateinsofarasitappliestosuchvehicleorengineuntilsuchtimeashefindssuchvehicleorengineactuallysoconformswithsuchregulationsandrequirements,andheshallsonotifythemanufacturer.
(B)(i)AttherequestofanymanufacturertheAdministratorshallgrantsuchmanufacturerahearingastowhetherthetestshavebeenproperlyconductedoranysamplingmethodshavebeenproperlyapplied,andmakeadeterminationontherecordwithrespecttoanysuspensionorrevocationundersubparagraph(A);butsuspensionorrevocationundersubparagraph(A)shallnotbestayedbyreasonofsuchhearing.
(ii)Inanycaseofactualcontroversyastothevalidityofanydeterminationunderclause(i),themanufacturermayatanytimepriortothe60thdayaftersuchdeterminationismadefileapetitionwiththeUnitedStatescourtofappealsforthecircuitwhereinsuchmanufacturerresidesorhashisprincipalplaceofbusinessforajudicialreviewofsuchdetermination.AcopyofthepetitionshallbeforthwithtransmittedbytheclerkofthecourttotheAdministratororotherofficerdesignatedbyhimforthatpurpose.TheAdministratorthereuponshallfileinthecourttherecordoftheproceedingsonwhichtheAdministratorbasedhisdetermination,asprovidedinsection2112oftitle28.
(iii)Ifthepetitionerappliestothecourtforleavetoadduceadditionalevidence,andshowstothesatisfactionofthecourtthatsuchadditionalevidenceismaterialandthattherewerereasonablegroundsforthefailuretoadducesuchevidenceintheproceedingbeforetheAdministrator,thecourtmayordersuchadditionalevidence(andevidenceinrebuttalthereof)tobetakenbeforetheAdministrator,insuchmanneranduponsuchtermsandconditionsasthecourtmaydeemproper.TheAdministratormaymodifyhisfindingsastothefacts,ormakenewfindings,byreasonoftheadditionalevidencesotakenandheshallfilesuchmodifiedornewfindings,andhisrecommendation,ifany,forthemodificationorsettingasideofhisoriginaldetermination,withthereturnofsuchadditionalevidence.
(iv)Uponthefilingofthepetitionreferredtoinclause(ii),thecourtshallhavejurisdictiontoreviewtheorderinaccordancewithchapter7oftitle5andtograntappropriatereliefasprovidedinsuchchapter.
(c)Inspection
Forpurposesofenforcementofthissection,officersoremployeesdulydesignatedbytheAdministrator,uponpresentingappropriatecredentialstothemanufacturerorpersonincharge,areauthorized(1)toenter,atreasonabletimes,anyplantorotherestablishmentofsuchmanufacturer,forthepurposeofconductingtestsofvehiclesorenginesinthehandsofthemanufacturer,or(2)toinspect,atreasonabletimes,records,files,papers,processes,controls,andfacilitiesusedbysuchmanufacturerinconductingtestsunderregulationsoftheAdministrator.Eachsuchinspectionshallbecommencedandcompletedwithreasonablepromptness.
(d)Rulesandregulations
TheAdministratorshallbyregulationestablishmethodsandproceduresformakingtestsunderthissection.
(e)Publicationoftestresults
TheAdministratorshallmakeavailabletothepublictheresultsofhistestsofanymotorvehicleormotorvehicleenginesubmittedbyamanufacturerundersubsection(a)aspromptlyaspossibleafterDecember31,1970,andatthebeginningofeachmodelyearwhichbeginsthereafter.Suchresultsshallbedescribedinsuchnontechnicalmanneraswillreasonablydisclosetoprospectiveultimatepurchasersofnewmotorvehiclesandnewmotorvehicleenginesthecomparativeperformanceofthevehiclesandenginestestedinmeetingthestandardsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle.
(f)Highaltituderegulations
Alllightduty 1vehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringoraftermodelyear1984andalllight-dutytrucksmanufacturedduringoraftermodelyear1995shallcomplywiththerequirementsofsection7521ofthistitleregardlessofthealtitudeatwhichtheyaresold.
(g)Nonconformancepenalty
(1)Inthecaseofanyclassorcategoryofheavy-dutyvehiclesorenginestowhichastandardpromulgatedundersection7521(a)ofthistitleapplies,exceptasprovidedinparagraph(2),acertificateofconformityshallbeissuedundersubsection(a)andshallnotbesuspendedorrevokedundersubsection(b)forsuchvehiclesorenginesmanufacturedbyamanufacturernotwithstandingthefailureofsuchvehiclesorenginestomeetsuchstandardifsuchmanufacturerpaysanonconformancepenaltyasprovidedunderregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratorafternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing.Inthecaseofmotorcyclestowhichsuchastandardapplies,suchacertificatemaybeissuednotwithstandingsuchfailureifthemanufacturerpayssuchapenalty.
(2)Nocertificateofconformitymaybeissuedunderparagraph(1)withrespecttoanyclassorcategoryofvehicleorengineifthedegreebywhichthemanufacturerfailstomeetanystandardpromulgatedundersection7521(a)ofthistitlewithrespecttosuchclassorcategoryexceedsthepercentagedeterminedunderregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratortobepracticable.SuchregulationsshallrequiresuchtestingofvehiclesorenginesbeingproducedasmaybenecessarytodeterminethepercentageoftheclassesorcategoriesofvehiclesorengineswhicharenotincompliancewiththeregulationswithrespecttowhichacertificateofconformitywasissuedandshallbepromulgatednotlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977.
(3)Theregulationspromulgatedunderparagraph(1)shall,notlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977,providefornonconformancepenaltiesinamountsdeterminedunderaformulaestablishedbytheAdministrator.Suchpenaltiesundersuchformula—
(A)mayvaryfrompollutant-to-pollutant;
(B)mayvarybyclassorcategoryorvehicleorengine;
(C)shalltakeintoaccounttheextenttowhichactualemissionsofanyairpollutantexceedallowableemissionsunderthestandardspromulgatedundersection7521ofthistitle;
(D)shallbeincreasedperiodicallyinordertocreateincentivesforthedevelopmentofproductionvehiclesorengineswhichachievetherequireddegreeofemissionreduction;and
(E)shallremoveanycompetitivedisadvantagetomanufacturerswhoseenginesorvehiclesachievetherequireddegreeofemissionreduction(includinganysuchdisadvantagearisingfromtheapplicationofparagraph(4)).
(4)Inanycaseinwhichacertificateofconformityhasbeenissuedunderthissubsection,anywarrantyrequiredundersection7541(b)(2)ofthistitleandanyactionundersection7541(c)ofthistitleshallberequiredtobeeffectiveonlyfortheemissionlevelswhichtheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchcertificatewasissuedandnotfortheemissionlevelsrequiredundertheapplicablestandard.
(5)Theauthoritiesofsection7542(a)ofthistitleshallapply,subjecttotheconditionsofsection7542(b) 2ofthistitle,forpurposesofthissubsection.
(h)Reviewandrevisionofregulations
Within18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallreviewandreviseasnecessarytheregulationsundersubsection 3(a)and(b)ofthissectionregardingthetestingofmotorvehiclesandmotorvehicleenginestoinsurethatvehiclesaretestedundercircumstanceswhichreflecttheactualcurrentdrivingconditionsunderwhichmotorvehiclesareused,includingconditionsrelatingtofuel,temperature,acceleration,andaltitude.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§206,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§8(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1694;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleII,§§213(a),214(b),(c),220,224(e),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.758–760,762,768;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(69),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1403;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§§208,230(7),(8),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2483,2529;Pub.L.114–94,div.B,titleXXIV,§24405(b),Dec.4,2015,129Stat.1723.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7542ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(g)(5),wasamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleII,§211,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2487,andprovisionsformerlycontainedinsection7542(b)ofthistitlearecontainedinsection7542(c).
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–5ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection206ofactJuly14,1955,relatedtotestingofmotorvehiclesandmotorvehicleenginesandwasclassifiedtosection1857f–5ofthistitle,priortorepealbyPub.L.91–604.
Amendments
2015—Subsec.(a)(5).Pub.L.114–94addedpar.(5).
1990—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§208(b),insertednewthirdsentenceandstruckoutformerthirdsentencewhichreadasfollows:"InthecaseofanymanufacturerofvehiclesorvehicleengineswhoseprojectedsalesintheUnitedStatesforanymodelyear(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator)willnotexceedthreehundred,theregulationsprescribedbytheAdministratorconcerningtestingbythemanufacturerforpurposesofdeterminingcompliancewithregulationsundersection7521ofthistitlefortheusefullifeofthevehicleorengineshallnotrequireoperationofanyvehicleorenginemanufacturedduringsuchmodelyearformorethanfivethousandmilesoronehundredandsixtyhours,respectively,buttheAdministratorshallapplysuchadjustmentfactorsashedeemsappropriatetoassurethateachsuchvehicleorenginewillcomplyduringitsusefullife(asdeterminedundersection7521(d)ofthistitle)withtheregulationsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle."
Subsec.(a)(4).Pub.L.101–549,§208(a),addedpar.(4).
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.101–549,§230(7),struckout"announceintheFederalRegisterand"after"TheAdministratorshall".
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.101–549,§230(8),struckoutpar.(1)designationbefore"Alllightdutyvehicles",insertedreferencetoalllight-dutytrucksmanufacturedduringoraftermodelyear1995,andstruckoutpar.(2)whichrequiredtheAdministratortoreporttoCongressbyOct.1,1978,ontheeconomicimpactandtechnologicalfeasibilityoftherequirementsofformerpar.(1).
Subsec.(h).Pub.L.101–549,§208(c),addedsubsec.(h).
1977—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.95–95,§220,insertedprovisionscoveringtestingbysmallmanufacturers.
Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.95–95,§214(b),addedpar.(3).
Subsec.(b)(2)(A)(i).Pub.L.95–95,§214(c)(1),(2),substituted"certificateofconformitywasissuedandwiththerequirementsofsection7521(a)(4)ofthistitle,hemaysuspend"for"certificateofconformitywasissued,hemaysuspend"and"suchregulationsandrequirements"for"suchregulations".
Subsec.(b)(2)(A)(ii).Pub.L.95–95,§214(c)(2),substituted"suchregulationsandrequirements"for"suchregulations".
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.95–95,§213(a),addedsubsec.(f).
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.95–95,§224(e),addedsubsec.(g).
Subsec.(g)(3)(D).Pub.L.95–190inserted"shall"before"be".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
EffectiveDate
Pub.L.91–604,§8(b),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1698,providedthat:"Theamendmentsmadebythissection[enactingthissectionandsection7541ofthistitle]shallnotapplytovehiclesorenginesimportedintotheUnitedStatesbeforethesixtiethdayafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Dec.31,1970]."
Regulations
Pub.L.114–94,div.B,titleXXIV,§24405(c),Dec.4,2015,129Stat.1725,providedthat:"Notlaterthan12monthsafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Dec.4,2015],theSecretaryofTransportationandtheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallissuesuchregulationsasmaybenecessarytoimplementtheamendmentsmadebysubsections(a)[amendingsection30114ofTitle49,Transportation]and(b)[amendingthissection],respectively."
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"light-duty".
2 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsections".
§7541.Compliancebyvehiclesandenginesinactualuse
(a)Warranty;certification;paymentofreplacementcostsofparts,devices,orcomponentsdesignedforemissioncontrol
(1)Effectivewithrespecttovehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinmodelyearsbeginningmorethan60daysafterDecember31,1970,themanufacturerofeachnewmotorvehicleandnewmotorvehicleengineshallwarranttotheultimatepurchaserandeachsubsequentpurchaserthatsuchvehicleorengineis(A)designed,built,andequippedsoastoconformatthetimeofsalewithapplicableregulationsundersection7521ofthistitle,and(B)freefromdefectsinmaterialsandworkmanshipwhichcausesuchvehicleorenginetofailtoconformwithapplicableregulationsforitsusefullife(asdeterminedundersection7521(d)ofthistitle).Inthecaseofvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinthemodelyear1995andthereaftersuchwarrantyshallrequirethatthevehicleorengineisfreefromanysuchdefectsforthewarrantyperiodprovidedundersubsection(i).
(2)Inthecaseofamotorvehiclepartormotorvehicleenginepart,themanufacturerorrebuilderofsuchpartmaycertifythatuseofsuchpartwillnotresultinafailureofthevehicleorenginetocomplywithemissionstandardspromulgatedundersection7521ofthistitle.SuchcertificationshallbemadeonlyundersuchregulationsasmaybepromulgatedbytheAdministratortocarryoutthepurposesofsubsection(b).TheAdministratorshallpromulgatesuchregulationsnolaterthantwoyearsfollowingAugust7,1977.
(3)Thecostofanypart,device,orcomponentofanylight-dutyvehiclethatisdesignedforemissioncontrolandwhichintheinstructionsissuedpursuanttosubsection(c)(3)ofthissectionisscheduledforreplacementduringtheusefullifeofthevehicleinordertomaintaincompliancewithregulationsundersection7521ofthistitle,thefailureofwhichshallnotinterferewiththenormalperformanceofthevehicle,andtheexpectedretailpriceofwhich,includinginstallationcosts,isgreaterthan2percentofthesuggestedretailpriceofsuchvehicle,shallbeborneorreimbursedatthetimeofreplacementbythevehiclemanufacturerandsuchreplacementshallbeprovidedwithoutcosttotheultimatepurchaser,subsequentpurchaser,ordealer.Theterm"designedforemissioncontrol"asusedintheprecedingsentencemeansacatalyticconverter,thermalreactor,orothercomponentinstalledonorinavehicleforthesoleorprimarypurposeofreducingvehicleemissions(notincludingthosevehiclecomponentswhichwereingeneralusepriortomodelyear1968andtheprimaryfunctionofwhichisnotrelatedtoemissioncontrol).
(b)Testingmethodsandprocedures
IftheAdministratordeterminesthat(i)thereareavailabletestingmethodsandprocedurestoascertainwhether,wheninactualusethroughoutits 1thewarrantyperiod(asdeterminedundersubsection(i)),eachvehicleandenginetowhichregulationsundersection7521ofthistitleapplycomplieswiththeemissionstandardsofsuchregulations,(ii)suchmethodsandproceduresareinaccordancewithgoodengineeringpractices,and(iii)suchmethodsandproceduresarereasonablycapableofbeingcorrelatedwithtestsconductedundersection7525(a)(1)ofthistitle,then—
(1)heshallestablishsuchmethodsandproceduresbyregulation,and
(2)atsuchtimeashedeterminesthatinspectionfacilitiesorequipmentareavailableforpurposesofcarryingouttestingmethodsandproceduresestablishedunderparagraph(1),heshallprescriberegulationswhichshallrequiremanufacturerstowarranttheemissioncontroldeviceorsystemofeachnewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleenginetowhicharegulationundersection7521ofthistitleappliesandwhichismanufacturedinamodelyearbeginningaftertheAdministratorfirstprescribeswarrantyregulationsunderthisparagraph(2).Thewarrantyundersuchregulationsshallruntotheultimatepurchaserandeachsubsequentpurchaserandshallprovidethatif—
(A)thevehicleorengineismaintainedandoperatedinaccordancewithinstructionsundersubsection(c)(3),
(B)itfailstoconformatanytimeduringits 1thewarrantyperiod(asdeterminedundersubsection(i))totheregulationsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle,and
(C)suchnonconformityresultsintheultimatepurchaser(oranysubsequentpurchaser)ofsuchvehicleorenginehavingtobearanypenaltyorothersanction(includingthedenialoftherighttousesuchvehicleorengine)underStateorFederallaw,
thensuchmanufacturershallremedysuchnonconformityundersuchwarrantywiththecostthereoftobebornebythemanufacturer.Nosuchwarrantyshallbeinvalidonthebasisofanypartusedinthemaintenanceorrepairofavehicleorengineifsuchpartwascertifiedasprovidedundersubsection(a)(2).
(c)Nonconformingvehicles;planforremedyingnonconformity;instructionsformaintenanceanduse;labelortag
Effectivewithrespecttovehiclesandenginesmanufacturedduringmodelyearsbeginningmorethan60daysafterDecember31,1970—
(1)IftheAdministratordeterminesthatasubstantialnumberofanyclassorcategoryofvehiclesorengines,althoughproperlymaintainedandused,donotconformtotheregulationsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle,wheninactualusethroughouttheirusefullife(asdeterminedundersection7521(d)ofthistitle),heshallimmediatelynotifythemanufacturerthereofofsuchnonconformity,andheshallrequirethemanufacturertosubmitaplanforremedyingthenonconformityofthevehiclesorengineswithrespecttowhichsuchnotificationisgiven.Theplanshallprovidethatthenonconformityofanysuchvehiclesorengineswhichareproperlyusedandmaintainedwillberemediedattheexpenseofthemanufacturer.IfthemanufacturerdisagreeswithsuchdeterminationofnonconformityandsoadvisestheAdministrator,theAdministratorshallaffordthemanufacturerandotherinterestedpersonsanopportunitytopresenttheirviewsandevidenceinsupportthereofatapublichearing.Unless,asaresultofsuchhearingtheAdministratorwithdrawssuchdeterminationofnonconformity,heshall,within60daysafterthecompletionofsuchhearing,orderthemanufacturertoprovidepromptnotificationofsuchnonconformityinaccordancewithparagraph(2).
(2)Anynotificationrequiredbyparagraph(1)withrespecttoanyclassorcategoryofvehiclesorenginesshallbegiventodealers,ultimatepurchasers,andsubsequentpurchasers(ifknown)insuchmannerandcontainingsuchinformationastheAdministratormaybyregulationsrequire.
(3)(A)ThemanufacturershallfurnishwitheachnewmotorvehicleormotorvehicleenginewritteninstructionsforthepropermaintenanceanduseofthevehicleorenginebytheultimatepurchaserandsuchinstructionsshallcorrespondtoregulationswhichtheAdministratorshallpromulgate.Themanufacturershallprovideinboldfacetypeonthefirstpageofthewrittenmaintenanceinstructionsnoticethatmaintenance,replacement,orrepairoftheemissioncontroldevicesandsystemsmaybeperformedbyanyautomotiverepairestablishmentorindividualusinganyautomotivepartwhichhasbeencertifiedasprovidedinsubsection(a)(2).
(B)Theinstructionundersubparagraph(A)ofthisparagraphshallnotincludeanyconditionontheultimatepurchaser'susing,inconnectionwithsuchvehicleorengine,anycomponentorservice(otherthanacomponentorserviceprovidedwithoutchargeunderthetermsofthepurchaseagreement)whichisidentifiedbybrand,trade,orcorporatename;ordirectlyorindirectlydistinguishingbetweenserviceperformedbythefranchiseddealersofsuchmanufactureroranyotherserviceestablishmentswithwhichsuchmanufacturerhasacommercialrelationship,andserviceperformedbyindependentautomotiverepairfacilitieswithwhichsuchmanufacturerhasnocommercialrelationship;exceptthattheprohibitionofthissubsectionmaybewaivedbytheAdministratorif—
(i)themanufacturersatisfiestheAdministratorthatthevehicleorenginewillfunctionproperlyonlyifthecomponentorservicesoidentifiedisusedinconnectionwithsuchvehicleorengine,and
(ii)theAdministratorfindsthatsuchawaiverisinthepublicinterest.
(C)Inaddition,themanufacturershallindicatebymeansofalabelortagpermanentlyaffixedtosuchvehicleorenginethatsuchvehicleorengineiscoveredbyacertificateofconformityissuedforthepurposeofassuringachievementofemissionsstandardsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle.SuchlabelortagshallcontainsuchotherinformationrelatingtocontrolofmotorvehicleemissionsastheAdministratorshallprescribebyregulation.
(4)Intermediatein-usestandards.—
(A)Modelyears1994and1995.—Forlight-dutytrucksofupto6,000lbs.grossvehicleweightrating(GVWR)andlight-dutyvehicleswhicharesubjecttostandardsundertableGofsection7521(g)(1)ofthistitleinmodelyears1994and1995(40percentofthemanufacturer'ssalesvolumeinmodelyear1994and80percentinmodelyear1995),thestandardsapplicabletoNMHC,CO,andNOxforpurposesofthissubsectionshallbethosesetforthintableAbelowinlieuofthestandardsforsuchairpollutantsotherwiseapplicableunderthissubchapter.
tablea—intermediatein-usestandardsldtsupto6,000lbs.gvwrandlight-dutyvehicles
VehicletypeNMHCCONOx
Light-dutyvehicles
0.32
3.4
0.4*
LDT's(0–3,750LVW)
0.32
5.2
0.4*
LDT's(3,751–5,750LVW)
0.41
6.7
0.7*
*Notapplicabletodiesel-fueledvehicles.
(B)Modelyears1996andthereafter.—(i)Inthemodelyears1996and1997,light-dutytrucks(LDTs)upto6,000lbs.grossvehicleweightrating(GVWR)andlight-dutyvehicleswhicharenotsubjecttofinalin-usestandardsunderparagraph(5)(60percentofthemanufacturer'ssalesvolumeinmodelyear1996and20percentinmodelyear1997)shallbesubjecttothestandardssetforthintableAofsubparagraph(A)forNMHC,CO,andNOxforpurposesofthissubsectioninlieuofthosesetforthinparagraph(5).
(ii)ForLDTsofmorethan6,000lbs.GVWR—
(I)inmodelyear1996whicharesubjecttothestandardssetforthinTableHofsection7521(h)ofthistitle(50%);
(II)inmodelyear1997(100%);and
(III)inmodelyear1998whicharenotsubjecttofinalin-usestandardsunderparagraph(5)(50%);
thestandardsforNMHC,CO,andNOxforpurposesofthissubsectionshallbethosesetforthinTableBbelowinlieuofthestandardsforsuchairpollutantsotherwiseapplicableunderthissubchapter.
TableB—IntermediateIn-UseStandardsLDTsMoreThan6,000Lbs.GVWR
VehicletypeNMHCCONOx
LDTs(3,751–5,750lbs.TW)
0.40
5.5
0.88*
LDTs(over5,750lbs.TW)
0.49
6.2
1.38*
*Notapplicabletodiesel-fueledvehicles.
(C)Usefullife.—Inthecaseofthein-usestandardsapplicableunderthisparagraph,forpurposesofapplyingthissubsection,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe5yearsor50,000milesortheequivalent(whicheverfirstoccurs).
(5)Finalin-usestandards.—(A)Afterthemodelyear1995,forpurposesofapplyingthissubsection,inthecaseofthepercentagespecifiedintheimplementationschedulebelowofeachmanufacturer'ssalesvolumeoflight-dutytrucksofupto6,000lbs.grossvehicleweightrating(GVWR)andlightduty 2vehicles,thestandardsforNMHC,CO,andNOxshallbeasprovidedinTableGinsection7521(g)ofthistitle,exceptthatinapplyingthestandardssetforthinTableGforpurposesofdeterminingcompliancewiththissubsection,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe(i)5yearsor50,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccursinthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat50,000miles;and(ii)10yearsor100,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccursinthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat100,000miles,exceptthatnotestingshallbedonebeyond7yearsor75,000miles,ortheequivalentwhicheverfirstoccurs.
LDTsupto6,000Lbs.GVWRandLight-DutyVehicleScheduleforImplementationofFinalIn-UseStandards
ModelyearPercent
1996
40
1997
80
1998
100
(B)Afterthemodelyear1997,forpurposesofapplyingthissubsection,inthecaseofthepercentagespecifiedintheimplementationschedulebelowofeachmanufacturer'ssalesvolumeoflight-dutytrucksofmorethan6,000lbs.grossvehicleweightrating(GVWR),thestandardsforNMHC,CO,andNOxshallbeasprovidedinTableHinsection7521(h)ofthistitle,exceptthatinapplyingthestandardssetforthinTableHforpurposesofdeterminingcompliancewiththissubsection,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe(i)5yearsor50,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccursinthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat50,000miles;and(ii)11yearsor120,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccursinthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat120,000miles,exceptthatnotestingshallbedonebeyond7yearsor90,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccurs.
LDTsofMoreThan6,000Lbs.GVWRImplementationScheduleforImplementationofFinalIn-UseStandards
ModelyearPercent
1998
50
1999
100
(6)Dieselvehicles;in-useusefullifeandtesting.—(A)Inthecaseofdiesel-fueledlight-dutytrucksupto6,000lbs.GVWRandlight-dutyvehicles,theusefullifeforpurposesofdeterminingin-usecompliancewiththestandardsundersection7521(g)ofthistitleforNOxshallbeaperiodof10yearsor100,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs,inthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat100,000miles,exceptthattestingshallnotbedoneforaperiodbeyond7yearsor75,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccurs.
(B)Inthecaseofdiesel-fueledlight-dutytrucksof6,000lbs.GVWRormore,theusefullifeforpurposesofdeterminingin-usecompliancewiththestandardsundersection7521(h)ofthistitleforNOxshallbeaperiodof11yearsor120,000miles(ortheequivalent),whicheverfirstoccurs,inthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat120,000miles,exceptthattestingshallnotbedoneforaperiodbeyond7yearsor90,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccurs.
(d)Dealercostsbornebymanufacturer
Anycostobligationofanydealerincurredasaresultofanyrequirementimposedbysubsection(a),(b),or(c)shallbebornebythemanufacturer.Thetransferofanysuchcostobligationfromamanufacturertoanydealerthroughfranchiseorotheragreementisprohibited.
(e)Coststatement
Ifamanufacturerincludesinanyadvertisementastatementrespectingthecostorvalueofemissioncontroldevicesorsystems,suchmanufacturershallsetforthinsuchstatementthecostorvalueattributedtosuchdevicesorsystemsbytheSecretaryofLabor(throughtheBureauofLaborStatistics).TheSecretaryofLabor,andhisrepresentatives,shallhavethesameaccessforthispurposetothebooks,documents,papers,andrecordsofamanufacturerastheComptrollerGeneralhastothoseofarecipientofassistanceforpurposesofsection7611ofthistitle.
(f)Inspectionaftersaletoultimatepurchaser
Anyinspectionofamotorvehicleoramotorvehicleengineforpurposesofsubsection(c)(1),afteritssaletotheultimatepurchaser,shallbemadeonlyiftheownerofsuchvehicleorenginevoluntarilypermitssuchinspectiontobemade,exceptasmaybeprovidedbyanyStateorlocalinspectionprogram.
(g)Replacementandmaintenancecostsbornebyowner
Forthepurposesofthissection,theownerofanymotorvehicleormotorvehicleenginewarrantedunderthissectionisresponsibleinthepropermaintenanceofsuchvehicleorenginetoreplaceandtomaintain,athisexpenseatanyserviceestablishmentorfacilityofhischoosing,suchitemsassparkplugs,points,condensers,andanyotherpart,item,ordevicerelatedtoemissioncontrol(butnotdesignedforemissioncontrolunderthetermsofthelastsentenceofsubsection(a)(3))),3unlesssuchpart,item,ordeviceiscoveredbyanywarrantynotmandatedbythischapter.
(h)Dealercertification
(1)Ifatanytimeduringtheperiodforwhichthewarrantyappliesundersubsection(b),amotorvehiclefailstoconformtotheapplicableregulationsundersection7521ofthistitleasdeterminedundersubsection(b)ofthissectionsuchnonconformityshallberemediedbythemanufactureratthecostofthemanufacturerpursuanttosuchwarrantyasprovidedinsubsection(b)(2)(withoutregardtosubparagraph(C)thereof).
(2)Nothinginsection7543(a)ofthistitleshallbeconstruedtoprohibitaStatefromtesting,orrequiringtestingof,amotorvehicleafterthedateofsaleofsuchvehicletotheultimatepurchaser(exceptthatnonewmotorvehiclemanufacturerordealermayberequiredtoconducttestingunderthisparagraph).
(i)Warrantyperiod
(1)Ingeneral
Forpurposesofsubsection(a)(1)andsubsection(b)ofthissection,thewarrantyperiod,effectivewithrespecttonewlight-dutytrucksandnewlight-dutyvehiclesandengines,manufacturedinthemodelyear1995andthereafter,shallbethefirst2yearsor24,000milesofuse(whicheverfirstoccurs),exceptasprovidedinparagraph(2).Forpurposesofsubsection(a)(1)andsubsection(b),forothervehiclesandenginesthewarrantyperiodshallbetheperiodestablishedbytheAdministratorbyregulation(promulgatedpriortoNovember15,1990)forsuchpurposesunlesstheAdministratorsubsequentlymodifiessuchregulation.
(2)Specifiedmajoremissioncontrolcomponents
Inthecaseofaspecifiedmajoremissioncontrolcomponent,thewarrantyperiodfornewlight-dutytrucksandnewlight-dutyvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinthemodelyear1995andthereafterforpurposesofsubsection(a)(1)andsubsection(b)shallbe8yearsor80,000milesofuse(whicheverfirstoccurs).Asusedinthisparagraph,theterm"specifiedmajoremissioncontrolcomponent"meansonlyacatalyticconverter,anelectronicemissionscontrolunit,andanonboardemissionsdiagnosticdevice,exceptthattheAdministratormaydesignateanyotherpollutioncontroldeviceorcomponentasaspecifiedmajoremissioncontrolcomponentif—
(A)thedeviceorcomponentwasnotingeneraluseonvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedpriortothemodelyear1990;and
(B)theAdministratordeterminesthattheretailcost(exclusiveofinstallationcosts)ofsuchdeviceorcomponentexceeds$200(in1989dollars),adjustedforinflationordeflationascalculatedbytheAdministratoratthetimeofsuchdetermination.
Forpurposesofthisparagraph,theterm"onboardemissionsdiagnosticdevice"meansanydeviceinstalledforthepurposeofstoringorprocessingemissionsrelateddiagnosticinformation,butnotincludinganypartsorothersystemswhichitmonitorsexceptspecifiedmajoremissionscontrolcomponents.Nothinginthischaptershallbeconstruedtoprovidethatanypart(otherthanapartreferredtointheprecedingsentence)shallberequiredtobewarrantedunderthischapterfortheperiodof8yearsor80,000milesreferredtointhisparagraph.
(3)Instructions
Subparagraph(A)ofsubsection(b)(2)shallapplyonlywheretheAdministratorhasmadeadeterminationthattheinstructionsconcernedconformtotherequirementsofsubsection(c)(3).
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§207,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§8(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1696;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleII,§§205,208–210,212,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.754–756,758;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(70)–(72),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1403;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§§209,210,230(9),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2484,2485,2529;Pub.L.113–109,§1,June9,2014,128Stat.1170.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–5aofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection207ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection208byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7542ofthistitle.
Amendments
2014—Subsec.(h).Pub.L.113–109redesignatedpars.(2)and(3)as(1)and(2),respectively,andstruckoutformerpar.(1)whichreadasfollows:"Uponthesaleofeachnewlight-dutymotorvehiclebyadealer,thedealershallfurnishtothepurchaseracertificatethatsuchmotorvehicleconformstotheapplicableregulationsundersection7521ofthistitle,includingnoticeofthepurchaser'srightsunderparagraph(2)."
1990—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§209(4),insertedatend"Inthecaseofvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinthemodelyear1995andthereaftersuchwarrantyshallrequirethatthevehicleorengineisfreefromanysuchdefectsforthewarrantyperiodprovidedundersubsection(i)."
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.101–549,§209(1),(2),substituted"thewarrantyperiod(asdeterminedundersubsection(i))"for"usefullife(asdeterminedundersection7521(d)ofthistitle)"inintroductoryprovisionsandpar.(2)(B),andstruckoutclosingprovisionswhichreadasfollows:"Forpurposesofthewarrantyunderthissubsection,fortheperiodaftertwenty-fourmonthsortwenty-fourthousandmiles(whicheverfirstoccurs)theterm'emissioncontroldeviceorsystem'meansacatalyticconverter,thermalreactor,orothercomponentinstalledonorinavehicleforthesoleorprimarypurposeofreducingvehicleemissions.Suchtermshallnotincludethosevehiclecomponentswhichwereingeneralusepriortomodelyear1968."
Subsec.(c)(4)to(6).Pub.L.101–549,§210,addedpars.(4)to(6).
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.101–549,§230(9),substituted"thelastsentenceofsubsection(a)(3))"for"thelastthreesentencesofsubsection(a)(1)".
Subsec.(i).Pub.L.101–549,§209(3),addedsubsec.(i).
1977—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(70),designatedprovisionscontainedincl.(3)ofsubsec.(a),formerlysetoutascontainingcls.(1),(2),and(3),tobepar.(3)ofsubsec.(a)aftertheamendmentbyPub.L.95–95,§209(b),whichdesignatedprovisionsofformersubsec.(a)aspar.(1)andformercls.(1)and(2)as(A)and(B)ofpar.(1)andaddedanewpar.(2).
Pub.L.95–95,§205,addedcl.(3).
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–95,§209(a),(c),insertedprovisionstopar.(2)thatnowarrantybeheldinvalidonthebasisofanypartusedinthemaintenanceorrepairofavehicleorengineifthepartwascertifiedasprovidedinsubsec.(a)(2)ofthissection,and,followingpar.(2),insertedprovisionsdefining"emissioncontroldeviceorsystem".
Subsec.(c)(3).Pub.L.95–95,§208,designatedexistingprovisionsassubpars.(A)and(C),addedrequirementfortheboldfaceprintingofarequirednoticeonthefirstpageofthewrittenmaintenanceinstructionsinsubpar.(A),andaddedsubpar.(B).
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(71),redesignatedsubsec.(f)asaddedbyPub.L.95–95,§212,as(h).
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.95–95,§210,addedsubsec.(g).
Subsec.(h).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(71),redesignatedsubsec.(f)asaddedbyPub.L.95–95,§212,as(h).
Subsec.(h)(2).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(72),substituted"determinedunder"for"determinedand".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1990Amendment
Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§209,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2484,providedthattheamendmentsmadebythatsectionareeffectivewithrespecttonewmotorvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinmodelyear1995andthereafter.
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
EffectiveDate
SectionnotapplicabletovehiclesorenginesimportedintoUnitedStatesbeforesixtiethdayafterDec.31,1970,seesection8(b)ofPub.L.91–604,setoutasanoteundersection7525ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Theword"its"probablyshouldnotappear.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"light-duty".
3 Soinoriginal.Thefinalclosingparenthesisprobablyshouldnotappear.
§7542.Informationcollection
(a)Manufacturer'sresponsibility
Everymanufacturerofnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleengines,andeverymanufacturerofnewmotorvehicleorenginepartsorcomponents,andotherpersonssubjecttotherequirementsofthispartorpartC,shallestablishandmaintainrecords,performtestswheresuchtestingisnototherwisereasonablyavailableunderthispartandpartC(includingfeesfortesting),makereportsandprovideinformationtheAdministratormayreasonablyrequiretodeterminewhetherthemanufacturerorotherpersonhasactedorisactingincompliancewiththispartandpartCandregulationsthereunder,ortootherwisecarryouttheprovisionofthispartandpartC,andshall,uponrequestofanofficeroremployeedulydesignatedbytheAdministrator,permitsuchofficeroremployeeatreasonabletimestohaveaccesstoandcopysuchrecords.
(b)Enforcementauthority
Forthepurposesofenforcementofthissection,officersoremployeesdulydesignatedbytheAdministratoruponpresentingappropriatecredentialsareauthorized—
(1)toenter,atreasonabletimes,anyestablishmentofthemanufacturer,orofanypersonwhomthemanufacturerengagestoperformanyactivityrequiredbysubsection(a),forthepurposesofinspectingorobservinganyactivityconductedpursuanttosubsection(a),and
(2)toinspectrecords,files,papers,processes,controls,andfacilitiesusedinperforminganyactivityrequiredbysubsection(a),bysuchmanufacturerorbyanypersonwhomthemanufacturerengagestoperformanysuchactivity.
(c)Availabilitytopublic;tradesecrets
Anyrecords,reports,orinformationobtainedunderthispartorpartCshallbeavailabletothepublic,exceptthatuponashowingsatisfactorytotheAdministratorbyanypersonthatrecords,reports,orinformation,oraparticularportionthereof(otherthanemissiondata),towhichtheAdministratorhasaccessunderthissection,ifmadepublic,woulddivulgemethodsorprocessesentitledtoprotectionastradesecretsofthatperson,theAdministratorshallconsidertherecord,report,orinformationorparticularportionthereofconfidentialinaccordancewiththepurposesofsection1905oftitle18.AnyauthorizedrepresentativeoftheAdministratorshallbeconsideredanemployeeoftheUnitedStatesforpurposesofsection1905oftitle18.NothinginthissectionshallprohibittheAdministratororauthorizedrepresentativeoftheAdministratorfromdisclosingrecords,reportsorinformationtootherofficers,employeesorauthorizedrepresentativesoftheUnitedStatesconcernedwithcarryingoutthischapterorwhenrelevantinanyproceedingunderthischapter.NothinginthissectionshallauthorizethewithholdingofinformationbytheAdministratororanyofficeroremployeeundertheAdministrator'scontrolfromthedulyauthorizedcommitteesoftheCongress.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§208,formerly§207,asaddedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(8),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.994;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.501;renumberedandamendedPub.L.91–604,§§8(a),10(a),11(a)(2)(A),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1694,1700,1705,1713;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§211,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2487.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–6ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection208ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedNov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.501,wasrenumberedsection209byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7543ofthistitle.
Anotherpriorsection208ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedOct.20,1965,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(8),79Stat.994,wasrenumberedsection212byPub.L.90–148,renumberedsection213byPub.L.91–604,renumbered214byPub.L.93–319,andrenumberedsection216byPub.L.95–95,andisclassifiedtosection7550ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedsectiongenerally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionswhichrelatedto:insubsec.(a),manufacturer'sresponsibility;andinsubsec.(b),availabilitytopublicexceptfortradesecrets.
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§§11(a)(2)(A),15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearingand"part"for"subchapter".
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.91–604,§§10(a),15(c)(2),substitutedprovisionsauthorizingtheAdministratortomakeavailabletothepublicanyrecords,reports,ofinformationobtainedundersubsec.(a)ofthissection,exceptthoseshowntotheAdministratortobeentitledtoprotectionastradesecrets,forprovisionsthatallinformationreportedorotherwiseobtainedbytheSecretaryorhisrepresentativepursuanttosubsec.(a)ofthissection,whichinformationcontainsorrelatestoatradesecretorothermatterreferredtoinsection1905oftitle18,beconsideredconfidentialforthepurposeofsuchsection1905,andsubstituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
1967—Pub.L.90–148reenactedsectionwithoutchange.
§7543.Statestandards
(a)Prohibition
NoStateoranypoliticalsubdivisionthereofshalladoptorattempttoenforceanystandardrelatingtothecontrolofemissionsfromnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleenginessubjecttothispart.NoStateshallrequirecertification,inspection,oranyotherapprovalrelatingtothecontrolofemissionsfromanynewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleengineasconditionprecedenttotheinitialretailsale,titling(ifany),orregistrationofsuchmotorvehicle,motorvehicleengine,orequipment.
(b)Waiver
(1)TheAdministratorshall,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,waiveapplicationofthissectiontoanyStatewhichhasadoptedstandards(otherthancrankcaseemissionstandards)forthecontrolofemissionsfromnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleenginespriortoMarch30,1966,iftheStatedeterminesthattheStatestandardswillbe,intheaggregate,atleastasprotectiveofpublichealthandwelfareasapplicableFederalstandards.NosuchwaivershallbegrantediftheAdministratorfindsthat—
(A)thedeterminationoftheStateisarbitraryandcapricious,
(B)suchStatedoesnotneedsuchStatestandardstomeetcompellingandextraordinaryconditions,or
(C)suchStatestandardsandaccompanyingenforcementproceduresarenotconsistentwithsection7521(a)ofthistitle.
(2)IfeachStatestandardisatleastasstringentasthecomparableapplicableFederalstandard,suchStatestandardshallbedeemedtobeatleastasprotectiveofhealthandwelfareassuchFederalstandardsforpurposesofparagraph(1).
(3)InthecaseofanynewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleenginetowhichStatestandardsapplypursuanttoawaivergrantedunderparagraph(1),compliancewithsuchStatestandardsshallbetreatedascompliancewithapplicableFederalstandardsforpurposesofthissubchapter.
(c)Certificationofvehiclepartsorengineparts
Wheneveraregulationwithrespecttoanymotorvehiclepartormotorvehicleenginepartisineffectundersection7541(a)(2)ofthistitle,noStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereofshalladoptorattempttoenforceanystandardoranyrequirementofcertification,inspection,orapprovalwhichrelatestomotorvehicleemissionsandisapplicabletothesameaspectofsuchpart.TheprecedingsentenceshallnotapplyinthecaseofaStatewithrespecttowhichawaiverisineffectundersubsection(b).
(d)Control,regulation,orrestrictionsonregisteredorlicensedmotorvehicles
NothinginthispartshallprecludeordenytoanyStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereoftherightotherwisetocontrol,regulate,orrestricttheuse,operation,ormovementofregisteredorlicensedmotorvehicles.
(e)Nonroadenginesorvehicles
(1)ProhibitiononcertainStatestandards
NoStateoranypoliticalsubdivisionthereofshalladoptorattempttoenforceanystandardorotherrequirementrelatingtothecontrolofemissionsfromeitherofthefollowingnewnonroadenginesornonroadvehiclessubjecttoregulationunderthischapter—
(A)Newengineswhichareusedinconstructionequipmentorvehiclesorusedinfarmequipmentorvehiclesandwhicharesmallerthan175horsepower.
(B)Newlocomotivesornewenginesusedinlocomotives.
Subsection(b)shallnotapplyforpurposesofthisparagraph.
(2)Othernonroadenginesorvehicles
(A)Inthecaseofanynonroadvehiclesorenginesotherthanthosereferredtoinsubparagraph(A)or(B)ofparagraph(1),theAdministratorshall,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,authorizeCaliforniatoadoptandenforcestandardsandotherrequirementsrelatingtothecontrolofemissionsfromsuchvehiclesorenginesifCaliforniadeterminesthatCaliforniastandardswillbe,intheaggregate,atleastasprotectiveofpublichealthandwelfareasapplicableFederalstandards.NosuchauthorizationshallbegrantediftheAdministratorfindsthat—
(i)thedeterminationofCaliforniaisarbitraryandcapricious,
(ii)CaliforniadoesnotneedsuchCaliforniastandardstomeetcompellingandextraordinaryconditions,or
(iii)Californiastandardsandaccompanyingenforcementproceduresarenotconsistentwiththissection.
(B)AnyStateotherthanCaliforniawhichhasplanprovisionsapprovedunderpartDofsubchapterImayadoptandenforce,afternoticetotheAdministrator,foranyperiod,standardsrelatingtocontrolofemissionsfromnonroadvehiclesorengines(otherthanthosereferredtoinsubparagraph(A)or(B)ofparagraph(1))andtakesuchotheractionsasarereferredtoinsubparagraph(A)ofthisparagraphrespectingsuchvehiclesorenginesif—
(i)suchstandardsandimplementationandenforcementareidentical,fortheperiodconcerned,totheCaliforniastandardsauthorizedbytheAdministratorundersubparagraph(A),and
(ii)CaliforniaandsuchStateadoptsuchstandardsatleast2yearsbeforecommencementoftheperiodforwhichthestandardstakeeffect.
TheAdministratorshallissueregulationstoimplementthissubsection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§209,formerly§208,asaddedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.501;renumberedandamendedPub.L.91–604,§§8(a),11(a)(2)(A),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1694,1705,1713;Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§§207,221,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.755,762;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§222(b),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2502.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–6aofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection209ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedNov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.502,wasrenumberedsection210byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7544ofthistitle.
Anotherpriorsection209ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleII,asaddedOct.20,1965,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(8),79Stat.995,relatedtoappropriationsforthefiscalyearsendingJune30,1966,1967,1968,and1969,andwasclassifiedtosection1857f–8ofthistitle,priortorepealbyPub.L.89–675,§2(b),Oct.15,1966,80Stat.954.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(e).Pub.L.101–549addedsubsec.(e).
1977—Subsec.(b).Pub.L.95–95,§207,designatedexistingprovisionsaspar.(1),substituted"March30,1966,iftheStatedeterminesthattheStatestandardswillbe,intheaggregate,atleastasprotectiveofpublichealthandwelfareasapplicableFederalstandards"for"March30,1966,unlesshefindsthatsuchStatedoesnotrequirestandardsmorestringentthanapplicableFederalstandardstomeetcompellingtheextraordinaryconditionsorthatsuchStatestandardsandaccompanyingenforcementproceduresarenotconsistentwithsection7521(a)ofthistitle",addedsubpars.(A),(B),and(C),andaddedpars.(2)and(3).
Subsecs.(c),(d).Pub.L.95–95,§221,addedsubsec.(c)andredesignatedformersubsec.(c)as(d).
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§11(a)(2)(A),substituted"part"for"subchapter".
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.91–604,§11(a)(2)(A),substituted"part"for"subchapter".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7544.Stategrants
TheAdministratorisauthorizedtomakegrantstoappropriateStateagenciesinanamountuptotwo-thirdsofthecostofdevelopingandmaintainingeffectivevehicleemissiondevicesandsystemsinspectionandemissiontestingandcontrolprograms,exceptthat—
(1)nosuchgrantshallbemadeforanypartofanyStatevehicleinspectionprogramwhichdoesnotdirectlyrelatetothecostoftheairpollutioncontrolaspectsofsuchaprogram;
(2)nosuchgrantshallbemadeunlesstheSecretaryofTransportationhascertifiedtotheAdministratorthatsuchprogramisconsistentwithanyhighwaysafetyprogramdevelopedpursuanttosection402oftitle23;and
(3)nosuchgrantshallbemadeunlesstheprogramincludesprovisionsdesignedtoinsurethatemissioncontroldevicesandsystemsonvehiclesinactualusehavenotbeendiscontinuedorrenderedinoperative.
GrantsmaybemadeunderthissectionbywayofreimbursementinanycaseinwhichamountshavebeenexpendedbytheStatebeforethedateonwhichanysuchgrantwasmade.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§210,formerly§209,asaddedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.502;renumberedandamendedPub.L.91–604,§§8(a),10(b),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1694,1700;Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§204,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.754.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–6bofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection210ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection211byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7545ofthistitle.
Amendments
1977—Pub.L.95–95insertedprovisionallowinggrantstobemadebywayofreimbursementinanycaseinwhichamountshavebeenexpendedbyStatesbeforethedateonwhichthegrantsweremade.
1970—Pub.L.91–604,§10(b),substitutedprovisionsauthorizingtheAdministratortomakegrantstoappropriateStateagenciesforthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofeffectivevehicleemissiondevicesandsystemsinspectionandemissiontestingandcontrolprograms,forprovisionsauthorizingtheSecretarytomakegrantstoappropriateStateairpollutioncontrolagenciesforthedevelopmentofmeaningfuluniformmotorvehicleemissiondeviceinspectionandemissiontestingprograms.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7545.Regulationoffuels
(a)AuthorityofAdministratortoregulate
TheAdministratormaybyregulationdesignateanyfuelorfueladditive(includinganyfuelorfueladditiveusedexclusivelyinnonroadenginesornonroadvehicles)and,aftersuchdateordatesasmaybeprescribedbyhim,nomanufacturerorprocessorofanysuchfueloradditivemaysell,offerforsale,orintroduceintocommercesuchfueloradditiveunlesstheAdministratorhasregisteredsuchfueloradditiveinaccordancewithsubsection(b)ofthissection.
(b)Registrationrequirement
(1)Forthepurposeofregistrationoffuelsandfueladditives,theAdministratorshallrequire—
(A)themanufacturerofanyfueltonotifyhimastothecommercialidentifyingnameandmanufacturerofanyadditivecontainedinsuchfuel;therangeofconcentrationofanyadditiveinthefuel;andthepurpose-in-useofanysuchadditive;and
(B)themanufacturerofanyadditivetonotifyhimastothechemicalcompositionofsuchadditive.
(2)Forthepurposeofregistrationoffuelsandfueladditives,theAdministratorshall,onaregularbasis,requirethemanufacturerofanyfuelorfueladditive—
(A)toconductteststodeterminepotentialpublichealthandenvironmentaleffectsofthefueloradditive(includingcarcinogenic,teratogenic,ormutageniceffects);and
(B)tofurnishthedescriptionofanyanalyticaltechniquethatcanbeusedtodetectandmeasureanyadditiveinsuchfuel,therecommendedrangeofconcentrationofsuchadditive,andtherecommendedpurpose-in-useofsuchadditive,andsuchotherinformationasisreasonableandnecessarytodeterminetheemissionsresultingfromtheuseofthefueloradditivecontainedinsuchfuel,theeffectofsuchfueloradditiveontheemissioncontrolperformanceofanyvehicle,vehicleengine,nonroadengineornonroadvehicle,ortheextenttowhichsuchemissionsaffectthepublichealthorwelfare.
Testsundersubparagraph(A)shallbeconductedinconformitywithtestproceduresandprotocolsestablishedbytheAdministrator.Theresultofsuchtestsshallnotbeconsideredconfidential.
(3)Uponcompliancewiththeprovisionofthissubsection,includingassurancesthattheAdministratorwillreceivechangesintheinformationrequired,theAdministratorshallregistersuchfuelorfueladditive.
(4)Studyoncertainfueladditivesandblendstocks.—
(A)Ingeneral.—Notlaterthan2yearsafterAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshall—
(i)conductastudyontheeffectsonpublichealth(includingtheeffectsonchildren,pregnantwomen,minorityorlow-incomecommunities,andothersensitivepopulations),airquality,andwaterresourcesofincreaseduseof,andthefeasibilityofusingassubstitutesformethyltertiarybutyletheringasoline—
(I)ethyltertiarybutylether;
(II)tertiaryamylmethylether;
(III)di-isopropylether;
(IV)tertiarybutylalcohol;
(V)otherethersandheavyalcohols,asdeterminedbythen 1Administrator;
(VI)ethanol;
(VII)iso-octane;and
(VIII)alkylates;and
(ii)conductastudyontheeffectsonpublichealth(includingtheeffectsonchildren,pregnantwomen,minorityorlow-incomecommunities,andothersensitivepopulations),airquality,andwaterresourcesoftheadjustmentforethanol-blendedreformulatedgasolinetothevolatileorganiccompoundsperformancerequirementsthatareapplicableunderparagraphs(1)and(3)ofsubsection(k);and
(iii)submittotheCommitteeonEnvironmentandPublicWorksoftheSenateandtheCommitteeonEnergyandCommerceoftheHouseofRepresentativesareportdescribingtheresultsofthestudiesunderclauses(i)and(ii).
(B)Contractsforstudy.—Incarryingoutthisparagraph,theAdministratormayenterintooneormorecontractswithnongovernmentalentitiessuchas—
(i)thenationalenergylaboratories;and
(ii)institutionsofhighereducation(asdefinedinsection1001oftitle20).
(c)Offendingfuelsandfueladditives;control;prohibition
(1)TheAdministratormay,fromtimetotimeonthebasisofinformationobtainedundersubsection(b)ofthissectionorotherinformationavailabletohim,byregulation,controlorprohibitthemanufacture,introductionintocommerce,offeringforsale,orsaleofanyfuelorfueladditiveforuseinamotorvehicle,motorvehicleengine,ornonroadengineornonroadvehicleif,inthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,anyfuelorfueladditiveoranyemissionproductofsuchfuelorfueladditivecauses,orcontributes,toairpollutionorwaterpollution(includinganydegradationinthequalityofgroundwater)thatmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerthepublichealthorwelfare,or(B) 2ifemissionproductsofsuchfuelorfueladditivewillimpairtoasignificantdegreetheperformanceofanyemissioncontroldeviceorsystemwhichisingeneraluse,orwhichtheAdministratorfindshasbeendevelopedtoapointwhereinareasonabletimeitwouldbeingeneraluseweresuchregulationtobepromulgated.
(2)(A)Nofuel,classoffuels,orfueladditivemaybecontrolledorprohibitedbytheAdministratorpursuanttoclause(A)ofparagraph(1)exceptafterconsiderationofallrelevantmedicalandscientificevidenceavailabletohim,includingconsiderationofothertechnologicallyoreconomicallyfeasiblemeansofachievingemissionstandardsundersection7521ofthistitle.
(B)NofuelorfueladditivemaybecontrolledorprohibitedbytheAdministratorpursuanttoclause(B)ofparagraph(1)exceptafterconsiderationofavailablescientificandeconomicdata,includingacostbenefitanalysiscomparingemissioncontroldevicesorsystemswhichareorwillbeingeneraluseandrequiretheproposedcontrolorprohibitionwithemissioncontroldevicesorsystemswhichareorwillbeingeneraluseanddonotrequiretheproposedcontrolorprohibition.Onrequestofamanufacturerofmotorvehicles,motorvehicleengines,fuels,orfueladditivessubmittedwithin10daysofnoticeofproposedrulemaking,theAdministratorshallholdapublichearingandpublishfindingswithrespecttoanymatterheisrequiredtoconsiderunderthissubparagraph.Suchfindingsshallbepublishedatthetimeofpromulgationoffinalregulations.
(C)NofuelorfueladditivemaybeprohibitedbytheAdministratorunderparagraph(1)unlesshefinds,andpublishessuchfinding,thatinhisjudgmentsuchprohibitionwillnotcausetheuseofanyotherfuelorfueladditivewhichwillproduceemissionswhichwillendangerthepublichealthorwelfaretothesameorgreaterdegreethantheuseofthefuelorfueladditiveproposedtobeprohibited.
(3)(A)Forthepurposeofobtainingevidenceanddatatocarryoutparagraph(2),theAdministratormayrequirethemanufacturerofanymotorvehicleormotorvehicleenginetofurnishanyinformationwhichhasbeendevelopedconcerningtheemissionsfrommotorvehiclesresultingfromtheuseofanyfuelorfueladditive,ortheeffectofsuchuseontheperformanceofanyemissioncontroldeviceorsystem.
(B)Inobtaininginformationundersubparagraph(A),section7607(a)ofthistitle(relatingtosubpenas)shallbeapplicable.
(4)(A)Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinsubparagraph(B)or(C),noState(orpoliticalsubdivisionthereof)mayprescribeorattempttoenforce,forpurposesofmotorvehicleemissioncontrol,anycontrolorprohibitionrespectinganycharacteristicorcomponentofafuelorfueladditiveinamotorvehicleormotorvehicleengine—
(i)iftheAdministratorhasfoundthatnocontrolorprohibitionofthecharacteristicorcomponentofafuelorfueladditiveunderparagraph(1)isnecessaryandhaspublishedhisfindingintheFederalRegister,or
(ii)iftheAdministratorhasprescribedunderparagraph(1)acontrolorprohibitionapplicabletosuchcharacteristicorcomponentofafuelorfueladditive,unlessStateprohibitionorcontrolisidenticaltotheprohibitionorcontrolprescribedbytheAdministrator.
(B)AnyStateforwhichapplicationofsection7543(a)ofthistitlehasatanytimebeenwaivedundersection7543(b)ofthistitlemayatanytimeprescribeandenforce,forthepurposeofmotorvehicleemissioncontrol,acontrolorprohibitionrespectinganyfuelorfueladditive.
(C)(i)AStatemayprescribeandenforce,forpurposesofmotorvehicleemissioncontrol,acontrolorprohibitionrespectingtheuseofafuelorfueladditiveinamotorvehicleormotorvehicleengineifanapplicableimplementationplanforsuchStateundersection7410ofthistitlesoprovides.TheAdministratormayapprovesuchprovisioninanimplementationplan,orpromulgateanimplementationplancontainingsuchaprovision,onlyifhefindsthattheStatecontrolorprohibitionisnecessarytoachievethenationalprimaryorsecondaryambientairqualitystandardwhichtheplanimplements.TheAdministratormayfindthataStatecontrolorprohibitionisnecessarytoachievethatstandardifnoothermeasuresthatwouldbringabouttimelyattainmentexist,orifothermeasuresexistandaretechnicallypossibletoimplement,butareunreasonableorimpracticable.TheAdministratormaymakeafindingofnecessityunderthissubparagrapheveniftheplanfortheareadoesnotcontainanapproveddemonstrationoftimelyattainment.
(ii)TheAdministratormaytemporarilywaiveacontrolorprohibitionrespectingtheuseofafuelorfueladditiverequiredorregulatedbytheAdministratorpursuanttosubsection(c),(h),(i),(k),or(m)ofthissectionorprescribedinanapplicableimplementationplanundersection7410ofthistitleapprovedbytheAdministratorunderclause(i)ofthissubparagraphif,afterconsultationwith,andconcurrenceby,theSecretaryofEnergy,theAdministratordeterminesthat—
(I)extremeandunusualfuelorfueladditivesupplycircumstancesexistinaStateorregionoftheNationwhichpreventthedistributionofanadequatesupplyofthefuelorfueladditivetoconsumers;
(II)suchextremeandunusualfuelandfueladditivesupplycircumstancesaretheresultofanaturaldisaster,anActofGod,apipelineorrefineryequipmentfailure,oranothereventthatcouldnotreasonablyhavebeenforeseenorpreventedandnotthelackofprudentplanningonthepartofthesuppliersofthefuelorfueladditivetosuchStateorregion;and
(III)itisinthepublicinteresttograntthewaiver(forexample,whenawaiverisnecessarytomeetprojectedtemporaryshortfallsinthesupplyofthefuelorfueladditiveinaStateorregionoftheNationwhichcannototherwisebecompensatedfor).
(iii)IftheAdministratormakesthedeterminationsrequiredunderclause(ii),suchatemporaryextremeandunusualfuelandfueladditivesupplycircumstanceswaivershallbepermittedonlyif—
(I)thewaiverappliestothesmallestgeographicareanecessarytoaddresstheextremeandunusualfuelandfueladditivesupplycircumstances;
(II)thewaiveriseffectiveforaperiodof20calendardaysor,iftheAdministratordeterminesthatashorterwaiverperiodisadequate,fortheshortestpracticabletimeperiodnecessarytopermitthecorrectionoftheextremeandunusualfuelandfueladditivesupplycircumstancesandtomitigateimpactonairquality;
(III)thewaiverpermitsatransitionalperiod,theexactdurationofwhichshallbedeterminedbytheAdministrator(butwhichshallbefortheshortestpracticableperiod),aftertheterminationofthetemporarywaivertopermitwholesalersandretailerstoblenddowntheirwholesaleandretailinventory;
(IV)thewaiverappliestoallpersonsinthemotorfueldistributionsystem;and
(V)theAdministratorhasgivenpublicnoticetoallpartiesinthemotorfueldistributionsystem,andlocalandStateregulators,intheStateorregiontobecoveredbythewaiver.
Theterm"motorfueldistributionsystem"asusedinthisclauseshallbedefinedbytheAdministratorthroughrulemaking.
(iv)Within180daysofAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationstoimplementclauses(ii)and(iii).
(v) 3Nothinginthissubparagraphshall—
(I)limitorotherwiseaffecttheapplicationofanyotherwaiverauthorityoftheAdministratorpursuanttothissectionorpursuanttoaregulationpromulgatedpursuanttothissection;and
(II)subjectanyStateorpersontoanenforcementaction,penalties,orliabilitysolelyarisingfromactionstakenpursuanttotheissuanceofawaiverunderthissubparagraph.
(v)(I) 3TheAdministratorshallhavenoauthority,whenconsideringaStateimplementationplanoraStateimplementationplanrevision,toapproveunderthisparagraphanyfuelincludedinsuchplanorrevisioniftheeffectofsuchapprovalincreasesthetotalnumberoffuelsapprovedunderthisparagraphasofSeptember1,2004,inallStateimplementationplans.
(II)TheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,shalldeterminethetotalnumberoffuelsapprovedunderthisparagraphasofSeptember1,2004,inallStateimplementationplansandshallpublishalistofsuchfuels,includingtheStatesandPetroleumAdministrationforDefenseDistrictinwhichtheyareused,intheFederalRegisterforpublicreviewandcommentnolaterthan90daysafterAugust8,2005.
(III)TheAdministratorshallremoveafuelfromthelistpublishedundersubclause(II)ifafuelceasestobeincludedinaStateimplementationplanorifafuelinaStateimplementationplanisidenticaltoaFederalfuelformulationimplementedbytheAdministrator,buttheAdministratorshallnotreducethetotalnumberoffuelsauthorizedunderthelistpublishedundersubclause(II).
(IV)Subclause(I)shallnotlimittheAdministrator'sauthoritytoapproveacontrolorprohibitionrespectinganynewfuelunderthisparagraphinaStateimplementationplanorrevisiontoaStateimplementationplanifsuchnewfuel—
(aa)completelyreplacesafuelonthelistpublishedundersubclause(II);or
(bb)doesnotincreasethetotalnumberoffuelsonthelistpublishedundersubclause(II)asofSeptember1,2004.
Intheeventthatthetotalnumberoffuelsonthelistpublishedundersubclause(II)atthetimeoftheAdministrator'sconsiderationofacontrolorprohibitionrespectinganewfuelislowerthanthetotalnumberoffuelsonsuchlistasofSeptember1,2004,theAdministratormayapproveacontrolorprohibitionrespectinganewfuelunderthissubclauseiftheAdministrator,afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,publishesintheFederalRegisterafternoticeandcommentafindingthat,intheAdministrator'sjudgment,suchcontrolorprohibitionrespectinganewfuelwillnotcausefuelsupplyordistributioninterruptionsorhaveasignificantadverseimpactonfuelproducibilityintheaffectedareaorcontiguousareas.
(V)TheAdministratorshallhavenoauthorityunderthisparagraph,whenconsideringanyparticularState'simplementationplanorarevisiontothatState'simplementationplan,toapproveanyfuelunlessthatfuelwas,asofthedateofsuchconsideration,approvedinatleastoneStateimplementationplanintheapplicablePetroleumAdministrationforDefenseDistrict.However,theAdministratormayapproveaspartofaStateimplementationplanorStateimplementationplanrevisionafuelwithasummertimeReidVaporPressureof7.0psi.InnoeventshallsuchapprovalbytheAdministratorcauseanincreaseinthetotalnumberoffuelsonthelistpublishedundersubclause(II).
(VI)NothinginthisclauseshallbeconstruedtohaveanyeffectregardinganyavailableauthorityofStatestorequiretheuseofanyfueladditiveregisteredinaccordancewithsubsection(b),includinganyfueladditiveregisteredinaccordancewithsubsection(b)afterAugust8,2005.
(d)Penaltiesandinjunctions
(1)Civilpenalties
Anypersonwhoviolatessubsection(a),(f),(g),(k),(l),(m),(n),or(o)ofthissectionortheregulationsprescribedundersubsection(c),(h),(i),(k),(l),(m),(n),or(o)ofthissectionorwhofailstofurnishanyinformationorconductanytestsrequiredbytheAdministratorundersubsection(b)ofthissectionshallbeliabletotheUnitedStatesforacivilpenaltyofnotmorethanthesumof$25,000foreverydayofsuchviolationandtheamountofeconomicbenefitorsavingsresultingfromtheviolation.Anyviolationwithrespecttoaregulationprescribedundersubsection(c),(k),(l),(m),or(o)ofthissectionwhichestablishesaregulatorystandardbaseduponamultidayaveragingperiodshallconstituteaseparatedayofviolationforeachandeverydayintheaveragingperiod.Civilpenaltiesshallbeassessedinaccordancewithsubsections(b)and(c)ofsection7524ofthistitle.
(2)Injunctiveauthority
ThedistrictcourtsoftheUnitedStatesshallhavejurisdictiontorestrainviolationsofsubsections(a),(f),(g),(k),(l),(m),(n),and(o)ofthissectionandoftheregulationsprescribedundersubsections(c),(h),(i),(k),(l),(m),(n),and(o)ofthissection,toawardotherappropriaterelief,andtocompelthefurnishingofinformationandtheconductoftestsrequiredbytheAdministratorundersubsection(b)ofthissection.ActionstorestrainsuchviolationsandcompelsuchactionsshallbebroughtbyandinthenameoftheUnitedStates.Inanysuchaction,subpoenasforwitnesseswhoarerequiredtoattendadistrictcourtinanydistrictmayrunintoanyotherdistrict.
(e)Testingoffuelsandfueladditives
(1)NotlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977,andafternoticeandopportunityforapublichearing,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationswhichimplementtheauthorityundersubsection(b)(2)(A)and(B)withrespecttoeachfuelorfueladditivewhichisregisteredonthedateofpromulgationofsuchregulationsandwithrespecttoeachfuelorfueladditiveforwhichanapplicationforregistrationisfiledthereafter.
(2)Regulationsundersubsection(b)tocarryoutthissubsectionshallrequirethattherequisiteinformationbeprovidedtotheAdministratorbyeachsuchmanufacturer—
(A)priortoregistration,inthecaseofanyfuelorfueladditivewhichisnotregisteredonthedateofpromulgationofsuchregulations;or
(B)notlaterthanthreeyearsafterthedateofpromulgationofsuchregulations,inthecaseofanyfuelorfueladditivewhichisregisteredonsuchdate.
(3)Inpromulgatingsuchregulations,theAdministratormay—
(A)exemptanysmallbusiness(asdefinedinsuchregulations)fromordeferormodifytherequirementsof,suchregulationswithrespecttoanysuchsmallbusiness;
(B)provideforcost-sharingwithrespecttothetestingofanyfuelorfueladditivewhichismanufacturedorprocessedbytwoormorepersonsorotherwiseprovideforsharedresponsibilitytomeettherequirementsofthissectionwithoutduplication;or
(C)exemptanypersonfromsuchregulationswithrespecttoaparticularfuelorfueladditiveuponafindingthatanyadditionaltestingofsuchfuelorfueladditivewouldbeduplicativeofadequateexistingtesting.
(f)Newfuelsandfueladditives
(1)(A)EffectiveuponMarch31,1977,itshallbeunlawfulforanymanufacturerofanyfuelorfueladditivetofirstintroduceintocommerce,ortoincreasetheconcentrationinuseof,anyfuelorfueladditiveforgeneraluseinlightdutymotorvehiclesmanufacturedaftermodelyear1974whichisnotsubstantiallysimilartoanyfuelorfueladditiveutilizedinthecertificationofanymodelyear1975,orsubsequentmodelyear,vehicleorengineundersection7525ofthistitle.
(B)EffectiveuponNovember15,1990,itshallbeunlawfulforanymanufacturerofanyfuelorfueladditivetofirstintroduceintocommerce,ortoincreasetheconcentrationinuseof,anyfuelorfueladditiveforusebyanypersoninmotorvehiclesmanufacturedaftermodelyear1974whichisnotsubstantiallysimilartoanyfuelorfueladditiveutilizedinthecertificationofanymodelyear1975,orsubsequentmodelyear,vehicleorengineundersection7525ofthistitle.
(2)EffectiveNovember30,1977,itshallbeunlawfulforanymanufacturerofanyfueltointroduceintocommerceanygasolinewhichcontainsaconcentrationofmanganeseinexcessof.0625gramspergallonoffuel,exceptasotherwiseprovidedpursuanttoawaiverunderparagraph(4).
(3)AnymanufacturerofanyfuelorfueladditivewhichpriortoMarch31,1977,andafterJanuary1,1974,firstintroducedintocommerceorincreasedtheconcentrationinuseofafuelorfueladditivethatwouldotherwisehavebeenprohibitedunderparagraph(1)(A)ifintroducedonorafterMarch31,1977shall,notlaterthanSeptember15,1978,ceasetodistributesuchfuelorfueladditiveincommerce.Duringtheperiodbeginning180daysafterAugust7,1977,andbeforeSeptember15,1978,theAdministratorshallprohibit,orrestricttheconcentrationofanyfueladditivewhichhedetermineswillcauseorcontributetothefailureofanemissioncontroldeviceorsystem(overtheusefullifeofanyvehicleinwhichsuchdeviceorsystemisused)toachievecompliancebythevehiclewiththeemissionstandardswithrespecttowhichithasbeencertifiedundersection7525ofthistitle.
(4)TheAdministrator,uponapplicationofanymanufacturerofanyfuelorfueladditive,maywaivetheprohibitionsestablishedunderparagraph(1)or(3)ofthissubsectionorthelimitationspecifiedinparagraph(2)ofthissubsection,ifhedeterminesthattheapplicanthasestablishedthatsuchfuelorfueladditiveoraspecifiedconcentrationthereof,andtheemissionproductsofsuchfuelorfueladditiveorspecifiedconcentrationthereof,willnotcauseorcontributetoafailureofanyemissioncontroldeviceorsystem(overtheusefullifeofthemotorvehicle,motorvehicleengine,nonroadengineornonroadvehicleinwhichsuchdeviceorsystemisused)toachievecompliancebythevehicleorenginewiththeemissionstandardswithrespecttowhichithasbeencertifiedpursuanttosections7525and7547(a)ofthistitle.TheAdministratorshalltakefinalactiontograntordenyanapplicationsubmittedunderthisparagraph,afterpublicnoticeandcomment,within270daysofthereceiptofsuchanapplication.
(5)NoactionoftheAdministratorunderthissectionmaybestayedbyanycourtpendingjudicialreviewofsuchaction.
(g)Misfueling
(1)Nopersonshallintroduce,orcauseorallowtheintroductionof,leadedgasolineintoanymotorvehiclewhichislabeled"unleadedgasolineonly,"whichisequippedwithagasolinetankfillerinletdesignedfortheintroductionofunleadedgasoline,whichisa1990orlatermodelyearmotorvehicle,orwhichsuchpersonknowsorshouldknowisavehicledesignedsolelyfortheuseofunleadedgasoline.
(2)BeginningOctober1,1993,nopersonshallintroduceorcauseorallowtheintroductionintoanymotorvehicleofdieselfuelwhichsuchpersonknowsorshouldknowcontainsaconcentrationofsulfurinexcessof0.05percent(byweight)orwhichfailstomeetacetaneindexminimumof40orsuchequivalentalternativearomaticlevelasprescribedbytheAdministratorundersubsection(i)(2).
(h)ReidVaporPressurerequirements
(1)Prohibition
Notlaterthan6monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsmakingitunlawfulforanypersonduringthehighozoneseason(asdefinedbytheAdministrator)tosell,offerforsale,dispense,supply,offerforsupply,transport,orintroduceintocommercegasolinewithaReidVaporPressureinexcessof9.0poundspersquareinch(psi).SuchregulationsshallalsoestablishmorestringentReidVaporPressurestandardsinanonattainmentareaastheAdministratorfindsnecessarytogenerallyachievecomparableevaporativeemissions(onaper-vehiclebasis)innonattainmentareas,takingintoconsiderationtheenforceabilityofsuchstandards,theneedofanareaforemissioncontrol,andeconomicfactors.
(2)Attainmentareas
Theregulationsunderthissubsectionshallnotmakeitunlawfulforanypersontosell,offerforsupply,transport,orintroduceintocommercegasolinewithaReidVaporPressureof9.0poundspersquareinch(psi)orlowerinanyareadesignatedundersection7407ofthistitleasanattainmentarea.Notwithstandingtheprecedingsentence,theAdministratormayimposeaReidvaporpressurerequirementlowerthan9.0poundspersquareinch(psi)inanyarea,formerlyanozonenonattainmentarea,whichhasbeenredesignatedasanattainmentarea.
(3)Effectivedate;enforcement
Theregulationsunderthissubsectionshallprovidethattherequirementsofthissubsectionshalltakeeffectnotlaterthanthehighozoneseasonfor1992,andshallincludesuchprovisionsastheAdministratordeterminesarenecessarytoimplementandenforcetherequirementsofthissubsection.
(4)Ethanolwaiver
Forfuelblendscontaininggasolineand10percentdenaturedanhydrousethanol,theReidvaporpressurelimitationunderthissubsectionshallbeonepoundpersquareinch(psi)greaterthantheapplicableReidvaporpressurelimitationsestablishedunderparagraph(1);Provided,however,Thatadistributor,blender,marketer,reseller,carrier,retailer,orwholesalepurchaser-consumershallbedeemedtobeinfullcompliancewiththeprovisionsofthissubsectionandtheregulationspromulgatedthereunderifitcandemonstrate(byshowingreceiptofacertificationorotherevidenceacceptabletotheAdministrator)that—
(A)thegasolineportionoftheblendcomplieswiththeReidvaporpressurelimitationspromulgatedpursuanttothissubsection;
(B)theethanolportionoftheblenddoesnotexceeditswaiverconditionundersubsection(f)(4);and
(C)noadditionalalcoholorotheradditivehasbeenaddedtoincreasetheReidVaporPressureoftheethanolportionoftheblend.
(5)Exclusionfromethanolwaiver
(A)Promulgationofregulations
Uponnotification,accompaniedbysupportingdocumentation,fromtheGovernorofaStatethattheReidvaporpressurelimitationestablishedbyparagraph(4)willincreaseemissionsthatcontributetoairpollutioninanyareaintheState,theAdministratorshall,byregulation,apply,inlieuoftheReidvaporpressurelimitationestablishedbyparagraph(4),theReidvaporpressurelimitationestablishedbyparagraph(1)toallfuelblendscontaininggasolineand10percentdenaturedanhydrousethanolthataresold,offeredforsale,dispensed,supplied,offeredforsupply,transported,orintroducedintocommerceintheareaduringthehighozoneseason.
(B)Deadlineforpromulgation
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsundersubparagraph(A)notlaterthan90daysafterthedateofreceiptofanotificationfromaGovernorunderthatsubparagraph.
(C)Effectivedate
(i)Ingeneral
WithrespecttoanareainaStateforwhichtheGovernorsubmitsanotificationundersubparagraph(A),theregulationsunderthatsubparagraphshalltakeeffectonthelaterof—
(I)thefirstdayofthefirsthighozoneseasonfortheareathatbeginsafterthedateofreceiptofthenotification;or
(II)1yearafterthedateofreceiptofthenotification.
(ii)Extensionofeffectivedatebasedondeterminationofinsufficientsupply
(I)Ingeneral
If,afterreceiptofanotificationwithrespecttoanareafromaGovernorofaStateundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratordetermines,ontheAdministrator'sownmotionoronpetitionofanypersonandafterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,thatthepromulgationofregulationsdescribedinsubparagraph(A)wouldresultinaninsufficientsupplyofgasolineintheState,theAdministrator,byregulation—
(aa)shallextendtheeffectivedateoftheregulationsunderclause(i)withrespecttotheareafornotmorethan1year;and
(bb)mayrenewtheextensionunderitem(aa)fortwoadditionalperiods,eachofwhichshallnotexceed1year.
(II)Deadlineforactiononpetitions
TheAdministratorshallactonanypetitionsubmittedundersubclause(I)notlaterthan180daysafterthedateofreceiptofthepetition.
(6)Areascovered
Theprovisionsofthissubsectionshallapplyonlytothe48contiguousStatesandtheDistrictofColumbia.
(i)Sulfurcontentrequirementsfordieselfuel
(1)EffectiveOctober1,1993,nopersonshallmanufacture,sell,supply,offerforsaleorsupply,dispense,transport,orintroduceintocommercemotorvehicledieselfuelwhichcontainsaconcentrationofsulfurinexcessof0.05percent(byweight)orwhichfailstomeetacetaneindexminimumof40.
(2)Notlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationstoimplementandenforcetherequirementsofparagraph(1).TheAdministratormayrequiremanufacturersandimportersofdieselfuelnotintendedforuseinmotorvehiclestodyesuchfuelinaparticularmannerinordertosegregateitfrommotorvehicledieselfuel.TheAdministratormayestablishanequivalentalternativearomaticleveltothecetaneindexspecificationinparagraph(1).
(3)Thesulfurcontentoffuelrequiredtobeusedinthecertificationof1991through1993modelyearheavy-dutydieselvehiclesandenginesshallbe0.10percent(byweight).Thesulfurcontentandcetaneindexminimumoffuelrequiredtobeusedinthecertificationof1994andlatermodelyearheavy-dutydieselvehiclesandenginesshallcomplywiththeregulationspromulgatedunderparagraph(2).
(4)TheStatesofAlaskaandHawaiimaybeexemptedfromtherequirementsofthissubsectioninthesamemannerasprovidedinsection7625 4ofthistitle.TheAdministratorshalltakefinalactiononanypetitionfiledundersection7625 4ofthistitleorthisparagraphforanexemptionfromtherequirementsofthissubsection,within12monthsfromthedateofthepetition.
(j)Leadsubstitutegasolineadditives
(1)AfterNovember15,1990,anypersonproposingtoregisteranygasolineadditiveundersubsection(a)ortouseanypreviouslyregisteredadditiveasaleadsubstitutemayalsoelecttoregistertheadditiveasaleadsubstitutegasolineadditiveforreducingvalveseatwearbyprovidingtheAdministratorwithsuchrelevantinformationregardingproductidentityandcompositionastheAdministratordeemsnecessaryforcarryingouttheresponsibilitiesofparagraph(2)ofthissubsection(inadditiontootherinformationwhichmayberequiredundersubsection(b)).
(2)Inadditiontotheothertestingwhichmayberequiredundersubsection(b),inthecaseoftheleadsubstitutegasolineadditivesreferredtoinparagraph(1),theAdministratorshalldevelopandpublishatestproceduretodeterminetheadditives'effectivenessinreducingvalveseatwearandtheadditives'tendenciestoproduceenginedepositsandotheradversesideeffects.ThetestproceduresshallbedevelopedincooperationwiththeSecretaryofAgricultureandwiththeinputofadditivemanufacturers,engineandenginecomponentsmanufacturers,andotherinterestedpersons.TheAdministratorshallenterintoarrangementswithanindependentlaboratorytoconducttestsofeachadditiveusingthetestproceduresdevelopedandpublishedpursuanttothisparagraph.TheAdministratorshallpublishtheresultsofthetestsbycompanyandadditivenameintheFederalRegisteralongwith,forcomparisonpurposes,theresultsofapplyingthesametestprocedurestogasolinecontaining0.1gramofleadpergalloninlieuoftheleadsubstitutegasolineadditive.TheAdministratorshallnotrankorotherwiseratetheleadsubstituteadditives.Testproceduresshallbeestablishedwithin1yearafterNovember15,1990.Additivesshallbetestedwithin18monthsofNovember15,1990,or6monthsaftertheleadsubstituteadditivesareidentifiedtotheAdministrator,whicheverislater.
(3)TheAdministratormayimposeauserfeetorecoverthecostsoftestingofanyfueladditivereferredtointhissubsection.Thefeeshallbepaidbythepersonproposingtoregisterthefueladditiveconcerned.Suchfeeshallnotexceed$20,000forasinglefueladditive.
(4)ThereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedtotheAdministratornotmorethan$1,000,000forthesecondfullfiscalyearafterNovember15,1990,toestablishtestproceduresandconductenginetestsasprovidedinthissubsection.Notmorethan$500,000peryearisauthorizedtobeappropriatedforeachofthe5subsequentfiscalyears.
(5)AnyfeescollectedunderthissubsectionshallbedepositedinaspecialfundintheUnitedStatesTreasuryforlicensingandotherserviceswhichthereaftershallbeavailableforappropriation,toremainavailableuntilexpended,tocarryouttheAgency'sactivitiesforwhichthefeeswerecollected.
(k)Reformulatedgasolineforconventionalvehicles
(1)EPAregulations
(A)Ingeneral
NotlaterthanNovember15,1991,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsunderthissectionestablishingrequirementsforreformulatedgasolinetobeusedingasoline-fueledvehiclesinspecifiednonattainmentareas.Suchregulationsshallrequirethegreatestreductioninemissionsofozoneformingvolatileorganiccompounds(duringthehighozoneseason)andemissionsoftoxicairpollutants(duringtheentireyear)achievablethroughthereformulationofconventionalgasoline,takingintoconsiderationthecostofachievingsuchemissionreductions,anynonair-qualityandotherair-qualityrelatedhealthandenvironmentalimpactsandenergyrequirements.
(B)Maintenanceoftoxicairpollutantemissionsreductionsfromreformulatedgasoline
(i)DefinitionofPADD
Inthissubparagraphtheterm"PADD"meansaPetroleumAdministrationforDefenseDistrict.
(ii)Regulationsconcerningemissionsoftoxicairpollutants
Notlaterthan270daysafterAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshallestablishbyregulation,foreachrefineryorimporter(otherthanarefinerorimporterinaStatethathasreceivedawaiverundersection7543(b)ofthistitlewithrespecttogasolineproducedforuseinthatState),standardsfortoxicairpollutantsfromuseofthereformulatedgasolineproducedordistributedbytherefinerorimporterthatmaintainthereductionoftheaverageannualaggregateemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsforreformulatedgasolineproducedordistributedbytherefinerorimporterduringcalendaryears2001and2002(asdeterminedonthebasisofdatacollectedbytheAdministratorwithrespecttotherefinerorimporter).
(iii)Standardsapplicabletospecificrefineriesorimporters
(I)Applicabilityofstandards
Foranycalendaryear,thestandardsapplicabletoarefinerorimporterunderclause(ii)shallapplytothequantityofgasolineproducedordistributedbytherefinerorimporterinthecalendaryearonlytotheextentthatthequantityislessthanorequaltotheaverageannualquantityofreformulatedgasolineproducedordistributedbytherefinerorimporterduringcalendaryears2001and2002.
(II)Applicabilityofotherstandards
Foranycalendaryear,thequantityofgasolineproducedordistributedbyarefinerorimporterthatisinexcessofthequantitysubjecttosubclause(I)shallbesubjecttostandardsforemissionsoftoxicairpollutantspromulgatedundersubparagraph(A)andparagraph(3)(B).
(iv)Creditprogram
TheAdministratorshallprovideforthegrantinganduseofcreditsforemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsinthesamemannerasprovidedinparagraph(7).
(v)Regionalprotectionoftoxicsreductionbaselines
(I)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan60daysafterAugust8,2005,andnotlaterthanApril1ofeachcalendaryearthatbeginsafterAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshallpublishintheFederalRegisterareportthatspecifies,withrespecttothepreviouscalendaryear—
(aa)thequantityofreformulatedgasolineproducedthatisinexcessoftheaverageannualquantityofreformulatedgasolineproducedin2001and2002;and
(bb)thereductionoftheaverageannualaggregateemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsineachPADD,basedonretailsurveydataordatafromotherappropriatesources.
(II)Effectoffailuretomaintainaggregatetoxicsreductions
If,inanycalendaryear,thereductionoftheaverageannualaggregateemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsinaPADDfailstomeetorexceedthereductionoftheaverageannualaggregateemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsinthePADDincalendaryears2001and2002,theAdministrator,notlaterthan90daysafterthedateofpublicationofthereportforthecalendaryearundersubclause(I),shall—
(aa)identify,tothemaximumextentpracticable,thereasonsforthefailure,includingthesources,volumes,andcharacteristicsofreformulatedgasolinethatcontributedtothefailure;and
(bb)promulgaterevisionstotheregulationspromulgatedunderclause(ii),totakeeffectnotearlierthan180daysbutnotlaterthan270daysafterthedateofpromulgation,toprovidethat,notwithstandingclause(iii)(II),allreformulatedgasolineproducedordistributedateachrefinerorimportershallmeetthestandardsapplicableunderclause(iii)(I)beginningnotlaterthanApril1ofthecalendaryearfollowingpublicationofthereportundersubclause(I)andineachcalendaryearthereafter.
(vi)NotlaterthanJuly1,2007,theAdministratorshallpromulgatefinalregulationstocontrolhazardousairpollutantsfrommotorvehiclesandmotorvehiclefuels,asprovidedforinsection80.1045oftitle40,CodeofFederalRegulations(asineffectonAugust8,2005),andasauthorizedundersection7521(l) 5ofthistitle.IftheAdministratorpromulgatesbysuchdate,finalregulationstocontrolhazardousairpollutantsfrommotorvehiclesandmotorvehiclefuelsthatachieveandmaintaingreateroverallreductionsinemissionsofairtoxicsfromreformulatedgasolinethanthereductionsthatwouldbeachievedundersubsection(k)(1)(B)asamendedbythisclause,thensubsections(k)(1)(B)(i)through(k)(1)(B)(v)shallbenullandvoidandregulationspromulgatedthereundershallberescindedandhavenofurthereffect.
(2)Generalrequirements
Theregulationsreferredtoinparagraph(1)shallrequirethatreformulatedgasolinecomplywithparagraph(3)andwitheachofthefollowingrequirements(subjecttoparagraph(7)):
(A)NOxemissions
Theemissionsofoxidesofnitrogen(NOx)frombaselinevehicleswhenusingthereformulatedgasolineshallbenogreaterthanthelevelofsuchemissionsfromsuchvehicleswhenusingbaselinegasoline.IftheAdministratordeterminesthatcompliancewiththelimitationonemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenundertheprecedingsentenceistechnicallyinfeasible,consideringtheotherrequirementsapplicableunderthissubsectiontosuchgasoline,theAdministratormay,asappropriatetoensurecompliancewiththissubparagraph,adjust(orwaiveentirely),anyotherrequirementsofthisparagraphoranyrequirementsapplicableunderparagraph(3)(A).
(B)Benzenecontent
Thebenzenecontentofthegasolineshallnotexceed1.0percentbyvolume.
(C)Heavymetals
Thegasolineshallhavenoheavymetals,includingleadormanganese.TheAdministratormaywaivetheprohibitioncontainedinthissubparagraphforaheavymetal(otherthanlead)iftheAdministratordeterminesthatadditionoftheheavymetaltothegasolinewillnotincrease,onanaggregatemassorcancer-riskbasis,toxicairpollutantemissionsfrommotorvehicles.
(3)Morestringentofformulaorperformancestandards
Theregulationsreferredtoinparagraph(1)shallrequirecompliancewiththemorestringentofeithertherequirementssetforthinsubparagraph(A)ortherequirementsofsubparagraph(B)ofthisparagraph.Forpurposesofdeterminingthemorestringentprovision,clause(i)andclause(ii)ofsubparagraph(B)shallbeconsideredindependently.
(A)Formula
(i)Benzene
Thebenzenecontentofthereformulatedgasolineshallnotexceed1.0percentbyvolume.
(ii)Aromatics
Thearomatichydrocarboncontentofthereformulatedgasolineshallnotexceed25percentbyvolume.
(iii)Lead
Thereformulatedgasolineshallhavenoleadcontent.
(iv)Detergents
Thereformulatedgasolineshallcontainadditivestopreventtheaccumulationofdepositsinenginesorvehiclefuelsupplysystems.
(B)Performancestandard
(i)VOCemissions
Duringthehighozoneseason(asdefinedbytheAdministrator),theaggregateemissionsofozoneformingvolatileorganiccompoundsfrombaselinevehicleswhenusingthereformulatedgasolineshallbe15percentbelowtheaggregateemissionsofozoneformingvolatileorganiccompoundsfromsuchvehicleswhenusingbaselinegasoline.Effectiveincalendaryear2000andthereafter,25percentshallbesubstitutedfor15percentinapplyingthisclause,exceptthattheAdministratormayadjustsuch25percentrequirementtoprovideforalesserorgreaterreductionbasedontechnologicalfeasibility,consideringthecostofachievingsuchreductionsinVOCemissions.Nosuchadjustmentshallprovideforlessthana20percentreductionbelowtheaggregateemissionsofsuchairpollutantsfromsuchvehicleswhenusingbaselinegasoline.Thereductionsrequiredunderthisclauseshallbeonamassbasis.
(ii)Toxics
Duringtheentireyear,theaggregateemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsfrombaselinevehicleswhenusingthereformulatedgasolineshallbe15percentbelowtheaggregateemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsfromsuchvehicleswhenusingbaselinegasoline.Effectiveincalendaryear2000andthereafter,25percentshallbesubstitutedfor15percentinapplyingthisclause,exceptthattheAdministratormayadjustsuch25percentrequirementtoprovideforalesserorgreaterreductionbasedontechnologicalfeasibility,consideringthecostofachievingsuchreductionsintoxicairpollutants.Nosuchadjustmentshallprovideforlessthana20percentreductionbelowtheaggregateemissionsofsuchairpollutantsfromsuchvehicleswhenusingbaselinegasoline.Thereductionsrequiredunderthisclauseshallbeonamassbasis.
Anyreductiongreaterthanaspecificpercentagereductionrequiredunderthissubparagraphshallbetreatedassatisfyingsuchpercentagereductionrequirement.
(4)Certificationprocedures
(A)Regulations
TheregulationsunderthissubsectionshallincludeproceduresunderwhichtheAdministratorshallcertifyreformulatedgasolineascomplyingwiththerequirementsestablishedpursuanttothissubsection.Undersuchregulations,theAdministratorshallestablishproceduresforanypersontopetitiontheAdministratortocertifyafuelformulation,orslateoffuelformulations.SuchproceduresshallfurtherrequirethattheAdministratorshallapproveordenysuchpetitionwithin180daysofreceipt.IftheAdministratorfailstoactwithinsuch180-dayperiod,thefuelshallbedeemedcertifieduntiltheAdministratorcompletesactiononthepetition.
(B)Certification;equivalency
TheAdministratorshallcertifyafuelformulationorslateoffuelformulationsascomplyingwiththissubsectionifsuchfuelorfuels—
(i)complywiththerequirementsofparagraph(2),and
(ii)achieveequivalentorgreaterreductionsinemissionsofozoneformingvolatileorganiccompoundsandemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsthanareachievedbyareformulatedgasolinemeetingtheapplicablerequirementsofparagraph(3).
(C)EPAdeterminationofemissionslevel
Within1yearafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshalldeterminethelevelofemissionsofozoneformingvolatileorganiccompoundsandemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsemittedbybaselinevehicleswhenoperatingonbaselinegasoline.Forpurposesofthissubsection,within1yearafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshall,byrule,determineappropriatemeasuresof,andmethodologyfor,ascertainingtheemissionsofairpollutants(includingcalculations,equipment,andtestingtolerances).
(5)Prohibition
EffectivebeginningJanuary1,1995,eachofthefollowingshallbeaviolationofthissubsection:
(A)Thesaleordispensingbyanypersonofconventionalgasolinetoultimateconsumersinanycoveredarea.
(B)Thesaleordispensingbyanyrefiner,blender,importer,ormarketerofconventionalgasolineforresaleinanycoveredarea,without(i)segregatingsuchgasolinefromreformulatedgasoline,and(ii)clearlymarkingsuchconventionalgasolineas"conventionalgasoline,notforsaletoultimateconsumerinacoveredarea".
Anyrefiner,blender,importerormarketerwhopurchasesproperty 6segregatedandmarkedconventionalgasoline,andthereafterlabels,represents,orwholesalessuchgasolineasreformulatedgasolineshallalsobeinviolationofthissubsection.TheAdministratormayimposesampling,testing,andrecordkeepingrequirementsuponanyrefiner,blender,importer,ormarketertopreventviolationsofthissection.
(6)Opt-inareas
(A)Classifiedareas
(i)Ingeneral
UpontheapplicationoftheGovernorofaState,theAdministratorshallapplytheprohibitionsetforthinparagraph(5)inanyareaintheStateclassifiedundersubpart2ofpartDofsubchapterIasaMarginal,Moderate,Serious,orSevereArea(withoutregardtowhetherornotthe1980populationoftheareaexceeds250,000).Inanysuchcase,theAdministratorshallestablishaneffectivedateforsuchprohibitionashedeemsappropriate,notlaterthanJanuary1,1995,or1yearaftersuchapplicationisreceived,whicheverislater.TheAdministratorshallpublishsuchapplicationintheFederalRegisteruponreceipt.
(ii)Effectofinsufficientdomesticcapacitytoproducereformulatedgasoline
IftheAdministratordetermines,ontheAdministrator'sownmotionoronpetitionofanyperson,afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,thatthereisinsufficientdomesticcapacitytoproducegasolinecertifiedunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshall,byrule,extendtheeffectivedateofsuchprohibitioninMarginal,Moderate,Serious,orSevereAreasreferredtoinclause(i)foroneadditionalyear,andmay,byrule,renewsuchextensionfor2additionalone-yearperiods.TheAdministratorshallactonanypetitionsubmittedunderthissubparagraphwithin6monthsafterreceiptofthepetition.TheAdministratorshallissuesuchextensionsforareaswithalowerozoneclassificationbeforeissuinganysuchextensionforareaswithahigherclassification.
(B)Ozonetransportregion
(i)Applicationofprohibition
(I)Ingeneral
OnapplicationoftheGovernorofaStateintheozonetransportregionestablishedbysection7511c(a)ofthistitle,theAdministrator,notlaterthan180daysafterthedateofreceiptoftheapplication,shallapplytheprohibitionspecifiedinparagraph(5)toanyareaintheState(otherthananareaclassifiedasamarginal,moderate,serious,orsevereozonenonattainmentareaundersubpart2ofpartDofsubchapterI)unlesstheAdministratordeterminesunderclause(iii)thatthereisinsufficientcapacitytosupplyreformulatedgasoline.
(II)Publicationofapplication
Assoonaspracticableafterthedateofreceiptofanapplicationundersubclause(I),theAdministratorshallpublishtheapplicationintheFederalRegister.
(ii)Periodofapplicability
Underclause(i),theprohibitionspecifiedinparagraph(5)shallapplyinaState—
(I)commencingassoonaspracticablebutnotlaterthan2yearsafterthedateofapprovalbytheAdministratoroftheapplicationoftheGovernoroftheState;and
(II)endingnotearlierthan4yearsafterthecommencementdatedeterminedundersubclause(I).
(iii)Extensionofcommencementdatebasedoninsufficientcapacity
(I)Ingeneral
If,afterreceiptofanapplicationfromaGovernorofaStateunderclause(i),theAdministratordetermines,ontheAdministrator'sownmotionoronpetitionofanyperson,afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,thatthereisinsufficientcapacitytosupplyreformulatedgasoline,theAdministrator,byregulation—
(aa)shallextendthecommencementdatewithrespecttotheStateunderclause(ii)(I)fornotmorethan1year;and
(bb)mayrenewtheextensionunderitem(aa)for2additionalperiods,eachofwhichshallnotexceed1year.
(II)Deadlineforactiononpetitions
TheAdministratorshallactonanypetitionsubmittedundersubclause(I)notlaterthan180daysafterthedateofreceiptofthepetition.
(7)Credits
(A)Theregulationspromulgatedunderthissubsectionshallprovideforthegrantingofanappropriateamountofcreditstoapersonwhorefines,blends,orimportsandcertifiesagasolineorslateofgasolinethat—
(i)hasanaromatichydrocarboncontent(byvolume)thatislessthanthemaximumaromatichydrocarboncontentrequiredtocomplywithparagraph(3);or
(ii)hasabenzenecontent(byvolume)thatislessthanthemaximumbenzenecontentspecifiedinparagraph(2).
(B)Theregulationsdescribedinsubparagraph(A)shallalsoprovidethatapersonwhoisgrantedcreditsmayusesuchcredits,ortransferalloraportionofsuchcreditstoanotherpersonforusewithinthesamenonattainmentarea,forthepurposeofcomplyingwiththissubsection.
(C)Theregulationspromulgatedundersubparagraphs(A)and(B)shallensuretheenforcementoftherequirementsfortheissuance,application,andtransferofthecredits.Suchregulationsshallprohibitthegrantingortransferofsuchcreditsforusewithrespecttoanygasolineinanonattainmentarea,totheextenttheuseofsuchcreditswouldresultinanyofthefollowing:
(i)Anaveragegasolinearomatichydrocarboncontent(byvolume)forthenonattainment(takingintoaccountallgasolinesoldforuseinconventionalgasoline-fueledvehiclesinthenonattainmentarea)higherthantheaveragefuelaromatichydrocarboncontent(byvolume)thatwouldoccurintheabsenceofusinganysuchcredits.
(ii)Anaveragebenzenecontent(byvolume)forthenonattainmentarea(takingintoaccountallgasolinesoldforuseinconventionalgasoline-fueledvehiclesinthenonattainmentarea)higherthantheaveragebenzenecontent(byvolume)thatwouldoccurintheabsenceofusinganysuchcredits.
(8)Anti-dumpingrules
(A)Ingeneral
Within1yearafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsapplicabletoeachrefiner,blender,orimporterofgasolineensuringthatgasolinesoldorintroducedintocommercebysuchrefiner,blender,orimporter(otherthanreformulatedgasolinesubjecttotherequirementsofparagraph(1))doesnotresultinaveragepergallonemissions(measuredonamassbasis)of(i)volatileorganiccompounds,(ii)oxidesofnitrogen,(iii)carbonmonoxide,and(iv)toxicairpollutantsinexcessofsuchemissionsofsuchpollutantsattributabletogasolinesoldorintroducedintocommerceincalendaryear1990bythatrefiner,blender,orimporter.SuchregulationsshalltakeeffectbeginningJanuary1,1995.
(B)Adjustments
Inevaluatingcompliancewiththerequirementsofsubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshallmakeappropriateadjustmentstoinsurethatnocreditisprovidedforimprovementinmotorvehicleemissionscontrolinmotorvehiclessoldafterthecalendaryear1990.
(C)Compliancedeterminedforeachpollutantindependently
Indeterminingwhetherthereisanincreaseinemissionsinviolationoftheprohibitioncontainedinsubparagraph(A)theAdministratorshallconsideranincreaseineachairpollutantreferredtoinclauses(i)through(iv)asaseparateviolationofsuchprohibition,exceptthattheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationstoprovidethatanyincreaseinemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenresultingfromaddingoxygenatestogasolinemaybeoffsetbyanequivalentorgreaterreduction(onamassbasis)inemissionsofvolatileorganiccompounds,carbonmonoxide,ortoxicairpollutants,oranycombinationoftheforegoing.
(D)Complianceperiod
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateanappropriatecomplianceperiodorappropriatecomplianceperiodstobeusedforassessingcompliancewiththeprohibitioncontainedinsubparagraph(A).
(E)Baselinefordeterminingcompliance
IftheAdministratordeterminesthatnoadequateandreliabledataexistsregardingthecompositionofgasolinesoldorintroducedintocommercebyarefiner,blender,orimporterincalendaryear1990,forsuchrefiner,blender,orimporter,baselinegasolineshallbesubstitutedforsuch1990gasolineindeterminingcompliancewithsubparagraph(A).
(9)Emissionsfromentirevehicle
Inapplyingtherequirementsofthissubsection,theAdministratorshalltakeintoaccountemissionsfromtheentiremotorvehicle,includingevaporative,running,refueling,andexhaustemissions.
(10)Definitions
Forpurposesofthissubsection—
(A)Baselinevehicles
Theterm"baselinevehicles"meanrepresentativemodelyear1990vehicles.
(B)Baselinegasoline
(i)Summertime
Theterm"baselinegasoline"meansinthecaseofgasolinesoldduringthehighozoneperiod(asdefinedbytheAdministrator)agasolinewhichmeetsthefollowingspecifications:
BASELINEGASOLINEFUELPROPERTIES
APIGravity
57.4
Sulfur,ppm
339
Benzene,%
1.53
RVP,psi
8.7
Octane,R+M/2
87.3
IBP,F
91
10%,F
128
50%,F
218
90%,F
330
EndPoint,F
415
Aromatics,%
32.0
Olefins,%
9.2
Saturates,%
58.8
(ii)Wintertime
TheAdministratorshallestablishthespecificationsof"baselinegasoline"forgasolinesoldattimesotherthanthehighozoneperiod(asdefinedbytheAdministrator).Suchspecificationsshallbethespecificationsof1990industryaveragegasolinesoldduringsuchperiod.
(C)Toxicairpollutants
Theterm"toxicairpollutants"meanstheaggregateemissionsofthefollowing:
Benzene
1,3Butadiene
Polycyclicorganicmatter(POM)
Acetaldehyde
Formaldehyde.
(D)Coveredarea
The9ozonenonattainmentareashavinga1980populationinexcessof250,000andhavingthehighestozonedesignvalueduringtheperiod1987through1989shallbe"coveredareas"forpurposesofthissubsection.EffectiveoneyearafterthereclassificationofanyozonenonattainmentareaasaSevereozonenonattainmentareaundersection7511(b)ofthistitle,suchSevereareashallalsobea"coveredarea"forpurposesofthissubsection.
(E)Reformulatedgasoline
Theterm"reformulatedgasoline"meansanygasolinewhichiscertifiedbytheAdministratorunderthissectionascomplyingwiththissubsection.
(F)Conventionalgasoline
Theterm"conventionalgasoline"meansanygasolinewhichdoesnotmeetspecificationssetbyacertificationunderthissubsection.
(l)Detergents
EffectivebeginningJanuary1,1995,nopersonmaysellordispensetoanultimateconsumerintheUnitedStates,andnorefinerormarketermaydirectlyorindirectlysellordispensetopersonswhosellordispensetoultimateconsumersintheUnitedStatesanygasolinewhichdoesnotcontainadditivestopreventtheaccumulationofdepositsinenginesorfuelsupplysystems.Notlaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgatearuleestablishingspecificationsforsuchadditives.
(m)Oxygenatedfuels
(1)PlanrevisionsforCOnonattainmentareas
(A)EachStateinwhichthereislocatedallorpartofanareawhichisdesignatedundersubchapterIasanonattainmentareaforcarbonmonoxideandwhichhasacarbonmonoxidedesignvalueof9.5partspermillion(ppm)orabovebasedondataforthe2-yearperiodof1988and1989andcalculatedaccordingtothemostrecentinterpretationmethodologyissuedbytheAdministratorpriortoNovember15,1990,shallsubmittotheAdministratoraStateimplementationplanrevisionundersection7410ofthistitleandpartDofsubchapterIforsuchareawhichshallcontaintheprovisionsspecifiedunderthissubsectionregardingoxygenatedgasoline.
(B)AplanrevisionwhichcontainssuchprovisionsshallalsobesubmittedbyeachStateinwhichthereislocatedanyareawhich,forany2-yearperiodafter1989hasacarbonmonoxidedesignvalueof9.5ppmorabove.Therevisionshallbesubmittedwithin18monthsaftersuch2-yearperiod.
(2)OxygenatedgasolineinCOnonattainmentareas
Eachplanrevisionunderthissubsectionshallcontainprovisionstorequirethatanygasolinesold,ordispensed,totheultimateconsumerinthecarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareaorsoldordispenseddirectlyorindirectlybyfuelrefinersormarketerstopersonswhosellordispensetoultimateconsumers,inthelargerof—
(A)theConsolidatedMetropolitanStatisticalArea(CMSA)inwhichtheareaislocated,or
(B)iftheareaisnotlocatedinaCMSA,theMetropolitanStatisticalAreainwhichtheareaislocated,
beblended,duringtheportionoftheyearinwhichtheareaispronetohighambientconcentrationsofcarbonmonoxidetocontainnotlessthan2.7percentoxygenbyweight(subjecttoatestingtoleranceestablishedbytheAdministrator).TheportionoftheyearinwhichtheareaispronetohighambientconcentrationsofcarbonmonoxideshallbeasdeterminedbytheAdministrator,butshallnotbelessthan4months.AttherequestofaStatewithrespecttoanyareadesignatedasnonattainmentforcarbonmonoxide,theAdministratormayreducetheperiodspecifiedintheprecedingsentenceiftheStatecandemonstratethatbecauseofmeteorologicalconditions,areducedperiodwillassurethattherewillbenoexceedancesofthecarbonmonoxidestandardoutsideofsuchreducedperiod.Forareaswithacarbonmonoxidedesignvalueof9.5ppmormoreof 7November15,1990,therevisionshallprovidethatsuchrequirementshalltakeeffectnolaterthanNovember1,1992(oratsuchotherdateduring1992astheAdministratorestablishesundertheprecedingprovisionsofthisparagraph).Forotherareas,therevisionshallprovidethatsuchrequirementshalltakeeffectnolaterthanNovember1ofthethirdyearafterthelastyearoftheapplicable2-yearperiodreferredtoinparagraph(1)(oratsuchotherdateduringsuchthirdyearastheAdministratorestablishesundertheprecedingprovisionsofthisparagraph)andshallincludeaprogramforimplementationandenforcementoftherequirementconsistentwithguidancetobeissuedbytheAdministrator.
(3)Waivers
(A)TheAdministratorshallwaive,inwholeorinpart,therequirementsofparagraph(2)uponademonstrationbytheStatetothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheuseofoxygenatedgasolinewouldpreventorinterferewiththeattainmentbytheareaofanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandard(oraStateorlocalambientairqualitystandard)foranyairpollutantotherthancarbonmonoxide.
(B)TheAdministratorshall,upondemonstrationbytheStatesatisfactorytotheAdministrator,waivetherequirementofparagraph(2)wheretheAdministratordeterminesthatmobilesourcesofcarbonmonoxidedonotcontributesignificantlytocarbonmonoxidelevelsinanarea.
(C)(i)AnypersonmaypetitiontheAdministratortomakeafindingthatthereis,orislikelytobe,foranyarea,aninadequatedomesticsupplyof,ordistributioncapacityfor,oxygenatedgasolinemeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(2)orfueladditives(oxygenates)necessarytomeetsuchrequirements.TheAdministratorshallactonsuchpetitionwithin6monthsafterreceiptofthepetition.
(ii)IftheAdministratordetermines,inresponsetoapetitionunderclause(i),thatthereisaninadequatesupplyorcapacitydescribedinclause(i),theAdministratorshalldelaytheeffectivedateofparagraph(2)for1year.Uponpetition,theAdministratormayextendsucheffectivedateforoneadditionalyear.Nopartialdelayorlesserwaivermaybegrantedunderthisclause.
(iii)IngrantingwaiversunderthissubparagraphtheAdministratorshallconsiderdistributioncapacityseparatelyfromtheadequacyofdomesticsupplyandshallgrantsuchwaiversinsuchmanneraswillassurethat,ifsuppliesofoxygenatedgasolinearelimited,areashavingthehighestdesignvalueforcarbonmonoxidewillhaveapriorityinobtainingoxygenatedgasolinewhichmeetstherequirementsofparagraph(2).
(iv)Asusedinthissubparagraph,thetermdistributioncapacityincludescapacityfortransportation,storage,andblending.
(4)Fueldispensingsystems
AnypersonsellingoxygenatedgasolineatretailpursuanttothissubsectionshallberequiredunderregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratortolabelthefueldispensingsystemwithanoticethatthegasolineisoxygenatedandwillreducethecarbonmonoxideemissionsfromthemotorvehicle.
(5)Guidelinesforcredit
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateguidelines,within9monthsafterNovember15,1990,allowingtheuseofmarketableoxygencreditsfromgasolinesduringthatportionoftheyearspecifiedinparagraph(2)withhigheroxygencontentthanrequiredtooffsetthesaleoruseofgasolinewithaloweroxygencontentthanrequired.Nocreditsmaybetransferredbetweennonattainmentareas.
(6)Attainmentareas
Nothinginthissubsectionshallbeinterpretedasrequiringanoxygenatedgasolineprograminanareawhichisinattainmentforcarbonmonoxide,exceptthatinacarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareawhichisredesignatedasattainmentforcarbonmonoxide,therequirementsofthissubsectionshallremainineffecttotheextentsuchprogramisnecessarytomaintainsuchstandardthereafterinthearea.
(7)FailuretoattainCOstandard
IftheAdministratordeterminesundersection7512(b)(2)ofthistitlethatthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforcarbonmonoxidehasnotbeenattainedinaSeriousAreabytheapplicableattainmentdate,theStateshallsubmitaplanrevisionfortheareawithin9monthsafterthedateofsuchdetermination.Theplanrevisionshallprovidethattheminimumoxygencontentofgasolinereferredtoinparagraph(2)shallbe3.1percentbyweightunlesssuchrequirementiswaivedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthissubsection.
(n)Prohibitiononleadedgasolineforhighwayuse
AfterDecember31,1995,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontosell,offerforsale,supply,offerforsupply,dispense,transport,orintroduceintocommerce,foruseasfuelinanymotorvehicle(asdefinedinsection7554(2) 8ofthistitle)anygasolinewhichcontainsleadorleadadditives.
(o)Renewablefuelprogram
(1)Definitions
Inthissection:
(A)Additionalrenewablefuel
Theterm"additionalrenewablefuel"meansfuelthatisproducedfromrenewablebiomassandthatisusedtoreplaceorreducethequantityoffossilfuelpresentinhomeheatingoilorjetfuel.
(B)Advancedbiofuel
(i)Ingeneral
Theterm"advancedbiofuel"meansrenewablefuel,otherthanethanolderivedfromcornstarch,thathaslifecyclegreenhousegasemissions,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforcomment,thatareatleast50percentlessthanbaselinelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions.
(ii)Inclusions
Thetypesoffuelseligibleforconsiderationas"advancedbiofuel"mayincludeanyofthefollowing:
(I)Ethanolderivedfromcellulose,hemicellulose,orlignin.
(II)Ethanolderivedfromsugarorstarch(otherthancornstarch).
(III)Ethanolderivedfromwastematerial,includingcropresidue,othervegetativewastematerial,animalwaste,andfoodwasteandyardwaste.
(IV)Biomass-baseddiesel.
(V)Biogas(includinglandfillgasandsewagewastetreatmentgas)producedthroughtheconversionoforganicmatterfromrenewablebiomass.
(VI)Butanolorotheralcoholsproducedthroughtheconversionoforganicmatterfromrenewablebiomass.
(VII)Otherfuelderivedfromcellulosicbiomass.
(C)Baselinelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions
Theterm"baselinelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions"meanstheaveragelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforcomment,forgasolineordiesel(whicheverisbeingreplacedbytherenewablefuel)soldordistributedastransportationfuelin2005.
(D)Biomass-baseddiesel
Theterm"biomass-baseddiesel"meansrenewablefuelthatisbiodieselasdefinedinsection13220(f)ofthistitleandthathaslifecyclegreenhousegasemissions,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforcomment,thatareatleast50percentlessthanthebaselinelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions.Notwithstandingtheprecedingsentence,renewablefuelderivedfromco-processingbiomasswithapetroleumfeedstockshallbeadvancedbiofuelifitmeetstherequirementsofsubparagraph(B),butisnotbiomass-baseddiesel.
(E)Cellulosicbiofuel
Theterm"cellulosicbiofuel"meansrenewablefuelderivedfromanycellulose,hemicellulose,orligninthatisderivedfromrenewablebiomassandthathaslifecyclegreenhousegasemissions,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,thatareatleast60percentlessthanthebaselinelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions.
(F)Conventionalbiofuel
Theterm"conventionalbiofuel"meansrenewablefuelthatisethanolderivedfromcornstarch.
(G)Greenhousegas
Theterm"greenhousegas"meanscarbondioxide,hydrofluorocarbons,methane,nitrousoxide,perfluorocarbons,9sulfurhexafluoride.TheAdministratormayincludeanyotheranthropogenically-emittedgasthatisdeterminedbytheAdministrator,afternoticeandcomment,tocontributetoglobalwarming.
(H)Lifecyclegreenhousegasemissions
Theterm"lifecyclegreenhousegasemissions"meanstheaggregatequantityofgreenhousegasemissions(includingdirectemissionsandsignificantindirectemissionssuchassignificantemissionsfromlandusechanges),asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,relatedtothefullfuellifecycle,includingallstagesoffuelandfeedstockproductionanddistribution,fromfeedstockgenerationorextractionthroughthedistributionanddeliveryanduseofthefinishedfueltotheultimateconsumer,wherethemassvaluesforallgreenhousegasesareadjustedtoaccountfortheirrelativeglobalwarmingpotential.
(I)Renewablebiomass
Theterm"renewablebiomass"meanseachofthefollowing:
(i)PlantedcropsandcropresidueharvestedfromagriculturallandclearedorcultivatedatanytimepriortoDecember19,2007,thatiseitheractivelymanagedorfallow,andnonforested.
(ii)Plantedtreesandtreeresiduefromactivelymanagedtreeplantationsonnon-federal 10landclearedatanytimepriortoDecember19,2007,includinglandbelongingtoanIndiantribeoranIndianindividual,thatisheldintrustbytheUnitedStatesorsubjecttoarestrictionagainstalienationimposedbytheUnitedStates.
(iii)Animalwastematerialandanimalbyproducts.
(iv)Slashandpre-commercialthinningsthatarefromnon-federal 10forestlands,includingforestlandsbelongingtoanIndiantribeoranIndianindividual,thatareheldintrustbytheUnitedStatesorsubjecttoarestrictionagainstalienationimposedbytheUnitedStates,butnotforestsorforestlandsthatareecologicalcommunitieswithaglobalorStaterankingofcriticallyimperiled,imperiled,orrarepursuanttoaStateNaturalHeritageProgram,oldgrowthforest,orlatesuccessionalforest.
(v)Biomassobtainedfromtheimmediatevicinityofbuildingsandotherareasregularlyoccupiedbypeople,orofpublicinfrastructure,atriskfromwildfire.
(vi)Algae.
(vii)Separatedyardwasteorfoodwaste,includingrecycledcookingandtrapgrease.
(J)Renewablefuel
Theterm"renewablefuel"meansfuelthatisproducedfromrenewablebiomassandthatisusedtoreplaceorreducethequantityoffossilfuelpresentinatransportationfuel.
(K)Smallrefinery
Theterm"smallrefinery"meansarefineryforwhichtheaverageaggregatedailycrudeoilthroughputforacalendaryear(asdeterminedbydividingtheaggregatethroughputforthecalendaryearbythenumberofdaysinthecalendaryear)doesnotexceed75,000barrels.
(L)Transportationfuel
Theterm"transportationfuel"meansfuelforuseinmotorvehicles,motorvehicleengines,nonroadvehicles,ornonroadengines(exceptforocean-goingvessels).
(2)Renewablefuelprogram
(A)Regulations
(i)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan1yearafterAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationstoensurethatgasolinesoldorintroducedintocommerceintheUnitedStates(exceptinnoncontiguousStatesorterritories),onanannualaveragebasis,containstheapplicablevolumeofrenewablefueldeterminedinaccordancewithsubparagraph(B).Notlaterthan1yearafterDecember19,2007,theAdministratorshallrevisetheregulationsunderthisparagraphtoensurethattransportationfuelsoldorintroducedintocommerceintheUnitedStates(exceptinnoncontiguousStatesorterritories),onanannualaveragebasis,containsatleasttheapplicablevolumeofrenewablefuel,advancedbiofuel,cellulosicbiofuel,andbiomass-baseddiesel,determinedinaccordancewithsubparagraph(B)and,inthecaseofanysuchrenewablefuelproducedfromnewfacilitiesthatcommenceconstructionafterDecember19,2007,achievesatleasta20percentreductioninlifecyclegreenhousegasemissionscomparedtobaselinelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions.
(ii)NoncontiguousStateopt-in
(I)Ingeneral
OnthepetitionofanoncontiguousStateorterritory,theAdministratormayallowtherenewablefuelprogramestablishedunderthissubsectiontoapplyinthenoncontiguousStateorterritoryatthesametimeoranytimeaftertheAdministratorpromulgatesregulationsunderthissubparagraph.
(II)Otheractions
Incarryingoutthisclause,theAdministratormay—
(aa)issueorreviseregulationsunderthisparagraph;
(bb)establishapplicablepercentagesunderparagraph(3);
(cc)provideforthegenerationofcreditsunderparagraph(5);and
(dd)takesuchotheractionsasarenecessarytoallowfortheapplicationoftherenewablefuelsprograminanoncontiguousStateorterritory.
(iii)Provisionsofregulations
Regardlessofthedateofpromulgation,theregulationspromulgatedunderclause(i)—
(I)shallcontaincomplianceprovisionsapplicabletorefineries,blenders,distributors,andimporters,asappropriate,toensurethattherequirementsofthisparagrapharemet;but
(II)shallnot—
(aa)restrictgeographicareasinwhichrenewablefuelmaybeused;or
(bb)imposeanyper-gallonobligationfortheuseofrenewablefuel.
(iv)Requirementincaseoffailuretopromulgateregulations
IftheAdministratordoesnotpromulgateregulationsunderclause(i),thepercentageofrenewablefuelingasolinesoldordispensedtoconsumersintheUnitedStates,onavolumebasis,shallbe2.78percentforcalendaryear2006.
(B)Applicablevolumes
(i)Calendaryearsafter2005
(I)Renewablefuel
Forthepurposeofsubparagraph(A),theapplicablevolumeofrenewablefuelforthecalendaryears2006through2022shallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththefollowingtable:
Calendaryear: Applicablevolumeofrenewablefuel(inbillionsofgallons):
2006
4.0
2007
4.7
2008
9.0
2009
11.1
2010
12.95
2011
13.95
2012
15.2
2013
16.55
2014
18.15
2015
20.5
2016
22.25
2017
24.0
2018
26.0
2019
28.0
2020
30.0
2021
33.0
2022
36.0
(II)Advancedbiofuel
Forthepurposeofsubparagraph(A),ofthevolumeofrenewablefuelrequiredundersubclause(I),theapplicablevolumeofadvancedbiofuelforthecalendaryears2009through2022shallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththefollowingtable:
Calendaryear: Applicablevolumeofadvancedbiofuel(inbillionsofgallons):
2009
0.6
2010
0.95
2011
1.35
2012
2.0
2013
2.75
2014
3.75
2015
5.5
2016
7.25
2017
9.0
2018
11.0
2019
13.0
2020
15.0
2021
18.0
2022
21.0
(III)Cellulosicbiofuel
Forthepurposeofsubparagraph(A),ofthevolumeofadvancedbiofuelrequiredundersubclause(II),theapplicablevolumeofcellulosicbiofuelforthecalendaryears2010through2022shallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththefollowingtable:
Calendaryear: Applicablevolumeofcellulosicbiofuel(inbillionsofgallons):
2010
0.1
2011
0.25
2012
0.5
2013
1.0
2014
1.75
2015
3.0
2016
4.25
2017
5.5
2018
7.0
2019
8.5
2020
10.5
2021
13.5
2022
16.0
(IV)Biomass-baseddiesel
Forthepurposeofsubparagraph(A),ofthevolumeofadvancedbiofuelrequiredundersubclause(II),theapplicablevolumeofbiomass-baseddieselforthecalendaryears2009through2012shallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththefollowingtable:
Calendaryear: Applicablevolumeofbiomass-baseddiesel(inbillionsofgallons):
2009
0.5
2010
0.65
2011
0.80
2012
1.0
(ii)Othercalendaryears
Forthepurposesofsubparagraph(A),theapplicablevolumesofeachfuelspecifiedinthetablesinclause(i)forcalendaryearsafterthecalendaryearsspecifiedinthetablesshallbedeterminedbytheAdministrator,incoordinationwiththeSecretaryofEnergyandtheSecretaryofAgriculture,basedonareviewoftheimplementationoftheprogramduringcalendaryearsspecifiedinthetables,andananalysisof—
(I)theimpactoftheproductionanduseofrenewablefuelsontheenvironment,includingonairquality,climatechange,conversionofwetlands,ecosystems,wildlifehabitat,waterquality,andwatersupply;
(II)theimpactofrenewablefuelsontheenergysecurityoftheUnitedStates;
(III)theexpectedannualrateoffuturecommercialproductionofrenewablefuels,includingadvancedbiofuelsineachcategory(cellulosicbiofuelandbiomass-baseddiesel);
(IV)theimpactofrenewablefuelsontheinfrastructureoftheUnitedStates,includingdeliverabilityofmaterials,goods,andproductsotherthanrenewablefuel,andthesufficiencyofinfrastructuretodeliveranduserenewablefuel;
(V)theimpactoftheuseofrenewablefuelsonthecosttoconsumersoftransportationfuelandonthecosttotransportgoods;and
(VI)theimpactoftheuseofrenewablefuelsonotherfactors,includingjobcreation,thepriceandsupplyofagriculturalcommodities,ruraleconomicdevelopment,andfoodprices.
TheAdministratorshallpromulgaterulesestablishingtheapplicablevolumesunderthisclausenolaterthan14monthsbeforethefirstyearforwhichsuchapplicablevolumewillapply.
(iii)Applicablevolumeofadvancedbiofuel
Forthepurposeofmakingthedeterminationsinclause(ii),foreachcalendaryear,theapplicablevolumeofadvancedbiofuelshallbeatleastthesamepercentageoftheapplicablevolumeofrenewablefuelasincalendaryear2022.
(iv)Applicablevolumeofcellulosicbiofuel
Forthepurposeofmakingthedeterminationsinclause(ii),foreachcalendaryear,theapplicablevolumeofcellulosicbiofuelestablishedbytheAdministratorshallbebasedontheassumptionthattheAdministratorwillnotneedtoissueawaiverforsuchyearsunderparagraph(7)(D).
(v)Minimumapplicablevolumeofbiomass-baseddiesel
Forthepurposeofmakingthedeterminationsinclause(ii),theapplicablevolumeofbiomass-baseddieselshallnotbelessthantheapplicablevolumelistedinclause(i)(IV)forcalendaryear2012.
(3)Applicablepercentages
(A)Provisionofestimateofvolumesofgasolinesales
NotlaterthanOctober31ofeachofcalendaryears2005through2021,theAdministratoroftheEnergyInformationAdministrationshallprovidetotheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyanestimate,withrespecttothefollowingcalendaryear,ofthevolumesoftransportationfuel,biomass-baseddiesel,andcellulosicbiofuelprojectedtobesoldorintroducedintocommerceintheUnitedStates.
(B)Determinationofapplicablepercentages
(i)Ingeneral
NotlaterthanNovember30ofeachofcalendaryears2005through2021,basedontheestimateprovidedundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshalldetermineandpublishintheFederalRegister,withrespecttothefollowingcalendaryear,therenewablefuelobligationthatensuresthattherequirementsofparagraph(2)aremet.
(ii)Requiredelements
Therenewablefuelobligationdeterminedforacalendaryearunderclause(i)shall—
(I)beapplicabletorefineries,blenders,andimporters,asappropriate;
(II)beexpressedintermsofavolumepercentageoftransportationfuelsoldorintroducedintocommerceintheUnitedStates;and
(III)subjecttosubparagraph(C)(i),consistofasingleapplicablepercentagethatappliestoallcategoriesofpersonsspecifiedinsubclause(I).
(C)Adjustments
Indeterminingtheapplicablepercentageforacalendaryear,theAdministratorshallmakeadjustments—
(i)topreventtheimpositionofredundantobligationsonanypersonspecifiedinsubparagraph(B)(ii)(I);and
(ii)toaccountfortheuseofrenewablefuelduringthepreviouscalendaryearbysmallrefineriesthatareexemptunderparagraph(9).
(4)Modificationofgreenhousegasreductionpercentages
(A)Ingeneral
TheAdministratormay,intheregulationsunderthelastsentenceofparagraph(2)(A)(i),adjustthe20percent,50percent,and60percentreductionsinlifecyclegreenhousegasemissionsspecifiedinparagraphs(2)(A)(i)(relatingtorenewablefuel),(1)(D)(relatingtobiomass-baseddiesel),(1)(B)(i)(relatingtoadvancedbiofuel),and(1)(E)(relatingtocellulosicbiofuel)toalowerpercentage.Forthe50and60percentreductions,theAdministratormaymakesuchanadjustmentonlyifhedeterminesthatgenerallysuchreductionisnotcommerciallyfeasibleforfuelsmadeusingavarietyoffeedstocks,technologies,andprocessestomeettheapplicablereduction.
(B)Amountofadjustment
Inpromulgatingregulationsunderthisparagraph,thespecified50percentreductioningreenhousegasemissionsfromadvancedbiofuelandinbiomass-baseddieselmaynotbereducedbelow40percent.Thespecified20percentreductioningreenhousegasemissionsfromrenewablefuelmaynotbereducedbelow10percent,andthespecified60percentreductioningreenhousegasemissionsfromcellulosicbiofuelmaynotbereducedbelow50percent.
(C)Adjustedreductionlevels
Anadjustmentunderthisparagraphtoapercentlessthanthespecified20percentgreenhousegasreductionforrenewablefuelshallbetheminimumpossibleadjustment,andtheadjustedgreenhousegasreductionshallbeestablishedbytheAdministratoratthemaximumachievablelevel,takingcostinconsideration,fornaturalgasfiredcorn-basedethanolplants,allowingfortheuseofavarietyoftechnologiesandprocesses.Anadjustmentinthe50or60percentgreenhousegaslevelsshallbetheminimumpossibleadjustmentforthefuelorfuelsconcerned,andtheadjustedgreenhousegasreductionshallbeestablishedatthemaximumachievablelevel,takingcostinconsideration,allowingfortheuseofavarietyoffeedstocks,technologies,andprocesses.
(D)5-yearreview
WhenevertheAdministratormakesanyadjustmentunderthisparagraph,notlaterthan5yearsthereafterheshallreviewandrevise(baseduponthesamecriteriaandstandardsasrequiredfortheinitialadjustment)theregulationsestablishingtheadjustedlevel.
(E)Subsequentadjustments
AftertheAdministratorhaspromulgatedafinalruleunderthelastsentenceofparagraph(2)(A)(i)withrespecttothemethodofdetermininglifecyclegreenhousegasemissions,exceptasprovidedinsubparagraph(D),theAdministratormaynotadjustthepercentgreenhousegasreductionlevelsunlesshedeterminesthattherehasbeenasignificantchangeintheanalyticalmethodologyusedfordeterminingthelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions.Ifhemakessuchdetermination,hemayadjustthe20,50,or60percentreductionlevelsthroughrulemakingusingthecriteriaandstandardssetforthinthisparagraph.
(F)Limitonupwardadjustments
If,undersubparagraph(D)or(E),theAdministratorrevisesapercentleveladjustedasprovidedinsubparagraphs(A),(B),and(C)toahigherpercent,suchhigherpercentmaynotexceedtheapplicablepercentspecifiedinparagraph(2)(A)(i),(1)(D),(1)(B)(i),or(1)(E).
(G)Applicabilityofadjustments
IftheAdministratoradjusts,orrevises,apercentlevelreferredtointhisparagraphormakesachangeintheanalyticalmethodologyusedfordeterminingthelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions,suchadjustment,revision,orchange(oranycombinationthereof)shallonlyapplytorenewablefuelfromnewfacilitiesthatcommenceconstructionaftertheeffectivedateofsuchadjustment,revision,orchange.
(5)Creditprogram
(A)Ingeneral
Theregulationspromulgatedunderparagraph(2)(A)shallprovide—
(i)forthegenerationofanappropriateamountofcreditsbyanypersonthatrefines,blends,orimportsgasolinethatcontainsaquantityofrenewablefuelthatisgreaterthanthequantityrequiredunderparagraph(2);
(ii)forthegenerationofanappropriateamountofcreditsforbiodiesel;and
(iii)forthegenerationofcreditsbysmallrefineriesinaccordancewithparagraph(9)(C).
(B)Useofcredits
Apersonthatgeneratescreditsundersubparagraph(A)mayusethecredits,ortransferalloraportionofthecreditstoanotherperson,forthepurposeofcomplyingwithparagraph(2).
(C)Durationofcredits
Acreditgeneratedunderthisparagraphshallbevalidtoshowcomplianceforthe12monthsasofthedateofgeneration.
(D)Inabilitytogenerateorpurchasesufficientcredits
Theregulationspromulgatedunderparagraph(2)(A)shallincludeprovisionsallowinganypersonthatisunabletogenerateorpurchasesufficientcreditstomeettherequirementsofparagraph(2)tocarryforwardarenewablefueldeficitonconditionthattheperson,inthecalendaryearfollowingtheyearinwhichtherenewablefueldeficitiscreated—
(i)achievescompliancewiththerenewablefuelrequirementunderparagraph(2);and
(ii)generatesorpurchasesadditionalrenewablefuelcreditstooffsettherenewablefueldeficitofthepreviousyear.
(E)Creditsforadditionalrenewablefuel
TheAdministratormayissueregulationsproviding:(i)forthegenerationofanappropriateamountofcreditsbyanypersonthatrefines,blends,orimportsadditionalrenewablefuelsspecifiedbytheAdministrator;and(ii)fortheuseofsuchcreditsbythegenerator,orthetransferofalloraportionofthecreditstoanotherperson,forthepurposeofcomplyingwithparagraph(2).
(6)Seasonalvariationsinrenewablefueluse
(A)Study
Foreachofcalendaryears2006through2012,theAdministratoroftheEnergyInformationAdministrationshallconductastudyofrenewablefuelblendingtodeterminewhetherthereareexcessiveseasonalvariationsintheuseofrenewablefuel.
(B)Regulationofexcessiveseasonalvariations
If,foranycalendaryear,theAdministratoroftheEnergyInformationAdministration,basedonthestudyundersubparagraph(A),makesthedeterminationsspecifiedinsubparagraph(C),theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallpromulgateregulationstoensurethat25percentormoreofthequantityofrenewablefuelnecessarytomeettherequirementsofparagraph(2)isusedduringeachofthe2periodsspecifiedinsubparagraph(D)ofeachsubsequentcalendaryear.
(C)Determinations
Thedeterminationsreferredtoinsubparagraph(B)arethat—
(i)lessthan25percentofthequantityofrenewablefuelnecessarytomeettherequirementsofparagraph(2)hasbeenusedduring1ofthe2periodsspecifiedinsubparagraph(D)ofthecalendaryear;
(ii)apatternofexcessiveseasonalvariationdescribedinclause(i)willcontinueinsubsequentcalendaryears;and
(iii)promulgatingregulationsorotherrequirementstoimposea25percentormoreseasonaluseofrenewablefuelswillnotpreventorinterferewiththeattainmentofnationalambientairqualitystandardsorsignificantlyincreasethepriceofmotorfuelstotheconsumer.
(D)Periods
The2periodsreferredtointhisparagraphare—
(i)AprilthroughSeptember;and
(ii)JanuarythroughMarchandOctoberthroughDecember.
(E)Exclusion
Renewablefuelblendedorconsumedincalendaryear2006inaStatethathasreceivedawaiverundersection7543(b)ofthistitleshallnotbeincludedinthestudyundersubparagraph(A).
(F)Stateexemptionfromseasonalityrequirements
Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw,theseasonalityrequirementrelatingtorenewablefueluseestablishedbythisparagraphshallnotapplytoanyStatethathasreceivedawaiverundersection7543(b)ofthistitleoranyStatedependentonrefineriesinsuchStateforgasolinesupplies.
(7)Waivers
(A)Ingeneral
TheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofAgricultureandtheSecretaryofEnergy,maywaivetherequirementsofparagraph(2)inwholeorinpartonpetitionbyoneormoreStates,byanypersonsubjecttotherequirementsofthissubsection,orbytheAdministratoronhisownmotionbyreducingthenationalquantityofrenewablefuelrequiredunderparagraph(2)—
(i)basedonadeterminationbytheAdministrator,afterpublicnoticeandopportunityforcomment,thatimplementationoftherequirementwouldseverelyharmtheeconomyorenvironmentofaState,aregion,ortheUnitedStates;or
(ii)basedonadeterminationbytheAdministrator,afterpublicnoticeandopportunityforcomment,thatthereisaninadequatedomesticsupply.
(B)Petitionsforwaivers
TheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofAgricultureandtheSecretaryofEnergy,shallapproveordisapproveapetitionforawaiveroftherequirementsofparagraph(2)within90daysafterthedateonwhichthepetitionisreceivedbytheAdministrator.
(C)Terminationofwaivers
Awaivergrantedundersubparagraph(A)shallterminateafter1year,butmayberenewedbytheAdministratorafterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofAgricultureandtheSecretaryofEnergy.
(D)Cellulosicbiofuel
(i)Foranycalendaryearforwhichtheprojectedvolumeofcellulosicbiofuelproductionislessthantheminimumapplicablevolumeestablishedunderparagraph(2)(B),asdeterminedbytheAdministratorbasedontheestimateprovidedunderparagraph(3)(A),notlaterthanNovember30oftheprecedingcalendaryear,theAdministratorshallreducetheapplicablevolumeofcellulosicbiofuelrequiredunderparagraph(2)(B)totheprojectedvolumeavailableduringthatcalendaryear.ForanycalendaryearinwhichtheAdministratormakessuchareduction,theAdministratormayalsoreducetheapplicablevolumeofrenewablefuelandadvancedbiofuelsrequirementestablishedunderparagraph(2)(B)bythesameoralesservolume.
(ii)WhenevertheAdministratorreducestheminimumcellulosicbiofuelvolumeunderthissubparagraph,theAdministratorshallmakeavailableforsalecellulosicbiofuelcreditsatthehigherof$0.25pergallonortheamountbywhich$3.00pergallonexceedstheaveragewholesalepriceofagallonofgasolineintheUnitedStates.SuchamountsshallbeadjustedforinflationbytheAdministratorforyearsafter2008.
(iii)EighteenmonthsafterDecember19,2007,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationstogoverntheissuanceofcreditsunderthissubparagraph.Theregulationsshallsetforththemethodfordeterminingtheexactpriceofcreditsintheeventofawaiver.Thepriceofsuchcreditsshallnotbechangedmorefrequentlythanonceeachquarter.Theseregulationsshallincludesuchprovisions,includinglimitingthecredits'usesandusefullife,astheAdministratordeemsappropriatetoassistmarketliquidityandtransparency,toprovideappropriatecertaintyforregulatedentitiesandrenewablefuelproducers,andtolimitanypotentialmisuseofcellulosicbiofuelcreditstoreducetheuseofotherrenewablefuels,andforsuchotherpurposesastheAdministratordetermineswillhelpachievethegoalsofthissubsection.Theregulationsshalllimitthenumberofcellulosicbiofuelcreditsforanycalendaryeartotheminimumapplicablevolume(asreducedunderthissubparagraph)ofcellulosicbiofuelforthatyear.
(E)Biomass-baseddiesel
(i)Marketevaluation
TheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergyandtheSecretaryofAgriculture,shallperiodicallyevaluatetheimpactofthebiomass-baseddieselrequirementsestablishedunderthisparagraphonthepriceofdieselfuel.
(ii)Waiver
IftheAdministratordeterminesthatthereisasignificantrenewablefeedstockdisruptionorothermarketcircumstancesthatwouldmakethepriceofbiomass-baseddieselfuelincreasesignificantly,theAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergyandtheSecretaryofAgriculture,shallissueanordertoreduce,foruptoa60-dayperiod,thequantityofbiomass-baseddieselrequiredundersubparagraph(A)byanappropriatequantitythatdoesnotexceed15percentoftheapplicableannualrequirementforbiomass-baseddiesel.ForanycalendaryearinwhichtheAdministratormakesareductionunderthissubparagraph,theAdministratormayalsoreducetheapplicablevolumeofrenewablefuelandadvancedbiofuelsrequirementestablishedunderparagraph(2)(B)bythesameoralesservolume.
(iii)Extensions
IftheAdministratordeterminesthatthefeedstockdisruptionorcircumstancesdescribedinclause(ii)iscontinuingbeyondthe60-dayperioddescribedinclause(ii)orthisclause,theAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergyandtheSecretaryofAgriculture,mayissueanordertoreduce,foruptoanadditional60-dayperiod,thequantityofbiomass-baseddieselrequiredundersubparagraph(A)byanappropriatequantitythatdoesnotexceedanadditional15percentoftheapplicableannualrequirementforbiomass-baseddiesel.
(F)Modificationofapplicablevolumes
Foranyofthetablesinparagraph(2)(B),iftheAdministratorwaives—
(i)atleast20percentoftheapplicablevolumerequirementsetforthinanysuchtablefor2consecutiveyears;or
(ii)atleast50percentofsuchvolumerequirementforasingleyear,
theAdministratorshallpromulgatearule(within1yearafterissuingsuchwaiver)thatmodifiestheapplicablevolumessetforthinthetableconcernedforallyearsfollowingthefinalyeartowhichthewaiverapplies,exceptthatnosuchmodificationinapplicablevolumesshallbemadeforanyyearbefore2016.Inpromulgatingsucharule,theAdministratorshallcomplywiththeprocesses,criteria,andstandardssetforthinparagraph(2)(B)(ii).
(8)Studyandwaiverforinitialyearofprogram
(A)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan180daysafterAugust8,2005,theSecretaryofEnergyshallconductfortheAdministratorastudyassessingwhethertherenewablefuelrequirementunderparagraph(2)willlikelyresultinsignificantadverseimpactsonconsumersin2006,onanational,regional,orStatebasis.
(B)Requiredevaluations
Thestudyshallevaluaterenewablefuel—
(i)suppliesandprices;
(ii)blendstocksupplies;and
(iii)supplyanddistributionsystemcapabilities.
(C)RecommendationsbytheSecretary
Basedontheresultsofthestudy,theSecretaryofEnergyshallmakespecificrecommendationstotheAdministratorconcerningwaiveroftherequirementsofparagraph(2),inwholeorinpart,topreventanyadverseimpactsdescribedinsubparagraph(A).
(D)Waiver
(i)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan270daysafterAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshall,ifandtotheextentrecommendedbytheSecretaryofEnergyundersubparagraph(C),waive,inwholeorinpart,therenewablefuelrequirementunderparagraph(2)byreducingthenationalquantityofrenewablefuelrequiredunderparagraph(2)incalendaryear2006.
(ii)Noeffectonwaiverauthority
Clause(i)doesnotlimittheauthorityoftheAdministratortowaivetherequirementsofparagraph(2)inwhole,orinpart,underparagraph(7).
(9)Smallrefineries
(A)Temporaryexemption
(i)Ingeneral
Therequirementsofparagraph(2)shallnotapplytosmallrefineriesuntilcalendaryear2011.
(ii)Extensionofexemption
(I)StudybySecretaryofEnergy
NotlaterthanDecember31,2008,theSecretaryofEnergyshallconductfortheAdministratorastudytodeterminewhethercompliancewiththerequirementsofparagraph(2)wouldimposeadisproportionateeconomichardshiponsmallrefineries.
(II)Extensionofexemption
InthecaseofasmallrefinerythattheSecretaryofEnergydeterminesundersubclause(I)wouldbesubjecttoadisproportionateeconomichardshipifrequiredtocomplywithparagraph(2),theAdministratorshallextendtheexemptionunderclause(i)forthesmallrefineryforaperiodofnotlessthan2additionalyears.
(B)Petitionsbasedondisproportionateeconomichardship
(i)Extensionofexemption
AsmallrefinerymayatanytimepetitiontheAdministratorforanextensionoftheexemptionundersubparagraph(A)forthereasonofdisproportionateeconomichardship.
(ii)Evaluationofpetitions
Inevaluatingapetitionunderclause(i),theAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,shallconsiderthefindingsofthestudyundersubparagraph(A)(ii)andothereconomicfactors.
(iii)Deadlineforactiononpetitions
TheAdministratorshallactonanypetitionsubmittedbyasmallrefineryforahardshipexemptionnotlaterthan90daysafterthedateofreceiptofthepetition.
(C)Creditprogram
IfasmallrefinerynotifiestheAdministratorthatthesmallrefinerywaivestheexemptionundersubparagraph(A),theregulationspromulgatedunderparagraph(2)(A)shallprovideforthegenerationofcreditsbythesmallrefineryunderparagraph(5)beginninginthecalendaryearfollowingthedateofnotification.
(D)Opt-inforsmallrefineries
Asmallrefineryshallbesubjecttotherequirementsofparagraph(2)ifthesmallrefinerynotifiestheAdministratorthatthesmallrefinerywaivestheexemptionundersubparagraph(A).
(10)Ethanolmarketconcentrationanalysis
(A)Analysis
(i)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan180daysafterAugust8,2005,andannuallythereafter,theFederalTradeCommissionshallperformamarketconcentrationanalysisoftheethanolproductionindustryusingtheHerfindahl-HirschmanIndextodeterminewhetherthereissufficientcompetitionamongindustryparticipantstoavoidprice-settingandotheranticompetitivebehavior.
(ii)Scoring
Forthepurposeofscoringunderclause(i)usingtheHerfindahl-HirschmanIndex,allmarketingarrangementsamongindustryparticipantsshallbeconsidered.
(B)Report
NotlaterthanDecember1,2005,andannuallythereafter,theFederalTradeCommissionshallsubmittoCongressandtheAdministratorareportontheresultsofthemarketconcentrationanalysisperformedundersubparagraph(A)(i).
(11)Periodicreviews
Toallowfortheappropriateadjustmentoftherequirementsdescribedinsubparagraph(B)ofparagraph(2),theAdministratorshallconductperiodicreviewsof—
(A)existingtechnologies;
(B)thefeasibilityofachievingcompliancewiththerequirements;and
(C)theimpactsoftherequirementsdescribedinsubsection(a)(2) 11oneachindividualandentitydescribedinparagraph(2).
(12)Effectonotherprovisions
Nothinginthissubsection,orregulationsissuedpursuanttothissubsection,shallaffectorbeconstruedtoaffecttheregulatorystatusofcarbondioxideoranyothergreenhousegas,ortoexpandorlimitregulatoryauthorityregardingcarbondioxideoranyothergreenhousegas,forpurposesofotherprovisions(includingsection7475)ofthischapter.Theprevioussentenceshallnotaffectimplementationandenforcementofthissubsection.
(q) 12Analysesofmotorvehiclefuelchangesandemissionsmodel
(1)Anti-backslidinganalysis
(A)Draftanalysis
Notlaterthan4yearsafterAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshallpublishforpubliccommentadraftanalysisofthechangesinemissionsofairpollutantsandairqualityduetotheuseofmotorvehiclefuelandfueladditivesresultingfromimplementationoftheamendmentsmadebytheEnergyPolicyActof2005.
(B)Finalanalysis
Afterprovidingareasonableopportunityforcommentbutnotlaterthan5yearsafterAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshallpublishtheanalysisinfinalform.
(2)Emissionsmodel
Forthepurposesofthissection,notlaterthan4yearsafterAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshalldevelopandfinalizeanemissionsmodelthatreflects,tothemaximumextentpracticable,theeffectsofgasolinecharacteristicsorcomponentsonemissionsfromvehiclesinthemotorvehiclefleetduringcalendaryear2007.
(3)Permeationeffectsstudy
(A)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan1yearafterAugust8,2005,theAdministratorshallconductastudy,andreporttoCongresstheresultsofthestudy,ontheeffectsofethanolcontentingasolineonpermeation,theprocessbywhichfuelmoleculesmigratethroughtheelastomericmaterials(rubberandplasticparts)thatmakeupthefuelandfuelvaporsystemsofamotorvehicle.
(B)Evaporativeemissions
Thestudyshallincludeestimatesoftheincreaseintotalevaporativeemissionslikelytoresultfromtheuseofgasolinewithethanolcontentinamotorvehicle,andthefleetofmotorvehicles,duetopermeation.
(r)Fuelandfueladditiveimportersandimportation
Forthepurposesofthissection,theterm"manufacturer"includesanimporterandtheterm"manufacture"includesimportation.
(s)Conversionassistanceforcellulosicbiomass,waste-derivedethanol,approvedrenewablefuels
(1)Ingeneral
TheSecretaryofEnergymayprovidegrantstomerchantproducersofcellulosicbiomassethanol,waste-derivedethanol,andapprovedrenewablefuelsintheUnitedStatestoassisttheproducersinbuildingeligibleproductionfacilitiesdescribedinparagraph(2)fortheproductionofethanolorapprovedrenewablefuels.
(2)Eligibleproductionfacilities
Aproductionfacilityshallbeeligibletoreceiveagrantunderthissubsectioniftheproductionfacility—
(A)islocatedintheUnitedStates;and
(B)usescellulosicorrenewablebiomassorwaste-derivedfeedstocksderivedfromagriculturalresidues,woodresidues,municipalsolidwaste,oragriculturalbyproducts.
(3)Authorizationofappropriations
Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedthefollowingamountstocarryoutthissubsection:
(A)$100,000,000forfiscalyear2006.
(B)$250,000,000forfiscalyear2007.
(C)$400,000,000forfiscalyear2008.
(4)Definitions
Forthepurposesofthissubsection:
(A)Theterm"approvedrenewablefuels"arefuelsandcomponentsoffuelsthathavebeenapprovedbytheDepartmentofEnergy,asdefinedinsection13211ofthistitle,whichhavebeenmadefromrenewablebiomass.
(B)Theterm"renewablebiomass"is,asdefinedinPresidentialExecutiveOrder13134,publishedintheFederalRegisteronAugust16,1999,anyorganicmatterthatisavailableonarenewableorrecurringbasis(excludingold-growthtimber),includingdedicatedenergycropsandtrees,agriculturalfoodandfeedcropresidues,aquaticplants,animalwastes,woodandwoodresidues,paperandpaperresidues,andothervegetativewastematerials.Old-growthtimbermeanstimberofaforestfromthelatesuccessionalstageofforestdevelopment.
(t)Blendingofcompliantreformulatedgasolines
(1)Ingeneral
Notwithstandingsubsections(h)and(k)andsubjecttothelimitationsinparagraph(2)ofthissubsection,itshallnotbeaviolationofthispart 13foragasolineretailer,duringanymonthoftheyear,toblendataretaillocationbatchesofethanol-blendedandnon-ethanol-blendedreformulatedgasoline,providedthat—
(A)eachbatchofgasolinetobeblendedhasbeenindividuallycertifiedasincompliancewithsubsections(h)and(k)priortobeingblended;
(B)theretailernotifiestheAdministratorpriortosuchblending,andidentifiestheexactlocationoftheretailstationandthespecifictankinwhichsuchblendingwilltakeplace;
(C)theretailerretainsand,asrequestedbytheAdministratorortheAdministrator'sdesignee,makesavailableforinspectionsuchcertificationsaccountingforallgasolineattheretailoutlet;and
(D)theretailerdoesnot,betweenJune1andSeptember15ofeachyear,blendabatchofVOC-controlled,or"summer",gasolinewithabatchofnon-VOC-controlled,or"winter",gasoline(asthesetermsaredefinedundersubsections(h)and(k)).
(2)Limitations
(A)Frequencylimitation
AretailershallonlybepermittedtoblendbatchesofcompliantreformulatedgasolineunderthissubsectionamaximumoftwoblendingperiodsbetweenMay1andSeptember15ofeachcalendaryear.
(B)Durationofblendingperiod
Eachblendingperiodauthorizedundersubparagraph(A)shallextendforaperiodofnomorethan10consecutivecalendardays.
(3)Surveys
Asampleofgasolinetakenfromaretaillocationthathasblendedgasolinewithinthepast30daysandisincompliancewithsubparagraphs(A),(B),(C),and(D)ofparagraph(1)shallnotbeusedinaVOCsurveymandatedby40CFRPart80.
(4)Stateimplementationplans
AStateshallbeheldharmlessandshallnotberequiredtoreviseitsStateimplementationplanundersection7410ofthistitletoaccountfortheemissionsfromblendedgasolineauthorizedunderparagraph(1).
(5)PreservationofStatelaw
Nothinginthissubsectionshall—
(A)preemptexistingStatelawsorregulationsregulatingtheblendingofcompliantgasolines;or
(B)prohibitaStatefromadoptingsuchrestrictionsinthefuture.
(6)Regulations
TheAdministratorshallpromulgate,afternoticeandcomment,regulationsimplementingthissubsectionwithin1yearafterAugust8,2005.
(7)Effectivedate
Thissubsectionshallbecomeeffective15monthsafterAugust8,2005,andshallapplytoblendedbatchesofreformulatedgasolineonorafterthatdate,regardlessofwhethertheimplementingregulationsrequiredbyparagraph(6)havebeenpromulgatedbytheAdministratorbythatdate.
(8)Liability
Nopersonotherthanthepersonresponsibleforblendingunderthissubsectionshallbesubjecttoanenforcementactionorpenaltiesundersubsection(d)solelyarisingfromtheblendingofcompliantreformulatedgasolinesbytheretailers.
(9)Formulationofgasoline
ThissubsectiondoesnotgrantauthoritytotheAdministratororanyState(oranysubdivisionthereof)torequirereformulationofgasolineattherefinerytoadjustforpotentialoractualemissionsincreasesduetotheblendingauthorizedbythissubsection.
(u)Standardspecificationsforbiodiesel
(1)UnlesstheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterialshasadoptedastandardfordieselfuelcontaining20percentbiodiesel(commonlyknownas"B20")within1yearafterDecember19,2007,theAdministratorshallinitiatearulemakingtoestablishauniformpergallonfuelstandardforsuchfuelanddesignateanidentificationnumbersothatvehiclemanufacturersareabletodesignenginestousefuelmeetingsuchstandard.
(2)UnlesstheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterialshasadoptedastandardfordieselfuelcontaining5percentbiodiesel(commonlyknownas"B5")within1yearafterDecember19,2007,theAdministratorshallinitiatearulemakingtoestablishauniformpergallonfuelstandardforsuchfuelanddesignateanidentificationsothatvehiclemanufacturersareabletodesignenginestousefuelmeetingsuchstandard.
(3)WhenevertheAdministratorisrequiredtoinitiatearulemakingunderparagraph(1)or(2),theAdministratorshallpromulgateafinalrulewithin18monthsafterDecember19,2007.
(4)Notlaterthan180daysafterDecember19,2007,theAdministratorshallestablishanannualinspectionandenforcementprogramtoensurethatdieselfuelcontainingbiodieselsoldordistributedininterstatecommercemeetsthestandardsestablishedunderregulationsunderthissection,includingtestingandcertificationforcompliancewithapplicablestandardsoftheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials.Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedtocarryouttheinspectionandenforcementprogramunderthisparagraph$3,000,000foreachoffiscalyears2008through2010.
(5)Forpurposesofthissubsection,theterm"biodiesel"hasthemeaningprovidedbysection13220(f)ofthistitle.
(v)Preventionofairqualitydeterioration
(1)Study
(A)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan18monthsafterDecember19,2007,theAdministratorshallcompleteastudytodeterminewhethertherenewablefuelvolumesrequiredbythissectionwilladverselyimpactairqualityasaresultofchangesinvehicleandengineemissionsofairpollutantsregulatedunderthischapter.
(B)Considerations
Thestudyshallincludeconsiderationof—
(i)differentblendlevels,typesofrenewablefuels,andavailablevehicletechnologies;and
(ii)appropriatenational,regional,andlocalairqualitycontrolmeasures.
(2)Regulations
Notlaterthan3yearsafterDecember19,2007,theAdministratorshall—
(A)promulgatefuelregulationstoimplementappropriatemeasurestomitigate,tothegreatestextentachievable,consideringtheresultsofthestudyunderparagraph(1),anyadverseimpactsonairquality,astheresultoftherenewablevolumesrequiredbythissection;or
(B)makeadeterminationthatnosuchmeasuresarenecessary.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§211,formerly§210,asaddedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.502;renumberedandamendedPub.L.91–604,§§8(a),9(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1694,1698;Pub.L.92–157,titleIII,§302(d),(e),Nov.18,1971,85Stat.464;Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§§222,223,titleIV,§401(e),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.762,764,791;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(73),(74),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1403,1404;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§§212–221,228(d),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2488–2500,2510;Pub.L.109–58,titleXV,§§1501(a)–(c),1504(a)(1),(b),1505–1507,1512,1513,1541(a),(b),Aug.8,2005,119Stat.1067–1074,1076,1077,1080,1081,1088,1089,1106,1107;Pub.L.110–140,titleII,§§201,202,203(f),208,209,210(b),247,251,Dec.19,2007,121Stat.1519,1521,1529,1531,1532,1547,1548.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
August8,2005,referredtoinsubsec.(c)(4)(C)(v)(II),wasintheoriginal"enactment",whichwastranslatedasmeaningthedateofenactmentofPub.L.109–58,whichenactedsubsec.(c)(4)(C)(v),toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Section7521(l)ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(k)(1)(B)(vi),wasintheoriginal"section202(1)oftheCleanAirAct",whichwastranslatedasmeaningsection202(l)oftheCleanAirAct,toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
TheEnergyPolicyActof2005,referredtoinsubsec.(q)(1)(A),isPub.L.109–58,Aug.8,2005,119Stat.594.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection15801ofthistitleandTables.
ExecutiveOrder13134,referredtoinsubsec.(s)(4)(B),whichwassetoutasanoteundersection8601ofTitle7,Agriculture,wasrevokedbyEx.Ord.No.13423,§11(a)(iii),Jan.24,2007,72F.R.3923.
Thispart,referredtoinsubsec.(t)(1),wasintheoriginal"thissubtitle"whichwastranslatedas"thispart",meaningpartAoftitleIIofactJuly14,1955,astheprobableintentofCongress,becausetitleIIofactJuly14,1955,doesnotcontainsubtitles.
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–6cofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection211ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedNov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.503,providedforanationalemissionsstandardsstudyandwasclassifiedtosection1857f–6dofthistitle,priortorepealbysection8(a)ofPub.L.91–604.
Amendments
2007—Subsec.(c)(1).Pub.L.110–140,§208,substituted"nonroadvehicleif,inthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,anyfuelorfueladditiveor"for"nonroadvehicle(A)ifinthejudgmentoftheAdministrator"and"airpollutionorwaterpollution(includinganydegradationinthequalityofgroundwater)that"for"airpollutionwhich".
Subsec.(f)(4).Pub.L.110–140,§251,amendedpar.(4)generally.Priortoamendment,par.(4)readasfollows:"TheAdministrator,uponapplicationofanymanufacturerofanyfuelorfueladditive,maywaivetheprohibitionsestablishedunderparagraph(1)or(3)ofthissubsectionorthelimitationspecifiedinparagraph(2)ofthissubsection,ifhedeterminesthattheapplicanthasestablishedthatsuchfuelorfueladditiveoraspecifiedconcentrationthereof,andtheemissionproductsofsuchfueloradditiveorspecifiedconcentrationthereof,willnotcauseorcontributetoafailureofanyemissioncontroldeviceorsystem(overtheusefullifeofanyvehicleinwhichsuchdeviceorsystemisused)toachievecompliancebythevehiclewiththeemissionstandardswithrespecttowhichithasbeencertifiedpursuanttosection7525ofthistitle.IftheAdministratorhasnotactedtograntordenyanapplicationunderthisparagraphwithinonehundredandeightydaysofreceiptofsuchapplication,thewaiverauthorizedbythisparagraphshallbetreatedasgranted."
Subsec.(o)(1).Pub.L.110–140,§201,amendedpar.(1)generally.Priortoamendment,par.(1)defined"cellulosicbiomassethanol","wastederivedethanol","renewablefuel",and"smallrefinery".
Subsec.(o)(2)(A)(i).Pub.L.110–140,§202(a)(1),insertedatend"Notlaterthan1yearafterDecember19,2007,theAdministratorshallrevisetheregulationsunderthisparagraphtoensurethattransportationfuelsoldorintroducedintocommerceintheUnitedStates(exceptinnoncontiguousStatesorterritories),onanannualaveragebasis,containsatleasttheapplicablevolumeofrenewablefuel,advancedbiofuel,cellulosicbiofuel,andbiomass-baseddiesel,determinedinaccordancewithsubparagraph(B)and,inthecaseofanysuchrenewablefuelproducedfromnewfacilitiesthatcommenceconstructionafterDecember19,2007,achievesatleasta20percentreductioninlifecyclegreenhousegasemissionscomparedtobaselinelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions."
Subsec.(o)(2)(B).Pub.L.110–140,§202(a)(2),amendedsubpar.(B)generally.Priortoamendment,subpar.(B)setforthtableofapplicablevolumesforrenewablefuelandrelatedtodeterminationofapplicablevolumesaftertheyearsaddressedbythetable,includingtheminimumquantityofrenewablefueltobederivedfromcellulosicbiomassandthemethodofcalculatingtheminimumapplicablevolume.
Subsec.(o)(3)(A).Pub.L.110–140,§202(b)(1),(2),substituted"2021"for"2011"and"transportationfuel,biomass-baseddiesel,andcellulosicbiofuel"for"gasoline".
Subsec.(o)(3)(B)(i).Pub.L.110–140,§202(b)(3),substituted"2021"for"2012".
Subsec.(o)(3)(B)(ii)(II).Pub.L.110–140,§202(b)(4),substituted"transportationfuel"for"gasoline".
Subsec.(o)(4).Pub.L.110–140,§202(c),amendedpar.(4)generally.Priortoamendment,textreadasfollows:"Forthepurposeofparagraph(2),1gallonofcellulosicbiomassethanolorwastederivedethanolshallbeconsideredtobetheequivalentof2.5gallonsofrenewablefuel."
Subsec.(o)(5)(E).Pub.L.110–140,§202(d),addedsubpar.(E).
Subsec.(o)(7)(A).Pub.L.110–140,§202(e)(1),inserted", byanypersonsubjecttotherequirementsofthissubsection,orbytheAdministratoronhisownmotion"after"oneormoreStates"inintroductoryprovisions.
Subsec.(o)(7)(B).Pub.L.110–140,§202(e)(1),struckout"State"before"petitionforawaiver".
Subsec.(o)(7)(D)to(F).Pub.L.110–140,§202(e)(2),(3),addedsubpars.(D)to(F).
Subsec.(o)(11).Pub.L.110–140,§203(f),addedpar.(11).
Subsec.(o)(12).Pub.L.110–140,§210(b),addedpar.(12).
Subsecs.(r),(s).Pub.L.110–140,§247,redesignatedsubsecs.(r),relatingtoconversionassistanceforcellulosicbiomass,waste-derivedethanol,approvedrenewablefuels,and(s)as(s)and(t),respectively.
Subsec.(u).Pub.L.110–140,§247,whichdirectedamendmentofthissectionbyaddingsubsec.(u)attheend,wasexecutedbyaddingsubsec.(u)aftersubsec.(t)toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Subsec.(v).Pub.L.110–140,§209,addedsubsec.(v).
2005—Subsec.(b)(2).Pub.L.109–58,§1505(1)(A),substituted"shall,onaregularbasis,"for"mayalso"inintroductoryprovisions.
Subsec.(b)(2)(A).Pub.L.109–58,§1505(1)(B),addedsubpar.(A)andstruckoutformersubpar.(A)whichreadasfollows:"toconductteststodeterminepotentialpublichealtheffectsofsuchfueloradditive(including,butnotlimitedto,carcinogenic,teratogenic,ormutageniceffects),and".
Subsec.(b)(4).Pub.L.109–58,§1505(2),addedpar.(4).
Subsec.(c)(4)(C).Pub.L.109–58,§1541(a),designatedexistingprovisionsascl.(i)andaddedcls.(ii)to(iv)and(v)relatingtowaiverauthority.
Subsec.(c)(4)(C)(v).Pub.L.109–58,§1541(b),addedcl.(v)relatingtoapprovaloffuels.
Subsec.(d)(1).Pub.L.109–58,§1501(b)(1),substituted"(n),or(o)"for"or(n)"intwoplacesinfirstsentenceand"(m),or(o)"for"or(m)"insecondsentence.
Subsec.(d)(2).Pub.L.109–58,§1501(b)(2),substituted"(n),and(o)"for"and(n)"intwoplacesinfirstsentence.
Subsec.(h)(5),(6).Pub.L.109–58,§1501(c),addedpar.(5)andredesignatedformerpar.(5)as(6).
Subsec.(k)(1).Pub.L.109–58,§1504(b),designatedexistingprovisionsassubpar.(A),insertedheading,substituted"NotlaterthanNovember15,1991,"for"Within1yearafterNovember15,1990,",andaddedsubpar.(B).
Subsec.(k)(2)(A).Pub.L.109–58,§1504(a)(1)(A)(i),struckout"(includingtheoxygencontentrequirementcontainedinsubparagraph(B))"after"requirementsofthisparagraph".
Subsec.(k)(2)(B)to(D).Pub.L.109–58,§1504(a)(1)(A)(ii),(iii),redesignatedsubpars.(C)and(D)as(B)and(C),respectively,andstruckoutheadingandtextofformersubpar.(B).Textreadasfollows:"Theoxygencontentofthegasolineshallequalorexceed2.0percentbyweight(subjecttoatestingtoleranceestablishedbytheAdministrator)exceptasotherwiserequiredbythischapter.TheAdministratormaywaive,inwholeorinpart,theapplicationofthissubparagraphforanyozonenonattainmentareauponadeterminationbytheAdministratorthatcompliancewithsuchrequirementwouldpreventorinterferewiththeattainmentbytheareaofanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandard."
Subsec.(k)(3)(A)(v).Pub.L.109–58,§1504(a)(1)(B),struckoutheadingandtextofcl.(v).Textreadasfollows:"Theoxygencontentofthereformulatedgasolineshallequalorexceed2.0percentbyweight(subjecttoatestingtoleranceestablishedbytheAdministrator)exceptasotherwiserequiredbythischapter."
Subsec.(k)(6).Pub.L.109–58,§1507,redesignatedsubpars.(A)and(B)ascls.(i)and(ii),respectively,ofsubpar.(A),insertedsubpar.andcl.headings,incl.(ii)substituted"clause(i)"for"subparagraph(A)"and"thissubparagraph"for"thisparagraph",andaddedsubpar.(B).
Subsec.(k)(7)(A).Pub.L.109–58,§1504(a)(1)(C)(i),redesignatedcls.(ii)and(iii)as(i)and(ii),respectively,andstruckoutformercl.(i)whichreadasfollows:"hasanoxygencontent(byweight)thatexceedstheminimumoxygencontentspecifiedinparagraph(2);".
Subsec.(k)(7)(C)(ii),(iii).Pub.L.109–58,§1504(a)(1)(C)(ii),redesignatedcl.(iii)as(ii)andstruckoutformercl.(ii)whichreadasfollows:"Anaveragegasolineoxygencontent(byweight)forthenonattainmentarea(takingintoaccountallgasolinesoldforuseinconventionalgasoline-fueledvehiclesinthenonattainmentarea)lowerthantheaveragegasolineoxygencontent(byweight)thatwouldoccurintheabsenceofusinganysuchcredits."
Subsec.(o).Pub.L.109–58,§1501(a)(2),addedsubsec.(o).Formersubsec.(o)redesignated(r)relatingtofuelandfueladditiveimportersandimportation.
Subsec.(q).Pub.L.109–58,§1506,whichdirectedamendmentofthissectionbyaddingsubsec.(q)aftersubsec.(p),wasexecutedbymakingtheadditionaftersubsec.(o)toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Subsec.(r).Pub.L.109–58,§1512,addedsubsec.(r)relatingtoconversionassistanceforcellulosicbiomass,waste-derivedethanol,approvedrenewablefuels.
Pub.L.109–58,§1501(a)(1),redesignatedsubsec.(o)as(r)relatingtofuelandfueladditiveimportersandimportation.
Subsec.(s).Pub.L.109–58,§1513,addedsubsec.(s).
1990—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.101–549,§212,inserted"(includinganyfuelorfueladditiveusedexclusivelyinnonroadenginesornonroadvehicles)"after"fuelorfueladditive".
Subsecs.(b)(2)(B),(c)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§212(b),(c),insertedreferencetononroadengineornonroadvehicle.
Subsec.(c)(4)(A).Pub.L.101–549,§213(a),substituted"anycharacteristicorcomponentofa"for"useofa",inserted"ofthecharacteristicorcomponentofafuelorfueladditive"after"controlorprohibition"incl.(i),andinserted"characteristicorcomponentofa"after"such"incl.(ii).
Subsec.(c)(4)(C).Pub.L.101–549,§213(b),insertedlasttwosentences,authorizingAdministratortomakeafindingthatStatecontrolorprohibitionisnecessarytoachievethestandard.
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.101–549,§228(d),amendedsubsec.(d)generally.Priortoamendment,subsec.(d)readasfollows:"Anypersonwhoviolatessubsection(a)or(f)ortheregulationsprescribedundersubsection(c)orwhofailstofurnishanyinformationrequiredbytheAdministratorundersubsection(b)shallforfeitandpaytotheUnitedStatesacivilpenaltyof$10,000foreachandeverydayofthecontinuanceofsuchviolation,whichshallaccruetotheUnitedStatesandberecoveredinacivilsuitinthenameoftheUnitedStates,broughtinthedistrictwheresuchpersonhashisprincipalofficeorinanydistrictinwhichhedoesbusiness.TheAdministratormay,uponapplicationtherefor,remitormitigateanyforfeitureprovidedforinthissubsectionandheshallhaveauthoritytodeterminethefactsuponallsuchapplications."
Subsec.(f)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§214(a),designatedexistingprovisionsassubpar.(A)andaddedsubpar.(B).
Subsec.(f)(3).Pub.L.101–549,§214(b),substitutedreferencetoparagraph(1)(A)forreferencetoparagraph(1).
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.101–549,§215,amendedsubsec.(g)generally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionswhichdefined"gasoline","refinery",and"smallrefinery"andwhichlimitedAdministrator'sauthoritytorequiresmallrefineriestoreduceaverageleadcontentpergallonofgasoline.
Subsec.(h).Pub.L.101–549,§216,addedsubsec.(h).
Subsec.(i).Pub.L.101–549,§217,addedsubsec.(i).
Subsec.(j).Pub.L.101–549,§218(a),addedsubsec.(j).
Subsecs.(k)to(m).Pub.L.101–549,§219,addedsubsecs.(k)to(m).
Subsec.(n).Pub.L.101–549,§220,addedsubsec.(n).
Subsec.(o).Pub.L.101–549,§221,addedsubsec.(o).
1977—Subsec.(c)(1)(A).Pub.L.95–95,§401(e),substituted"ifinthejudgmentoftheAdministratoranyemissionproductofsuchfuelorfueladditivecauses,orcontributes,toairpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendanger"for"ifanyemissionproductsofsuchfuelorfueladditivewillendanger".
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.95–95,§222(b),inserted"or(f)"after"Anypersonwhoviolatessubsection(a)".
Subsecs.(e),(f).Pub.L.95–95,§222(a),addedsubsecs.(e)and(f).
Subsec.(f)(2).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(73),insertedprovisionrelatingtowaiverunderpar.(4)ofthissubsec.,andstruckout"first"before"introduce".
Subsec.(f)(4).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(74),insertedprovisionrelatingtoapplicabilityoflimitationspecifiedunderpar.(2)ofthissubsection.
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.95–95,§223,addedsubsec.(g).
1971—Subsec.(c)(3)(A).Pub.L.92–157,§302(d),substituted"purposeofobtaining"for"purposeof".
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.92–157,§302(e),substituted"subsection(b)"for"subsection(c)"whereappearingthesecondtime.
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§9(a),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"astheregisteringauthority,insertedreferencestofueladditives,andsubstitutedtheselling,offeringforsale,andintroductionintocommerceoffuelorfueladditives,forthedeliveryforintroductionintointerstatecommerceordeliverytoanotherpersonwhocanreasonablybeexpectedtodeliverfuelintointerstatecommerce.
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.91–604,§9(a),designatedexistingprovisionsaspars.(1)and(3),addedpar.(2),andsubstituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing.
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.91–604,§9(a),substitutedprovisionscoveringthecontrolorprohibitionofoffendingfuelsandfueladditives,forprovisionscoveringtradesecretsandsubstituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing.
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.91–604,§9(a),insertedreferencestofailuretoobeyregulationsprescribedundersubsec.(c)andfailuretofurnishinformationrequiredbytheAdministratorundersubsec.(c),increasedthedailycivilpenaltyfrom$1,000to$10,000andsubstituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.91–604,§9(a),struckoutsubsec.(e)whichdirectedthevariousUnitedStatesAttorneystoprosecutefortherecoveryofforfeitures.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof2007Amendment
Pub.L.110–140,titleII,§210(c),Dec.19,2007,121Stat.1532,providedthat:"Theamendmentsmadebythistitletosection211(o)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7545(o)]shalltakeeffectJanuary1,2009,exceptthattheAdministrator[oftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency]shallpromulgateregulationstocarryoutsuchamendmentsnotlaterthan1yearaftertheenactmentofthisAct[Dec.19,2007]."
AmendmentbyPub.L.110–140effectiveonthedatethatis1dayafterDec.19,2007,seesection1601ofPub.L.110–140,setoutasanEffectiveDatenoteundersection1824ofTitle2,TheCongress.
EffectiveDateof2005Amendment
Pub.L.109–58,titleXV,§1504(a)(2),Aug.8,2005,119Stat.1077,providedthat:"Theamendmentsmadebyparagraph(1)[amendingthissection]apply—
"(A)inthecaseofaStatethathasreceivedawaiverundersection209(b)oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7543(b)),beginningonthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.8,2005];and
"(B)inthecaseofanyotherState,beginning270daysafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.8,2005]."
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
Savings
Pub.L.109–58,titleXV,§1504(d),Aug.8,2005,119Stat.1079,providedthat:
"(1)Ingeneral.—Nothinginthissection[amendingthissectionandenactingprovisionssetoutasnotesunderthissection]oranyamendmentmadebythissectionaffectsorprejudicesanylegalclaimoractionwithrespecttoregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator[oftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency]beforethedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.8,2005]regarding—
"(A)emissionsoftoxicairpollutantsfrommotorvehicles;or
"(B)theadjustmentofstandardsapplicabletoaspecificrefineryorimportermadeunderthoseregulations.
"(2)Adjustmentofstandards.—
"(A)Applicability.—TheAdministratormayapplyanyadjustmentstothestandardsapplicabletoarefineryorimporterundersubparagraph(B)(iii)(I)ofsection211(k)(1)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7545(k)(1)(B)(iii)(I)](asaddedbysubsection(b)(2)),exceptthat—
"(i)theAdministratorshallrevisetheadjustmentstobebasedonlyoncalendaryears1999and2000;
"(ii)anysuchadjustmentshallnotbemadeatalevelbelowtheaveragepercentageofreductionsofemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsforreformulatedgasolinesuppliedtoPADDIduringcalendaryears1999and2000;and
"(iii)inthecaseofanadjustmentbasedontoxicairpollutantemissionsfromreformulatedgasolinesignificantlybelowthenationalannualaverageemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsfromallreformulatedgasoline—
"(I)theAdministratormayrevisetheadjustmenttotakeaccountofthescopeoftheprohibitiononmethyltertiarybutyletherimposedbyaState;and
"(II)anysuchadjustmentshallrequiretherefinerorimporter,tothemaximumextentpracticable,tomaintainthereductionachievedduringcalendaryears1999and2000intheaverageannualaggregateemissionsoftoxicairpollutantsfromreformulatedgasolineproducedordistributedbytherefinerorimporter."
EnvironmentalandResourceConservationImpacts
Pub.L.110–140,titleII,§204,Dec.19,2007,121Stat.1529,providedthat:
"(a)InGeneral.—Notlaterthan3yearsaftertheenactmentofthissection[Dec.19,2007]andevery3yearsthereafter,theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofAgricultureandtheSecretaryofEnergy,shallassessandreporttoCongressontheimpactstodateandlikelyfutureimpactsoftherequirementsofsection211(o)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7545(o)]onthefollowing:
"(1)Environmentalissues,includingairquality,effectsonhypoxia,pesticides,sediment,nutrientandpathogenlevelsinwaters,acreageandfunctionofwaters,andsoilenvironmentalquality.
"(2)Resourceconservationissues,includingsoilconservation,wateravailability,andecosystemhealthandbiodiversity,includingimpactsonforests,grasslands,andwetlands.
"(3)Thegrowthanduseofcultivatedinvasiveornoxiousplantsandtheirimpactsontheenvironmentandagriculture.
Inadvanceofpreparingthereportrequiredbythissubsection,theAdministratormayseektheviewsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoranotherappropriateindependentresearchinstitute.Thereportshallincludetheannualvolumeofimportedrenewablefuelsandfeedstocksforrenewablefuels,andtheenvironmentalimpactsoutsidetheUnitedStatesofproducingsuchfuelsandfeedstocks.Thereportrequiredbythissubsectionshallincluderecommendationsforactionstoaddressanyadverseimpactsfound.
"(b)EffectonAirQualityandOtherEnvironmentalRequirements.—Exceptasprovidedinsection211(o)(12)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7545(o)(12)],nothingintheamendmentsmadebythistitletosection211(o)oftheCleanAirActshallbeconstruedassuperseding,orlimiting,anymoreenvironmentallyprotectiverequirementundertheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7401etseq.],orunderanyotherprovisionofStateorFederallaworregulation,includinganyenvironmentallaworregulation."
TransitionRules
Pub.L.110–140,titleII,§210(a),Dec.19,2007,121Stat.1532,providedthat:
"(1)Forcalendaryear2008,transportationfuelsoldorintroducedintocommerceintheUnitedStates(exceptinnoncontiguousStatesorterritories),thatisproducedfromfacilitiesthatcommenceconstructionafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Dec.19,2007]shallbetreatedasrenewablefuelwithinthemeaningofsection211(o)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7545(o)]onlyifitachievesatleasta20percentreductioninlifecyclegreenhousegasemissionscomparedtobaselinelifecyclegreenhousegasemissions.Forcalendaryears2008and2009,anyethanolplantthatisfiredwithnaturalgas,biomass,oranycombinationthereofisdeemedtobeincompliancewithsuch20percentreductionrequirementandwiththe20percentreductionrequirementofsection211(o)(1)oftheCleanAirAct.ThetermsusedinthissubsectionshallhavethesamemeaningasprovidedintheamendmentmadebythisActtosection211(o)oftheCleanAirAct.
"(2)UntilJanuary1,2009,theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallimplementsection211(o)oftheCleanAirActandtherulespromulgatedunderthatsectioninaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthatsectionasineffectbeforetheenactmentofthisActandinaccordancewiththerulespromulgatedbeforetheenactmentofthisAct,exceptthatforcalendaryear2008,thenumber'9.0'shallbesubstitutedforthenumber'5.4'inthetableinsection211(o)(2)(B)andinthecorrespondingrulespromulgatedtocarryoutthoseprovisions.TheAdministratorisauthorizedtotakesuchotheractionsasmaybenecessarytocarryoutthisparagraphnotwithstandinganyotherprovisionoflaw."
SurveyofRenewableFuelMarket
Pub.L.109–58,titleXV,§1501(d),Aug.8,2005,119Stat.1075,providedthat:
"(1)Surveyandreport.—NotlaterthanDecember1,2006,andannuallythereafter,theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(inconsultationwiththeSecretary[ofEnergy]actingthroughtheAdministratoroftheEnergyInformationAdministration)shall—
"(A)conduct,withrespecttoeachconventionalgasolineuseareaandeachreformulatedgasolineuseareaineachState,asurveytodeterminethemarketsharesof—
"(i)conventionalgasolinecontainingethanol;
"(ii)reformulatedgasolinecontainingethanol;
"(iii)conventionalgasolinecontainingrenewablefuel;and
"(iv)reformulatedgasolinecontainingrenewablefuel;and
"(B)submittoCongress,andmakepubliclyavailable,areportontheresultsofthesurveyundersubparagraph(A).
"(2)Recordkeepingandreportingrequirements.—TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(hereinafterinthissubsectionreferredtoasthe'Administrator')mayrequireanyrefiner,blender,orimportertokeepsuchrecordsandmakesuchreportsasarenecessarytoensurethatthesurveyconductedunderparagraph(1)isaccurate.TheAdministrator,toavoidduplicativerequirements,shallrely,totheextentpracticable,onexistingreportingandrecordkeepingrequirementsandotherinformationavailabletotheAdministratorincludinggasolinedistributionpatternsthatincludemultistateuseareas.
"(3)Applicablelaw.—Activitiescarriedoutunderthissubsectionshallbeconductedinamannerdesignedtoprotectconfidentialityofindividualresponses."
Findings
Pub.L.109–58,titleXV,§1502,Aug.8,2005,119Stat.1076,providedthat:"Congressfindsthat—
"(1)since1979,methyltertiarybutylether(hereinafterinthissectionreferredtoas'MTBE')hasbeenusednationwideatlowlevelsingasolinetoreplaceleadasanoctaneboosteroranti-knockingagent;
"(2)PublicLaw101–549(commonlyknownasthe'CleanAirActAmendmentsof1990')(42U.S.C.7401etseq.)[seeTablesforclassification]establishedafueloxygenatestandardunderwhichreformulatedgasolinemustcontainatleast2percentoxygenbyweight;and
"(3)thefuelindustryrespondedtothefueloxygenatestandardestablishedbyPublicLaw101–549bymakingsubstantialinvestmentsin—
"(A)MTBEproductioncapacity;and
"(B)systemstodeliverMTBE-containinggasolinetothemarketplace."
ClaimsFiledAfterAugust8,2005
Pub.L.109–58,titleXV,§1503,Aug.8,2005,119Stat.1076,providedthat:"ClaimsandlegalactionsfiledafterthedateofenactmentofthisAct[Aug.8,2005]relatedtoallegationsinvolvingactualorthreatenedcontaminationofmethyltertiarybutylether(MTBE)mayberemovedtotheappropriateUnitedStatesdistrictcourt."
FindingsandSenseofCongressonEthanolUsage
Pub.L.100–203,titleI,§1508,Dec.22,1987,101Stat.1330–29,providedthat:
"(a)Findings.—Congressfindsthat—
"(1)theUnitedStatesisdependentforalargeandgrowingshareofitsenergyneedsontheMiddleEastatatimewhenworldpetroleumreservesaredeclining;
"(2)theburningofgasolinecausespollution;
"(3)ethanolcanbeblendedwithgasolinetoproduceacleanersourceoffuel;
"(4)ethanolcanbeproducedfromgrain,arenewableresourcethatisinconsiderablesurplusintheUnitedStates;
"(5)theconversionofgrainintoethanolwouldreducefarmprogramcostsandgrainsurpluses;and
"(6)increasingthequantityofmotorfuelsthatcontainatleast10percentethanolfromcurrentlevelsto50percentby1992wouldcreatethousandsofnewjobsinethanolproductionfacilities.
"(b)SenseofCongress.—ItisthesenseofCongressthattheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshoulduseauthorityprovidedundertheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7401etseq.)torequiregreateruseofethanolasmotorfuel."
AgriculturalMachinery:StudyofUnleadedFuel
Pub.L.99–198,titleXVII,§1765,Dec.23,1985,99Stat.1653,directedAdministratorofEPAandSecretaryofAgriculturejointlytoconductastudyofuseoffuelcontainingleadadditives,andalternativelubricatingadditives,ingasolineenginesthatareusedinagriculturalmachinery,anddesignedtocombustfuelcontainingsuchadditives,studytoanalyzepotentialformechanicalproblems(includingbutnotlimitedtovalverecession)thatmaybeassociatedwithuseofotherfuelsinsuchengines,andnotlaterthanJan.1,1987,AdministratorandSecretarytopublishresultsofthestudy,withAdministratortopublishinFederalRegisternoticeofpublicationofsuchstudyandasummarythereof;directedAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforhearing,butnotlaterthan6monthsafterpublicationofthestudy,tomakefindingsandrecommendationsonneedforleadadditivesingasolinetobeusedonafarmforfarmingpurposes,includingadeterminationofwhetheramodificationofregulationslimitingleadcontentofgasolinewouldbeappropriateinthecaseofgasolineusedonafarmforfarmingpurposes,andsubmittoPresidentandCongressareportcontainingthestudy,asummaryofcommentsreceivedduringpublichearing(includingcommentsofSecretary),andfindingsandrecommendationsofAdministratormadeinaccordancewithclause(1),suchreporttobetransmittednamedcongressionalcommittees;directedAdministratorbetweenJan.1,1986,andDec.31,1987,tomonitoractualleadcontentofleadedgasolinesoldintheUnitedStates,withAdministratortodetermineaverageleadcontentofsuchgasolineforeach3-monthperiodbetweenJan.1,1986,andDec.31,1987,andifactualleadcontentfallsbelowanaverageof0.2ofagramofleadpergalloninanysuch3-monthperiod,toreporttoCongress,andpublishanoticethereofinFederalRegister;providedthatuntilJan.1,1988,noregulationofAdministratorissuedunderthissection211couldrequireanaverageleadcontentpergallonthatislessthan0.1ofagrampergallon;andauthorizedanappropriation.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"the".
2 Soinoriginal.Par.(1)doesnotcontainacl.(A).
3 Soinoriginal.Twocls.(v)havebeenenacted.
4 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7625–1".
5 Soinoriginal.SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
6 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"properly".
7 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"asof".
8 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7550(2)".
9 Soinoriginal.Theword"and"probablyshouldappear.
10 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"non-Federal".
11 Soinoriginal.Subsection(a)doesnotcontainapar.(2).
12 Soinoriginal.Nosubsec.(p)hasbeenenacted.
13 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7546.Renewablefuel
(a)Definitions
Inthissection:
(1)Municipalsolidwaste
Theterm"municipalsolidwaste"hasthemeaninggiventheterm"solidwaste"insection6903ofthistitle.
(2)RFGState
Theterm"RFGState"meansaStateinwhichislocatedoneormorecoveredareas(asdefinedinsection7545(k)(10)(D)ofthistitle).
(3)Secretary
Theterm"Secretary"meanstheSecretaryofEnergy.
(b)Cellulosicbiomassethanolandmunicipalsolidwasteloanguaranteeprogram
(1)Ingeneral
Fundsmaybeprovidedforthecost(asdefinedintheFederalCreditReformActof1990(2U.S.C.661etseq.))ofloanguaranteesissuedundertitleXIVoftheEnergyPolicyAct 1tocarryoutcommercialdemonstrationprojectsforcelluosic 2biomassandsucrose-derivedethanol.
(2)Demonstrationprojects
(A)Ingeneral
TheSecretaryshallissueloanguaranteesunderthissectiontocarryoutnotmorethan4projectstocommerciallydemonstratethefeasibilityandviabilityofproducingcellulosicbiomassethanolorsucrose-derivedethanol,includingatleast1projectthatusescerealstrawasafeedstockand1projectthatusesmunicipalsolidwasteasafeedstock.
(B)Designcapacity
Eachprojectshallhaveadesigncapacitytoproduceatleast30,000,000gallonsofcellulosicbiomassethanoleachyear.
(3)Applicantassurances
Anapplicantforaloanguaranteeunderthissectionshallprovideassurances,satisfactorytotheSecretary,that—
(A)theprojectdesignhasbeenvalidatedthroughtheoperationofacontinuousprocessfacilitywithacumulativeoutputofatleast50,000gallonsofethanol;
(B)theprojecthasbeensubjecttoafulltechnicalreview;
(C)theprojectiscoveredbyadequateprojectperformanceguarantees;
(D)theproject,withtheloanguarantee,iseconomicallyviable;and
(E)thereisareasonableassuranceofrepaymentoftheguaranteedloan.
(4)Limitations
(A)Maximumguarantee
Exceptasprovidedinsubparagraph(B),aloanguaranteeunderthissectionmaybeissuedforupto80percentoftheestimatedcostofaproject,butmaynotexceed$250,000,000foraproject.
(B)Additionalguarantees
(i)Ingeneral
TheSecretarymayissueadditionalloanguaranteesforaprojecttocoverupto80percentoftheexcessofactualprojectcostoverestimatedprojectcostbutnottoexceed15percentoftheamountoftheoriginalguarantee.
(ii)Principalandinterest
Subjecttosubparagraph(A),theSecretaryshallguarantee100percentoftheprincipalandinterestofaloanmadeundersubparagraph(A).
(5)Equitycontributions
Tobeeligibleforaloanguaranteeunderthissection,anapplicantfortheloanguaranteeshallhavebindingcommitmentsfromequityinvestorstoprovideaninitialequitycontributionofatleast20percentofthetotalprojectcost.
(6)Insufficientamounts
IftheamountmadeavailabletocarryoutthissectionisinsufficienttoallowtheSecretarytomakeloanguaranteesfor3projectsdescribedinsubsection(b),theSecretaryshallissueloanguaranteesforoneormorequalifyingprojectsunderthissectionintheorderinwhichtheapplicationsfortheprojectsarereceivedbytheSecretary.
(7)Approval
AnapplicationforaloanguaranteeunderthissectionshallbeapprovedordisapprovedbytheSecretarynotlaterthan90daysaftertheapplicationisreceivedbytheSecretary.
(c)Authorizationofappropriationsforresourcecenter
Thereisauthorizedtobeappropriated,foraresourcecentertofurtherdevelopbioconversiontechnologyusinglow-costbiomassfortheproductionofethanolattheCenterforBiomass-BasedEnergyattheMississippiStateUniversityandtheOklahomaStateUniversity,$4,000,000foreachoffiscalyears2005through2007.
(d)Renewablefuelproductionresearchanddevelopmentgrants
(1)Ingeneral
TheAdministratorshallprovidegrantsfortheresearchinto,anddevelopmentandimplementationof,renewablefuelproductiontechnologiesinRFGStateswithlowratesofethanolproduction,includinglowratesofproductionofcellulosicbiomassethanol.
(2)Eligibility
(A)Ingeneral
TheentitieseligibletoreceiveagrantunderthissubsectionareacademicinstitutionsinRFGStates,andconsortiamadeupofcombinationsofacademicinstitutions,industry,Stategovernmentagencies,orlocalgovernmentagenciesinRFGStates,thathaveprovenexperienceandcapabilitieswithrelevanttechnologies.
(B)Application
Tobeeligibletoreceiveagrantunderthissubsection,aneligibleentityshallsubmittotheAdministratoranapplicationinsuchmannerandform,andaccompaniedbysuchinformation,astheAdministratormayspecify.
(3)Authorizationofappropriations
Thereisauthorizedtobeappropriatedtocarryoutthissubsection$25,000,000foreachoffiscalyears2006through2010.
(e)Cellulosicbiomassethanolconversionassistance
(1)Ingeneral
TheSecretarymayprovidegrantstomerchantproducersofcellulosicbiomassethanolintheUnitedStatestoassisttheproducersinbuildingeligibleproductionfacilitiesdescribedinparagraph(2)fortheproductionofcellulosicbiomassethanol.
(2)Eligibleproductionfacilities
Aproductionfacilityshallbeeligibletoreceiveagrantunderthissubsectioniftheproductionfacility—
(A)islocatedintheUnitedStates;and
(B)usescellulosicbiomassfeedstocksderivedfromagriculturalresiduesormunicipalsolidwaste.
(3)Authorizationofappropriations
Thereisauthorizedtobeappropriatedtocarryoutthissubsection—
(A)$250,000,000forfiscalyear2006;and
(B)$400,000,000forfiscalyear2007.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§212,asaddedPub.L.109–58,titleXV,§1511,Aug.8,2005,119Stat.1086.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheFederalCreditReformActof1990,referredtoinsubsec.(b)(1),istitleVofPub.L.93–344,asaddedbyPub.L.101–508,titleXIII,§13201(a),Nov.5,1990,104Stat.1388–609,asamended,whichisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterIII(§661etseq.)ofchapter17AofTitle2,TheCongress.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection621ofTitle2andTables.
TheEnergyPolicyAct,referredtoinsubsec.(b)(1),probablymeanstheEnergyPolicyActof2005,Pub.L.109–58,Aug.8,2005,119Stat.594.TitleXIVoftheActprobablyshouldbeareferencetotitleXVoftheActwhichrelatestoethanolandmotorfuelsandenactedsubchapterXIV(§16501etseq.)ofchapter149ofthistitleandsections6991ito6991mand7546ofthistitle,amendedsections6991to6991f,6991h,1991i,7135,7545,and13220ofthistitle,andenactedprovisionssetoutasnotesundersection7545ofthistitle.TitleXIVoftheAct,whichcontainsmiscellaneousprovisions,isclassifiedprincipallytosubchapterXIII(§16491etseq.)ofchapter149ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection15801ofthistitleandTables.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection7546,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§212,asaddedDec.31,1970,Pub.L.91–604,§10(c),84Stat.1700;amendedDec.31,1970,Pub.L.91–605,§202(a),84Stat.1739;Apr.9,1973,Pub.L.93–15,§1(b),87Stat.11;June22,1974,Pub.L.93–319,§13(b),88Stat.265,relatedtolow-emissionvehicles,priortorepealbyPub.L.101–549,titleII,§230(10),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2529.
Apriorsection212ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection213byPub.L.91–604,renumberedsection214byPub.L.93–319,andrenumberedsection216byPub.L.95–95,andisclassifiedtosection7550ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.
§7547.Nonroadenginesandvehicles
(a)Emissionsstandards
(1)TheAdministratorshallconductastudyofemissionsfromnonroadenginesandnonroadvehicles(otherthanlocomotivesorenginesusedinlocomotives)todetermineifsuchemissionscause,orsignificantlycontributeto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare.Suchstudyshallbecompletedwithin12monthsofNovember15,1990.
(2)Afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,theAdministratorshalldeterminewithin12monthsaftercompletionofthestudyunderparagraph(1),basedupontheresultsofsuchstudy,whetheremissionsofcarbonmonoxide,oxidesofnitrogen,andvolatileorganiccompoundsfromnewandexistingnonroadenginesornonroadvehicles(otherthanlocomotivesorenginesusedinlocomotives)aresignificantcontributorstoozoneorcarbonmonoxideconcentrationsinmorethan1areawhichhasfailedtoattainthenationalambientairqualitystandardsforozoneorcarbonmonoxide.Suchdeterminationshallbeincludedintheregulationsunderparagraph(3).
(3)IftheAdministratormakesanaffirmativedeterminationunderparagraph(2)theAdministratorshall,within12monthsaftercompletionofthestudyunderparagraph(1),promulgate(andfromtimetotimerevise)regulationscontainingstandardsapplicabletoemissionsfromthoseclassesorcategoriesofnewnonroadenginesandnewnonroadvehicles(otherthanlocomotivesorenginesusedinlocomotives)whichintheAdministrator'sjudgmentcause,orcontributeto,suchairpollution.SuchstandardsshallachievethegreatestdegreeofemissionreductionachievablethroughtheapplicationoftechnologywhichtheAdministratordetermineswillbeavailablefortheenginesorvehiclestowhichsuchstandardsapply,givingappropriateconsiderationtothecostofapplyingsuchtechnologywithintheperiodoftimeavailabletomanufacturersandtonoise,energy,andsafetyfactorsassociatedwiththeapplicationofsuchtechnology.Indeterminingwhatdegreeofreductionwillbeavailable,theAdministratorshallfirstconsiderstandardsequivalentinstringencytostandardsforcomparablemotorvehiclesorengines(ifany)regulatedundersection7521ofthistitle,takingintoaccountthetechnologicalfeasibility,costs,safety,noise,andenergyfactorsassociatedwithachieving,asappropriate,standardsofsuchstringencyandleadtime.Theregulationsshallapplytotheusefullifeoftheenginesorvehicles(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator).
(4)IftheAdministratordeterminesthatanyemissionsnotreferredtoinparagraph(2)fromnewnonroadenginesorvehiclessignificantlycontributetoairpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare,theAdministratormaypromulgate(andfromtimetotimerevise)suchregulationsastheAdministratordeemsappropriatecontainingstandardsapplicabletoemissionsfromthoseclassesorcategoriesofnewnonroadenginesandnewnonroadvehicles(otherthanlocomotivesorenginesusedinlocomotives)whichintheAdministrator'sjudgmentcause,orcontributeto,suchairpollution,takingintoaccountcosts,noise,safety,andenergyfactorsassociatedwiththeapplicationoftechnologywhichtheAdministratordetermineswillbeavailablefortheenginesandvehiclestowhichsuchstandardsapply.Theregulationsshallapplytotheusefullifeoftheenginesorvehicles(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator).
(5)Within5yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationscontainingstandardsapplicabletoemissionsfromnewlocomotivesandnewenginesusedinlocomotives.SuchstandardsshallachievethegreatestdegreeofemissionreductionachievablethroughtheapplicationoftechnologywhichtheAdministratordetermineswillbeavailableforthelocomotivesorenginestowhichsuchstandardsapply,givingappropriateconsiderationtothecostofapplyingsuchtechnologywithintheperiodoftimeavailabletomanufacturersandtonoise,energy,andsafetyfactorsassociatedwiththeapplicationofsuchtechnology.
(b)Effectivedate
Standardsunderthissectionshalltakeeffectattheearliestpossibledateconsideringtheleadtimenecessarytopermitthedevelopmentandapplicationoftherequisitetechnology,givingappropriateconsiderationtothecostofcompliancewithinsuchperiodandenergyandsafety.
(c)Safecontrols
Effectivewithrespecttonewenginesorvehiclestowhichstandardsunderthissectionapply,noemissioncontroldevice,system,orelementofdesignshallbeusedinsuchanewnonroadengineornewnonroadvehicleforpurposesofcomplyingwithsuchstandardsifsuchdevice,system,orelementofdesignwillcauseorcontributetoanunreasonablerisktopublichealth,welfare,orsafetyinitsoperationorfunction.Indeterminingwhetheranunreasonableriskexists,theAdministratorshallconsiderfactorsincludingthosedescribedinsection7521(a)(4)(B)ofthistitle.
(d)Enforcement
Thestandardsunderthissectionshallbesubjecttosections7525,7541,7542,and7543ofthistitle,withsuchmodificationsoftheapplicableregulationsimplementingsuchsectionsastheAdministratordeemsappropriate,andshallbeenforcedinthesamemannerasstandardsprescribedundersection7521ofthistitle.TheAdministratorshallreviseorpromulgateregulationsasmaybenecessarytodeterminecompliancewith,andenforce,standardsineffectunderthissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§213,asaddedPub.L.93–319,§10,June22,1974,88Stat.261;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§222(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2500.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–6fofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection213ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection214byPub.L.93–319andrenumberedsection216byPub.L.95–95,andisclassifiedtosection7550ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedsectiongenerally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionsrequiringAdministratorandSecretaryofTransportationtoconductstudyonfueleconomyimprovementfornewmotorvehiclesmanufacturedduringandaftermodelyear1980.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
RegulationsRelatingtoStandardsToReduceEmissions
Pub.L.108–199,div.G,titleIV,§428(b),Jan.23,2004,118Stat.418,providedthat:"NotlaterthanDecember1,2004,theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallproposeregulationsundertheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7401etseq.]thatshallcontainstandardstoreduceemissionsfromnewnonroadspark-ignitionenginessmallerthan50horsepower.NotlaterthanDecember31,2005,theAdministratorshallpublishintheFederalRegisterfinalregulationscontainingsuchstandards."
§7548.Studyofparticulateemissionsfrommotorvehicles
(a)Studyandanalysis
(1)TheAdministratorshallconductastudyconcerningtheeffectsonhealthandwelfareofparticulateemissionsfrommotorvehiclesormotorvehicleenginestowhichsection7521ofthistitleapplies.Suchstudyshallcharacterizeandquantifysuchemissionsandanalyzetherelationshipofsuchemissionstovariousfuelsandfueladditives.
(2)Thestudyshallalsoincludeananalysisofparticulateemissionsfrommobilesourceswhicharenotrelatedtoengineemissions(including,butnotlimitedtotiredebris,andasbestosfrombrakelining).
(b)ReporttoCongress
TheAdministratorshallreporttotheCongressthefindingsandresultsofthestudyconductedundersubsection(a)notlaterthantwoyearsafterAugust7,1977.Suchreportshallalsoincluderecommendationsforstandardsormethodstoregulateparticulateemissionsdescribedinparagraph(2)ofsubsection(a).
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§214,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleII,§224(d),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.767.)
EditorialNotes
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection214ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection216byPub.L.95–95andisclassifiedtosection7550ofthistitle.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
StudyonSuspendedParticulateMatter
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§403(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.792,directedAdministratorofEPA,notlaterthan18monthsafterAug.7,1977,incooperationwithNationalAcademyofSciences,tostudyandreporttoCongressonrelationshipbetweensize,weight,andchemicalcompositionofsuspendedparticulatematterandnatureanddegreeofendangermenttopublichealthorwelfarepresentedbysuchparticulatematterandavailabilityoftechnologyforcontrollingsuchparticulatematter.
§7549.Highaltitudeperformanceadjustments
(a)Instructionofthemanufacturer
(1)Anyactiontakenwithrespecttoanyelementofdesigninstalledonorinamotorvehicleormotorvehicleengineincompliancewithregulationsunderthissubchapter(includinganyalterationoradjustmentofsuchelement),shallbetreatedasnotinviolationofsection7522(a)ofthistitleifsuchactionisperformedinaccordancewithhighaltitudeadjustmentinstructionsprovidedbythemanufacturerundersubsection(b)andapprovedbytheAdministrator.
(2)IftheAdministratorfindsthatadjustmentsormodificationsmadepursuanttoinstructionsofthemanufacturerunderparagraph(1)willnotinsureemissioncontrolperformancewithrespecttoeachstandardundersection7521ofthistitleatleastequivalenttothatwhichwouldresultifnosuchadjustmentsormodificationsweremade,heshalldisapprovesuchinstructions.Suchfindingshallbebaseduponminimumengineeringevaluationsconsistentwithgoodengineeringpractice.
(b)Regulations
(1)InstructionsrespectingeachclassorcategoryofvehiclesorenginestowhichthissubchapterappliesprovidingforsuchvehicleandengineadjustmentsandmodificationsasmaybenecessarytoinsureemissioncontrolperformanceatdifferentaltitudesshallbesubmittedbythemanufacturertotheAdministratorpursuanttoregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator.
(2)AnyknowingviolationbyamanufacturerofrequirementsoftheAdministratorunderparagraph(1)shallbetreatedasaviolationbysuchmanufacturerofsection7522(a)(3)ofthistitleforpurposesofthepenaltiescontainedinsection7524ofthistitle.
(3)Suchinstructionsshallprovide,inadditiontootheradjustments,foradjustmentsforvehiclesmovingfromhighaltitudeareastolowaltitudeareasaftertheinitialregistrationofsuchvehicles.
(c)Manufacturerparts
Noinstructionsunderthissectionrespectingadjustmentsormodificationsmayrequiretheuseofanymanufacturerparts(asdefinedinsection7522(a)ofthistitle)unlessthemanufacturerdemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattheuseofsuchmanufacturerpartsisnecessarytoinsureemissioncontrolperformance.
(d)Stateinspectionandmaintenanceprograms
BeforeJanuary1,1981theauthorityprovidedbythissectionshallbeavailableinanyhighaltitudeState(asdeterminedunderregulationsoftheAdministratorunderregulationspromulgatedbeforeAugust7,1977)butafterDecember31,1980,suchauthorityshallbeavailableonlyinanysuchStateinwhichaninspectionandmaintenanceprogramforthetestingofmotorvehicleemissionshasbeeninstitutedfortheportionsoftheStatewhereanynationalambientairqualitystandardforauto-relatedpollutantshasnotbeenattained.
(e)Highaltitudetesting
(1)TheAdministratorshallpromptlyestablishatleastonetestingcenter(inadditiontothetestingcentersexistingonNovember15,1990)locatedatasitethatrepresentshighaltitudeconditions,toascertaininareasonablemannerwhether,wheninactualusethroughouttheirusefullife(asdeterminedundersection7521(d)ofthistitle),eachclassorcategoryofvehicleandenginestowhichregulationsundersection7521ofthistitleapplyconformstotheemissionsstandardsestablishedbysuchregulations.Forpurposesofthissubsection,theterm"highaltitudeconditions"referstohighaltitudeasdefinedinregulationsoftheAdministratorineffectasofNovember15,1990.
(2)TheAdministrator,incooperationwiththeSecretaryofEnergyandtheAdministratoroftheFederalTransitAdministration,andsuchotheragenciesastheAdministratordeemsappropriate,shallestablisharesearchandtechnologyassessmentcentertoprovideforthedevelopmentandevaluationofless-pollutingheavy-dutyenginesandfuelsforuseinbuses,heavy-dutytrucks,andnon-roadenginesandvehicles,whichshallbelocatedatahigh-altitudesitethatrepresentshigh-altitudeconditions.Inestablishingandfundingsuchacenter,theAdministratorshallgivepreferencetoproposalswhichprovideforlocalcost-sharingoffacilitiesandrecoveryofcostsofoperationthroughutilizationofsuchfacilityforthepurposesofthissection.
(3)TheAdministratorshalldesignateatleastonecenterathigh-altitudeconditionstoprovideresearchonafter-marketemissioncomponents,dual-fueledvehiclesandconversionkits,theeffectsoftamperingonemissionsequipment,testingofalternatefuelsandconversionkits,andthedevelopmentofcurricula,trainingcourses,andmaterialstomaximizetheeffectivenessofinspectionandmaintenanceprogramsastheyrelatetopromotingeffectivecontrolofvehicleemissionsathigh-altitudeelevations.Preferenceshallbegiventoexistingvehicleemissionstestingandresearchcentersthathaveestablishedreputationsforvehicleemissionsresearchanddevelopmentandtraining,andthatpossessin-houseFederalTestProcedurecapacity.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§215,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleII,§211(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.757;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(75),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1404;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§224,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2503;Pub.L.102–240,titleIII,§3004(b),Dec.18,1991,105Stat.2088.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Insubsec.(d),"August7,1977"substitutedfor"thedateofenactmentofthisAct"toreflecttheprobableintentofCongressthatsuchdateofenactmentmeantthedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(e).Pub.L.101–549addedsubsec.(e).
1977—Subsec.(d).Pub.L.95–190substituted"December31,1980"for"December31,1981".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
ChangeofName
"FederalTransitAdministration"substitutedfor"UrbanMassTransportationAdministration"insubsec.(e)(2)pursuanttosection3004(b)ofPub.L.102–240,setoutasanoteundersection107ofTitle49,Transportation.
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7550.Definitions
Asusedinthispart—
(1)Theterm"manufacturer"asusedinsections7521,7522,7525,7541,and7542ofthistitlemeansanypersonengagedinthemanufacturingorassemblingofnewmotorvehicles,newmotorvehicleengines,newnonroadvehiclesornewnonroadengines,orimportingsuchvehiclesorenginesforresale,orwhoactsforandisunderthecontrolofanysuchpersoninconnectionwiththedistributionofnewmotorvehicles,newmotorvehicleengines,newnonroadvehiclesornewnonroadengines,butshallnotincludeanydealerwithrespecttonewmotorvehicles,newmotorvehicleengines,newnonroadvehiclesornewnonroadenginesreceivedbyhimincommerce.
(2)Theterm"motorvehicle"meansanyself-propelledvehicledesignedfortransportingpersonsorpropertyonastreetorhighway.
(3)Exceptwithrespecttovehiclesorenginesimportedorofferedforimportation,theterm"newmotorvehicle"meansamotorvehicletheequitableorlegaltitletowhichhasneverbeentransferredtoanultimatepurchaser;andtheterm"newmotorvehicleengine"meansanengineinanewmotorvehicleoramotorvehicleenginetheequitableorlegaltitletowhichhasneverbeentransferredtotheultimatepurchaser;andwithrespecttoimportedvehiclesorengines,suchtermsmeanamotorvehicleandengine,respectively,manufacturedaftertheeffectivedateofaregulationissuedundersection7521ofthistitlewhichisapplicabletosuchvehicleorengine(orwhichwouldbeapplicabletosuchvehicleorenginehaditbeenmanufacturedforimportationintotheUnitedStates).
(4)Theterm"dealer"meansanypersonwhoisengagedinthesaleorthedistributionofnewmotorvehiclesornewmotorvehicleenginestotheultimatepurchaser.
(5)Theterm"ultimatepurchaser"means,withrespecttoanynewmotorvehicleornewmotorvehicleengine,thefirstpersonwhoingoodfaithpurchasessuchnewmotorvehicleornewengineforpurposesotherthanresale.
(6)Theterm"commerce"means(A)commercebetweenanyplaceinanyStateandanyplaceoutsidethereof;and(B)commercewhollywithintheDistrictofColumbia.
(7)Vehiclecurbweight,grossvehicleweightrating,light-dutytruck,light-dutyvehicle,andloadedvehicleweight.—Theterms"vehiclecurbweight","grossvehicleweightrating"(GVWR),"light-dutytruck"(LDT),light-dutyvehicle,1and"loadedvehicleweight"(LVW)havethemeaningprovidedinregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratorandineffectasofNovember15,1990.Theabbreviationsinparenthesescorrespondingtoanytermreferredtointhisparagraphshallhavethesamemeaningasthecorrespondingterm.
(8)Testweight.—Theterm"testweight"andtheabbreviation"tw"meanthevehiclecurbweightaddedtothegrossvehicleweightrating(gvwr)anddividedby2.
(9)Motorvehicleorenginepartmanufacturer.—Theterm"motorvehicleorenginepartmanufacturer"asusedinsections7541and7542ofthistitlemeansanypersonengagedinthemanufacturing,assemblingorrebuildingofanydevice,system,part,componentorelementofdesignwhichisinstalledinoronmotorvehiclesormotorvehicleengines.
(10)Nonroadengine.—Theterm"nonroadengine"meansaninternalcombustionengine(includingthefuelsystem)thatisnotusedinamotorvehicleoravehicleusedsolelyforcompetition,orthatisnotsubjecttostandardspromulgatedundersection7411ofthistitleorsection7521ofthistitle.
(11)Nonroadvehicle.—Theterm"nonroadvehicle"meansavehiclethatispoweredbyanonroadengineandthatisnotamotorvehicleoravehicleusedsolelyforcompetition.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§216,formerly§208,asaddedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(8),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.994;renumbered§212,andamendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.503;renumbered§213,andamendedPub.L.91–604,§§8(a),10(d),11(a)(2)(A),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1694,1703,1705;renumbered§214,Pub.L.93–319,§10,June22,1974,88Stat.261;renumbered§216,Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§224(d),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.767;Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§223,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2503.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–7ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Par.(1).Pub.L.101–549,§223(b),insertedreferencestonewnonroadvehiclesornewnonroadengines.
Pars.(7)to(11).Pub.L.101–549,§223(a),addedpars.(7)to(11).
1970—Pub.L.91–604,§11(a)(2)(A),substituted"part"for"subchapter".
Par.(1).Pub.L.91–604,§10(d)(1),insertedreferencetosection7521ofthistitle.
Par.(3).Pub.L.91–604,§10(d)(2),insertedprovisionswhichdefinedsuchtermswithrespecttoimportedvehiclesorengines.
1967—Pub.L.90–148inserted"asusedinsections7522,7525,7541,and7542ofthistitle"after"manufacturer"inpar.(1).
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesetoffbyquotationmarks.
§7551.Omitted
Section,Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§203,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.754;Pub.L.97–375,titleI,§106(a),Dec.21,1982,96Stat.1820,whichrequiredtheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytoreporttoCongressrespectingthemotorvehiclefuelconsumptionassociatedwiththestandardsapplicablefortheimmediatelyprecedingmodelyear,terminated,effectiveMay15,2000,pursuanttosection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance.See,also,the5thitemonpage165ofHouseDocumentNo.103–7.SectionwasenactedaspartoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1977,andnotaspartoftheCleanAirActwhichcomprisesthischapter.
§7552.Motorvehiclecomplianceprogramfees
(a)Feecollection
Consistentwithsection9701oftitle31,theAdministratormaypromulgate(andfromtimetotimerevise)regulationsestablishingfeestorecoverallreasonablecoststotheAdministratorassociatedwith—
(1)newvehicleorenginecertificationundersection7525(a)ofthistitleorpartC,
(2)newvehicleorenginecompliancemonitoringandtestingundersection7525(b)ofthistitleorpartC,and
(3)in-usevehicleorenginecompliancemonitoringandtestingundersection7541(c)ofthistitleorpartC.
TheAdministratormayestablishforallforeignanddomesticmanufacturersafeeschedulebasedonsuchfactorsastheAdministratorfindsappropriateandequitableandnondiscriminatory,includingthenumberofvehiclesorenginesproducedunderacertificateofconformity.Inthecaseofheavy-dutyengineandvehiclemanufacturers,suchfeesshallnotexceedareasonableamounttorecoveranappropriateportionofsuchreasonablecosts.
(b)SpecialTreasuryfund
AnyfeescollectedunderthissectionshallbedepositedinaspecialfundintheUnitedStatesTreasuryforlicensingandotherserviceswhichthereaftershallbeavailableforappropriation,toremainavailableuntilexpended,tocarryouttheAgency'sactivitiesforwhichthefeeswerecollected.
(c)Limitationonfunduse
Moneysinthespecialfundreferredtoinsubsection(b)shallnotbeuseduntilafterthefirstfiscalyearcommencingafterthefirstJuly1whenfeesarepaidintothefund.
(d)Administrator'stestingauthority
NothinginthissubsectionshallbeconstruedtolimittheAdministrator'sauthoritytorequiremanufacturerorconfirmatorytestingasprovidedinthispart.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§217,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§225,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2504.)
§7553.Prohibitiononproductionofenginesrequiringleadedgasoline
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsapplicabletomotorvehicleenginesandnonroadenginesmanufacturedaftermodelyear1992thatprohibitthemanufacture,sale,orintroductionintocommerceofanyenginethatrequiresleadedgasoline.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§218,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§226,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2505.)
§7554.Urbanbusstandards
(a)Standardsformodelyearsafter1993
NotlaterthanJanuary1,1992,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsundersection7521(a)ofthistitleapplicabletourbanbusesforthemodelyear1994andthereafter.Suchstandardsshallbebasedonthebesttechnologythatcanreasonablybeanticipatedtobeavailableatthetimesuchmeasuresaretobeimplemented,takingcosts,safety,energy,leadtime,andotherrelevantfactorsintoaccount.Suchregulationsshallrequirethatsuchurbanbusescomplywiththeprovisionsofsubsection(b)ofthissection(andsubsection(c)ofthissubsection,1ifapplicable)inadditiontocompliancewiththestandardsapplicableundersection7521(a)ofthistitleforheavy-dutyvehiclesofthesametypeandmodelyear.
(b)PMstandard
(1)50percentreduction
Thestandardsundersection7521(a)ofthistitleapplicabletourbanbusesshallrequirethat,effectiveforthemodelyear1994andthereafter,emissionsofparticulatematter(PM)fromurbanbusesshallnotexceed50percentoftheemissionsofparticulatematter(PM)allowedundertheemissionstandardapplicableundersection7521(a)ofthistitleasofNovember15,1990,forparticulatematter(PM)inthecaseofheavy-dutydieselvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinthemodelyear1994.
(2)Revisedreduction
TheAdministratorshallincreasethelevelofemissionsofparticulatematterallowedunderthestandardreferredtoinparagraph(1)iftheAdministratordeterminesthatthe50percentreductionreferredtoinparagraph(1)isnottechnologicallyachievable,takingintoaccountdurability,costs,leadtime,safety,andotherrelevantfactors.TheAdministratormaynotincreasesuchlevelofemissionsabove70percentoftheemissionsofparticulatematter(PM)allowedundertheemissionstandardapplicableundersection7521(a)ofthistitleasofNovember15,1990,forparticulatematter(PM)inthecaseofheavy-dutydieselvehiclesandenginesmanufacturedinthemodelyear1994.
(3)Determinationaspartofrule
Aspartoftherulemakingundersubsection(a),theAdministratorshallmakeadeterminationastowhetherthe50percentreductionreferredtoinparagraph(1)istechnologicallyachievable,takingintoaccountdurability,costs,leadtime,safety,andotherrelevantfactors.
(c)Low-pollutingfuelrequirement
(1)Annualtesting
Beginningwithmodelyear1994buses,theAdministratorshallconductannualtestsofarepresentativesampleofoperatingurbanbusessubjecttotheparticulatematter(PM)standardapplicablepursuanttosubsection(b)todeterminewhethersuchbusescomplywithsuchstandardinuseovertheirfullusefullife.
(2)Promulgationofadditionallow-pollutingfuelrequirement
(A)IftheAdministratordetermines,basedonthetestingunderparagraph(1),thaturbanbusessubjecttotheparticulatematter(PM)standardapplicablepursuanttosubsection(b)donotcomplywithsuchstandardinuseovertheirfullusefullife,heshallrevisethestandardsapplicabletosuchbusestorequire(inadditiontocompliancewiththePMstandardapplicablepursuanttosubsection(b))thatallnewurbanbusespurchasedorplacedintoservicebyownersoroperatorsofurbanbusesinallmetropolitanstatisticalareasorconsolidatedmetropolitanstatisticalareaswitha1980populationof750,000ormoreshallbecapableofoperating,andshallbeexclusivelyoperated,onlow-pollutingfuels.TheAdministratorshallestablishthepass-failrateforpurposesoftestingunderthissubparagraph.
(B)TheAdministratorshallpromulgateaschedulephasinginanylow-pollutingfuelrequirementestablishedpursuanttothisparagraphtoanincreasingpercentageofnewurbanbusespurchasedorplacedintoserviceineachofthefirst5modelyearscommencing3yearsafterthedeterminationundersubparagraph(A).Undersuchschedule100percentofnewurbanbusesplacedintoserviceinthefifthmodelyearcommencing3yearsafterthedeterminationundersubparagraph(A)shallcomplywiththelow-pollutingfuelrequirementestablishedpursuanttothisparagraph.
(C)TheAdministratormayextendtherequirementsofthisparagraphtometropolitanstatisticalareasorconsolidatedmetropolitanstatisticalareaswitha1980populationoflessthan750,000,iftheAdministratordeterminesthatasignificantbenefittopublichealthcouldbeexpectedtoresultfromsuchextension.
(d)Retrofitrequirements
Notlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsundersection7521(a)ofthistitlerequiringthaturbanbuseswhich—
(1)areoperatinginareasreferredtoinsubparagraph(A)ofsubsection(c)(2)(orsubparagraph(C)ofsubsection(c)(2)iftheAdministratorhastakenactionunderthatsubparagraph);
(2)werenotsubjecttostandardsineffectundertheregulationsundersubsection(a)ofthissection;and
(3)havetheirenginesreplacedorrebuiltafterJanuary1,1995,
shallcomplywithanemissionsstandardoremissionscontroltechnologyrequirementestablishedbytheAdministratorinsuchregulations.Suchemissionsstandardoremissionscontroltechnologyrequirementshallreflectthebestretrofittechnologyandmaintenancepracticesreasonablyachievable.
(e)Proceduresforadministrationandenforcement
TheAdministratorshallestablish,within18monthsafterNovember15,1990,andinaccordancewithsection7525(h)ofthistitle,proceduresfortheadministrationandenforcementofstandardsforbusessubjecttostandardsunderthissection,testingprocedures,samplingprotocols,in-usecompliancerequirements,andcriteriagoverningevaluationofbuses.Proceduresfortesting(including,butnotlimitedto,certificationtesting)shallreflectactualoperatingconditions.
(f)Definitions
Forpurposesofthissection—
(1)Urbanbus
Theterm"urbanbus"hasthemeaningprovidedunderregulationsoftheAdministratorpromulgatedundersection7521(a)ofthistitle.
(2)Low-pollutingfuel
Theterm"low-pollutingfuel"meansmethanol,ethanol,propane,ornaturalgas,oranycomparablylow-pollutingfuel.Indeterminingwhetherafueliscomparablylow-polluting,theAdministratorshallconsiderboththelevelofemissionsofairpollutantsfromvehiclesusingthefuelandthecontributionofsuchemissionstoambientlevelsofairpollutants.Forpurposesofthisparagraph,theterm"methanol"includesanyfuelwhichcontainsatleast85percentmethanolunlesstheAdministratorincreasessuchpercentageashedeemsappropriatetoprotectpublichealthandwelfare.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§219,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§227[(a)],Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2505.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"section,".
PartB—AircraftEmissionStandards
§7571.Establishmentofstandards
(a)Study;proposedstandards;hearings;issuanceofregulations
(1)Within90daysafterDecember31,1970,theAdministratorshallcommenceastudyandinvestigationofemissionsofairpollutantsfromaircraftinordertodetermine—
(A)theextenttowhichsuchemissionsaffectairqualityinairqualitycontrolregionsthroughouttheUnitedStates,and
(B)thetechnologicalfeasibilityofcontrollingsuchemissions.
(2)(A)TheAdministratorshall,fromtimetotime,issueproposedemissionstandardsapplicabletotheemissionofanyairpollutantfromanyclassorclassesofaircraftengineswhichinhisjudgmentcauses,orcontributesto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare.
(B)(i)TheAdministratorshallconsultwiththeAdministratoroftheFederalAviationAdministrationonaircraftengineemissionstandards.
(ii)TheAdministratorshallnotchangetheaircraftengineemissionstandardsifsuchchangewouldsignificantlyincreasenoiseandadverselyaffectsafety.
(3)TheAdministratorshallholdpublichearingswithrespecttosuchproposedstandards.Suchhearingsshall,totheextentpracticable,beheldinairqualitycontrolregionswhicharemostseriouslyaffectedbyaircraftemissions.Within90daysaftertheissuanceofsuchproposedregulations,heshallissuesuchregulationswithsuchmodificationsashedeemsappropriate.Suchregulationsmayberevisedfromtimetotime.
(b)Effectivedateofregulations
Anyregulationprescribedunderthissection(andanyrevisionthereof)shalltakeeffectaftersuchperiodastheAdministratorfindsnecessary(afterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportation)topermitthedevelopmentandapplicationoftherequisitetechnology,givingappropriateconsiderationtothecostofcompliancewithinsuchperiod.
(c)Regulationswhichcreatehazardstoaircraftsafety
AnyregulationsineffectunderthissectiononAugust7,1977,orproposedorpromulgatedthereafter,oramendmentsthereto,withrespecttoaircraftshallnotapplyifdisapprovedbythePresident,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,onthebasisofafindingbytheSecretaryofTransportationthatanysuchregulationwouldcreateahazardtoaircraftsafety.Anysuchfindingshallincludeareasonablyspecificstatementofthebasisuponwhichthefindingwasmade.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§231,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§11(a)(1),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1703;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleII,§225,titleIV,§401(f),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.769,791;Pub.L.104–264,titleIV,§406(b),Oct.9,1996,110Stat.3257.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–9ofthistitle.
Amendments
1996—Subsec.(a)(2).Pub.L.104–264designatedexistingprovisionsassubpar.(A)andaddedsubpar.(B).
1977—Subsec.(a)(2).Pub.L.95–95,§401(f),substituted"TheAdministratorshall,fromtimetotime,issueproposedemissionstandardsapplicabletotheemissionofanyairpollutantfromanyclassorclassesofaircraftengineswhichinhisjudgmentcauses,orcontributesto,airpollutionwhichmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare"for"Within180daysaftercommencingsuchstudyandinvestigation,theAdministratorshallpublishareportofsuchstudyandinvestigationandshallissueproposedemissionstandardsapplicabletoemissionsofanyairpollutantfromanyclassorclassesofaircraftoraircraftengineswhichinhisjudgmentcauseorcontributetoorarelikelytocauseorcontributetoairpollutionwhichendangersthepublichealthorwelfare".
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.95–95,§225,substituted"AnyregulationsineffectunderthissectiononAugust7,1977,orproposedorpromulgatedthereafter,oramendmentsthereto,withrespecttoaircraftshallnotapplyifdisapprovedbythePresident,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,onthebasisofafindingbytheSecretaryofTransportationthatanysuchregulationwouldcreateahazardtoaircraftsafety"for"Anyregulationsunderthissection,oramendmentsthereto,withrespecttoaircraft,shallbeprescribedonlyafterconsultationwiththeSecretaryofTransportationinordertoassureappropriateconsiderationforaircraftsafety"andinsertedprovisionthatfindingsincludeareasonablyspecificstatementofthebasisuponwhichthefindingwasmade.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1996Amendment
Exceptasotherwisespecificallyprovided,amendmentbyPub.L.104–264applicableonlytofiscalyearsbeginningafterSept.30,1996,andnottobeconstruedasaffectingfundsmadeavailableforafiscalyearendingbeforeOct.1,1996,seesection3ofPub.L.104–264,setoutasanoteundersection106ofTitle49,Transportation.
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
StudyandInvestigationofUninstalledAircraftEngines
Pub.L.101–549,titleII,§233,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2529,providedthat:
"(a)Study.—TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandtheSecretaryofTransportation,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofDefense,shallcommenceastudyandinvestigationofthetestingofuninstalledaircraftenginesinenclosedtestcellsthatshalladdressataminimumthefollowingissuesandsuchotherissuesastheyshalldeemappropriate—
"(1)whethertechnologiesexisttocontrolsomeorallemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenfromtestcells;
"(2)theeffectivenessofsuchtechnologies;
"(3)thecostofimplementingsuchtechnologies;
"(4)whethersuchtechnologiesaffectthesafety,design,structure,operation,orperformanceofaircraftengines;
"(5)whethersuchtechnologiesimpairtheeffectivenessandaccuracyofaircraftenginesafetydesign,andperformancetestsconductedintestcells;and
"(6)theimpactofnotcontrollingsuchoxidesofnitrogenintheapplicablenonattainmentareasandonothersources,stationaryandmobile,onoxidesofnitrogeninsuchareas.
"(b)Report,AuthorityToRegulate.—Notlaterthan24monthsafterenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990],theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandtheSecretaryofTransportationshallsubmittoCongressareportofthestudyconductedunderthissection.Followingthecompletionofsuchstudy,anyoftheStatesmayadoptorenforceanystandardforemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenfromtestcellsonlyafterissuingapublicnoticestatingwhethersuchstandardsareinaccordancewiththefindingsofthestudy."
§7572.Enforcementofstandards
(a)Regulationstoinsurecompliancewithstandards
TheSecretaryofTransportation,afterconsultationwiththeAdministrator,shallprescriberegulationstoinsurecompliancewithallstandardsprescribedundersection7571ofthistitlebytheAdministrator.TheregulationsoftheSecretaryofTransportationshallincludeprovisionsmakingsuchstandardsapplicableintheissuance,amendment,modification,suspension,orrevocationofanycertificateauthorizedbypartAofsubtitleVIIoftitle49ortheDepartmentofTransportationAct.SuchSecretaryshallinsurethatallnecessaryinspectionsareaccomplished,and,1mayexecuteanypowerordutyvestedinhimbyanyotherprovisionoflawintheexecutionofallpowersanddutiesvestedinhimunderthissection.
(b)Noticeandappealrights
Inanyactiontoamend,modify,suspend,orrevokeacertificateinwhichviolationofanemissionstandardprescribedundersection7571ofthistitleorofaregulationprescribedundersubsection(a)isatissue,thecertificateholdershallhavethesamenoticeandappealrightsasareprescribedforsuchholdersinpartAofsubtitleVIIoftitle49ortheDepartmentofTransportationAct,exceptthatinanyappealtotheNationalTransportationSafetyBoard,theBoardmayamend,modify,orrevoketheorderoftheSecretaryofTransportationonlyifitfindsnoviolationofsuchstandardorregulationandthatsuchamendment,modification,orrevocationisconsistentwithsafetyinairtransportation.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§232,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§11(a)(1),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1704.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheDepartmentofTransportationAct,referredtoinsubsecs.(a)and(b),isPub.L.89–670,Oct.15,1966,80Stat.931,asamended,whichwasclassifiedprincipallytosections1651to1660offormerTitle49,Transportation.TheActwasrepealedandtheprovisionsthereofreenactedinTitle49,Transportation,byPub.L.97–449,Jan.12,1983,96Stat.2413,andPub.L.103–272,July5,1994,108Stat.745.TheActwasalsorepealedbyPub.L.104–287,§7(5),Oct.11,1996,110Stat.3400.FordispositionofsectionsofformerTitle49,seeTableatthebeginningofTitle49.
Codification
Insubsecs.(a)and(b),"partAofsubtitleVIIoftitle49"substitutedfor"theFederalAviationAct[49App.U.S.C.1301etseq.]"and"theFederalAviationActof1958[49App.U.S.C.1301etseq.]"onauthorityofPub.L.103–272,§6(b),July5,1994,108Stat.1378,thefirstsectionofwhichenactedsubtitlesII,III,andVtoXofTitle49,Transportation.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–10ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Thecommaprobablyshouldnotappear.
§7573.Statestandardsandcontrols
NoStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereofmayadoptorattempttoenforceanystandardrespectingemissionsofanyairpollutantfromanyaircraftorenginethereofunlesssuchstandardisidenticaltoastandardapplicabletosuchaircraftunderthispart.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§233,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§11(a)(1),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1704.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–11ofthistitle.
§7574.Definitions
Termsusedinthispart(otherthanAdministrator)shallhavethesamemeaningassuchtermshaveundersection40102(a)oftitle49.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§234,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§11(a)(1),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1705.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Intext,"section40102(a)oftitle49"substitutedfor"section101oftheFederalAviationActof1958"onauthorityofPub.L.103–272,§6(b),July5,1994,108Stat.1378,thefirstsectionofwhichenactedsubtitlesII,III,andVtoXofTitle49,Transportation.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857f–12ofthistitle.
PartC—CleanFuelVehicles
§7581.Definitions
Forpurposesofthispart—
(1)TermsdefinedinpartA
ThedefinitionsapplicabletopartAundersection7550ofthistitleshallalsoapplyforpurposesofthispart.
(2)Cleanalternativefuel
Theterm"cleanalternativefuel"meansanyfuel(includingmethanol,ethanol,orotheralcohols(includinganymixturethereofcontaining85percentormorebyvolumeofsuchalcoholwithgasolineorotherfuels),reformulatedgasoline,diesel,naturalgas,liquefiedpetroleumgas,andhydrogen)orpowersource(includingelectricity)usedinaclean-fuelvehiclethatcomplieswiththestandardsandrequirementsapplicabletosuchvehicleunderthissubchapterwhenusingsuchfuelorpowersource.Inthecaseofanyflexiblefuelvehicleordualfuelvehicle,theterm"cleanalternativefuel"meansonlyafuelwithrespecttowhichsuchvehiclewascertifiedasaclean-fuelvehiclemeetingthestandardsapplicabletoclean-fuelvehiclesundersection7583(d)(2)ofthistitlewhenoperatingoncleanalternativefuel(oranyCARBstandardswhichreplacessuchstandardspursuanttosection7583(e)ofthistitle).
(3)NMOG
Thetermnonmethaneorganicgas("NMOG")meansthesumofnonoxygenatedandoxygenatedhydrocarbonscontainedinagassample,including,ataminimum,alloxygenatedorganicgasescontaining5orfewercarbonatoms(i.e.,aldehydes,ketones,alcohols,ethers,etc.),andallknownalkanes,alkenes,alkynes,andaromaticscontaining12orfewercarbonatoms.TodemonstratecompliancewithaNMOGstandard,NMOGemissionsshallbemeasuredinaccordancewiththe"CaliforniaNon-MethaneOrganicGasTestProcedures".Inthecaseofvehiclesusingfuelsotherthanbasegasoline,thelevelofNMOGemissionsshallbeadjustedbasedonthereactivityoftheemissionsrelativetovehiclesusingbasegasoline.
(4)Basegasoline
Theterm"basegasoline"meansgasolinewhichmeetsthefollowingspecifications:
SpecificationsofBaseGasolineUsedasBasisforReactivityReadjustment:
APIgravity
57.8
Sulfur,ppm
317
Color
Purple
Benzene,vol.%
1.35
Reidvaporpressure
8.7
Drivability
1195
Antiknockindex
87.3
Distillation,D–86°F
IBP
92
10%
126
50%
219
90%
327
EP
414
HydrocarbonType,Vol.%FIA:
Aromatics
30.9
Olefins
8.2
Saturates
60.9
TheAdministratorshallmodifythedefinitionsofNMOG,basegasoline,andthemethodsformakingreactivityadjustments,toconformtothedefinitionsandmethodusedinCaliforniaundertheLow-EmissionVehicleandCleanFuelRegulationsoftheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,solongastheCaliforniadefinitionsare,intheaggregate,atleastasprotectiveofpublichealthandwelfareasthedefinitionsinthissection.
(5)Coveredfleet
Theterm"coveredfleet"means10ormoremotorvehicleswhichareownedoroperatedbyasingleperson.Indeterminingthenumberofvehiclesownedoroperatedbyasinglepersonforpurposesofthisparagraph,allmotorvehiclesownedoroperated,leasedorotherwisecontrolledbysuchperson,byanypersonwhocontrolssuchperson,byanypersoncontrolledbysuchperson,andbyanypersonundercommoncontrolwithsuchpersonshallbetreatedasownedbysuchperson.Theterm"coveredfleet"shallnotincludemotorvehiclesheldforleaseorrentaltothegeneralpublic,motorvehiclesheldforsalebymotorvehicledealers(includingdemonstrationvehicles),motorvehiclesusedformotorvehiclemanufacturerproductevaluationsortests,lawenforcementandotheremergencyvehicles,ornonroadvehicles(includingfarmandconstructionvehicles).
(6)Coveredfleetvehicle
Theterm"coveredfleetvehicle"meansonlyamotorvehiclewhichis—
(i)inavehicleclassforwhichstandardsareapplicableunderthispart;and
(ii)inacoveredfleetwhichiscentrallyfueled(orcapableofbeingcentrallyfueled).
Novehiclewhichundernormaloperationsisgaragedatapersonalresidenceatnightshallbeconsideredtobeavehiclewhichiscapableofbeingcentrallyfueledwithinthemeaningofthisparagraph.
(7)Clean-fuelvehicle
Theterm"clean-fuelvehicle"meansavehicleinaclassorcategoryofvehicleswhichhasbeencertifiedtomeetforanymodelyeartheclean-fuelvehiclestandardsapplicableunderthispartforthatmodelyeartoclean-fuelvehiclesinthatclassorcategory.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§241,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2511.)
§7582.Requirementsapplicabletoclean-fuelvehicles
(a)Promulgationofstandards
Notlaterthan24monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsunderthispartcontainingclean-fuelvehiclestandardsfortheclean-fuelvehiclesspecifiedinthispart.
(b)Otherrequirements
Clean-fuelvehiclesofupto8,500gvwrsubjecttostandardssetforthinthispartshallcomplywithallmotorvehiclerequirementsofthissubchapter(suchasrequirementsrelatingtoon-boarddiagnostics,evaporativeemissions,etc.)whichareapplicabletoconventionalgasoline-fueledvehiclesofthesamecategoryandmodelyear,exceptasprovidedinsection7584ofthistitlewithrespecttoadministrationandenforcement,andexcepttotheextentthatanysuchrequirementisinconflictwiththeprovisionsofthispart.Clean-fuelvehiclesof8,500gvwrorgreatersubjecttostandardssetforthinthispartshallcomplywithallrequirementsofthissubchapterwhichareapplicableinthecaseofconventionalgasoline-fueledordieselfueledvehiclesofthesamecategoryandmodelyear,exceptasprovidedinsection7584ofthistitlewithrespecttoadministrationandenforcement,andexcepttotheextentthatanysuchrequirementisinconflictwiththeprovisionsofthispart.
(c)In-useusefullifeandtesting
(1)Inthecaseoflight-dutyvehiclesandlight-dutytrucksupto6,000lbsgvwr,theusefullifeforpurposesofdeterminingin-usecompliancewiththestandardsundersection7583ofthistitleshallbe—
(A)aperiodof5yearsor50,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccurs,inthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat50,000miles;and
(B)aperiodof10yearsor100,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccurs,inthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat100,000miles,exceptthatin-usetestingshallnotbedoneforaperiodbeyond7yearsor75,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccurs.
(2)Inthecaseoflight-dutytrucksofmorethan6,000lbsgvwr,theusefullifeforpurposesofdeterminingin-usecompliancewiththestandardsundersection7583ofthistitleshallbe—
(A)aperiodof5yearsor50,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccursinthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat50,000miles;and
(B)aperiodof11yearsor120,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccursinthecaseofstandardsapplicableforpurposesofcertificationat120,000miles,exceptthatin-usetestingshallnotbedoneforaperiodbeyond7yearsor90,000miles(ortheequivalent)whicheverfirstoccurs.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§242,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2513.)
§7583.Standardsforlight-dutyclean-fuelvehicles
(a)Exhauststandardsforlight-dutyvehiclesandcertainlight-dutytrucks
Thestandardssetforthinthissubsectionshallapplyinthecaseofclean-fuelvehicleswhicharelight-dutytrucksofupto6,000lbs.grossvehicleweightrating(gvwr)(butnotincludinglight-dutytrucksofmorethan3,750lbs.loadedvehicleweight(lvw))orlight-dutyvehicles:
(1)PhaseI
Beginningwithmodelyear1996,fortheairpollutantsspecifiedinthefollowingtable,theclean-fuelvehiclestandardsunderthissectionshallprovidethatvehicleexhaustemissionsshallnotexceedthelevelsspecifiedinthefollowingtable:
PhaseICleanFuelVehicleEmissionStandardsforLight-DutyTrucksofupto3,750Lbs.LVWandupto6,000Lbs.GVWRandLight-DutyVehicles
PollutantNMOGCONOxPMHCHO(formaldehyde)
50,000milestandard
0.125
3.4
0.4
0.015
100,000milestandard
0.156
4.2
0.6
0.08*
0.018
Standardsareexpressedingramspermile(gpm).
*Standardsforparticulates(PM)shallapplyonlytodiesel-fueledvehicles.
Inthecaseofthe50,000milestandardsandthe100,000milestandards,forpurposesofcertification,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe50,000milesor100,000miles,respectively.
(2)PhaseII
Beginningwithmodelyear2001,forairpollutantsspecifiedinthefollowingtable,theclean-fuelvehiclestandardsunderthissectionshallprovidethatvehicleexhaustemissionsshallnotexceedthelevelsspecifiedinthefollowingtable.
PhaseIICleanFuelVehicleEmissionStandardsforLight-DutyTrucksofupto3,750Lbs.LVWandupto6,000Lbs.GVWRandLight-DutyVehicles
PollutantNMOGCONOxPM*HCHO(formaldehyde)
50,000milestandard
0.075
3.4
0.2
0.015
100,000milestandard
0.090
4.2
0.3
0.08
0.018
Standardsareexpressedingramspermile(gpm).
*Standardsforparticulates(PM)shallapplyonlytodiesel-fueledvehicles.
Inthecaseofthe50,000milestandardsandthe100,000milestandards,forpurposesofcertification,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe50,000milesor100,000miles,respectively.
(b)Exhauststandardsforlight-dutytrucksofmorethan3,750lbs.LVWandupto5,750lbs.LVWandupto6,000lbs.GVWR
Thestandardssetforthinthisparagraph 1shallapplyinthecaseofclean-fuelvehicleswhicharelight-dutytrucksofmorethan3,750lbs.loadedvehicleweight(lvw)butnotmorethan5,750lbs.lvwandnotmorethan6,000lbs.grossweightrating(GVWR):
(1)PhaseI
Beginningwithmodelyear1996,fortheairpollutantsspecifiedinthefollowingtable,theclean-fuelvehiclestandardsunderthissectionshallprovidethatvehicleexhaustemissionsshallnotexceedthelevelsspecifiedinthefollowingtable.
PhaseICleanFuelVehicleEmissionStandardsforLight-DutyTrucksofMoreThan3,750Lbs.andupto5,750Lbs.LVWandupto6,000Lbs.GVWR
PollutantNMOGCONOxPM*HCHO(formaldehyde)
50,000milestandard
0.160
4.4
0.7
0.018
100,000milestandard
0.200
5.5
0.9
0.08
0.023
Standardsareexpressedingramspermile(gpm).
*Standardsforparticulates(PM)shallapplyonlytodiesel-fueledvehicles.
Inthecaseofthe50,000milestandardsandthe100,000milestandards,forpurposesofcertification,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe50,000milesor100,000miles,respectively.
(2)PhaseII
Beginningwithmodelyear2001,fortheairpollutantsspecifiedinthefollowingtable,theclean-fuelvehiclestandardsunderthissectionshallprovidethatvehicleexhaustemissionsshallnotexceedthelevelsspecifiedinthefollowingtable.
PhaseIICleanFuelVehicleEmissionStandardsforLight-DutyTrucksofMoreThan3,750Lbs.LVWandupto5,750Lbs.LVWandupto6,000Lbs.GVWR
PollutantNMOGCONOxPM*HCHO(formaldehyde)
50,000milestandard
0.100
4.4
0.4
0.018
100,000milestandard
0.130
5.5
0.5
0.08
0.023
Standardsareexpressedingramspermile(gpm).
*Standardsforparticulates(PM)shallapplyonlytodiesel-fueledvehicles.
Inthecaseofthe50,000milestandardsandthe100,000milestandards,forpurposesofcertification,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe50,000milesor100,000miles,respectively.
(c)Exhauststandardsforlight-dutytrucksgreaterthan6,000lbs.GVWR
Thestandardssetforthinthissubsectionshallapplyinthecaseofclean-fuelvehicleswhicharelight-dutytrucksofmorethan6,000lbs.grossweightrating(GVWR)andlessthanorequalto8,500lbs.GVWR,beginningwithmodelyear1998.Fortheairpollutantsspecifiedinthefollowingtable,theclean-fuelvehiclestandardsunderthissectionshallprovidethatvehicleexhaustemissionsofvehicleswithinthetestweightcategoriesspecifiedinthefollowingtableshallnotexceedthelevelsspecifiedinsuchtable.
PollutantNMOGCONOxPM*HCHO(formaldehyde)
50,000milestandard
0.125
3.4
0.4**
0.015
120,000milestandard
0.180
5.0
0.6
0.08
0.022
TestWeightCategory:Above3,750butnotabove5,750lbs.tw
PollutantNMOGCONOxPM*HCHO(formaldehyde)
50,000milestandard
0.160
4.4
0.7**
0.018
120,000milestandard
0.230
6.4
1.0
0.10
0.027
TestWeightCategory:Above5,750twbutnotabove8,500lbs.gvwr
PollutantNMOGCONOxPM*HCHO(formaldehyde)
50,000milestandard
0.195
5.0
1.1**
0.022
120,000milestandard
0.280
7.3
1.5
0.12
0.032
Standardsareexpressedingramspermile(gpm).
*Standardsforparticulates(PM)shallapplyonlytodiesel-fueledvehicles.
**Standardnotapplicabletodiesel-fueledvehicles.
Forthe50,000milestandardsandthe120,000milestandardssetforthinthetable,theapplicableusefullifeforpurposesofcertificationshallbe50,000milesor120,000miles,respectively.
(d)Flexibleanddual-fuelvehicles
(1)Ingeneral
TheAdministratorshallestablishstandardsandrequirementsunderthissectionforthemodelyear1996andthereafterforvehiclesweighingnotmorethan8,500lbs.gvwrwhicharecapableofoperatingonmorethanonefuel.Suchstandardsshallrequirethatsuchvehiclesmeettheexhauststandardsapplicableundersubsection 2(a),(b),and(c)forCO,NOx,andHCHO,andifappropriate,PMforsingle-fuelvehiclesofthesamevehiclecategoryandmodelyear.
(2)ExhaustNMOGstandardforoperationoncleanalternativefuel
Inadditiontostandardsforthepollutantsreferredtoinparagraph(1),thestandardsestablishedunderparagraph(1)shallrequirethatvehicleexhaustemissionsofNMOGnotexceedthelevels(expressedingramspermile)specifiedinthetablesbelowwhenthevehicleisoperatedonthecleanalternativefuelforwhichsuchvehicleiscertified:
VehicleTypeColumnA(50,000 mi.)Standard(gpm)ColumnB(100,000 mi.)Standard(gpm)
BeginningMY1996:
LDT's(0–3,750lbs.LVW)andlight-dutyvehicles
0.125
0.156
LDT's(3,751–5,750lbs.LVW)
0.160
0.20
BeginningMY2001:
LDT's(0–3,750lbs.LVW)andlight-dutyvehicles
0.075
0.090
LDT's(3,751–5,750lbs.LVW)
0.100
0.130
ForstandardsundercolumnA,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe50,000miles.
ForstandardsundercolumnB,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe100,000miles.
Light-dutyTrucksMorethan6,000lbs.GVWR
VehicleTypeColumnA(50,000 mi.)StandardColumnB(120,000 mi.)Standard
BeginningMY1998:
LDT's(0–3,750lbs.TW)
0.125
0.180
LDT's(3,751–5,750lbs.TW)
0.160
0.230
LDT's(above5,750lbs.TW)
0.195
0.280
ForstandardsundercolumnA,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe50,000miles.
ForstandardsundercolumnB,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe120,000miles.
(3)NMOGstandardforoperationonconventionalfuel
Inadditiontothestandardsreferredtoinparagraph(1),thestandardsestablishedunderparagraph(1)shallrequirethatvehicleexhaustemissionsofNMOGnotexceedthelevels(expressedingramspermile)specifiedinthetablesbelow:
VehicleTypeColumnA(50,000 mi.)Standard(gpm)ColumnB(100,000 mi.)Standard(gpm)
BeginningMY1996:
LDT's(0–3,750lbs.LVW)andlight-dutyvehicles
0.25
0.31
LDT's(3,751–5,750lbs.LVW)
0.32
0.40
BeginningMY2001:
LDT's(0–3,750lbs.LVW)andlight-dutyvehicles
0.125
0.156
LDT's(3,751–5,750lbs.LVW)
0.160
0.200
ForstandardsundercolumnA,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe50,000miles.
ForstandardsundercolumnB,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe100,000miles.
Light-dutyTrucksofupto6,000lbs.GVWR
VehicleTypeColumnA(50,000 mi.)StandardColumnB(120,000 mi.)Standard
BeginningMY1998:
LDT's(0–3,750lbs.TW)
0.25
0.36
LDT's(3,751–5,750lbs.TW)
0.32
0.46
LDT's(above5,750lbs.TW)
0.39
0.56
ForstandardsundercolumnA,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe50,000miles.
ForstandardsundercolumnB,forpurposesofcertificationundersection7525ofthistitle,theapplicableusefullifeshallbe120,000miles.
(e)ReplacementbyCARBstandards
(1)SinglesetofCARBstandards
IftheStateofCaliforniapromulgatesregulationsestablishingandimplementingasinglesetofstandardsapplicableinCaliforniapursuanttoawaiverapprovedundersection7543ofthistitletoanycategoryofvehiclesreferredtoinsubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d)ofthissectionandsuchsetofstandardsis,intheaggregate,atleastasprotectiveofpublichealthandwelfareastheotherwiseapplicablestandardssetforthinsection7582ofthistitleandsubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d)ofthissection,suchsetofCaliforniastandardsshallapplytoclean-fuelvehiclesinsuchcategoryinlieuofthestandardsotherwiseapplicableundersection7582ofthistitleandsubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d)ofthissection,asthecasemaybe.
(2)MultiplesetsofCARBstandards
IftheStateofCaliforniapromulgatesregulationsestablishingandimplementingseveraldifferentsetsofstandardsapplicableinCaliforniapursuanttoawaiverapprovedundersection7543ofthistitletoanycategoryofvehiclesreferredtoinsubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d)ofthissectionandeachofsuchsetsofCaliforniastandardsis,intheaggregate,atleastasprotectiveofpublichealthandwelfareastheotherwiseapplicablestandardssetforthinsection7582ofthistitleandsubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d)ofthissection,suchstandardsshallbetreatedas"qualifyingCaliforniastandards"forpurposesofthisparagraph.WheremorethanonesetofqualifyingstandardsareestablishedandadministeredbytheStateofCalifornia,theleaststringentsetofqualifyingCaliforniastandardsshallapplytotheclean-fuelvehiclesconcernedinlieuofthestandardsotherwiseapplicabletosuchvehiclesundersection7582ofthistitleandthissection.
(f)LessstringentCARBstandards
IftheLow-EmissionVehicleandCleanFuelsRegulationsoftheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardapplicabletoanycategoryofvehiclesreferredtoinsubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d)ofthissectionaremodifiedafterNovember15,1990,toprovideanemissionsstandardwhichislessstringentthantheotherwiseapplicablestandardsetforthinsubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d),orifanyeffectivedatecontainedinsuchregulationsisdelayed,suchmodifiedstandardsorsuchdelay(orboth,asthecasemaybe)shallapply,foraninterimperiod,inlieuofthestandardoreffectivedateotherwiseapplicableundersubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d)toanyvehiclescoveredbysuchmodifiedstandardordelayedeffectivedate.Theinterimperiodshallbeaperiodofnotmorethan2modelyearsfromtheeffectivedateotherwiseapplicableundersubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d).Aftersuchinterimperiod,theotherwiseapplicablestandardsetforthinsubsection(a),(b),(c),or(d)shalltakeeffectwithrespecttosuchvehicles(unlesssubsequentlyreplacedundersubsection(e)).
(g)Notapplicabletoheavy-dutyvehicles
NotwithstandinganyprovisionoftheLow-EmissionVehicleandCleanFuelsRegulationsoftheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardnothinginthissectionshallapplytoheavy-dutyenginesinvehiclesofmorethan8,500lbs.GVWR.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§243,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2514.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsection".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsections".
§7584.AdministrationandenforcementasperCaliforniastandards
Wherethenumericalclean-fuelvehiclestandardsapplicableunderthisparttovehiclesofnotmorethan8,500lbs.GVWRarethesameasnumericalemissionstandardsapplicableinCaliforniaundertheLow-EmissionVehicleandCleanFuelsRegulationsoftheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard("CARB"),suchstandardsshallbeadministeredandenforcedbytheAdministrator—
(1)inthesamemannerandwiththesameflexibilityastheStateofCaliforniaadministersandenforcescorrespondingstandardsapplicableundertheLow-EmissionVehicleandCleanFuelsRegulationsoftheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard("CARB");and
(2)subjecttothesamerequirements,andutilizingthesameinterpretationsandpolicyjudgments,asareapplicableinthecaseofsuchCARBstandards,including,butnotlimitedto,requirementsregardingcertification,production-linetesting,andin-usecompliance,
unlesstheAdministratordetermines(inpromulgatingtherulesestablishingthecleanfuelvehicleprogramunderthissection)thatanysuchadministrationandenforcementwouldnotmeetthecriteriaforawaiverundersection7543ofthistitle.Nothinginthissectionshallapplyinthecaseofstandardsundersection7585ofthistitleforheavy-dutyvehicles.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§244,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2519.)
§7585.Standardsforheavy-dutyclean-fuelvehicles(GVWRabove8,500upto26,000lbs.)
(a)Modelyearsafter1997;combinedNOxandNMHCstandard
Forclassesorcategoriesofheavy-dutyvehiclesorenginesmanufacturedforthemodelyear1998orthereafterandhavingaGVWRgreaterthan8,500lbs.andupto26,000lbs.GVWR,thestandardsunderthispartforclean-fuelvehiclesshallrequirethatcombinedemissionsofoxidesofnitrogen(NOx)andnonmethanehydrocarbons(NMHC)shallnotexceed3.15gramsperbrakehorsepowerhour(equivalentto50percentofthecombinedemissionstandardsapplicableundersection7521ofthistitleforsuchairpollutantsinthecaseofaconventionalmodelyear1994heavy-dutydiesel-fueledvehicleorengine).Nostandardshallbepromulgatedasprovidedinthissectionforanyheavy-dutyvehicleofmorethan26,000lbs.GVWR.
(b)Revisedstandardsthatarelessstringent
(1)TheAdministratormaypromulgatearevisedlessstringentstandardforthevehiclesorenginesreferredtoinsubsection(a)iftheAdministratordeterminesthatthe50percentreductionrequiredundersubsection(a)isnottechnologicallyfeasibleforcleandiesel-fueledvehiclesandengines,takingintoaccountdurability,costs,leadtime,safety,andotherrelevantfactors.ToprovideadequateleadtimetheAdministratorshallmakeadeterminationwithregardtothetechnologicalfeasibilityofsuch50percentreductionbeforeDecember31,1993.
(2)AnypersonmayatanytimepetitiontheAdministratortomakeadeterminationunderparagraph(1).TheAdministratorshallactonsuchapetitionwithin6monthsafterthepetitionisfiled.
(3)Anyrevisedlessstringentstandardspromulgatedasprovidedinthissubsectionshallrequireatleasta30percentreductioninlieuofthe50percentreductionreferredtoinparagraph(1).
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§245,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2519.)
§7586.Centrallyfueledfleets
(a)Fleetprogramrequiredforcertainnonattainmentareas
(1)SIPrevision
EachStateinwhichthereislocatedallorpartofacoveredarea(asdefinedinparagraph(2))shallsubmit,within42monthsafterNovember15,1990,aStateimplementationplanrevisionundersection7410ofthistitleandpartDofsubchapterItoestablishaclean-fuelvehicleprogramforfleetsunderthissection.
(2)Coveredareas
Forpurposesofthissubsection,eachofthefollowingshallbea"coveredarea":
(A)Ozonenonattainmentareas
Anyozonenonattainmentareawitha1980populationof250,000ormoreclassifiedundersubpart2ofpartDofsubchapterIofthischapterasSerious,Severe,orExtremebasedondataforthecalendaryears1987,1988,and1989.Indeterminingtheozonenonattainmentareastobetreatedascoveredareaspursuanttothissubparagraph,theAdministratorshallusethemostrecentinterpretationmethodologyissuedbytheAdministratorpriortoNovember15,1990.
(B)Carbonmonoxidenonattainmentareas
Anycarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareawitha1980populationof250,000ormoreandacarbonmonoxidedesignvalueatorabove16.0partspermillionbasedondataforcalendaryears1988and1989(ascalculatedaccordingtothemostrecentinterpretationmethodologyissuedpriortoNovember15,1990,bytheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency),excludingthosecarbonmonoxidenonattainmentareasinwhichmobilesourcesdonotcontributesignificantlytocarbonmonoxideexceedances.
(3)Planrevisionsforreclassifiedareas
InthecaseofozonenonattainmentareasreclassifiedasSerious,Severe,orExtremeunderpartDofsubchapterIwitha1980populationof250,000ormore,theStateshallsubmitaplanrevisionmeetingtherequirementsofthissubsectionwithin1yearafterreclassification.Suchplanrevisionshallimplementtherequirementsapplicableunderthissubsectionatthetimeofreclassificationandthereafter,exceptthattheAdministratormayadjustforalimitedperiodthedeadlinesforcompliancewherecompliancewithsuchdeadlineswouldbeinfeasible.
(4)Consultation;considerationoffactors
EachStaterequiredtosubmitanimplementationplanrevisionunderthissubsectionshalldevelopsuchrevisioninconsultationwithfleetoperators,vehiclemanufacturers,fuelproducersanddistributors,motorvehiclefuel,andotherinterestedparties,takingintoconsiderationoperationalrange,specialtyuses,vehicleandfuelavailability,costs,safety,resalevaluesofvehiclesandequipmentandotherrelevantfactors.
(b)Phase-inofrequirements
Theplanrevisionrequiredunderthissectionshallcontainprovisionsrequiringthatatleastaspecifiedpercentageofallnewcoveredfleetvehiclesinmodelyear1998andthereafterpurchasedbyeachcoveredfleetoperatorineachcoveredareashallbeclean-fuelvehiclesandshallusecleanalternativefuelswhenoperatinginthecoveredarea.Fortheapplicablemodelyears(MY)specifiedinthefollowingtableandthereafter,thespecifiedpercentageshallbeasprovidedinthetableforthevehicletypessetforthinthetable:
CleanFuelVehiclePhase-inRequirementsforFleets
VehicleTypeMY1998MY1999MY2000
Light-dutytrucksupto6,000lbs.GVWRandlight-dutyvehicles
30%
50%
70%
Heavy-dutytrucksabove8,500lbs.GVWR
50%
50%
50%
ThetermMYreferstomodelyear.
(c)Acceleratedstandardforlight-dutytrucksupto6,000lbs.GVWRandlight-dutyvehicles
Notwithstandingthemodelyearsforwhichclean-fuelvehiclestandardsareapplicableasprovidedinsection7583ofthistitle,forpurposesofthissection,lightduty 1trucksofupto6,000lbs.GVWRandlight-dutyvehiclesmanufacturedinmodelyears1998throughmodelyear2000shallbetreatedasclean-fuelvehiclesonlyifsuchvehiclescomplywiththestandardsapplicableundersection7583ofthistitleforvehiclesinthesameclassforthemodelyear2001.Therequirementsofsubsection(b)shalltakeeffectontheearlierofthefollowing:
(1)Thefirstmodelyearaftermodelyear1997inwhichnewlight-dutytrucksupto6,000lbs.GVWRandlight-dutyvehicleswhichcomplywiththemodelyear2001standardsundersection7583ofthistitleareofferedforsaleinCalifornia.
(2)Modelyear2001.
Whenevertheeffectivedateofsubsection(b)isdelayedpursuanttoparagraph(1)ofthissubsection,thephase-inscheduleundersubsection(b)shallbemodifiedtocommencewiththemodelyearreferredtoinparagraph(1)inlieuofmodelyear1998.
(d)Choiceofvehiclesandfuel
Theplanrevisionunderthissubsectionshallprovidethatthechoiceofclean-fuelvehiclesandcleanalternativefuelsshallbemadebythecoveredfleetoperatorsubjecttotherequirementsofthissubsection.
(e)Availabilityofcleanalternativefuel
Theplanrevisionshallrequirefuelproviderstomakecleanalternativefuelavailabletocoveredfleetoperatorsatlocationsatwhichcoveredfleetvehiclesarecentrallyfueled.
(f)Credits
(1)Issuanceofcredits
TheStateplanrevisionrequiredunderthissectionshallprovidefortheissuancebytheStateofappropriatecreditstoafleetoperatorforanyofthefollowing(oranycombinationthereof):
(A)Thepurchaseofmoreclean-fuelvehiclesthanrequiredunderthissection.
(B)Thepurchaseofcleanfuel 2vehicleswhichmeetmorestringentstandardsestablishedbytheAdministratorpursuanttoparagraph(4).
(C)Thepurchaseofvehiclesincategorieswhicharenotcoveredbythissectionbutwhichmeetstandardsestablishedforsuchvehiclesunderparagraph(4).
(2)Useofcredits;limitationsbasedonweightclasses
(A)Useofcredits
Creditsunderthissubsectionmaybeusedbythepersonholdingsuchcreditstodemonstratecompliancewiththissectionormaybetradedorsoldforusebyanyotherpersontodemonstratecompliancewithotherrequirementsapplicableunderthissectioninthesamenonattainmentarea.Creditsobtainedatanytimemaybeheldorbankedforuseatanylatertime,andwhensoused,suchcreditsshallmaintainthesamevalueasifusedatanearlierdate.
(B)Limitationsbasedonweightclasses
Creditsissuedwithrespecttothepurchaseofvehiclesofupto8,500lbs.GVWRmaynotbeusedtodemonstratecompliancebyanypersonwiththerequirementsapplicableunderthissubsectiontovehiclesofmorethan8,500lbs.GVWR.Creditsissuedwithrespecttothepurchaseofvehiclesofmorethan8,500lbs.GVWRmaynotbeusedtodemonstratecompliancebyanypersonwiththerequirementsapplicableunderthissubsectiontovehiclesweighingupto8,500lbs.GVWR.
(C)Weighting
Creditsissuedforpurchaseofacleanfuel 2vehicleunderthissubsectionshallbeadjustedwithappropriateweightingtoreflectthelevelofemissionreductionachievedbythevehicle.
(3)Regulationsandadministration
Within12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsforsuchcreditprogram.TheStateshalladministerthecreditprogramestablishedunderthissubsection.
(4)Standardsforissuingcreditsforcleanervehicles
Solelyforpurposesofissuingcreditsunderparagraph(1)(B),theAdministratorshallestablishunderthisparagraphstandardsforUltra-LowEmissionVehicles("ULEV"s)andZeroEmissionsVehicles("ZEV"s)whichshallbemorestringentthanthoseotherwiseapplicabletoclean-fuelvehiclesunderthispart.TheAdministratorshallcertifycleanfuel 2vehiclesascomplyingwithsuchmorestringentstandards,andadministerandenforcesuchmorestringentstandards,inthesamemannerasinthecaseoftheotherwiseapplicableclean-fuelvehiclestandardsestablishedunderthissection.ThestandardsestablishedbytheAdministratorunderthisparagraphforvehiclesunder8,500lbs.GVWRorgreatershallconformascloselyaspossibletostandardswhichareestablishedbytheStateofCaliforniaforULEVandZEVvehiclesinthesameclass.Forvehiclesof8,500lbs.GVWRormore,theAdministratorshallpromulgatecomparablestandardsforpurposesofthissubsection.
(5)Earlyfleetcredits
TheStateplanrevisionshallprovidecreditsunderthissubsectiontofleetoperatorsthatpurchasevehiclescertifiedtomeetclean-fuelvehiclestandardsunderthispartduringanyperiodafterapprovaloftheplanrevisionandpriortotheeffectivedateofthefleetprogramunderthissection.
(g)Availabilitytopublic
Atanyfacilityownedoroperatedbyadepartment,agency,orinstrumentalityoftheUnitedStateswherevehiclessubjecttothissubsectionaresuppliedwithcleanalternativefuel,suchfuelshallbeofferedforsaletothepublicforuseinothervehiclesduringreasonablebusinesstimesandsubjecttonationalsecurityconcerns,unlesssuchfueliscommerciallyavailableforvehiclesinthevicinityofsuchFederalfacilities.
(h)Transportationcontrolmeasures
TheAdministratorshallbyrule,within1yearafterNovember15,1990,ensurethatcertaintransportationcontrolmeasuresincludingtime-of-dayorday-of-weekrestrictions,andothersimilarmeasuresthatrestrictvehicleusage,donotapplytoanyclean-fuelvehiclethatmeetstherequirementsofthissection.ThissubsectionshallapplynotwithstandingsubchapterI.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§246,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2520.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"light-duty".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"clean-fuel".
§7587.Vehicleconversions
(a)Conversionofexistingandnewconventionalvehiclestoclean-fuelvehicles
Therequirementsofsection7586ofthistitlemaybemetthroughtheconversionofexistingornewgasolineordiesel-poweredvehiclestoclean-fuelvehicleswhichcomplywiththeapplicablerequirementsofthatsection.Forpurposesofsuchprovisionstheconversionofavehicletocleanfuel 1vehicleshallbetreatedasthepurchaseofacleanfuel 1vehicle.Nothinginthispartshallbeconstruedtoprovidethatanycoveredfleetoperatorsubjecttofleetvehiclepurchaserequirementsundersection7586ofthistitleshallberequiredtoconvertexistingornewgasolineordiesel-poweredvehiclestoclean-fuelvehiclesortopurchaseconvertedvehicles.
(b)Regulations
TheAdministratorshall,within24monthsafterNovember15,1990,consistentwiththerequirementsofthissubchapterapplicabletonewvehicles,promulgateregulationsgoverningconversionsofconventionalvehiclestoclean-fuelvehicles.Suchregulationsshallestablishcriteriaforsuchconversionswhichwillensurethataconvertedvehiclewillcomplywiththestandardsapplicableunderthisparttoclean-fuelvehicles.Suchregulationsshallprovidefortheapplicationtosuchconversionsofthesameprovisionsofthissubchapter(includingprovisionsrelatingtoadministrationenforcement)asareapplicabletostandardsundersection 27582,7583,7584,and7585ofthistitle,exceptthatinthecaseofconversionstheAdministratormaymodifytheapplicableregulationsimplementingsuchprovisionsastheAdministratordeemsnecessarytoimplementthispart.
(c)Enforcement
Anypersonwhoconvertsconventionalvehiclestocleanfuel 1vehiclespursuanttosubsection(b),shallbeconsideredamanufacturerforpurposesofsections7525and7541ofthistitleandrelatedenforcementprovisions.Nothingintheprecedingsentenceshallrequireapersonwhoperformssuchconversionstowarrantanypartoroperationofavehicleotherthanasrequiredunderthispart.Nothinginthisparagraphshalllimittheapplicabilityofanyotherwarrantytounrelatedpartsoroperations.
(d)Tampering
Theconversionfromavehiclecapableofoperatingongasolineordieselfuelonlytoaclean-fuelvehicleshallnotbeconsideredaviolationofsection7522(a)(3)ofthistitleifsuchconversioncomplieswiththeregulationspromulgatedundersubsection(b).
(e)Safety
TheSecretaryofTransportationshall,ifnecessary,promulgaterulesunderapplicablemotorvehiclelawsregardingthesafetyofvehiclesconvertedfromexistingandnewvehiclestoclean-fuelvehicles.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§247,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2523.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"clean-fuel".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"sections".
§7588.Federalagencyfleets
(a)Additionalprovisionsapplicable
Theprovisionsofthissectionshallapply,inadditiontotheotherprovisionsofthispart,inthecaseofcoveredfleetvehiclesownedoroperatedbyanagency,department,orinstrumentalityoftheUnitedStates,exceptasotherwiseprovidedinsubsection(e).
(b)CostofvehiclestoFederalagency
Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsections601–611oftitle40,theAdministratorofGeneralServicesshallnotincludetheincrementalcostsofclean-fuelvehiclesintheamounttobereimbursedbyFederalagenciesiftheAdministratorofGeneralServicesdeterminesthatappropriationsprovidedpursuanttothisparagrapharesufficienttoprovidefortheincrementalcostofsuchvehiclesoverthecostofcomparableconventionalvehicles.
(c)Limitationsonappropriations
Fundsappropriatedpursuanttotheauthorizationunderthisparagraphshallbeapplicableonly—
(1)totheportionofthecostofacquisition,maintenanceandoperationofvehiclesacquiredunderthissubparagraphwhichexceedsthecostofacquisition,maintenanceandoperationofcomparableconventionalvehicles;
(2)totheportionofthecostsoffuelstorageanddispensingequipmentattributabletosuchvehicleswhichexceedsthecostsforsuchpurposesrequiredforconventionalvehicles;and
(3)totheportionofthecostsofacquisitionofclean-fuelvehicleswhichrepresentsareductioninrevenuefromthedisposalofsuchvehiclesascomparedtorevenueresultingfromthedisposalofcomparableconventionalvehicles.
(d)Vehiclecosts
TheincrementalcostofvehiclesacquiredunderthispartoverthecostofcomparableconventionalvehiclesshallnotbeappliedtoanycalculationwithrespecttoalimitationunderlawonthemaximumcostofindividualvehicleswhichmayberequiredbytheUnitedStates.
(e)Exemptions
TherequirementsofthispartshallnotapplytovehicleswithrespecttowhichtheSecretaryofDefensehascertifiedtotheAdministratorthatanexemptionisneededbasedonnationalsecurityconsideration.
(f)Acquisitionrequirement
Federalagencies,totheextentpracticable,shallobtainclean-fuelvehiclesfromoriginalequipmentmanufacturers.
(g)Authorizationofappropriations
Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedsuchsumsasmayberequiredtocarryouttheprovisionsofthissection:Provided,ThatsuchsumsasareappropriatedfortheAdministratorofGeneralServicespursuanttotheauthorizationunderthissectionshallbeaddedtotheGeneralSupplyFundestablishedinsection321oftitle40.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§248,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2524.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Insubsec.(b),"sections601–611oftitle40"substitutedfor"section211oftheFederalPropertyandAdministrativeServicesActof1949",and,insubsec.(g),"theGeneralSupplyFundestablishedinsection321oftitle40"substitutedfor"theGeneralSupplyFundestablishedinsection109oftheFederalPropertyandAdministrativeServicesActof1949",onauthorityofPub.L.107–217,§5(c),Aug.21,2002,116Stat.1303,thefirstsectionofwhichenactedTitle40,PublicBuildings,Property,andWorks.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
AbolitionofGeneralSupplyFund
TheGeneralSupplyFund,referredtoinsubsec.(g),wasabolishedanditscapitalassetsandbalancestransferredtotheAcquisitionServicesFundbysection3(a)–(c)ofPub.L.109–313,setoutasanAcquisitionServicesFundnoteundersection321ofTitle40,PublicBuildings,Property,andWorks.
§7589.Californiapilottestprogram
(a)Establishment
TheAdministratorshallestablishapilotprogramintheStateofCaliforniatodemonstratetheeffectivenessofclean-fuelvehiclesincontrollingairpollutioninozonenonattainmentareas.
(b)Applicability
Theprovisionsofthissectionshallonlyapplytolight-dutytrucksandlight-dutyvehicles,andsuchprovisionsshallapplyonlyintheStateofCalifornia,exceptasprovidedinsubsection(f).
(c)Programrequirements
Notlaterthan24monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsestablishingrequirementsunderthissectionapplicableintheStateofCalifornia.Theregulationsshallprovidethefollowing:
(1)Clean-fuelvehicles
Clean-fuelvehiclesshallbeproduced,sold,anddistributed(inaccordancewithnormalbusinesspracticesandapplicablefranchiseagreements)toultimatepurchasersinCalifornia(includingownersofcoveredfleetsreferredtoinsection7586ofthistitle)innumbersthatmeetorexceedthefollowingschedule:
ModelYearsNumberofClean-FuelVehicles
1996,1997,1998
150,000vehicles
1999andthereafter
300,000vehicles
(2)Cleanalternativefuels
(A)Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theStateofCaliforniashallsubmitarevisionoftheapplicableimplementationplanunderpartDofsubchapterIandsection7410ofthistitlecontainingacleanfuelplanthatrequiresthatcleanalternativefuelsonwhichtheclean-fuelvehiclesrequiredunderthisparagraphcanoperateshallbeproducedanddistributedbyfuelsuppliersandmadeavailableinCalifornia.Ataminimum,sufficientcleanalternativefuelsshallbeproduced,distributedandmadeavailabletoassurethatallclean-fuelvehiclesrequiredunderthissectioncanoperate,tothemaximumextentpracticable,exclusivelyonsuchfuelsinCalifornia.TheStateshallrequirethatcleanalternativefuelsbemadeavailableandofferedforsaleatanadequatenumberoflocationswithsufficientgeographicdistributiontoensureconvenientrefuelingwithcleanalternativefuels,consideringthenumberof,andtypeof,suchvehiclessoldandthegeographicdistributionofsuchvehicleswithintheState.TheStateshalldeterminethecleanalternativefuelstobeproduced,distributed,andmadeavailablebasedonmotorvehiclemanufacturers'projectionsoffuturesalesofsuchvehiclesandconsultationswiththeaffectedlocalgovernmentsandfuelsuppliers.
(B)TheStatemaybyregulationgrantpersonssubjecttotherequirementsprescribedunderthisparagraphanappropriateamountofcreditsforexceedingsuchrequirements,andanypersongrantedcreditsmaytransfersomeorallofthecreditsforusebyoneormorepersonsindemonstratingcompliancewithsuchrequirements.TheStatemaymakethecreditsavailableforuseafterconsiderationofenforceability,environmental,andeconomicfactorsanduponsuchtermsandconditionsastheStatefindsappropriate.
(C)TheStatemayalsobyregulationestablishspecificationsforanycleanalternativefuelproducedandmadeavailableunderthisparagraphastheStatefindsnecessarytoreduceoreliminateanunreasonablerisktopublichealth,welfare,orsafetyassociatedwithitsuseortoensureacceptablevehiclemaintenanceandperformancecharacteristics.
(D)Ifaretailgasolinedispensingfacilitywouldhavetoremoveorreplaceoneormoremotorvehiclefuelundergroundstoragetanksandaccompanyingpipinginordertocomplywiththeprovisionsofthissection,andithadremovedandreplacedsuchtankortanksandaccompanyingpipinginordertocomplywithsubtitleIoftheSolidWasteDisposalAct[42U.S.C.6991etseq.]priortoNovember15,1990,itshallnotberequiredtocomplywiththissubsectionuntilaperiodof7yearshaspassedfromthedateoftheremovalandreplacementofsuchtankortanks.
(E)NothinginthissectionauthorizesanyStateotherthanCaliforniatoadoptprovisionsregardingcleanalternativefuels.
(F)IftheStateofCaliforniafailstoadoptacleanfuelprogramthatmeetstherequirementsofthisparagraph,theAdministratorshall,within4yearsafterNovember15,1990,establishacleanfuelprogramfortheStateofCaliforniaunderthisparagraphandsection7410(c)ofthistitlethatmeetstherequirementsofthisparagraph.
(d)Creditsformotorvehiclemanufacturers
(1)TheAdministratormay(byregulation)grantamotorvehiclemanufactureranappropriateamountofcreditstowardfulfillmentofsuchmanufacturer'sshareoftherequirementsofsubsection(c)(1)ofthissectionforanyofthefollowing(oranycombinationthereof):
(A)Thesaleofmoreclean-fuelvehiclesthanrequiredundersubsection(c)(1)ofthissection.
(B)Thesaleofcleanfuel 1vehicleswhichmeetstandardsestablishedbytheAdministratorasprovidedinparagraph(3)whicharemorestringentthantheclean-fuelvehiclestandardsotherwiseapplicabletosuchclean-fuelvehicle.Amanufacturergrantedcreditsunderthisparagraphmaytransfersomeorallofthecreditsforusebyoneormoreothermanufacturersindemonstratingcompliancewiththerequirementsprescribedunderthisparagraph.TheAdministratormaymakethecreditsavailableforuseafterconsiderationofenforceability,environmental,andeconomicfactorsanduponsuchtermsandconditionsashefindsappropriate.TheAdministratorshallgrantcreditsinaccordancewiththisparagraph,notwithstandinganyrequirementsofStatelaworanycreditsgrantedwithrespecttothesamevehiclesunderanyStatelaw,rule,orregulation.
(2)Regulationsandadministration.—TheAdministratorshalladministerthecreditprogramestablishedunderthissubsection.Within12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsforsuchcreditprogram.
(3)Standardsforissuingcreditsforcleanervehicles.—Themorestringentstandardsandotherrequirements(includingrequirementsrelatingtotheweightingofcredits)establishedbytheAdministratorforpurposesofthecreditprogramunder7585(e) 2ofthistitle(relatingtocreditsforcleanfuel 1vehiclesinthefleetsprogram)shallalsoapplyforpurposesofthecreditprogramunderthisparagraph.
(e)Programevaluation
(1)NotlaterthanJune30,1994andagaininconnectionwiththereportunderparagraph(2),theAdministratorshallprovideareporttotheCongressonthestatusoftheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardLow-EmissionsVehiclesandCleanFuelsProgram.Suchreportshallexaminethecapability,fromatechnologicalstandpoint,ofmotorvehiclemanufacturersandmotorvehiclefuelsupplierstocomplywiththerequirementsofsuchprogramandwiththerequirementsoftheCaliforniaPilotProgramunderthissection.
(2)NotlaterthanJune30,1998,theAdministratorshallcompleteandsubmitareporttoCongressontheeffectivenessoftheCaliforniapilotprogramunderthissection.Thereportshallevaluatethelevelofemissionreductionsachievedundertheprogram,thecostsoftheprogram,theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofextendingtheprogramtoothernonattainmentareas,anddesirabilityofcontinuingorexpandingtheprograminCalifornia.
(3)TheprogramunderthissectioncannotbeextendedorterminatedbytheAdministratorexceptbyActofCongressenactedafterNovember15,1990.Section7507ofthistitledoesnotapplytotheprogramunderthissection.
(f)Voluntaryopt-inforotherStates
(1)EPAregulations
Notlaterthan2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsestablishingavoluntaryopt-inprogramunderthissubsectionpursuanttowhich—
(A)clean-fuelvehicleswhicharerequiredtobeproduced,sold,anddistributedintheStateofCaliforniaunderthissection,and
(B)cleanalternativefuelsrequiredtobeproducedanddistributedunderthissectionbyfuelsuppliersandmadeavailableinCalifornia 3
mayalsobesoldandusedinotherStateswhichsubmitplanrevisionsunderparagraph(2).
(2)Planrevisions
AnyStateinwhichthereislocatedallorpartofanozonenonattainmentareaclassifiedundersubpart 4DofsubchapterIasSerious,Severe,orExtrememaysubmitarevisionoftheapplicableimplementationplanunderpartDofsubchapterIandsection7410ofthistitletoprovideincentivesforthesaleoruseinsuchanareaorStateofclean-fuelvehicleswhicharerequiredtobeproduced,sold,anddistributedintheStateofCalifornia,andfortheuseinsuchanareaorStateofcleanalternativefuelsrequiredtobeproducedanddistributedbyfuelsuppliersandmadeavailableinCalifornia.Suchplanprovisionsshallnottakeeffectuntil1yearaftertheStatehasprovidednoticeofsuchprovisionstomotorvehiclemanufacturersandtofuelsuppliers.
(3)Incentives
Theincentivesreferredtoinparagraph(2)mayincludeanyorallofthefollowing:
(A)AStateregistrationfeeonnewmotorvehiclesregisteredintheStatewhicharenotclean-fuelvehiclesintheamountofatleast1percentofthecostofthevehicle.Theproceedsofsuchfeeshallbeusedtoprovidefinancialincentivestopurchasersofclean-fuelvehiclesandtovehicledealerswhosellhighvolumesorhighpercentagesofclean-fuelvehiclesandtodefraytheadministrativecostsoftheincentiveprogram.
(B)Provisionstoexemptclean-fuelvehiclesfromhighoccupancyvehicleortripreductionrequirements.
(C)Provisionstoprovidepreferenceintheuseofexistingparkingspacesforclean-fuelvehicles.
Theincentivesunderthisparagraphshallnotapplyinthecaseofcoveredfleetvehicles.
(4)Nosalesorproductionmandate
Theregulationsandplanrevisionsunderparagraphs(1)and(2)shallnotincludeanyproductionorsalesmandateforclean-fuelvehiclesorcleanalternativefuels.Suchregulationsandplanrevisionsshallalsoprovidethatvehiclemanufacturersandfuelsuppliersmaynotbesubjecttopenaltiesorsanctionsforfailingtoproduceorsellclean-fuelvehiclesorcleanalternativefuels.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§249,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2525.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheSolidWasteDisposalAct,referredtoinsubsec.(c)(2)(D),istitleIIofPub.L.89–272,Oct.20,1965,79Stat.997,asamendedgenerallybyPub.L.94–580,§2,Oct.21,1976,90Stat.2795.SubtitleIoftheActisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterIX(§6991etseq.)ofchapter82ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection6901ofthistitleandTables.
November15,1990,referredtoinsubsec.(e)(3),wasintheoriginal"thedateoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990",whichwastranslatedasmeaningthedateofenactmentofPub.L.101–549,whichenactedthissection,toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"clean-fuel".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"section7586(f)".
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbefollowedbyacomma.
4 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"part".
§7590.Generalprovisions
(a)Staterefuelingfacilities
IfanyStateadoptsenforceableprovisionsinanimplementationplanapplicabletoanonattainmentareawhichprovidesthatexistingStaterefuelingfacilitieswillbemadeavailabletothepublicforthepurchaseofcleanalternativefuelsorthatState-operatedrefuelingfacilitiesforsuchfuelswillbeconstructedandoperatedbytheStateandmadeavailabletothepublicatreasonabletimes,takingintoconsiderationsafety,costs,andotherrelevantfactors,inapprovingsuchplanundersection7410ofthistitleandpartD,1theAdministratormaycreditaStatewiththeemissionreductionsforpurposesofpartD 1attributabletosuchactions.
(b)Noproductionmandate
TheAdministratorshallhavenoauthorityunderthisparttomandatetheproductionofclean-fuelvehiclesexceptasprovidedintheCaliforniapilottestprogramortospecifyasapplicablethemodels,lines,ortypesof,ormarketingorpricepractices,policies,orstrategiesfor,vehiclessubjecttothispart.NothinginthispartshallbeconstruedtogivetheAdministratorauthoritytomandatemarketingorpricingpractices,policies,orstrategiesforfuels.
(c)Tankandfuelsystemsafety
TheSecretaryofTransportationshall,inaccordancewithchapter301oftitle49,promulgateapplicableregulationsregardingthesafetyanduseoffuelstoragecylindersandfuelsystems,includingappropriatetestingandretesting,inconversionsofmotorvehicles.
(d)ConsultationwithDepartmentofEnergyandDepartmentofTransportation
TheAdministratorshallcoordinatewiththeSecretariesoftheDepartmentofEnergyandtheDepartmentofTransportationincarryingouttheAdministrator'sdutiesunderthispart.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleII,§250,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleII,§229(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2528.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Insubsec.(c),"chapter301oftitle49"substitutedfor"theNationalMotorVehicleTrafficSafetyActof1966[15U.S.C.1381etseq.]",meaning"theNationalTrafficandMotorVehicleSafetyActof1966[15U.S.C.1381etseq.]",onauthorityofPub.L.103–272,§6(b),July5,1994,108Stat.1378,thefirstsectionofwhichenactedsubtitlesII,III,andVtoXofTitle49,Transportation.
1 Soinoriginal.ProbablyshouldrefertopartDofsubchapterI.
SUBCHAPTERIII—GENERALPROVISIONS
§7601.Administration
(a)Regulations;delegationofpowersandduties;regionalofficersandemployees
(1)TheAdministratorisauthorizedtoprescribesuchregulationsasarenecessarytocarryouthisfunctionsunderthischapter.TheAdministratormaydelegatetoanyofficeroremployeeoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencysuchofhispowersanddutiesunderthischapter,exceptthemakingofregulationssubjecttosection7607(d)ofthistitle,ashemaydeemnecessaryorexpedient.
(2)NotlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsestablishinggeneralapplicableproceduresandpoliciesforregionalofficersandemployees(includingtheRegionalAdministrator)tofollowincarryingoutadelegationunderparagraph(1),ifany.Suchregulationsshallbedesigned—
(A)toassurefairnessanduniformityinthecriteria,procedures,andpoliciesappliedbythevariousregionsinimplementingandenforcingthechapter;
(B)toassureatleastanadequatequalityauditofeachState'sperformanceandadherencetotherequirementsofthischapterinimplementingandenforcingthechapter,particularlyinthereviewofnewsourcesandinenforcementofthechapter;and
(C)toprovideamechanismforidentifyingandstandardizinginconsistentorvaryingcriteria,procedures,andpoliciesbeingemployedbysuchofficersandemployeesinimplementingandenforcingthechapter.
(b)DetailofEnvironmentalProtectionAgencypersonneltoairpollutioncontrolagencies
Upontherequestofanairpollutioncontrolagency,personneloftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencymaybedetailedtosuchagencyforthepurposeofcarryingouttheprovisionsofthischapter.
(c)Paymentsundergrants;installments;advancesorreimbursements
Paymentsundergrantsmadeunderthischaptermaybemadeininstallments,andinadvanceorbywayofreimbursement,asmaybedeterminedbytheAdministrator.
(d)Tribalauthority
(1)Subjecttotheprovisionsofparagraph(2),theAdministrator—
(A)isauthorizedtotreatIndiantribesasStatesunderthischapter,exceptforpurposesoftherequirementthatmakesavailableforapplicationbyeachStatenolessthanone-halfof1percentofannualappropriationsundersection7405ofthistitle;and
(B)mayprovideanysuchIndiantribegrantandcontractassistancetocarryoutfunctionsprovidedbythischapter.
(2)TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationswithin18monthsafterNovember15,1990,specifyingthoseprovisionsofthischapterforwhichitisappropriatetotreatIndiantribesasStates.Suchtreatmentshallbeauthorizedonlyif—
(A)theIndiantribehasagoverningbodycarryingoutsubstantialgovernmentaldutiesandpowers;
(B)thefunctionstobeexercisedbytheIndiantribepertaintothemanagementandprotectionofairresourceswithintheexteriorboundariesofthereservationorotherareaswithinthetribe'sjurisdiction;and
(C)theIndiantribeisreasonablyexpectedtobecapable,inthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,ofcarryingoutthefunctionstobeexercisedinamannerconsistentwiththetermsandpurposesofthischapterandallapplicableregulations.
(3)TheAdministratormaypromulgateregulationswhichestablishtheelementsoftribalimplementationplansandproceduresforapprovalordisapprovaloftribalimplementationplansandportionsthereof.
(4)InanycaseinwhichtheAdministratordeterminesthatthetreatmentofIndiantribesasidenticaltoStatesisinappropriateoradministrativelyinfeasible,theAdministratormayprovide,byregulation,othermeansbywhichtheAdministratorwilldirectlyadministersuchprovisionssoastoachievetheappropriatepurpose.
(5)UntilsuchtimeastheAdministratorpromulgatesregulationspursuanttothissubsection,theAdministratormaycontinuetoprovidefinancialassistancetoeligibleIndiantribesundersection7405ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§301,formerly§8,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.400,renumberedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.504;Pub.L.91–604,§§3(b)(2),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1677,1713;Pub.L.95–95,titleIII,§305(e),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.776;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§§107(d),108(i),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2464,2467.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857gofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§108(i),inserted"subjecttosection7607(d)ofthistitle"after"regulations".
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.101–549,§107(d),addedsubsec.(d).
1977—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.95–95designatedexistingprovisionsaspar.(1)andaddedpar.(2).
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"and"EnvironmentalProtectionAgency"for"DepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfare".
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.91–604,§3(b)(2),substituted"EnvironmentalProtectionAgency"for"PublicHealthService"andstruckoutprovisionscoveringthepaymentofsalariesandallowances.
Subsec.(c).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
1967—Pub.L.90–148reenactedsectionwithoutchange.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
DisadvantagedBusinessConcerns;UseofQuotasProhibited
Pub.L.101–549,titleX,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2708,providedthat:
"SEC.1001.DISADVANTAGEDBUSINESSCONCERNS.
"(a)InGeneral.—InprovidingforanyresearchrelatingtotherequirementsoftheamendmentsmadebytheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Pub.L.101–549,seeTablesforclassification]whichusesfundsoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshall,totheextentpracticable,requirethatnotlessthan10percentoftotalFederalfundingforsuchresearchwillbemadeavailabletodisadvantagedbusinessconcerns.
"(b)Definition.—
"(1)(A)Forpurposesofsubsection(a),theterm'disadvantagedbusinessconcern'meansaconcern—
"(i)whichisatleast51percentownedbyoneormoresociallyandeconomicallydisadvantagedindividualsor,inthecaseofapubliclytradedcompany,atleast51percentofthestockofwhichisownedbyoneormoresociallyandeconomicallydisadvantagedindividuals;and
"(ii)themanagementanddailybusinessoperationsofwhicharecontrolledbysuchindividuals.
"(B)(i)Afor-profitbusinessconcernispresumedtobeadisadvantagedbusinessconcernforpurposesofsubsection(a)ifitisatleast51percentownedby,orinthecaseofaconcernwhichisapubliclytradedcompanyatleast51percentofthestockofthecompanyisownedby,oneormoreindividualswhoaremembersofthefollowinggroups:
"(I)BlackAmericans.
"(II)HispanicAmericans.
"(III)NativeAmericans.
"(IV)AsianAmericans.
"(V)Women.
"(VI)DisabledAmericans.
"(ii)Thepresumptionestablishedbyclause(i)mayberebuttedwithrespecttoaparticularbusinessconcernifitisreasonablyestablishedthattheindividualorindividualsreferredtointhatclausewithrespecttothatbusinessconcernarenotexperiencingimpedimentstoestablishingordevelopingsuchconcernasaresultoftheindividual'sidentificationasamemberofagroupspecifiedinthatclause.
"(C)Thefollowinginstitutionsarepresumedtobedisadvantagedbusinessconcernsforpurposesofsubsection(a):
"(i)Historicallyblackcollegesanduniversities,andcollegesanduniversitieshavingastudentbodyinwhich40percentofthestudentsareHispanic.
"(ii)Minorityinstitutions(asthattermisdefinedbytheSecretaryofEducationpursuanttotheGeneralEducationProvisionAct(20U.S.C.1221etseq.)).
"(iii)Privateandvoluntaryorganizationscontrolledbyindividualswhoaresociallyandeconomicallydisadvantaged.
"(D)Ajointventuremaybeconsideredtobeadisadvantagedbusinessconcernundersubsection(a),notwithstandingthesizeofsuchjointventure,if—
"(i)apartytothejointventureisadisadvantagedbusinessconcern;and
"(ii)thatpartyownsatleast51percentofthejointventure.
Apersonwhoisnotaneconomicallydisadvantagedindividualoradisadvantagedbusinessconcern,asapartytoajointventure,maynotbeapartytomorethan2awardedcontractsinafiscalyearsolelybyreasonofthissubparagraph.
"(E)Nothinginthisparagraphshallprohibitanymemberofaracialorethnicgroupthatisnotlistedinsubparagraph(B)(i)fromestablishingthattheyhavebeenimpededinestablishingordevelopingabusinessconcernasaresultofracialorethnicdiscrimination.
"Sec.1002.UseofQuotasProhibited.—Nothinginthistitleshallpermitorrequiretheuseofquotasorarequirementthathastheeffectofaquotaindeterminingeligibilityundersection1001."
§7602.Definitions
Whenusedinthischapter—
(a)Theterm"Administrator"meanstheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
(b)Theterm"airpollutioncontrolagency"meansanyofthefollowing:
(1)AsingleStateagencydesignatedbytheGovernorofthatStateastheofficialStateairpollutioncontrolagencyforpurposesofthischapter.
(2)AnagencyestablishedbytwoormoreStatesandhavingsubstantialpowersordutiespertainingtothepreventionandcontrolofairpollution.
(3)Acity,county,orotherlocalgovernmenthealthauthority,or,inthecaseofanycity,county,orotherlocalgovernmentinwhichthereisanagencyotherthanthehealthauthoritychargedwithresponsibilityforenforcingordinancesorlawsrelatingtothepreventionandcontrolofairpollution,suchotheragency.
(4)AnagencyoftwoormoremunicipalitieslocatedinthesameStateorindifferentStatesandhavingsubstantialpowersordutiespertainingtothepreventionandcontrolofairpollution.
(5)AnagencyofanIndiantribe.
(c)Theterm"interstateairpollutioncontrolagency"means—
(1)anairpollutioncontrolagencyestablishedbytwoormoreStates,or
(2)anairpollutioncontrolagencyoftwoormoremunicipalitieslocatedindifferentStates.
(d)Theterm"State"meansaState,theDistrictofColumbia,theCommonwealthofPuertoRico,theVirginIslands,Guam,andAmericanSamoaandincludestheCommonwealthoftheNorthernMarianaIslands.
(e)Theterm"person"includesanindividual,corporation,partnership,association,State,municipality,politicalsubdivisionofaState,andanyagency,department,orinstrumentalityoftheUnitedStatesandanyofficer,agent,oremployeethereof.
(f)Theterm"municipality"meansacity,town,borough,county,parish,district,orotherpublicbodycreatedbyorpursuanttoStatelaw.
(g)Theterm"airpollutant"meansanyairpollutionagentorcombinationofsuchagents,includinganyphysical,chemical,biological,radioactive(includingsourcematerial,specialnuclearmaterial,andbyproductmaterial)substanceormatterwhichisemittedintoorotherwiseenterstheambientair.Suchtermincludesanyprecursorstotheformationofanyairpollutant,totheextenttheAdministratorhasidentifiedsuchprecursororprecursorsfortheparticularpurposeforwhichtheterm"airpollutant"isused.
(h)Alllanguagereferringtoeffectsonwelfareincludes,butisnotlimitedto,effectsonsoils,water,crops,vegetation,manmadematerials,animals,wildlife,weather,visibility,andclimate,damagetoanddeteriorationofproperty,andhazardstotransportation,aswellaseffectsoneconomicvaluesandonpersonalcomfortandwell-being,whethercausedbytransformation,conversion,orcombinationwithotherairpollutants.
(i)Theterm"Federallandmanager"means,withrespecttoanylandsintheUnitedStates,theSecretaryofthedepartmentwithauthorityoversuchlands.
(j)Exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,theterms"majorstationarysource"and"majoremittingfacility"meananystationaryfacilityorsourceofairpollutantswhichdirectlyemits,orhasthepotentialtoemit,onehundredtonsperyearormoreofanyairpollutant(includinganymajoremittingfacilityorsourceoffugitiveemissionsofanysuchpollutant,asdeterminedbyrulebytheAdministrator).
(k)Theterms"emissionlimitation"and"emissionstandard"meanarequirementestablishedbytheStateortheAdministratorwhichlimitsthequantity,rate,orconcentrationofemissionsofairpollutantsonacontinuousbasis,includinganyrequirementrelatingtotheoperationormaintenanceofasourcetoassurecontinuousemissionreduction,andanydesign,equipment,workpracticeoroperationalstandardpromulgatedunderthischapter..1
(l)Theterm"standardofperformance"meansarequirementofcontinuousemissionreduction,includinganyrequirementrelatingtotheoperationormaintenanceofasourcetoassurecontinuousemissionreduction.
(m)Theterm"meansofemissionlimitation"meansasystemofcontinuousemissionreduction(includingtheuseofspecifictechnologyorfuelswithspecifiedpollutioncharacteristics).
(n)Theterm"primarystandardattainmentdate"meansthedatespecifiedintheapplicableimplementationplanfortheattainmentofanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardforanyairpollutant.
(o)Theterm"delayedcomplianceorder"meansanorderissuedbytheStateorbytheAdministratortoanexistingstationarysource,postponingthedaterequiredunderanapplicableimplementationplanforcompliancebysuchsourcewithanyrequirementofsuchplan.
(p)Theterm"scheduleandtimetableofcompliance"meansascheduleofrequiredmeasuresincludinganenforceablesequenceofactionsoroperationsleadingtocompliancewithanemissionlimitation,otherlimitation,prohibition,orstandard.
(q)Forpurposesofthischapter,theterm"applicableimplementationplan"meanstheportion(orportions)oftheimplementationplan,ormostrecentrevisionthereof,whichhasbeenapprovedundersection7410ofthistitle,orpromulgatedundersection7410(c)ofthistitle,orpromulgatedorapprovedpursuanttoregulationspromulgatedundersection7601(d)ofthistitleandwhichimplementstherelevantrequirementsofthischapter.
(r)IndianTribe.—Theterm"Indiantribe"meansanyIndiantribe,band,nation,orotherorganizedgrouporcommunity,includinganyAlaskaNativevillage,whichisFederallyrecognizedaseligibleforthespecialprogramsandservicesprovidedbytheUnitedStatestoIndiansbecauseoftheirstatusasIndians.
(s)VOC.—Theterm"VOC"meansvolatileorganiccompound,asdefinedbytheAdministrator.
(t)PM–10.—Theterm"PM–10"meansparticulatematterwithanaerodynamicdiameterlessthanorequaltoanominaltenmicrometers,asmeasuredbysuchmethodastheAdministratormaydetermine.
(u)NAAQSandCTG.—Theterm"NAAQS"meansnationalambientairqualitystandard.Theterm"CTG"meansaControlTechniqueGuidelinepublishedbytheAdministratorundersection7408ofthistitle.
(v)NOx.—Theterm"NOx"meansoxidesofnitrogen.
(w)CO.—Theterm"CO"meanscarbonmonoxide.
(x)SmallSource.—Theterm"smallsource"meansasourcethatemitslessthan100tonsofregulatedpollutantsperyear,oranyclassofpersonsthattheAdministratordetermines,throughregulation,generallylacktechnicalabilityorknowledgeregardingcontrolofairpollution.
(y)FederalImplementationPlan.—Theterm"Federalimplementationplan"meansaplan(orportionthereof)promulgatedbytheAdministratortofillalloraportionofagaporotherwisecorrectalloraportionofaninadequacyinaStateimplementationplan,andwhichincludesenforceableemissionlimitationsorothercontrolmeasures,meansortechniques(includingeconomicincentives,suchasmarketablepermitsorauctionsofemissionsallowances),andprovidesforattainmentoftherelevantnationalambientairqualitystandard.
(z)StationarySource.—Theterm"stationarysource"meansgenerallyanysourceofanairpollutantexceptthoseemissionsresultingdirectlyfromaninternalcombustionenginefortransportationpurposesorfromanonroadengineornonroadvehicleasdefinedinsection7550ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§302,formerly§9,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.400,renumberedPub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.504;Pub.L.91–604,§15(a)(1),(c)(1),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1710,1713;Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§218(c),titleIII,§301,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.761,769;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(76),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1404;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§§101(d)(4),107(a),(b),108(j),109(b),titleIII,§302(e),titleVII,§709,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2409,2464,2468,2470,2574,2684.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857hofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Provisionssimilartothoseinsubsecs.(b)and(d)ofthissectionwerecontainedinasection1857eofthistitle,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,§6,69Stat.323,priortothegeneralamendmentofthischapterbyPub.L.88–206.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(b)(1)to(3).Pub.L.101–549,§107(a)(1),(2),struckout"or"atendofpar.(3)andsubstitutedperiodsforsemicolonsatendofpars.(1)to(3).
Subsec.(b)(5).Pub.L.101–549,§107(a)(3),addedpar.(5).
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.101–549,§108(j)(2),insertedatend"Suchtermincludesanyprecursorstotheformationofanyairpollutant,totheextenttheAdministratorhasidentifiedsuchprecursororprecursorsfortheparticularpurposeforwhichtheterm'airpollutant'isused."
Subsec.(h).Pub.L.101–549,§109(b),insertedbeforeperiodatend", whethercausedbytransformation,conversion,orcombinationwithotherairpollutants".
Subsec.(k).Pub.L.101–549,§303(e),insertedbeforeperiodatend", andanydesign,equipment,workpracticeoroperationalstandardpromulgatedunderthischapter."
Subsec.(q).Pub.L.101–549,§101(d)(4),addedsubsec.(q).
Subsec.(r).Pub.L.101–549,§107(b),addedsubsec.(r).
Subsecs.(s)to(y).Pub.L.101–549,§108(j)(1),addedsubsecs.(s)to(y).
Subsec.(z).Pub.L.101–549,§709,addedsubsec.(z).
1977—Subsec.(d).Pub.L.95–95,§218(c),inserted"andincludestheCommonwealthoftheNorthernMarianaIslands"after"AmericanSamoa".
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.95–190substituted"individual,corporation"for"individualcorporation".
Pub.L.95–95,§301(b),expandeddefinitionof"person"toincludeagencies,departments,andinstrumentalitiesoftheUnitedStatesandofficers,agents,andemployeesthereof.
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.95–95,§301(c),expandeddefinitionof"airpollutant"soas,expressly,toincludephysical,chemical,biological,andradioactivesubstancesormatteremittedintoorotherwiseenteringtheambientair.
Subsecs.(i)to(p).Pub.L.95–95,§301(a),addedsubsecs.(i)to(p).
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(1),substituteddefinitionof"Administrator"asmeaningAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyfordefinitionof"Secretary"asmeaningSecretaryofHealth,Education,andWelfare.
Subsecs.(g),(h).Pub.L.91–604,§15(a)(1),addedsubsec.(g)defining"airpollutant",redesignatedformersubsec.(g)as(h)andsubstitutedreferencestoeffectsonsoil,water,crops,vegetation,manmadematerials,animals,wildlife,weather,visibility,andclimateforreferencestoinjurytoagriculturalcropsandlivestock,andinsertedreferencestoeffectsoneconomicvaluesandonpersonalcomfortandwellbeing.
1967—Pub.L.90–148reenactedsectionwithoutchange.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.
§7603.Emergencypowers
Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionofthischapter,theAdministrator,uponreceiptofevidencethatapollutionsourceorcombinationofsources(includingmovingsources)ispresentinganimminentandsubstantialendangermenttopublichealthorwelfare,ortheenvironment,maybringsuitonbehalfoftheUnitedStatesintheappropriateUnitedStatesdistrictcourttoimmediatelyrestrainanypersoncausingorcontributingtotheallegedpollutiontostoptheemissionofairpollutantscausingorcontributingtosuchpollutionortotakesuchotheractionasmaybenecessary.Ifitisnotpracticabletoassurepromptprotectionofpublichealthorwelfareortheenvironmentbycommencementofsuchacivilaction,theAdministratormayissuesuchordersasmaybenecessarytoprotectpublichealthorwelfareortheenvironment.Priortotakinganyactionunderthissection,theAdministratorshallconsultwithappropriateStateandlocalauthoritiesandattempttoconfirmtheaccuracyoftheinformationonwhichtheactionproposedtobetakenisbased.AnyorderissuedbytheAdministratorunderthissectionshallbeeffectiveuponissuanceandshallremainineffectforaperiodofnotmorethan60days,unlesstheAdministratorbringsanactionpursuanttothefirstsentenceofthissectionbeforetheexpirationofthatperiod.WhenevertheAdministratorbringssuchanactionwithinthe60-dayperiod,suchordershallremainineffectforanadditional14daysorforsuchlongerperiodasmaybeauthorizedbythecourtinwhichsuchactionisbrought.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§303,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§12(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1705;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§302(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.770;Pub.L.101–549,titleVII,§704,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2681.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857h–1ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection303ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection310byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7610ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549,§704(2)–(5),struckoutsubsec.(a)designationbefore"Notwithstandinganyother",struckoutsubsec.(b)whichrelatedtoviolationoforfailureorrefusaltocomplywithsubsec.(a)orders,andsubstitutednewprovisionsforprovisionsfollowingfirstsentencewhichreadasfollows:"Ifitisnotpracticabletoassurepromptprotectionofthehealthofpersonssolelybycommencementofsuchacivilaction,theAdministratormayissuesuchordersasmaybenecessarytoprotectthehealthofpersonswhoare,ormaybe,affectedbysuchpollutionsource(orsources).Priortotakinganyactionunderthissection,theAdministratorshallconsultwiththeStateandlocalauthoritiesinordertoconfirmthecorrectnessoftheinformationonwhichtheactionproposedtobetakenisbasedandtoascertaintheactionwhichsuchauthoritiesare,orwillbe,taking.Suchordershallbeeffectiveforaperiodofnotmorethantwenty-fourhoursunlesstheAdministratorbringsanactionunderthefirstsentenceofthissubsectionbeforetheexpirationofsuchperiod.WhenevertheAdministratorbringssuchanactionwithinsuchperiod,suchordershallbeeffectiveforaperiodofforty-eighthoursorsuchlongerperiodasmaybeauthorizedbythecourtpendinglitigationorthereafter."
Pub.L.101–549,§704(1),whichdirectedthat"publichealthorwelfare,ortheenvironment"besubstitutedfor"thehealthofpersonsandthatappropriateStateorlocalauthoritieshavenotactedtoabatesuchsources",wasexecutedbymakingthesubstitutionfor"thehealthofpersons,andthatappropriateStateorlocalauthoritieshavenotactedtoabatesuchsources"toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
1977—Pub.L.95–95designatedexistingprovisionsassubsec.(a),insertedprovisionsthat,ifitisnotpracticabletoassurepromptprotectionofthehealthofpersonssolelybycommencementofacivilaction,theAdministratormayissuesuchordersasmaybenecessarytoprotectthehealthofpersonswhoare,ormaybe,affectedbysuchpollutionsource(orsources),that,priortotakinganyactionunderthissection,theAdministratorconsultwiththeStateandlocalauthoritiesinordertoconfirmthecorrectnessoftheinformationonwhichtheactionproposedtobetakenisbasedandtoascertaintheactionwhichsuchauthoritiesare,orwillbe,taking,thattheorderbeeffectiveforaperiodofnotmorethantwenty-fourhoursunlesstheAdministratorbringsanactionunderthefirstsentenceofthissubsectionbeforetheexpirationofsuchperiod,andthat,whenevertheAdministratorbringssuchanactionwithinsuchperiod,suchorderbeeffectiveforaperiodofforty-eighthoursorsuchlongerperiodasmaybeauthorizedbythecourtpendinglitigationorthereafter,andaddedsubsec.(b).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7604.Citizensuits
(a)Authoritytobringcivilaction;jurisdiction
Exceptasprovidedinsubsection(b),anypersonmaycommenceacivilactiononhisownbehalf—
(1)againstanyperson(including(i)theUnitedStates,and(ii)anyothergovernmentalinstrumentalityoragencytotheextentpermittedbytheEleventhAmendmenttotheConstitution)whoisallegedtohaveviolated(ifthereisevidencethattheallegedviolationhasbeenrepeated)ortobeinviolationof(A)anemissionstandardorlimitationunderthischapteror(B)anorderissuedbytheAdministratororaStatewithrespecttosuchastandardorlimitation,
(2)againsttheAdministratorwherethereisallegedafailureoftheAdministratortoperformanyactordutyunderthischapterwhichisnotdiscretionarywiththeAdministrator,or
(3)againstanypersonwhoproposestoconstructorconstructsanynewormodifiedmajoremittingfacilitywithoutapermitrequiredunderpartCofsubchapterI(relatingtosignificantdeteriorationofairquality)orpartDofsubchapterI(relatingtononattainment)orwhoisallegedtohaveviolated(ifthereisevidencethattheallegedviolationhasbeenrepeated)ortobeinviolationofanyconditionofsuchpermit.
Thedistrictcourtsshallhavejurisdiction,withoutregardtotheamountincontroversyorthecitizenshipoftheparties,toenforcesuchanemissionstandardorlimitation,orsuchanorder,ortoordertheAdministratortoperformsuchactorduty,asthecasemaybe,andtoapplyanyappropriatecivilpenalties(exceptforactionsunderparagraph(2)).ThedistrictcourtsoftheUnitedStatesshallhavejurisdictiontocompel(consistentwithparagraph(2)ofthissubsection)agencyactionunreasonablydelayed,exceptthatanactiontocompelagencyactionreferredtoinsection7607(b)ofthistitlewhichisunreasonablydelayedmayonlybefiledinaUnitedStatesDistrictCourtwithinthecircuitinwhichsuchactionwouldbereviewableundersection7607(b)ofthistitle.Inanysuchactionforunreasonabledelay,noticetotheentitiesreferredtoinsubsection(b)(1)(A)shallbeprovided180daysbeforecommencingsuchaction.
(b)Notice
Noactionmaybecommenced—
(1)undersubsection(a)(1)—
(A)priorto60daysaftertheplaintiffhasgivennoticeoftheviolation(i)totheAdministrator,(ii)totheStateinwhichtheviolationoccurs,and(iii)toanyallegedviolatorofthestandard,limitation,ororder,or
(B)iftheAdministratororStatehascommencedandisdiligentlyprosecutingacivilactioninacourtoftheUnitedStatesoraStatetorequirecompliancewiththestandard,limitation,ororder,butinanysuchactioninacourtoftheUnitedStatesanypersonmayinterveneasamatterofright.1
(2)undersubsection(a)(2)priorto60daysaftertheplaintiffhasgivennoticeofsuchactiontotheAdministrator,
exceptthatsuchactionmaybebroughtimmediatelyaftersuchnotificationinthecaseofanactionunderthissectionrespectingaviolationofsection7412(i)(3)(A)or(f)(4)ofthistitleoranorderissuedbytheAdministratorpursuanttosection7413(a)ofthistitle.NoticeunderthissubsectionshallbegiveninsuchmannerastheAdministratorshallprescribebyregulation.
(c)Venue;interventionbyAdministrator;serviceofcomplaint;consentjudgment
(1)Anyactionrespectingaviolationbyastationarysourceofanemissionstandardorlimitationoranorderrespectingsuchstandardorlimitationmaybebroughtonlyinthejudicialdistrictinwhichsuchsourceislocated.
(2)Inanyactionunderthissection,theAdministrator,ifnotaparty,mayinterveneasamatterofrightatanytimeintheproceeding.AjudgmentinanactionunderthissectiontowhichtheUnitedStatesisnotapartyshallnot,however,haveanybindingeffectupontheUnitedStates.
(3)WheneveranyactionisbroughtunderthissectiontheplaintiffshallserveacopyofthecomplaintontheAttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStatesandontheAdministrator.NoconsentjudgmentshallbeenteredinanactionbroughtunderthissectioninwhichtheUnitedStatesisnotapartypriorto45daysfollowingthereceiptofacopyoftheproposedconsentjudgmentbytheAttorneyGeneralandtheAdministratorduringwhichtimetheGovernmentmaysubmititscommentsontheproposedconsentjudgmenttothecourtandpartiesormayinterveneasamatterofright.
(d)Awardofcosts;security
Thecourt,inissuinganyfinalorderinanyactionbroughtpursuanttosubsection(a)ofthissection,mayawardcostsoflitigation(includingreasonableattorneyandexpertwitnessfees)toanyparty,wheneverthecourtdeterminessuchawardisappropriate.Thecourtmay,ifatemporaryrestrainingorderorpreliminaryinjunctionissought,requirethefilingofabondorequivalentsecurityinaccordancewiththeFederalRulesofCivilProcedure.
(e)Nonrestrictionofotherrights
Nothinginthissectionshallrestrictanyrightwhichanyperson(orclassofpersons)mayhaveunderanystatuteorcommonlawtoseekenforcementofanyemissionstandardorlimitationortoseekanyotherrelief(includingreliefagainsttheAdministratororaStateagency).NothinginthissectionorinanyotherlawoftheUnitedStatesshallbeconstruedtoprohibit,exclude,orrestrictanyState,local,orinterstateauthorityfrom—
(1)bringinganyenforcementactionorobtaininganyjudicialremedyorsanctioninanyStateorlocalcourt,or
(2)bringinganyadministrativeenforcementactionorobtaininganyadministrativeremedyorsanctioninanyStateorlocaladministrativeagency,departmentorinstrumentality,
againsttheUnitedStates,anydepartment,agency,orinstrumentalitythereof,oranyofficer,agent,oremployeethereofunderStateorlocallawrespectingcontrolandabatementofairpollution.ForprovisionsrequiringcompliancebytheUnitedStates,departments,agencies,instrumentalities,officers,agents,andemployeesinthesamemannerasnongovernmentalentities,seesection7418ofthistitle.
(f)"Emissionstandardorlimitationunderthischapter"defined
Forpurposesofthissection,theterm"emissionstandardorlimitationunderthischapter"means—
(1)ascheduleortimetableofcompliance,emissionlimitation,standardofperformanceoremissionstandard,
(2)acontrolorprohibitionrespectingamotorvehiclefuelorfueladditive,or 2
(3)anyconditionorrequirementofapermitunderpartCofsubchapterI(relatingtosignificantdeteriorationofairquality)orpartDofsubchapterI(relatingtononattainment),,3section7419ofthistitle(relatingtoprimarynonferroussmelterorders),anyconditionorrequirementunderanapplicableimplementationplanrelatingtotransportationcontrolmeasures,airqualitymaintenanceplans,vehicleinspectionandmaintenanceprogramsorvaporrecoveryrequirements,section7545(e)and(f)ofthistitle(relatingtofuelsandfueladditives),section7491ofthistitle(relatingtovisibilityprotection),anyconditionorrequirementundersubchapterVI(relatingtoozoneprotection),oranyrequirementundersection7411or7412ofthistitle(withoutregardtowhethersuchrequirementisexpressedasanemissionstandardorotherwise); 4or
(4)anyotherstandard,limitation,orscheduleestablishedunderanypermitissuedpursuanttosubchapterVorunderanyapplicableStateimplementationplanapprovedbytheAdministrator,anypermittermorcondition,andanyrequirementtoobtainapermitasaconditionofoperations.5
whichisineffectunderthischapter(includingarequirementapplicablebyreasonofsection7418ofthistitle)orunderanapplicableimplementationplan.
(g)Penaltyfund
(1)Penaltiesreceivedundersubsection(a)shallbedepositedinaspecialfundintheUnitedStatesTreasuryforlicensingandotherservices.Amountsinsuchfundareauthorizedtobeappropriatedandshallremainavailableuntilexpended,forusebytheAdministratortofinanceaircomplianceandenforcementactivities.TheAdministratorshallannuallyreporttotheCongressaboutthesumsdepositedintothefund,thesourcesthereof,andtheactualandproposedusesthereof.
(2)Notwithstandingparagraph(1)thecourtinanyactionunderthissubsection 6toapplycivilpenaltiesshallhavediscretiontoorderthatsuchcivilpenalties,inlieuofbeingdepositedinthefundreferredtoinparagraph(1),beusedinbeneficialmitigationprojectswhichareconsistentwiththischapterandenhancethepublichealthortheenvironment.ThecourtshallobtaintheviewoftheAdministratorinexercisingsuchdiscretionandselectinganysuchprojects.Theamountofanysuchpaymentinanysuchactionshallnotexceed$100,000.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§304,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§12(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1706;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§303(a)–(c),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.771,772;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(77),(78),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1404;Pub.L.101–549,titleIII,§302(f),titleVII,§707(a)–(g),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2574,2682,2683.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure,referredtoinsubsec.(d),aresetoutintheAppendixtoTitle28,JudiciaryandJudicialProcedure.
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857h–2ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection304ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection311byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7611ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.101–549,§707(a),(f),inclosingprovisions,insertedbeforeperiodatend", andtoapplyanyappropriatecivilpenalties(exceptforactionsunderparagraph(2))"andinsertedsentencesatendgivingcourtsjurisdictiontocompelagencyactionunreasonablydelayedandrequiring180daysnoticepriortocommencementofaction.
Subsec.(a)(1),(3).Pub.L.101–549,§707(g),inserted"tohaveviolated(ifthereisevidencethattheallegedviolationhasbeenrepeated)or"before"tobeinviolation".
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.101–549,§302(f),substituted"section7412(i)(3)(A)or(f)(4)"for"section7412(c)(1)(B)"inclosingprovisions.
Subsec.(c)(2).Pub.L.101–549,§707(c),amendedpar.(2)generally.Priortoamendment,par.(2)readasfollows:"Insuchactionunderthissection,theAdministrator,ifnotaparty,mayinterveneasamatterofright."
Subsec.(c)(3).Pub.L.101–549,§707(d),addedsubsec.(c)(3).
Subsec.(f)(3).Pub.L.101–549,§707(e),struckout"anyconditionorrequirementofsection7413(d)ofthistitle(relatingtocertainenforcementorders)"before", section7419ofthistitle",substituted"subchapterVI"for"partBofsubchapterI",andsubstituted"; or"forperiodatend.
Subsec.(f)(4).Pub.L.101–549,§707(e),whichdirectedthatpar.(4)beaddedatendofsubsec.(f),wasexecutedbyaddingpar.(4)afterpar.(3),toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.101–549,§707(b),addedsubsec.(g).
1977—Subsec.(a)(3).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(77),inserted"ormodified"after"new".
Pub.L.95–95,§303(a),addedsubsec.(a)(3).
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.95–95,§303(c),insertedprovisionswhichprohibitedanyconstructionofthissectionoranyotherlawoftheUnitedStateswhichwouldprohibit,exclude,orrestrictanyState,local,orinterstateauthorityfrombringinganyenforcementactionorobtaininganyjudicialremedyorsanctioninanyStateorlocalcourtagainsttheUnitedStatesorbringinganyadministrativeenforcementactionorobtaininganyadministrativeremedyorsanctionagainsttheUnitedStatesinanyStateorlocaladministrativeagency,department,orinstrumentalityunderStateorlocallaw.
Subsec.(f)(3).Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(78),inserted", or"after"(relatingtoozoneprotection)",substituted"anyconditionorrequirementunderan"for"requirementsunderan",andstruckout"or"before"section7491".
Pub.L.95–95,§303(b),addedpar.(3).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1990Amendment
Pub.L.101–549,titleVII,§707(g),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2683,providedthat:"Theamendmentmadebythissubsection[amendingthissection]shalltakeeffectwithrespecttoactionsbroughtafterthedate2yearsaftertheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990]."
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TerminationofReportingRequirements
Fortermination,effectiveMay15,2000,ofreportingprovisionsinsubsec.(g)(1)ofthissection,seesection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance,andthe6thitemonpage165ofHouseDocumentNo.103–7.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissuedmade,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Theperiodprobablyshouldbe", or".
2 Soinoriginal.Theword"or"probablyshouldnotappear.
3 Soinoriginal.
4 Soinoriginal.Thesemicolonprobablyshouldbeacomma.
5 Soinoriginal.Theperiodprobablyshouldbeacomma.
6 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"thissection".
§7605.Representationinlitigation
(a)AttorneyGeneral;attorneysappointedbyAdministrator
TheAdministratorshallrequesttheAttorneyGeneraltoappearandrepresenthiminanycivilactioninstitutedunderthischaptertowhichtheAdministratorisaparty.UnlesstheAttorneyGeneralnotifiestheAdministratorthathewillappearinsuchaction,withinareasonabletime,attorneysappointedbytheAdministratorshallappearandrepresenthim.
(b)Memorandumofunderstandingregardinglegalrepresentation
IntheeventtheAttorneyGeneralagreestoappearandrepresenttheAdministratorinanysuchaction,suchrepresentationshallbeconductedinaccordancewith,andshallincludeparticipationby,attorneysappointedbytheAdministratortotheextentauthorizedby,thememorandumofunderstandingbetweentheDepartmentofJusticeandtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,datedJune13,1977,respectingrepresentationoftheagencybythedepartmentincivillitigation.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§305,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§12(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1707;amendedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§304(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.772.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857h–3ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection305ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedNov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.505,wasrenumberedsection312byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7612ofthistitle.
Anotherpriorsection305ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,formerly§12,asaddedDec.17,1963,Pub.L.88–206,§1,77Stat.401,wasrenumberedsection305byPub.L.89–272,renumberedsection308byPub.L.90–148,andrenumberedsection315byPub.L.91–604,andisclassifiedtosection7615ofthistitle.
Amendments
1977—Pub.L.95–95designatedexistingprovisionsassubsec.(a)andaddedsubsec.(b).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7606.Federalprocurement
(a)Contractswithviolatorsprohibited
NoFederalagencymayenterintoanycontractwithanypersonwhoisconvictedofanyoffenseundersection7413(c)ofthistitlefortheprocurementofgoods,materials,andservicestoperformsuchcontractatanyfacilityatwhichtheviolationwhichgaverisetosuchconvictionoccurredifsuchfacilityisowned,leased,orsupervisedbysuchperson.TheprohibitionintheprecedingsentenceshallcontinueuntiltheAdministratorcertifiesthattheconditiongivingrisetosuchaconvictionhasbeencorrected.Forconvictionsarisingundersection7413(c)(2)ofthistitle,theconditiongivingrisetotheconvictionalsoshallbeconsideredtoincludeanysubstantiveviolationofthischapterassociatedwiththeviolationof7413(c)(2)ofthistitle.TheAdministratormayextendthisprohibitiontootherfacilitiesownedoroperatedbytheconvictedperson.
(b)Notificationprocedures
TheAdministratorshallestablishprocedurestoprovideallFederalagencieswiththenotificationnecessaryforthepurposesofsubsection(a).
(c)Federalagencycontracts
InordertoimplementthepurposesandpolicyofthischaptertoprotectandenhancethequalityoftheNation'sair,thePresidentshall,notmorethan180daysafterDecember31,1970,causetobeissuedanorder(1)requiringeachFederalagencyauthorizedtoenterintocontractsandeachFederalagencywhichisempoweredtoextendFederalassistancebywayofgrant,loan,orcontracttoeffectuatethepurposeandpolicyofthischapterinsuchcontractingorassistanceactivities,and(2)settingforthprocedures,sanctions,penalties,andsuchotherprovisions,asthePresidentdeterminesnecessarytocarryoutsuchrequirement.
(d)Exemptions;notificationtoCongress
ThePresidentmayexemptanycontract,loan,orgrantfromallorpartoftheprovisionsofthissectionwherehedeterminessuchexemptionisnecessaryintheparamountinterestoftheUnitedStatesandheshallnotifytheCongressofsuchexemption.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§306,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§12(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1707;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§705,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2682.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Subsec.(e)ofthissection,whichrequiredthePresidenttoannuallyreporttoCongressonmeasurestakentowardimplementingthepurposeandintentofthissection,terminated,effectiveMay15,2000,pursuanttosection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance.See,also,the14thitemonpage20ofHouseDocumentNo.103–7.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857h–4ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection306ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,asaddedNov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.506,wasrenumberedsection313byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7613ofthistitle.
Anotherpriorsection306ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,formerly§13,asaddedDec.17,1963,Pub.L.88–206,§1,77Stat.401,renumbered§306,Oct.20,1965,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),79Stat.992,renumbered§309,Nov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.506,renumbered§316,Dec.31,1970,Pub.L.91–604,§12(a),84Stat.1705,relatedtoappropriationsandwasclassifiedtosection1857lofthistitle,priortorepealbysection306ofPub.L.95–95.Seesection7626ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.101–549substituted"section7413(c)"for"section7413(c)(1)"andinsertedsentencesatendrelatingtoconvictionsarisingundersection7413(c)(2)ofthistitleandextensionofprohibitiontootherfacilitiesownedbyconvictedpersons.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
FederalAcquisitionRegulation:ContractorCertificationorContractClauseforAcquisitionofCommercialItems
Pub.L.103–355,titleVIII,§8301(g),Oct.13,1994,108Stat.3397,asamendedbyPub.L.115–232,div.A,titleVIII,§836(g)(8),Aug.13,2018,132Stat.1874,providedthat:"TheFederalAcquisitionRegulationmaynotcontainarequirementforacertificationbyacontractorunderacontractfortheacquisitionofcommercialproductsorcommercialservices,orarequirementthatsuchacontractincludeacontractclause,inordertoimplementaprohibitionorrequirementofsection306oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7606)oraprohibitionorrequirementissuedintheimplementationofthatsection,sincethereisnothinginsuchsection306thatrequiressuchacertificationorcontractclause."
ExecutiveDocuments
ExecutiveOrderNo.11602
Ex.Ord.No.11602,June29,1971,36F.R.12475,whichrelatedtotheadministrationoftheCleanAirActwithrespecttoFederalcontracts,grants,orloans,wassupersededbyEx.Ord.No.11738,Sept.10,1973,38F.R.25161,setoutbelow.
Ex.Ord.No.11738.AdministrationoftheCleanAirActandtheFederalWaterPollutionControlActWithRespecttoFederalContracts,Grants,orLoans
Ex.Ord.No.11738,Sept.10,1973,38F.R.25161,provided:
ByvirtueoftheauthorityvestedinmebytheprovisionsoftheCleanAirAct,asamended(42U.S.C.1857etseq.)[42U.S.C.7401etseq.],particularlysection306ofthatActasaddedbytheCleanAirAmendmentsof1970(PublicLaw91–604)[thissection],andtheFederalWaterPollutionControlAct(33U.S.C.1251etseq.),particularlysection508ofthatActasaddedbytheFederalWaterPollutionControlActAmendmentsof1972(PublicLaw92–500)[33U.S.C.1368],itisherebyorderedasfollows:
Section1.Policy.ItisthepolicyoftheFederalGovernmenttoimproveandenhanceenvironmentalquality.Infurtheranceofthatpolicy,theprogramprescribedinthisOrderisinstitutedtoassurethateachFederalagencyempoweredtoenterintocontractsfortheprocurementofgoods,materials,orservicesandeachFederalagencyempoweredtoextendFederalassistancebywayofgrant,loan,orcontractshallundertakesuchprocurementandassistanceactivitiesinamannerthatwillresultineffectiveenforcementoftheCleanAirAct[thischapter](hereinafterreferredtoas"theAirAct")andtheFederalWaterPollutionControlAct(hereinafterreferredtoas"theWaterAct")[33U.S.C.1251etseq.].
Sec.2.DesignationofFacilities.(a)TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(hereinafterreferredtoas"theAdministrator")shallberesponsiblefortheattainmentofthepurposesandobjectivesofthisOrder.
(b)IncarryingouthisresponsibilitiesunderthisOrder,theAdministratorshall,inconformitywithallapplicablerequirementsoflaw,designatefacilitieswhichhavegivenrisetoaconvictionforanoffenseundersection113(c)(1)oftheAirAct[42U.S.C.7413(c)(1)]orsection309(c)oftheWaterAct[33U.S.C.1319(c)].TheAdministratorshall,fromtimetotime,publishandcirculatetoallFederalagencieslistsofthosefacilities,togetherwiththenamesandaddressesofthepersonswhohavebeenconvictedofsuchoffenses.WhenevertheAdministratordeterminesthattheconditionwhichgaverisetoaconvictionhasbeencorrected,heshallpromptlyremovethefacilityandthenameandaddressofthepersonconcernedfromthelist.
Sec.3.Contracts,Grants,orLoans.(a)Exceptasprovidedinsection8ofthisOrder,noFederalagencyshallenterintoanycontractfortheprocurementofgoods,materials,orserviceswhichistobeperformedinwholeorinpartinafacilitythendesignatedbytheAdministratorpursuanttosection2.
(b)Exceptasprovidedinsection8ofthisOrder,noFederalagencyauthorizedtoextendFederalassistancebywayofgrant,loan,orcontractshallextendsuchassistanceinanycaseinwhichitistobeusedtosupportanyactivityorprograminvolvingtheuseofafacilitythendesignatedbytheAdministratorpursuanttosection2.
Sec.4.Procurement,Grant,andLoanRegulations.TheFederalProcurementRegulations,theArmedServicesProcurementRegulations,andtotheextentnecessary,anysupplementalorcomparableregulationsissuedbyanyagencyoftheExecutiveBranchshall,followingconsultationwiththeAdministrator,beamendedtorequire,asaconditionofenteringinto,renewing,orextendinganycontractfortheprocurementofgoods,materials,orservicesorextendinganyassistancebywayofgrant,loan,orcontract,inclusionofaprovisionrequiringcompliancewiththeAirAct,theWaterAct,andstandardsissuedpursuanttheretointhefacilitiesinwhichthecontractistobeperformed,orwhichareinvolvedintheactivityorprogramtoreceiveassistance.
Sec.5.RulesandRegulations.TheAdministratorshallissuesuchrules,regulations,standards,andguidelinesashemaydeemnecessaryorappropriatetocarryoutthepurposesofthisOrder.
Sec.6.CooperationandAssistance.TheheadofeachFederalagencyshalltakesuchstepsasmaybenecessarytoinsurethatallofficersandemployeesofthisagencywhosedutiesentailcomplianceorcomparablefunctionswithrespecttocontracts,grants,andloansarefamiliarwiththeprovisionsofthisOrder.Inadditiontoanyotherappropriateaction,suchofficersandemployeesshallreportpromptlyanyconditioninafacilitywhichmayinvolvenoncompliancewiththeAirActortheWaterActoranyrules,regulations,standards,orguidelinesissuedpursuanttothisOrdertotheheadoftheagency,whoshalltransmitsuchreportstotheAdministrator.
Sec.7.Enforcement.TheAdministratormayrecommendtotheDepartmentofJusticeorotherappropriateagencythatlegalproceedingsbebroughtorotherappropriateactionbetakenwheneverhebecomesawareofabreachofanyprovisionrequired,undertheamendmentsissuedpursuanttosection4ofthisOrder,tobeincludedinacontractorotheragreement.
Sec.8.Exemptions—ReportstoCongress.(a)UponadeterminationthattheparamountinterestoftheUnitedStatessorequires—
(1)TheheadofaFederalagencymayexemptanycontract,grant,orloan,and,followingconsultationwiththeAdministrator,anyclassofcontracts,grantsorloansfromtheprovisionsofthisOrder.Inanysuchcase,theheadoftheFederalagencygrantingsuchexemptionshall(A)promptlynotifytheAdministratorofsuchexemptionandthejustificationtherefor;(B)reviewthenecessityforeachsuchexemptionannually;and(C)reporttotheAdministratorannuallyallsuchexemptionsineffect.Exemptionsgrantedpursuanttothissectionshallbeforaperiodnottoexceedoneyear.AdditionalexemptionsmaybegrantedforperiodsnottoexceedoneyearuponthemakingofanewdeterminationbytheheadoftheFederalagencyconcerned.
(2)TheAdministratormay,byruleorregulation,exemptanyorallFederalagenciesfromanyoralloftheprovisionsofthisOrderwithrespecttoanyclassorclassesofcontracts,grants,orloans,which(A)involvelessthanspecifieddollaramounts,or(B)haveaminimalpotentialimpactupontheenvironment,or(C)involvepersonswhoarenotprimecontractorsordirectrecipientsofFederalassistancebywayofcontracts,grants,orloans.
(b)Federalagenciesshallreconsideranyexemptiongrantedundersubsection(a)wheneverrequestedtodosobytheAdministrator.
(c)TheAdministratorshallannuallynotifythePresidentandtheCongressofallexemptionsgranted,orineffect,underthisOrderduringtheprecedingyear.
Sec.9.RelatedActions.TheimpositionofanysanctionorpenaltyunderorpursuanttothisOrdershallnotrelieveanypersonofanylegaldutytocomplywithanyprovisionsoftheAirActortheWaterAct.
Sec.10.Applicability.ThisOrdershallnotapplytocontracts,grants,orloansinvolvingtheuseoffacilitieslocatedoutsidetheUnitedStates.
Sec.11.Uniformity.Rules,regulations,standards,andguidelinesissuedpursuanttothisorderandsection508oftheWaterAct[33U.S.C.1368]shall,tothemaximumextentfeasible,beuniformwithregulationsissuedpursuanttothisorder,ExecutiveOrderNo.11602ofJune29,1971[formerlysetoutabove],andsection306oftheAirAct[thissection].
Sec.12.OrderSuperseded.ExecutiveOrderNo.11602ofJune29,1971,isherebysuperseded.
RichardNixon.
§7607.Administrativeproceedingsandjudicialreview
(a)Administrativesubpenas;confidentiality;witnesses
Inconnectionwithanydeterminationundersection7410(f)ofthistitle,orforpurposesofobtaininginformationundersection7521(b)(4) 1or7545(c)(3)ofthistitle,anyinvestigation,monitoring,reportingrequirement,entry,complianceinspection,oradministrativeenforcementproceedingunderthe 2chapter(includingbutnotlimitedtosection7413,section7414,section7420,section7429,section7477,section7524,section7525,section7542,section7603,orsection7606ofthistitle),,3theAdministratormayissuesubpenasfortheattendanceandtestimonyofwitnessesandtheproductionofrelevantpapers,books,anddocuments,andhemayadministeroaths.Exceptforemissiondata,uponashowingsatisfactorytotheAdministratorbysuchowneroroperatorthatsuchpapers,books,documents,orinformationorparticularpartthereof,ifmadepublic,woulddivulgetradesecretsorsecretprocessesofsuchowneroroperator,theAdministratorshallconsidersuchrecord,report,orinformationorparticularportionthereofconfidentialinaccordancewiththepurposesofsection1905oftitle18,exceptthatsuchpaper,book,document,orinformationmaybedisclosedtootherofficers,employees,orauthorizedrepresentativesoftheUnitedStatesconcernedwithcarryingoutthischapter,topersonscarryingouttheNationalAcademyofSciences'studyandinvestigationprovidedforinsection7521(c)ofthistitle,orwhenrelevantinanyproceedingunderthischapter.WitnessessummonedshallbepaidthesamefeesandmileagethatarepaidwitnessesinthecourtsoftheUnitedStates.Incaseofcontumacyorrefusaltoobeyasubpenaserveduponanypersonunderthissubparagraph,4thedistrictcourtoftheUnitedStatesforanydistrictinwhichsuchpersonisfoundorresidesortransactsbusiness,uponapplicationbytheUnitedStatesandafternoticetosuchperson,shallhavejurisdictiontoissueanorderrequiringsuchpersontoappearandgivetestimonybeforetheAdministratortoappearandproducepapers,books,anddocumentsbeforetheAdministrator,orboth,andanyfailuretoobeysuchorderofthecourtmaybepunishedbysuchcourtasacontemptthereof.
(b)Judicialreview
(1)ApetitionforreviewofactionoftheAdministratorinpromulgatinganynationalprimaryorsecondaryambientairqualitystandard,anyemissionstandardorrequirementundersection7412ofthistitle,anystandardofperformanceorrequirementundersection7411ofthistitle,,3anystandardundersection7521ofthistitle(otherthanastandardrequiredtobeprescribedundersection7521(b)(1)ofthistitle),anydeterminationundersection7521(b)(5) 1ofthistitle,anycontrolorprohibitionundersection7545ofthistitle,anystandardundersection7571ofthistitle,anyruleissuedundersection7413,7419,orundersection7420ofthistitle,oranyothernationallyapplicableregulationspromulgated,orfinalactiontaken,bytheAdministratorunderthischaptermaybefiledonlyintheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbia.ApetitionforreviewoftheAdministrator'sactioninapprovingorpromulgatinganyimplementationplanundersection7410ofthistitleorsection7411(d)ofthistitle,anyorderundersection7411(j)ofthistitle,undersection7412ofthistitle,undersection7419ofthistitle,orundersection7420ofthistitle,orhisactionundersection1857c–10(c)(2)(A),(B),or(C)ofthistitle(asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977)orunderregulationsthereunder,orrevisingregulationsforenhancedmonitoringandcompliancecertificationprogramsundersection7414(a)(3)ofthistitle,oranyotherfinalactionoftheAdministratorunderthischapter(includinganydenialordisapprovalbytheAdministratorundersubchapterI)whichislocallyorregionallyapplicablemaybefiledonlyintheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheappropriatecircuit.NotwithstandingtheprecedingsentenceapetitionforreviewofanyactionreferredtoinsuchsentencemaybefiledonlyintheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaifsuchactionisbasedonadeterminationofnationwidescopeoreffectandifintakingsuchactiontheAdministratorfindsandpublishesthatsuchactionisbasedonsuchadetermination.Anypetitionforreviewunderthissubsectionshallbefiledwithinsixtydaysfromthedatenoticeofsuchpromulgation,approval,oractionappearsintheFederalRegister,exceptthatifsuchpetitionisbasedsolelyongroundsarisingaftersuchsixtiethday,thenanypetitionforreviewunderthissubsectionshallbefiledwithinsixtydaysaftersuchgroundsarise.ThefilingofapetitionforreconsiderationbytheAdministratorofanyotherwisefinalruleoractionshallnotaffectthefinalityofsuchruleoractionforpurposesofjudicialreviewnorextendthetimewithinwhichapetitionforjudicialreviewofsuchruleoractionunderthissectionmaybefiled,andshallnotpostponetheeffectivenessofsuchruleoraction.
(2)ActionoftheAdministratorwithrespecttowhichreviewcouldhavebeenobtainedunderparagraph(1)shallnotbesubjecttojudicialreviewincivilorcriminalproceedingsforenforcement.WhereafinaldecisionbytheAdministratordefersperformanceofanynondiscretionarystatutoryactiontoalatertime,anypersonmaychallengethedeferralpursuanttoparagraph(1).
(c)Additionalevidence
Inanyjudicialproceedinginwhichreviewissoughtofadeterminationunderthischapterrequiredtobemadeontherecordafternoticeandopportunityforhearing,ifanypartyappliestothecourtforleavetoadduceadditionalevidence,andshowstothesatisfactionofthecourtthatsuchadditionalevidenceismaterialandthattherewerereasonablegroundsforthefailuretoadducesuchevidenceintheproceedingbeforetheAdministrator,thecourtmayordersuchadditionalevidence(andevidenceinrebuttalthereof)tobetakenbeforetheAdministrator,insuchmanneranduponsuchtermsandconditionsasto 5thecourtmaydeemproper.TheAdministratormaymodifyhisfindingsastothefacts,ormakenewfindings,byreasonoftheadditionalevidencesotakenandheshallfilesuchmodifiedornewfindings,andhisrecommendation,ifany,forthemodificationorsettingasideofhisoriginaldetermination,withthereturnofsuchadditionalevidence.
(d)Rulemaking
(1)Thissubsectionappliesto—
(A)thepromulgationorrevisionofanynationalambientairqualitystandardundersection7409ofthistitle,
(B)thepromulgationorrevisionofanimplementationplanbytheAdministratorundersection7410(c)ofthistitle,
(C)thepromulgationorrevisionofanystandardofperformanceundersection7411ofthistitle,oremissionstandardorlimitationundersection7412(d)ofthistitle,anystandardundersection7412(f)ofthistitle,oranyregulationundersection7412(g)(1)(D)and(F) 6ofthistitle,oranyregulationundersection7412(m)or(n)ofthistitle,
(D)thepromulgationofanyrequirementforsolidwastecombustionundersection7429ofthistitle,
(E)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyregulationpertainingtoanyfuelorfueladditiveundersection7545ofthistitle,
(F)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyaircraftemissionstandardundersection7571ofthistitle,
(G)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyregulationundersubchapterIV–A(relatingtocontrolofaciddeposition),
(H)promulgationorrevisionofregulationspertainingtoprimarynonferroussmelterordersundersection7419ofthistitle(butnotincludingthegrantingordenyingofanysuchorder),
(I)promulgationorrevisionofregulationsundersubchapterVI(relatingtostratosphereandozoneprotection),
(J)promulgationorrevisionofregulationsunderpartCofsubchapterI(relatingtopreventionofsignificantdeteriorationofairqualityandprotectionofvisibility),
(K)promulgationorrevisionofregulationsundersection7521ofthistitleandtestproceduresfornewmotorvehiclesorenginesundersection7525ofthistitle,andtherevisionofastandardundersection7521(a)(3)ofthistitle,
(L)promulgationorrevisionofregulationsfornoncompliancepenaltiesundersection7420ofthistitle,
(M)promulgationorrevisionofanyregulationspromulgatedundersection7541ofthistitle(relatingtowarrantiesandcompliancebyvehiclesinactualuse),
(N)actionoftheAdministratorundersection7426ofthistitle(relatingtointerstatepollutionabatement),
(O)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyregulationpertainingtoconsumerandcommercialproductsundersection7511b(e)ofthistitle,
(P)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyregulationpertainingtofieldcitationsundersection7413(d)(3)ofthistitle,
(Q)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyregulationpertainingtourbanbusesortheclean-fuelvehicle,clean-fuelfleet,andcleanfuelprogramsunderpartCofsubchapterII,
(R)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyregulationpertainingtononroadenginesornonroadvehiclesundersection7547ofthistitle,
(S)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyregulationrelatingtomotorvehiclecomplianceprogramfeesundersection7552ofthistitle,
(T)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyregulationundersubchapterIV–A(relatingtoaciddeposition),
(U)thepromulgationorrevisionofanyregulationundersection7511b(f)ofthistitlepertainingtomarinevessels,and
(V)suchotheractionsastheAdministratormaydetermine.
Theprovisionsofsection553through557andsection706oftitle5shallnot,exceptasexpresslyprovidedinthissubsection,applytoactionstowhichthissubsectionapplies.Thissubsectionshallnotapplyinthecaseofanyruleorcircumstancereferredtoinsubparagraphs(A)or(B)ofsubsection553(b)oftitle5.
(2)Notlaterthanthedateofproposalofanyactiontowhichthissubsectionapplies,theAdministratorshallestablisharulemakingdocketforsuchaction(hereinafterinthissubsectionreferredtoasa"rule").WheneveraruleappliesonlywithinaparticularState,asecond(identical)docketshallbesimultaneouslyestablishedintheappropriateregionalofficeoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
(3)Inthecaseofanyruletowhichthissubsectionapplies,noticeofproposedrulemakingshallbepublishedintheFederalRegister,asprovidedundersection553(b)oftitle5,shallbeaccompaniedbyastatementofitsbasisandpurposeandshallspecifytheperiodavailableforpubliccomment(hereinafterreferredtoasthe"commentperiod").Thenoticeofproposedrulemakingshallalsostatethedocketnumber,thelocationorlocationsofthedocket,andthetimesitwillbeopentopublicinspection.Thestatementofbasisandpurposeshallincludeasummaryof—
(A)thefactualdataonwhichtheproposedruleisbased;
(B)themethodologyusedinobtainingthedataandinanalyzingthedata;and
(C)themajorlegalinterpretationsandpolicyconsiderationsunderlyingtheproposedrule.
Thestatementshallalsosetforthorsummarizeandprovideareferencetoanypertinentfindings,recommendations,andcommentsbytheScientificReviewCommitteeestablishedundersection7409(d)ofthistitleandtheNationalAcademyofSciences,and,iftheproposaldiffersinanyimportantrespectfromanyoftheserecommendations,anexplanationofthereasonsforsuchdifferences.Alldata,information,anddocumentsreferredtointhisparagraphonwhichtheproposedrulereliesshallbeincludedinthedocketonthedateofpublicationoftheproposedrule.
(4)(A)Therulemakingdocketrequiredunderparagraph(2)shallbeopenforinspectionbythepublicatreasonabletimesspecifiedinthenoticeofproposedrulemaking.Anypersonmaycopydocumentscontainedinthedocket.TheAdministratorshallprovidecopyingfacilitieswhichmaybeusedattheexpenseofthepersonseekingcopies,buttheAdministratormaywaiveorreducesuchexpensesinsuchinstancesasthepublicinterestrequires.Anypersonmayrequestcopiesbymailifthepersonpaystheexpenses,includingpersonnelcoststodothecopying.
(B)(i)Promptlyuponreceiptbytheagency,allwrittencommentsanddocumentaryinformationontheproposedrulereceivedfromanypersonforinclusioninthedocketduringthecommentperiodshallbeplacedinthedocket.Thetranscriptofpublichearings,ifany,ontheproposedruleshallalsobeincludedinthedocketpromptlyuponreceiptfromthepersonwhotranscribedsuchhearings.AlldocumentswhichbecomeavailableaftertheproposedrulehasbeenpublishedandwhichtheAdministratordeterminesareofcentralrelevancetotherulemakingshallbeplacedinthedocketassoonaspossibleaftertheiravailability.
(ii)ThedraftsofproposedrulessubmittedbytheAdministratortotheOfficeofManagementandBudgetforanyinteragencyreviewprocesspriortoproposalofanysuchrule,alldocumentsaccompanyingsuchdrafts,andallwrittencommentsthereonbyotheragenciesandallwrittenresponsestosuchwrittencommentsbytheAdministratorshallbeplacedinthedocketnolaterthanthedateofproposaloftherule.Thedraftsofthefinalrulesubmittedforsuchreviewprocesspriortopromulgationandallsuchwrittencommentsthereon,alldocumentsaccompanyingsuchdrafts,andwrittenresponsestheretoshallbeplacedinthedocketnolaterthanthedateofpromulgation.
(5)Inpromulgatingaruletowhichthissubsectionapplies(i)theAdministratorshallallowanypersontosubmitwrittencomments,data,ordocumentaryinformation;(ii)theAdministratorshallgiveinterestedpersonsanopportunityfortheoralpresentationofdata,views,orarguments,inadditiontoanopportunitytomakewrittensubmissions;(iii)atranscriptshallbekeptofanyoralpresentation;and(iv)theAdministratorshallkeeptherecordofsuchproceedingopenforthirtydaysaftercompletionoftheproceedingtoprovideanopportunityforsubmissionofrebuttalandsupplementaryinformation.
(6)(A)Thepromulgatedruleshallbeaccompaniedby(i)astatementofbasisandpurposelikethatreferredtoinparagraph(3)withrespecttoaproposedruleand(ii)anexplanationofthereasonsforanymajorchangesinthepromulgatedrulefromtheproposedrule.
(B)Thepromulgatedruleshallalsobeaccompaniedbyaresponsetoeachofthesignificantcomments,criticisms,andnewdatasubmittedinwrittenororalpresentationsduringthecommentperiod.
(C)Thepromulgatedrulemaynotbebased(inpartorwhole)onanyinformationordatawhichhasnotbeenplacedinthedocketasofthedateofsuchpromulgation.
(7)(A)Therecordforjudicialreviewshallconsistexclusivelyofthematerialreferredtoinparagraph(3),clause(i)ofparagraph(4)(B),andsubparagraphs(A)and(B)ofparagraph(6).
(B)Onlyanobjectiontoaruleorprocedurewhichwasraisedwithreasonablespecificityduringtheperiodforpubliccomment(includinganypublichearing)mayberaisedduringjudicialreview.IfthepersonraisinganobjectioncandemonstratetotheAdministratorthatitwasimpracticabletoraisesuchobjectionwithinsuchtimeorifthegroundsforsuchobjectionaroseaftertheperiodforpubliccomment(butwithinthetimespecifiedforjudicialreview)andifsuchobjectionisofcentralrelevancetotheoutcomeoftherule,theAdministratorshallconveneaproceedingforreconsiderationoftheruleandprovidethesameproceduralrightsaswouldhavebeenaffordedhadtheinformationbeenavailableatthetimetherulewasproposed.IftheAdministratorrefusestoconvenesuchaproceeding,suchpersonmayseekreviewofsuchrefusalintheUnitedStatescourtofappealsfortheappropriatecircuit(asprovidedinsubsection(b)).Suchreconsiderationshallnotpostponetheeffectivenessoftherule.Theeffectivenessoftherulemaybestayedduringsuchreconsideration,however,bytheAdministratororthecourtforaperiodnottoexceedthreemonths.
(8)ThesoleforumforchallengingproceduraldeterminationsmadebytheAdministratorunderthissubsectionshallbeintheUnitedStatescourtofappealsfortheappropriatecircuit(asprovidedinsubsection(b))atthetimeofthesubstantivereviewoftherule.Nointerlocutoryappealsshallbepermittedwithrespecttosuchproceduraldeterminations.Inreviewingallegedproceduralerrors,thecourtmayinvalidatetheruleonlyiftheerrorsweresoseriousandrelatedtomattersofsuchcentralrelevancetotherulethatthereisasubstantiallikelihoodthattherulewouldhavebeensignificantlychangedifsucherrorshadnotbeenmade.
(9)InthecaseofreviewofanyactionoftheAdministratortowhichthissubsectionapplies,thecourtmayreverseanysuchactionfoundtobe—
(A)arbitrary,capricious,anabuseofdiscretion,orotherwisenotinaccordancewithlaw;
(B)contrarytoconstitutionalright,power,privilege,orimmunity;
(C)inexcessofstatutoryjurisdiction,authority,orlimitations,orshortofstatutoryright;or
(D)withoutobservanceofprocedurerequiredbylaw,if(i)suchfailuretoobservesuchprocedureisarbitraryorcapricious,(ii)therequirementofparagraph(7)(B)hasbeenmet,and(iii)theconditionofthelastsentenceofparagraph(8)ismet.
(10)EachstatutorydeadlineforpromulgationofrulestowhichthissubsectionapplieswhichrequirespromulgationlessthansixmonthsafterdateofproposalmaybeextendedtonotmorethansixmonthsafterdateofproposalbytheAdministratoruponadeterminationthatsuchextensionisnecessarytoaffordthepublic,andtheagency,adequateopportunitytocarryoutthepurposesofthissubsection.
(11)TherequirementsofthissubsectionshalltakeeffectwithrespecttoanyruletheproposalofwhichoccursafterninetydaysafterAugust7,1977.
(e)Othermethodsofjudicialreviewnotauthorized
NothinginthischaptershallbeconstruedtoauthorizejudicialreviewofregulationsorordersoftheAdministratorunderthischapter,exceptasprovidedinthissection.
(f)Costs
Inanyjudicialproceedingunderthissection,thecourtmayawardcostsoflitigation(includingreasonableattorneyandexpertwitnessfees)wheneveritdeterminesthatsuchawardisappropriate.
(g)Stay,injunction,orsimilarreliefinproceedingsrelatingtononcompliancepenalties
Inanyactionrespectingthepromulgationofregulationsundersection7420ofthistitleortheadministrationorenforcementofsection7420ofthistitlenocourtshallgrantanystay,injunctive,orsimilarreliefbeforefinaljudgmentbysuchcourtinsuchaction.
(h)Publicparticipation
ItistheintentofCongressthat,consistentwiththepolicyofsubchapterIIofchapter5oftitle5,theAdministratorinpromulgatinganyregulationunderthischapter,includingaregulationsubjecttoadeadline,shallensureareasonableperiodforpublicparticipationofatleast30days,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinsection 77407(d),7502(a),7511(a)and(b),and7512(a)and(b)ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§307,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§12(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1707;amendedPub.L.92–157,titleIII,§302(a),Nov.18,1971,85Stat.464;Pub.L.93–319,§6(c),June22,1974,88Stat.259;Pub.L.95–95,titleIII,§§303(d),305(a),(c),(f)–(h),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.772,776,777;Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(79),(80),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1404;Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§§108(p),110(5),titleIII,§302(g),(h),titleVII,§§702(c),703,706,707(h),710(b),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2469,2470,2574,2681-2684.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7521(b)(4)ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(a),wasrepealedbyPub.L.101–549,titleII,§230(2),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2529.
Section7521(b)(5)ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(b)(1),wasrepealedbyPub.L.101–549,titleII,§230(3),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2529.
Section1857c–10(c)(2)(A),(B),or(C)ofthistitle(asineffectbeforeAugust7,1977),referredtoinsubsec.(b)(1),wasintheoriginal"section119(c)(2)(A),(B),or(C)(asineffectbeforethedateofenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1977)",meaningsection119ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,asaddedJune22,1974,Pub.L.93–319,§3,88Stat.248,(whichwasclassifiedtosection1857c–10ofthistitle)asineffectpriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.691,effectiveAug.7,1977.Section112(b)(1)ofPub.L.95–95repealedsection119ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleI,asaddedbyPub.L.93–319,andprovidedthatallreferencestosuchsection119inanysubsequentenactmentwhichsupersedesPub.L.93–319shallbeconstruedtorefertosection113(d)oftheCleanAirActandtoparagraph(5)thereofinparticularwhichisclassifiedtosubsec.(d)(5)ofsection7413ofthistitle.Section7413(d)ofthistitlewassubsequentlyamendedgenerallybyPub.L.101–549,titleVII,§701,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2672,and,assoamended,nolongerrelatestofinalcomplianceorders.Section117(b)ofPub.L.95–95addedanewsection119ofactJuly14,1955,whichisclassifiedtosection7419ofthistitle.
PartCofsubchapterI,referredtoinsubsec.(d)(1)(J),wasintheoriginal"subtitleCoftitleI",andwastranslatedasreading"partCoftitleI"toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress,becausetitleIdoesnotcontainsubtitles.
Codification
Insubsec.(h),"subchapterIIofchapter5oftitle5"wassubstitutedfor"theAdministrativeProceduresAct"onauthorityofPub.L.89–554,§7(b),Sept.6,1966,80Stat.631,thefirstsectionofwhichenactedTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857h–5ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection307ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection314byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7614ofthistitle.
Anotherpriorsection307ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,formerly§14,asaddedDec.17,1963,Pub.L.88–206,§1,77Stat.401,wasrenumberedsection307byPub.L.89–272,renumberedsection310byPub.L.90–148,andrenumberedsection317byPub.L.91–604,andissetoutasaShortTitlenoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.101–549,§703,struckoutpar.(1)designationatbeginning,insertedprovisionsauthorizingissuanceofsubpoenasandadministrationofoathsforpurposesofinvestigations,monitoring,reportingrequirements,entries,complianceinspections,oradministrativeenforcementproceedingsunderthischapter,andstruckout"orsection7521(b)(5)"after"section7410(f)".
Subsec.(b)(1).Pub.L.101–549,§706(2),whichdirectedamendmentofsecondsentencebystriking"undersection7413(d)ofthistitle"immediatelybefore"undersection7419ofthistitle",wasexecutedbystriking"undersection7413(d)ofthistitle,"before"undersection7419ofthistitle",toreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
Pub.L.101–549,§706(1),insertedatend:"ThefilingofapetitionforreconsiderationbytheAdministratorofanyotherwisefinalruleoractionshallnotaffectthefinalityofsuchruleoractionforpurposesofjudicialreviewnorextendthetimewithinwhichapetitionforjudicialreviewofsuchruleoractionunderthissectionmaybefiled,andshallnotpostponetheeffectivenessofsuchruleoraction."
Pub.L.101–549,§702(c),inserted"orrevisingregulationsforenhancedmonitoringandcompliancecertificationprogramsundersection7414(a)(3)ofthistitle,"before"oranyotherfinalactionoftheAdministrator".
Pub.L.101–549,§302(g),substituted"section7412"for"section7412(c)".
Subsec.(b)(2).Pub.L.101–549,§707(h),insertedsentenceatendauthorizingchallengetodeferralsofperformanceofnondiscretionarystatutoryactions.
Subsec.(d)(1)(C).Pub.L.101–549,§110(5)(A),amendedsubpar.(C)generally.Priortoamendment,subpar.(C)readasfollows:"thepromulgationorrevisionofanystandardofperformanceundersection7411ofthistitleoremissionstandardundersection7412ofthistitle,".
Subsec.(d)(1)(D),(E).Pub.L.101–549,§302(h),addedsubpar.(D)andredesignatedformersubpar.(D)as(E).Formersubpar.(E)redesignated(F).
Subsec.(d)(1)(F).Pub.L.101–549,§302(h),redesignatedsubpar.(E)as(F).Formersubpar.(F)redesignated(G).
Pub.L.101–549,§110(5)(B),amendedsubpar.(F)generally.Priortoamendment,subpar.(F)readasfollows:"promulgationorrevisionofregulationspertainingtoordersforcoalconversionundersection7413(d)(5)ofthistitle(butnotincludingordersgrantingordenyinganysuchorders),".
Subsec.(d)(1)(G),(H).Pub.L.101–549,§302(h),redesignatedsubpars.(F)and(G)as(G)and(H),respectively.Formersubpar.(H)redesignated(I).
Subsec.(d)(1)(I).Pub.L.101–549,§710(b),whichdirectedthatsubpar.(H)beamendedbysubstituting"subchapterVI"for"partBofsubchapterI",wasexecutedbymakingthesubstitutioninsubpar.(I),toreflecttheprobableintentofCongressandtheinterveningredesignationofsubpar.(H)as(I)byPub.L.101–549,§302(h),seebelow.
Pub.L.101–549,§302(h),redesignatedsubpar.(H)as(I).Formersubpar.(I)redesignated(J).
Subsec.(d)(1)(J)to(M).Pub.L.101–549,§302(h),redesignatedsubpars.(I)to(L)as(J)to(M),respectively.Formersubpar.(M)redesignated(N).
Subsec.(d)(1)(N).Pub.L.101–549,§302(h),redesignatedsubpar.(M)as(N).Formersubpar.(N)redesignated(O).
Pub.L.101–549,§110(5)(C),addedsubpar.(N)andredesignatedformersubpar.(N)as(U).
Subsec.(d)(1)(O)to(T).Pub.L.101–549,§302(h),redesignatedsubpars.(N)to(S)as(O)to(T),respectively.Formersubpar.(T)redesignated(U).
Pub.L.101–549,§110(5)(C),addedsubpars.(O)to(T).
Subsec.(d)(1)(U).Pub.L.101–549,§302(h),redesignatedsubpar.(T)as(U).Formersubpar.(U)redesignated(V).
Pub.L.101–549,§110(5)(C),redesignatedformersubpar.(N)as(U).
Subsec.(d)(1)(V).Pub.L.101–549,§302(h),redesignatedsubpar.(U)as(V).
Subsec.(h).Pub.L.101–549,§108(p),addedsubsec.(h).
1977—Subsec.(b)(1).Pub.L.95–190intextrelatingtofilingofpetitionsforreviewintheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiainsertedprovisionrespectingrequirementsundersections7411and7412ofthistitle,andsubstitutedprovisionsauthorizingreviewofanyruleissuedundersection7413,7419,or7420ofthistitle,forprovisionsauthorizingreviewofanyruleororderissuedundersection7420ofthistitle,relatingtononcompliancepenalties,andintextrelatingtofilingofpetitionsforreviewintheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheappropriatecircuitinsertedprovisionrespectingreviewundersection7411(j),7412(c),7413(d),or7419ofthistitle,provisionauthorizingreviewundersection1857c–10(c)(2)(A),(B),or(C)totheperiodpriortoAug.7,1977,andprovisionsauthorizingreviewofdenialsordisapprovalsbytheAdministratorundersubchapterIofthischapter.
Pub.L.95–95,§305(c),(h),insertedrulesorordersissuedundersection7420ofthistitle(relatingtononcompliancepenalties)andanyothernationallyapplicableregulationspromulgated,orfinalactiontaken,bytheAdministratorunderthischaptertotheenumerationofactionsoftheAdministratorforwhichapetitionforreviewmaybefiledonlyintheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbia,addedtheapprovalorpromulgationbytheAdministratorofordersundersection7420ofthistitle,oranyotherfinalactionoftheAdministratorunderthischapterwhichislocallyorregionallyapplicabletotheenumerationofactionsbytheAdministratorforwhichapetitionforreviewmaybefiledonlyintheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheappropriatecircuit,insertedprovisionthatpetitionsotherwisecapableofbeingfiledintheCourtofAppealsfortheappropriatecircuitmaybefiledonlyintheCourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaiftheactionisbasedonadeterminationofnationwidescope,andincreasedfrom30daysto60daystheperiodduringwhichthepetitionmustbefiled.
Subsec.(d).Pub.L.95–95,§305(a),addedsubsec.(d).
Subsec.(e).Pub.L.95–95,§303(d),addedsubsec.(e).
Subsec.(f).Pub.L.95–95,§305(f),addedsubsec.(f).
Subsec.(g).Pub.L.95–95,§305(g),addedsubsec.(g).
1974—Subsec.(b)(1).Pub.L.93–319insertedreferencetotheAdministrator'sactionundersection1857c–10(c)(2)(A),(B),or(C)ofthistitleorunderregulationsthereunderandsubstitutedreferencetothefilingofapetitionwithin30daysfromthedateofpromulgation,approval,oractionforreferencetothefilingofapetitionwithin30daysfromthedateofpromulgationorapproval.
1971—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.92–157substitutedreferencetosection"7545(c)(3)"for"7545(c)(4)"ofthistitle.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TerminationofAdvisoryCommittees
AdvisorycommitteesestablishedafterJan.5,1973,toterminatenotlaterthantheexpirationofthe2-yearperiodbeginningonthedateoftheirestablishment,unless,inthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbythePresidentoranofficeroftheFederalGovernment,suchcommitteeisrenewedbyappropriateactionpriortotheexpirationofsuch2-yearperiod,orinthecaseofacommitteeestablishedbytheCongress,itsdurationisotherwiseprovidedforbylaw.Seesection14ofPub.L.92–463,Oct.6,1972,86Stat.776,setoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
PendingActionsandProceedings
Suits,actions,andotherproceedingslawfullycommencedbyoragainsttheAdministratororanyotherofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesinhisofficialcapacityorinrelationtothedischargeofhisofficialdutiesunderactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortotheenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977],nottoabatebyreasonofthetakingeffectofPub.L.95–95,seesection406(a)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"this".
3 Soinoriginal.
4 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsection,".
5 Soinoriginal.Theword"to"probablyshouldnotappear.
6 Soinoriginal.Therearenosubpars.(D)and(F)ofsection7412(g)(1)ofthistitle.
7 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"sections".
§7608.Mandatorylicensing
WhenevertheAttorneyGeneraldetermines,uponapplicationoftheAdministrator—
(1)that—
(A)intheimplementationoftherequirementsofsection7411,7412,or7521ofthistitle,arightunderanyUnitedStatesletterspatent,whichisbeingusedorintendedforpublicorcommercialuseandnototherwisereasonablyavailable,isnecessarytoenableanypersonrequiredtocomplywithsuchlimitationtosocomply,and
(B)therearenoreasonablealternativemethodstoaccomplishsuchpurpose,and
(2)thattheunavailabilityofsuchrightmayresultinasubstantiallesseningofcompetitionortendencytocreateamonopolyinanylineofcommerceinanysectionofthecountry,
theAttorneyGeneralmaysocertifytoadistrictcourtoftheUnitedStates,whichmayissueanorderrequiringthepersonwhoownssuchpatenttolicenseitonsuchreasonabletermsandconditionsasthecourt,afterhearing,maydetermine.Suchcertificationmaybemadetothedistrictcourtforthedistrictinwhichthepersonowningthepatentresides,doesbusiness,orisfound.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§308,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§12(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1708.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857h–6ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection308ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection315byPub.L.91–604andisclassifiedtosection7615ofthistitle.
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7609.Policyreview
(a)Environmentalimpact
TheAdministratorshallreviewandcommentinwritingontheenvironmentalimpactofanymatterrelatingtodutiesandresponsibilitiesgrantedpursuanttothischapterorotherprovisionsoftheauthorityoftheAdministrator,containedinany(1)legislationproposedbyanyFederaldepartmentoragency,(2)newlyauthorizedFederalprojectsforconstructionandanymajorFederalagencyaction(otherthanaprojectforconstruction)towhichsection4332(2)(C)ofthistitleapplies,and(3)proposedregulationspublishedbyanydepartmentoragencyoftheFederalGovernment.Suchwrittencommentshallbemadepublicattheconclusionofanysuchreview.
(b)Unsatisfactorylegislation,action,orregulation
IntheeventtheAdministratordeterminesthatanysuchlegislation,action,orregulationisunsatisfactoryfromthestandpointofpublichealthorwelfareorenvironmentalquality,heshallpublishhisdeterminationandthemattershallbereferredtotheCouncilonEnvironmentalQuality.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§309,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§12(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1709.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857h–7ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection309ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,formerly§13,asaddedDec.17,1963,Pub.L.88–206,§1,77Stat.401;renumbered§306,Oct.20,1965,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),79Stat.992;renumbered§309,Nov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.506;renumbered§316,Dec.31,1970,Pub.L.91–604,§12(a),84Stat.1705,relatedtoappropriationsandwasclassifiedtosection1857lofthistitle,priortorepealbysection306ofPub.L.95–95.Seesection7626ofthistitle.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7610.Otherauthority
(a)Authorityandresponsibilitiesunderotherlawsnotaffected
Exceptasprovidedinsubsection(b)ofthissection,thischaptershallnotbeconstruedassupersedingorlimitingtheauthoritiesandresponsibilities,underanyotherprovisionoflaw,oftheAdministratororanyotherFederalofficer,department,oragency.
(b)Nonduplicationofappropriations
Noappropriationshallbeauthorizedormadeundersection241,243,or246ofthistitleforanyfiscalyearafterthefiscalyearendingJune30,1964,foranypurposeforwhichappropriationsmaybemadeunderauthorityofthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§310,formerly§10,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.401;renumbered§303,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.505;renumbered§310andamendedPub.L.91–604,§§12(a),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1705,1713.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857iofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection310ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection317byPub.L.91–604andissetoutasaShortTitlenoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
Provisionssimilartothoseinsubsec.(a)ofthissectionwerecontainedinsection1857fofthistitle,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,§7,69Stat.323,priortothegeneralamendmentofthischapterbyPub.L.88–206.
Amendments
1970—Subsec.(a).Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary".
1967—Subsec.(b).Pub.L.90–148substitutedreferencetosection246ofthistitleforreferencetosection246(c)ofthistitle.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7611.Recordsandaudit
(a)Recipientsofassistancetokeepprescribedrecords
EachrecipientofassistanceunderthischaptershallkeepsuchrecordsastheAdministratorshallprescribe,includingrecordswhichfullydisclosetheamountanddispositionbysuchrecipientoftheproceedsofsuchassistance,thetotalcostoftheprojectorundertakinginconnectionwithwhichsuchassistanceisgivenorused,andtheamountofthatportionofthecostoftheprojectorundertakingsuppliedbyothersources,andsuchotherrecordsaswillfacilitateaneffectiveaudit.
(b)Audits
TheAdministratorandtheComptrollerGeneraloftheUnitedStates,oranyoftheirdulyauthorizedrepresentatives,shallhaveaccessforthepurposeofauditandexaminationstoanybooks,documents,papers,andrecordsoftherecipientsthatarepertinenttothegrantsreceivedunderthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§311,formerly§11,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.401;renumbered§304,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;amendedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.505;renumbered§311andamendedPub.L.91–604,§§12(a),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1705,1713.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857jofthistitle.
Amendments
1970—Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"and"SecretaryofHealth,Education,andWelfare".
1967—Pub.L.90–148reenactedsectionwithoutchange.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
ModificationorRescissionofRules,Regulations,Orders,Determinations,Contracts,Certifications,Authorizations,Delegations,andOtherActions
Allrules,regulations,orders,determinations,contracts,certifications,authorizations,delegations,orotheractionsdulyissued,made,ortakenbyorpursuanttoactJuly14,1955,theCleanAirAct,asineffectimmediatelypriortothedateofenactmentofPub.L.95–95[Aug.7,1977]tocontinueinfullforceandeffectuntilmodifiedorrescindedinaccordancewithactJuly14,1955,asamendedbyPub.L.95–95[thischapter],seesection406(b)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7612.Economicimpactanalyses
(a)Cost-benefitanalysis
TheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofCommerce,theSecretaryofLabor,andtheCouncilonCleanAirComplianceAnalysis(asestablishedundersubsection(f)ofthissection),shallconductacomprehensiveanalysisoftheimpactofthischapteronthepublichealth,economy,andenvironmentoftheUnitedStates.Inperformingsuchanalysis,theAdministratorshouldconsiderthecosts,benefitsandothereffectsassociatedwithcompliancewitheachstandardissuedfor—
(1)acriteriaairpollutantsubjecttoastandardissuedundersection7409ofthistitle;
(2)ahazardousairpollutantlistedundersection7412ofthistitle,includinganytechnology-basedstandardandanyrisk-basedstandardforsuchpollutant;
(3)emissionsfrommobilesourcesregulatedundersubchapterIIofthischapter;
(4)alimitationunderthischapterforemissionsofsulfurdioxideornitrogenoxides;
(5)alimitationundersubchapterVIofthischapterontheproductionofanyozone-depletingsubstance;and
(6)anyothersectionofthischapter.
(b)Benefits
Indescribingthebenefitsofastandarddescribedinsubsection(a),theAdministratorshallconsideralloftheeconomic,publichealth,andenvironmentalbenefitsofeffortstocomplywithsuchstandard.Inanycasewherenumericalvaluesareassignedtosuchbenefits,adefaultassumptionofzerovalueshallnotbeassignedtosuchbenefitsunlesssupportedbyspecificdata.TheAdministratorshallassesshowbenefitsaremeasuredinordertoassurethatdamagetohumanhealthandtheenvironmentismoreaccuratelymeasuredandtakenintoaccount.
(c)Costs
Indescribingthecostsofastandarddescribedinsubsection(a),theAdministratorshallconsidertheeffectsofsuchstandardonemployment,productivity,costofliving,economicgrowth,andtheoveralleconomyoftheUnitedStates.
(d)Initialreport
Notlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofCommerce,theSecretaryofLabor,andtheCouncilonCleanAirComplianceAnalysis,shallsubmitareporttotheCongressthatsummarizestheresultsoftheanalysisdescribedinsubsection(a),whichreports—
(1)allcostsincurredprevioustoNovember15,1990,intheefforttocomplywithsuchstandards;and
(2)allbenefitsthathaveaccruedtotheUnitedStatesasaresultofsuchcosts.
(e)Omitted
(f)AppointmentofAdvisoryCouncilonCleanAirComplianceAnalysis
Notlaterthan6monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofCommerceandtheSecretaryofLabor,shallappointanAdvisoryCouncilonCleanAirComplianceAnalysisofnotlessthanninemembers(hereafterinthissectionreferredtoasthe"Council").Inappointingsuchmembers,theAdministratorshallappointrecognizedexpertsinthefieldsofthehealthandenvironmentaleffectsofairpollution,economicanalysis,environmentalsciences,andsuchotherfieldsthattheAdministratordeterminestobeappropriate.
(g)DutiesofAdvisoryCouncil
TheCouncilshall—
(1)reviewthedatatobeusedforanyanalysisrequiredunderthissectionandmakerecommendationstotheAdministratorontheuseofsuchdata;
(2)reviewthemethodologyusedtoanalyzesuchdataandmakerecommendationstotheAdministratorontheuseofsuchmethodology;and
(3)priortotheissuanceofareportrequiredundersubsection(d)or(e),reviewthefindingsofsuchreport,andmakerecommendationstotheAdministratorconcerningthevalidityandutilityofsuchfindings.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§312,formerly§305,asaddedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.505;renumbered§312andamendedPub.L.91–604,§§12(a),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1705,1713;Pub.L.95–95,titleII,§224(c),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.767;Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§812(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2691.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Subsec.(e)ofthissection,whichrequiredtheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofCommerce,theSecretaryofLabor,andtheCouncilonCleanAirComplianceAnalysis,tosubmitareporttoCongressthatupdatesthereportissuedpursuanttosubsec.(d)ofthissection,andwhich,inaddition,makesprojectionsintothefutureregardingexpectedcosts,benefits,andothereffectsofcompliancewithstandardspursuanttothischapteraslistedinsubsec.(a)ofthissection,terminated,effectiveMay15,2000,pursuanttosection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance.See,also,the4thitemonpage163ofHouseDocumentNo.103–7.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857j–1ofthistitle.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedsectiongenerally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionswhichrelatedto:insubsec.(a),detailedcostestimate,comprehensivecostandeconomicimpactstudies,andannualreevaluation;insubsec.(b),personnelstudyandreporttoPresidentandCongress;andinsubsec.(c),cost-effectivenessanalyses.
1977—Subsec.(c).Pub.L.95–95addedsubsec.(c).
1970—Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"whereverappearing.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateof1977Amendment
AmendmentbyPub.L.95–95effectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
TerminationofAdvisoryCouncils
AdvisorycouncilsestablishedafterJan.5,1973,toterminatenotlaterthantheexpirationofthe2-yearperiodbeginningonthedateoftheirestablishment,unless,inthecaseofacouncilestablishedbythePresidentoranofficeroftheFederalGovernment,suchcouncilisrenewedbyappropriateactionpriortotheexpirationofsuch2-yearperiod,orinthecaseofacouncilestablishedbyCongress,itsdurationisotherwiseprovidedbylaw.Seesections3(2)and14ofPub.L.92–463,Oct.6,1972,86Stat.770,776,setoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
EquivalentAirQualityControlsAmongTradingNations
Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§811,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2690,providedthat:
"(a)Findings.—TheCongressfindsthat—
"(1)allnationshavetheresponsibilitytoadoptandenforceeffectiveairqualitystandardsandrequirementsandtheUnitedStates,inenactingthisAct[seeTablesforclassification],iscarryingoutitsresponsibilityinthisregard;
"(2)asaresultofcomplyingwiththisAct,businessesintheUnitedStateswillmakesignificantcapitalinvestmentsandincurincrementalcostsinimplementingcontroltechnologystandards;
"(3)suchcompliancemayimpairthecompetitivenessofcertainUnitedStatesjobs,production,processes,andproductsifforeigngoodsareproducedunderlesscostlyenvironmentalstandardsandrequirementsthanareUnitedStatesgoods;and
"(4)mechanismsshouldbesoughtthroughwhichtheUnitedStatesanditstradingpartnerscanagreetoeliminateorreducecompetitivedisadvantages.
"(b)ActionbythePresident.—
"(1)Ingeneral.—Within18monthsafterthedateoftheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990],thePresidentshallsubmittotheCongressareport—
"(A)identifyingandevaluatingtheeconomiceffectsof—
"(i)thesignificantairqualitystandardsandcontrolsrequiredunderthisAct,and
"(ii)thedifferencesbetweenthesignificantstandardsandcontrolsrequiredunderthisActandsimilarstandardsandcontrolsadoptedandenforcedbythemajortradingpartnersoftheUnitedStates,
ontheinternationalcompetitivenessofUnitedStatesmanufacturers;and
"(B)containingastrategyforaddressingsucheconomiceffectsthroughtradeconsultationsandnegotiations.
"(2)Additionalreportingrequirements.—(A)Theevaluationrequiredunderparagraph(1)(A)shallexaminetheextenttowhichthesignificantairqualitystandardsandcontrolsrequiredunderthisActarecomparabletoexistinginternationally-agreednorms.
"(B)Thestrategyrequiredtobedevelopedunderparagraph(1)(B)shallincluderecommendedoptions(suchastheharmonizationofstandardsandtradeadjustmentmeasures)forreducingoreliminatingcompetitivedisadvantagescausedbydifferencesinstandardsandcontrolsbetweentheUnitedStatesandeachofitsmajortradingpartners.
"(3)Publiccomment.—Interestedpartiesshallbegivenanopportunitytosubmitcommentsregardingtheevaluationsandstrategyrequiredinthereportunderparagraph(1).ThePresidentshalltakeanysuchcommentintoaccountinpreparingthereport.
"(4)Interimreport.—Within9monthsafterthedateoftheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990],thePresidentshallsubmittotheCongressaninterimreportontheprogressbeingmadeincomplyingwithparagraph(1)."
GAOReportsonCostsandBenefits
Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§812(b),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2693,whichdirectedComptrollerGeneral,commencingonsecondyearafterNov.15,1990,andannuallythereafter,inconsultationwithotheragencies,toreporttoCongressonpollutioncontrolstrategiesandtechnologiesrequiredbyCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990,wasrepealedbyPub.L.104–316,titleI,§122(r),Oct.19,1996,110Stat.3838.
§7613.Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§803,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2689
Section,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§313,formerly§306,asaddedNov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.506;renumbered§313andamendedDec.31,1970,Pub.L.91–604,§§12(a),15(c)(2),84Stat.1705,1713;Aug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleIII,§302(b),91Stat.771,requiredannualreporttoCongressonprogressofprogramsunderthischapter.
§7614.Laborstandards
TheAdministratorshalltakesuchactionasmaybenecessarytoinsurethatalllaborersandmechanicsemployedbycontractorsorsubcontractorsonprojectsassistedunderthischaptershallbepaidwagesatratesnotlessthanthoseprevailingforthesametypeofworkonsimilarconstructioninthelocalityasdeterminedbytheSecretaryofLabor,inaccordancewithsections3141–3144,3146,and3147oftitle40.TheSecretaryofLaborshallhave,withrespecttothelaborstandardsspecifiedinthissubsection,1theauthorityandfunctionssetforthinReorganizationPlanNumbered14of1950(15F.R.3176;64Stat.1267)andsection3145oftitle40.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§314,formerly§307,asaddedPub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.506;renumbered§314andamendedPub.L.91–604,§§12(a),15(c)(2),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1705,1713.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
ReorganizationPlanNumbered14of1950,referredtointext,issetoutintheAppendixtoTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.
Codification
Intext,"sections3141–3144,3146,and3147oftitle40"substitutedfor"theActofMarch3,1931,asamended,knownastheDavis-BaconAct(46Stat.1494;40U.S.C.276a—276a–5)"and"section3145oftitle40"substitutedfor"section2oftheActofJune13,1934,asamended(48Stat.948;40U.S.C.276c)",onauthorityofPub.L.107–217,§5(c),Aug.21,2002,116Stat.1303,thefirstsectionofwhichenactedTitle40,PublicBuildings,Property,andWorks.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857j–3ofthistitle.
Amendments
1970—Pub.L.91–604,§15(c)(2),substituted"Administrator"for"Secretary"meaningtheSecretaryofHealth,Education,andWelfare.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"section,".
§7615.Separability
Ifanyprovisionofthischapter,ortheapplicationofanyprovisionofthischaptertoanypersonorcircumstance,isheldinvalid,theapplicationofsuchprovisiontootherpersonsorcircumstances,andtheremainderofthischaptershallnotbeaffectedthereby.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§315,formerly§12,asaddedPub.L.88–206,§1,Dec.17,1963,77Stat.401;renumbered§305,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),Oct.20,1965,79Stat.992;renumbered§308andamended,Pub.L.90–148,§2,Nov.21,1967,81Stat.506;renumbered§315,Pub.L.91–604,§12(a),Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1705.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1857kofthistitle.
Amendments
1967—Pub.L.90–148reenactedsectionwithoutchange.
§7616.Sewagetreatmentgrants
(a)Construction
NograntwhichtheAdministratorisauthorizedtomaketoanyapplicantforconstructionofsewagetreatmentworksinanyareainanyStatemaybewithheld,conditioned,orrestrictedbytheAdministratoronthebasisofanyrequirementofthischapterexceptasprovidedinsubsection(b).
(b)Withholding,conditioning,orrestrictionofconstructiongrants
TheAdministratormaywithhold,condition,orrestrictthemakingofanygrantforconstructionreferredtoinsubsection(a)onlyifhedeterminesthat—
(1)suchtreatmentworkswillnotcomplywithapplicablestandardsundersection7411or7412ofthistitle,
(2)theStatedoesnothaveineffect,orisnotcarryingout,aStateimplementationplanapprovedbytheAdministratorwhichexpresslyquantifiesandprovidesfortheincreaseinemissionsofeachairpollutant(fromstationaryandmobilesourcesinanyareatowhicheitherpartCorpartDofsubchapterIappliesforsuchpollutant)whichincreasemayreasonablybeanticipatedtoresultdirectlyorindirectlyfromthenewsewagetreatmentcapacitywhichwouldbecreatedbysuchconstruction.1
(3)theconstructionofsuchtreatmentworkswouldcreatenewsewagetreatmentcapacitywhich—
(A)mayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributeto,directlyorindirectly,anincreaseinemissionsofanyairpollutantinexcessoftheincreaseprovidedforundertheprovisionsreferredtoinparagraph(2)foranysucharea,or
(B)wouldotherwisenotbeinconformitywiththeapplicableimplementationplan,or
(4)suchincreaseinemissionswouldinterferewith,orbeinconsistentwith,theapplicableimplementationplanforanyotherState.
Inthecaseofconstructionofatreatmentworkswhichwouldresult,directlyorindirectly,inanincreaseinemissionsofanyairpollutantfromstationaryandmobilesourcesinanareatowhichpartDofsubchapterIapplies,thequantificationofemissionsreferredtoinparagraph(2)shallincludetheemissionsofanysuchpollutantresultingdirectlyorindirectlyfromareawideandnonmajorstationarysourcegrowth(mobileandstationary)foreachsucharea.
(c)NationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct
NothinginthissectionshallbeconstruedtoamendoralteranyprovisionoftheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct[42U.S.C.4321etseq.]ortoaffectanydeterminationastowhetherornottherequirementsofsuchActhavebeenmetinthecaseoftheconstructionofanysewagetreatmentworks.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§316,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§306,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.777.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct,referredtoinsubsec.(c),probablymeanstheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActof1969,Pub.L.91–190,Jan.1,1970,83Stat.852,asamended,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter55(§4321etseq.)ofthistitle.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection4321ofthistitleandTables.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection316ofactJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,formerly§13,asaddedDec.17,1963,Pub.L.88–206,§1,77Stat.401;renumbered§306andamendedOct.20,1965,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),(6),(7),79Stat.992;Oct.15,1966,Pub.L.89–675,§2(a),80Stat.954;renumbered§309andamendedNov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.506;renumbered§316andamendedDec.31,1970,Pub.L.91–604,§§12(a),13(b),84Stat.1705,1709;Apr.9,1973,Pub.L.93–15,§1(c),87Stat.11;June22,1974,Pub.L.93–319,§13(c),88Stat.265,authorizedappropriationsforairpollutioncontrol,priortorepealbysection306ofPub.L.95–95.Seesection7626ofthistitle.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Theperiodprobablyshouldbeacomma.
§7617.Economicimpactassessment
(a)Noticeofproposedrulemaking;substantialrevisions
ThissectionappliestoactionoftheAdministratorinpromulgatingorrevising—
(1)anynewsourcestandardofperformanceundersection7411ofthistitle,
(2)anyregulationundersection7411(d)ofthistitle,
(3)anyregulationunderpartB 1ofsubchapterI(relatingtoozoneandstratosphereprotection),
(4)anyregulationunderpartCofsubchapterI(relatingtopreventionofsignificantdeteriorationofairquality),
(5)anyregulationestablishingemissionstandardsundersection7521ofthistitleandanyotherregulationpromulgatedunderthatsection,
(6)anyregulationcontrollingorprohibitinganyfuelorfueladditiveundersection7545(c)ofthistitle,and
(7)anyaircraftemissionstandardundersection7571ofthistitle.
Nothinginthissectionshallapplytoanystandardorregulationdescribedinparagraphs(1)through(7)ofthissubsectionunlessthenoticeofproposedrulemakinginconnectionwithsuchstandardorregulationispublishedintheFederalRegisterafterthedateninetydaysafterAugust7,1977.Inthecaseofrevisionsofsuchstandardsorregulations,thissectionshallapplyonlytorevisionswhichtheAdministratordeterminestobesubstantialrevisions.
(b)PreparationofassessmentbyAdministrator
Beforepublicationofnoticeofproposedrulemakingwithrespecttoanystandardorregulationtowhichthissectionapplies,theAdministratorshallprepareaneconomicimpactassessmentrespectingsuchstandardorregulation.Suchassessmentshallbeincludedinthedocketrequiredundersection7607(d)(2)ofthistitleandshallbeavailabletothepublicasprovidedinsection7607(d)(4)ofthistitle.NoticeofproposedrulemakingshallincludenoticeofsuchavailabilitytogetherwithanexplanationoftheextentandmannerinwhichtheAdministratorhasconsideredtheanalysiscontainedinsucheconomicimpactassessmentinproposingtheaction.TheAdministratorshallalsoprovidesuchanexplanationinhisnoticeofpromulgationofanyregulationorstandardreferredtoinsubsection(a).Eachsuchexplanationshallbepartofthestatementsofbasisandpurposerequiredundersections7607(d)(3)and7607(d)(6)ofthistitle.
(c)Analysis
Subjecttosubsection(d),theassessmentrequiredunderthissectionwithrespecttoanystandardorregulationshallcontainananalysisof—
(1)thecostsofcompliancewithanysuchstandardorregulation,includingextenttowhichthecostsofcompliancewillvarydependingon(A)theeffectivedateofthestandardorregulation,and(B)thedevelopmentoflessexpensive,moreefficientmeansormethodsofcompliancewiththestandardorregulation;
(2)thepotentialinflationaryorrecessionaryeffectsofthestandardorregulation;
(3)theeffectsoncompetitionofthestandardorregulationwithrespecttosmallbusiness;
(4)theeffectsofthestandardorregulationonconsumercosts;and
(5)theeffectsofthestandardorregulationonenergyuse.
NothinginthissectionshallbeconstruedtoprovidethattheanalysisofthefactorsspecifiedinthissubsectionaffectsoraltersthefactorswhichtheAdministratorisrequiredtoconsiderintakinganyactionreferredtoinsubsection(a).
(d)Extensivenessofassessment
Theassessmentrequiredunderthissectionshallbeasextensiveaspracticable,inthejudgmentoftheAdministratortakingintoaccountthetimeandresourcesavailabletotheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandotherdutiesandauthoritieswhichtheAdministratorisrequiredtocarryoutunderthischapter.
(e)Limitationsonconstructionofsection
Nothinginthissectionshallbeconstrued—
(1)toalterthebasisonwhichastandardorregulationispromulgatedunderthischapter;
(2)toprecludetheAdministratorfromcarryingouthisresponsibilityunderthischaptertoprotectpublichealthandwelfare;or
(3)toauthorizeorrequireanyjudicialreviewofanysuchstandardorregulation,oranystayorinjunctionoftheproposal,promulgation,oreffectivenessofsuchstandardorregulationonthebasisoffailuretocomplywiththissection.
(f)Citizensuits
TherequirementsimposedontheAdministratorunderthissectionshallbetreatedasnondiscretionarydutiesforpurposesofsection7604(a)(2)ofthistitle,relatingtocitizensuits.ThesolemethodforenforcementoftheAdministrator'sdutyunderthissectionshallbebybringingacitizensuitundersuchsection7604(a)(2)foracourtordertocompeltheAdministratortoperformsuchduty.ViolationofanysuchordershallsubjecttheAdministratortopenaltiesforcontemptofcourt.
(g)Costs
Inthecaseofanyprovisionofthischapterinwhichcostsareexpresslyrequiredtobetakenintoaccount,theadequacyorinadequacyofanyassessmentrequiredunderthissectionmaybetakenintoconsideration,butshallnotbetreatedforpurposesofjudicialreviewofanysuchprovisionasconclusivewithrespecttocomplianceornoncompliancewiththerequirementofsuchprovisiontotakecostintoaccount.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§317,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§307,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.778;amendedPub.L.95–623,§13(d),Nov.9,1978,92Stat.3458.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
PartBofsubchapterI,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(3),wasrepealedbyPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§601,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2648.SeesubchapterVI(§7671etseq.)ofthischapter.
Codification
Anothersection317ofactJuly14,1955,issetoutasaShortTitlenoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
Amendments
1978—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.95–623substituted"section7411"for"section7411(b)".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7618.Repealed.Pub.L.101–549,titleI,§108(q),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2469
Section,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§318,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleIII,§308,91Stat.780,relatedtofinancialdisclosureandconflictsofinterest.
§7619.Airqualitymonitoring
(a)Ingeneral
Afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsestablishinganairqualitymonitoringsystemthroughouttheUnitedStateswhich—
(1)utilizesuniformairqualitymonitoringcriteriaandmethodologyandmeasuressuchairqualityaccordingtoauniformairqualityindex,
(2)providesforairqualitymonitoringstationsinmajorurbanareasandotherappropriateareasthroughouttheUnitedStatestoprovidemonitoringsuchaswillsupplement(butnotduplicate)airqualitymonitoringcarriedoutbytheStatesrequiredunderanyapplicableimplementationplan,
(3)providesfordailyanalysisandreportingofairqualitybaseduponsuchuniformairqualityindex,and
(4)providesforrecordkeepingwithrespecttosuchmonitoringdataandforperiodicanalysisandreportingtothegeneralpublicbytheAdministratorwithrespecttoairqualitybaseduponsuchdata.
TheoperationofsuchairqualitymonitoringsystemmaybecarriedoutbytheAdministratororbysuchotherdepartments,agencies,orentitiesoftheFederalGovernment(includingtheNationalWeatherService)asthePresidentmaydeemappropriate.Anyairqualitymonitoringsystemrequiredunderanyapplicableimplementationplanundersection7410ofthistitleshall,assoonaspracticablefollowingpromulgationofregulationsunderthissection,utilizethestandardcriteriaandmethodology,andmeasureairqualityaccordingtothestandardindex,establishedundersuchregulations.
(b)Airqualitymonitoringdatainfluencedbyexceptionalevents
(1)Definitionofexceptionalevent
Inthissection:
(A)Ingeneral
Theterm"exceptionalevent"meansaneventthat—
(i)affectsairquality;
(ii)isnotreasonablycontrollableorpreventable;
(iii)isaneventcausedbyhumanactivitythatisunlikelytorecurataparticularlocationoranaturalevent;and
(iv)isdeterminedbytheAdministratorthroughtheprocessestablishedintheregulationspromulgatedunderparagraph(2)tobeanexceptionalevent.
(B)Exclusions
Inthissubsection,theterm"exceptionalevent"doesnotinclude—
(i)stagnationofairmassesormeteorologicalinversions;
(ii)ameteorologicaleventinvolvinghightemperaturesorlackofprecipitation;or
(iii)airpollutionrelatingtosourcenoncompliance.
(2)Regulations
(A)Proposedregulations
NotlaterthanMarch1,2006,afterconsultationwithFederallandmanagersandStateairpollutioncontrolagencies,theAdministratorshallpublishintheFederalRegisterproposedregulationsgoverningthereviewandhandlingofairqualitymonitoringdatainfluencedbyexceptionalevents.
(B)Finalregulations
Notlaterthan1yearafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorpublishesproposedregulationsundersubparagraph(A),andafterprovidinganopportunityforinterestedpersonstomakeoralpresentationsofviews,data,andargumentsregardingtheproposedregulations,theAdministratorshallpromulgatefinalregulationsgoverningthereviewandhandlingor 1airqualitymonitoringdatainfluencedbyanexceptionaleventthatareconsistentwithparagraph(3).
(3)Principlesandrequirements
(A)Principles
Inpromulgatingregulationsunderthissection,theAdministratorshallfollow—
(i)theprinciplethatprotectionofpublichealthisthehighestpriority;
(ii)theprinciplethattimelyinformationshouldbeprovidedtothepublicinanycaseinwhichtheairqualityisunhealthy;
(iii)theprinciplethatallambientairqualitydatashouldbeincludedinatimelymanner,2anappropriateFederalairqualitydatabasethatisaccessibletothepublic;
(iv)theprinciplethateachStatemusttakenecessarymeasurestosafeguardpublichealthregardlessofthesourceoftheairpollution;and
(v)theprinciplethatairqualitydatashouldbecarefullyscreenedtoensurethateventsnotlikelytorecurarerepresentedaccuratelyinallmonitoringdataandanalyses.
(B)Requirements
Regulationspromulgatedunderthissectionshall,ataminimum,providethat—
(i)theoccurrenceofanexceptionaleventmustbedemonstratedbyreliable,accuratedatathatispromptlyproducedandprovidedbyFederal,State,orlocalgovernmentagencies;
(ii)aclearcausalrelationshipmustexistbetweenthemeasuredexceedancesofanationalambientairqualitystandardandtheexceptionaleventtodemonstratethattheexceptionaleventcausedaspecificairpollutionconcentrationataparticularairqualitymonitoringlocation;
(iii)thereisapublicprocessfordeterminingwhetheraneventisexceptional;and
(iv)therearecriteriaandproceduresfortheGovernorofaStatetopetitiontheAdministratortoexcludeairqualitymonitoringdatathatisdirectlyduetoexceptionaleventsfromuseindeterminationsbytheAdministratorwithrespecttoexceedancesorviolationsofthenationalambientairqualitystandards.
(4)Interimprovision
Untiltheeffectivedateofaregulationpromulgatedunderparagraph(2),thefollowingguidanceissuedbytheAdministratorshallcontinuetoapply:
(A)Guidanceontheidentificationanduseofairqualitydataaffectedbyexceptionalevents(July1986).
(B)AreasaffectedbyPM–10naturalevents,May30,1996.
(C)AppendicesI,K,andNtopart50oftitle40,CodeofFederalRegulations.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§319,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§309,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.781;amendedPub.L.109–59,titleVI,§6013(a),Aug.10,2005,119Stat.1882.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
2005—Pub.L.109–59designatedexistingprovisionsassubsec.(a),insertedheading,substituted"Afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing"for"NotlaterthanoneyearafterAugust7,1977,andafternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing",andaddedsubsec.(b).
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"of".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbefollowedby"in".
§7620.Standardizedairqualitymodeling
(a)Conferences
NotlaterthansixmonthsafterAugust7,1977,andatleasteverythreeyearsthereafter,theAdministratorshallconductaconferenceonairqualitymodeling.Inconductingsuchconference,specialattentionshallbegiventoappropriatemodelingnecessaryforcarryingoutpartCofsubchapterI(relatingtopreventionofsignificantdeteriorationofairquality).
(b)Conferees
TheconferenceconductedunderthissectionshallprovideforparticipationbytheNationalAcademyofSciences,representativesofStateandlocalairpollutioncontrolagencies,andappropriateFederalagencies,includingtheNationalScienceFoundation; 1theNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,andtheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.
(c)Comments;transcripts
Interestedpersonsshallbepermittedtosubmitwrittencommentsandaverbatimtranscriptoftheconferenceproceedingsshallbemaintained.
(d)Promulgationandrevisionofregulationsrelatingtoairqualitymodeling
Thecommentssubmittedandthetranscriptmaintainedpursuanttosubsection(c)shallbeincludedinthedocketrequiredtobeestablishedforpurposesofpromulgatingorrevisinganyregulationrelatingtoairqualitymodelingunderpartCofsubchapterI.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§320,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§310,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.782;amendedPub.L.100–418,titleV,§5115(c),Aug.23,1988,102Stat.1433.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1988—Subsec.(b).Pub.L.100–418substituted"NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology"for"NationalBureauofStandards".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Thesemicolonprobablyshouldbeacomma.
§7621.Employmenteffects
(a)Continuousevaluationofpotentiallossorshiftsofemployment
TheAdministratorshallconductcontinuingevaluationsofpotentiallossorshiftsofemploymentwhichmayresultfromtheadministrationorenforcementoftheprovisionofthischapterandapplicableimplementationplans,includingwhereappropriate,investigatingthreatenedplantclosuresorreductionsinemploymentallegedlyresultingfromsuchadministrationorenforcement.
(b)Requestforinvestigation;hearings;record;report
Anyemployee,oranyrepresentativeofsuchemployee,whoisdischargedorlaidoff,threatenedwithdischargeorlayoff,orwhoseemploymentisotherwiseadverselyaffectedorthreatenedtobeadverselyaffectedbecauseoftheallegedresultsofanyrequirementimposedorproposedtobeimposedunderthischapter,includinganyrequirementapplicabletoFederalfacilitiesandanyrequirementimposedbyaStateorpoliticalsubdivisionthereof,mayrequesttheAdministratortoconductafullinvestigationofthematter.Anysuchrequestshallbereducedtowriting,shallsetforthwithreasonableparticularitythegroundsfortherequest,andshallbesignedbytheemployee,orrepresentativeofsuchemployee,makingtherequest.TheAdministratorshallthereuponinvestigatethematterand,attherequestofanyparty,shallholdpublichearingsonnotlessthanfivedays'notice.Atsuchhearings,theAdministratorshallrequiretheparties,includingtheemployerinvolved,topresentinformationrelatingtotheactualorpotentialeffectofsuchrequirementsonemploymentandthedetailedreasonsorjustificationtherefor.IftheAdministratordeterminesthattherearenoreasonablegroundsforconductingapublichearingheshallnotify(inwriting)thepartyrequestingsuchhearingofsuchadeterminationandthereasonstherefor.IftheAdministratordoesconvenesuchahearing,thehearingshallbeontherecord.Uponreceivingthereportofsuchinvestigation,theAdministratorshallmakefindingsoffactastotheeffectofsuchrequirementsonemploymentandontheallegedactualorpotentialdischarge,layoff,orotheradverseeffectonemployment,andshallmakesuchrecommendationsashedeemsappropriate.Suchreport,findings,andrecommendationsshallbeavailabletothepublic.
(c)Subpenas;confidentialinformation;witnesses;penalty
Inconnectionwithanyinvestigationorpublichearingconductedundersubsection(b)ofthissectionorasauthorizedinsection7419ofthistitle(relatingtoprimarynonferroussmelterorders),theAdministratormayissuesubpenasfortheattendanceandtestimonyofwitnessesandtheproductionofrelevantpapers,booksanddocuments,andhemayadministeroaths.Exceptforemissiondata,uponashowingsatisfactorytotheAdministratorbysuchowneroroperatorthatsuchpapers,books,documents,orinformationorparticularpartthereof,ifmadepublic,woulddivulgetradesecretsorsecretprocessesofsuchowner,oroperator,theAdministratorshallconsidersuchrecord,report,orinformationorparticularportionthereofconfidentialinaccordancewiththepurposesofsection1905oftitle18,exceptthatsuchpaper,book,document,orinformationmaybedisclosedtootherofficers,employees,orauthorizedrepresentativesoftheUnitedStatesconcernedwithcarryingoutthischapter,orwhenrelevantinanyproceedingunderthischapter.WitnessessummonedshallbepaidthesamefeesandmileagethatarepaidwitnessesinthecourtsoftheUnitedStates.Incasesofcontumacyorrefusaltoobeyasubpenaserveduponanypersonunderthissubparagraph,1thedistrictcourtoftheUnitedStatesforanydistrictinwhichsuchpersonisfoundorresidesortransactsbusiness,uponapplicationbytheUnitedStatesandafternoticetosuchperson,shallhavejurisdictiontoissueanorderrequiringsuchpersontoappearandgivetestimonybeforetheAdministrator,toappearandproducepapers,books,anddocumentsbeforetheAdministrator,orboth,andanyfailuretoobeysuchorderofthecourtmaybepunishedbysuchcourtasacontemptthereof.
(d)Limitationsonconstructionofsection
NothinginthissectionshallbeconstruedtorequireorauthorizetheAdministrator,theStates,orpoliticalsubdivisionsthereof,tomodifyorwithdrawanyrequirementimposedorproposedtobeimposedunderthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§321,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§311,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.782.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
StudyofPotentialDislocationofEmployees
Pub.L.95–95,titleIV,§403(e),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.793,providedthattheSecretaryofLabor,inconsultationwiththeAdministrator,conductastudyofpotentialdislocationofemployeesduetoimplementationoflawsadministeredbytheAdministratorandthattheSecretarysubmittoCongresstheresultsofthestudynotmorethanoneyearafterAug.7,1977.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsection,"
§7622.Employeeprotection
(a)Dischargeordiscriminationprohibited
Noemployermaydischargeanyemployeeorotherwisediscriminateagainstanyemployeewithrespecttohiscompensation,terms,conditions,orprivilegesofemploymentbecausetheemployee(oranypersonactingpursuanttoarequestoftheemployee)—
(1)commenced,causedtobecommenced,orisabouttocommenceorcausetobecommencedaproceedingunderthischapteroraproceedingfortheadministrationorenforcementofanyrequirementimposedunderthischapterorunderanyapplicableimplementationplan,
(2)testifiedorisabouttotestifyinanysuchproceeding,or
(3)assistedorparticipatedorisabouttoassistorparticipateinanymannerinsuchaproceedingorinanyotheractiontocarryoutthepurposesofthischapter.
(b)Complaintchargingunlawfuldischargeordiscrimination;investigation;order
(1)Anyemployeewhobelievesthathehasbeendischargedorotherwisediscriminatedagainstbyanypersoninviolationofsubsection(a)may,withinthirtydaysaftersuchviolationoccurs,file(orhaveanypersonfileonhisbehalf)acomplaintwiththeSecretaryofLabor(hereinafterinthissubsectionreferredtoasthe"Secretary")allegingsuchdischargeordiscrimination.Uponreceiptofsuchacomplaint,theSecretaryshallnotifythepersonnamedinthecomplaintofthefilingofthecomplaint.
(2)(A)Uponreceiptofacomplaintfiledunderparagraph(1),theSecretaryshallconductaninvestigationoftheviolationallegedinthecomplaint.Withinthirtydaysofthereceiptofsuchcomplaint,theSecretaryshallcompletesuchinvestigationandshallnotifyinwritingthecomplainant(andanypersonactinginhisbehalf)andthepersonallegedtohavecommittedsuchviolationoftheresultsoftheinvestigationconductedpursuanttothissubparagraph.WithinninetydaysofthereceiptofsuchcomplainttheSecretaryshall,unlesstheproceedingonthecomplaintisterminatedbytheSecretaryonthebasisofasettlemententeredintobytheSecretaryandthepersonallegedtohavecommittedsuchviolation,issueanordereitherprovidingthereliefprescribedbysubparagraph(B)ordenyingthecomplaint.AnorderoftheSecretaryshallbemadeontherecordafternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing.TheSecretarymaynotenterintoasettlementterminatingaproceedingonacomplaintwithouttheparticipationandconsentofthecomplainant.
(B)If,inresponsetoacomplaintfiledunderparagraph(1),theSecretarydeterminesthataviolationofsubsection(a)hasoccurred,theSecretaryshallorderthepersonwhocommittedsuchviolationto(i)takeaffirmativeactiontoabatetheviolation,and(ii)reinstatethecomplainanttohisformerpositiontogetherwiththecompensation(includingbackpay),terms,conditions,andprivilegesofhisemployment,andtheSecretarymayordersuchpersontoprovidecompensatorydamagestothecomplainant.Ifanorderisissuedunderthisparagraph,theSecretary,attherequestofthecomplainant,shallassessagainstthepersonagainstwhomtheorderisissuedasumequaltotheaggregateamountofallcostsandexpenses(includingattorneys'andexpertwitnessfees)reasonablyincurred,asdeterminedbytheSecretary,bythecomplainantfor,orinconnectionwith,thebringingofthecomplaintuponwhichtheorderwasissued.
(c)Review
(1)Anypersonadverselyaffectedoraggrievedbyanorderissuedundersubsection(b)mayobtainreviewoftheorderintheUnitedStatescourtofappealsforthecircuitinwhichtheviolation,withrespecttowhichtheorderwasissued,allegedlyoccurred.ThepetitionforreviewmustbefiledwithinsixtydaysfromtheissuanceoftheSecretary'sorder.Reviewshallconformtochapter7oftitle5.Thecommencementofproceedingsunderthissubparagraph 1shallnot,unlessorderedbythecourt,operateasastayoftheSecretary'sorder.
(2)AnorderoftheSecretarywithrespecttowhichreviewcouldhavebeenobtainedunderparagraph(1)shallnotbesubjecttojudicialreviewinanycriminalorothercivilproceeding.
(d)EnforcementoforderbySecretary
Wheneverapersonhasfailedtocomplywithanorderissuedundersubsection(b)(2),theSecretarymayfileacivilactionintheUnitedStatesdistrictcourtforthedistrictinwhichtheviolationwasfoundtooccurtoenforcesuchorder.Inactionsbroughtunderthissubsection,thedistrictcourtsshallhavejurisdictiontograntallappropriatereliefincluding,butnotlimitedto,injunctiverelief,compensatory,andexemplarydamages.
(e)Enforcementoforderbypersononwhosebehalforderwasissued
(1)Anypersononwhosebehalfanorderwasissuedunderparagraph(2)ofsubsection(b)maycommenceacivilactionagainstthepersontowhomsuchorderwasissuedtorequirecompliancewithsuchorder.TheappropriateUnitedStatesdistrictcourtshallhavejurisdiction,withoutregardtotheamountincontroversyorthecitizenshipoftheparties,toenforcesuchorder.
(2)Thecourt,inissuinganyfinalorderunderthissubsection,mayawardcostsoflitigation(includingreasonableattorneyandexpertwitnessfees)toanypartywheneverthecourtdeterminessuchawardisappropriate.
(f)Mandamus
Anynondiscretionarydutyimposedbythissectionshallbeenforceableinamandamusproceedingbroughtundersection1361oftitle28.
(g)Deliberateviolationbyemployee
Subsection(a)shallnotapplywithrespecttoanyemployeewho,actingwithoutdirectionfromhisemployer(ortheemployer'sagent),deliberatelycausesaviolationofanyrequirementofthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§322,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§312,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.783.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.
§7623.Repealed.Pub.L.96–300,§1(c),July2,1980,94Stat.831
Section,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§323,asaddedAug.7,1977,Pub.L.95–95,titleIII,§313,91Stat.785;amendedNov.16,1977,Pub.L.95–190,§14(a)(81),91Stat.1404;S.Res.4,Feb.4,1977;H.Res.549,Mar.25,1980;July2,1980,Pub.L.96–300,§1(a),94Stat.831,establishedaNationalCommissiononAirQuality,prescribednumeroussubjectsforstudyandreporttoCongress,enumeratedspecificquestionsforstudyandinvestigation,requiredspecificidentificationoflossorirretrievablecommitmentofresources,andprovidedforappointmentandconfirmationofitsmembership,cooperationofFederalexecutiveagencies,submissionofaNationalAcademyofSciencesstudytoCongress,compensationandtravelexpenses,terminationofCommission,appointmentandcompensationofstaff,andpublicparticipation.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDateofRepeal
Pub.L.96–300,§1(c),July2,1980,94Stat.831,providedthatthissectionisrepealedondateonwhichNationalCommissiononAirQualityceasestoexistpursuanttoprovisionsofformersubsec.(g)ofthissection,whichprovidedthatnotlaterthanMar.1,1981,areportbesubmittedcontainingresultsofallCommissionstudiesandinvestigationsandthatCommissionceasetoexistonMar.1,1981,ifreportisnotsubmittedonMar.1,1981,orCommissionwouldceasetoexistonsuchdate,butnotlaterthanMay1,1981,asdeterminedandorderedbyCommissionifreportissubmittedonMar.1,1981.
NationalCommissiononAirQuality;ExtensionProhibition
Pub.L.96–300,§1(d),July2,1980,94Stat.831,providedthatnothinginanyotherauthorityoflawshallbeconstruedtoauthorizeorpermittheextensionoftheNationalCommissiononAirQualitypursuanttoanyExecutiveorderorotherExecutiveoragencyaction.
§7624.Costofvaporrecoveryequipment
(a)Coststobebornebyownerofretailoutlet
Theregulationsunderthischapterapplicabletovaporrecoverywithrespecttomobilesourcefuelsatretailoutletsofsuchfuelsshallprovidethatthecostofprocurementandinstallationofsuchvaporrecoveryshallbebornebytheownerofsuchoutlet(asdeterminedundersuchregulations).Exceptasprovidedinsubsection(b),suchregulationsshallprovidethatnoleaseofaretailoutletbytheownerthereofwhichisenteredintoorrenewedafterAugust7,1977,mayprovideforapaymentbythelesseeofthecostofprocurementandinstallationofvaporrecoveryequipment.Suchregulationsshallalsoprovidethatthecostofprocurementandinstallationofvaporrecoveryequipmentmayberecoveredbytheownerofsuchoutletbymeansofpriceincreasesinthecostofanyproductsoldbysuchowner,notwithstandinganyprovisionoflaw.
(b)Paymentbylessee
TheregulationsoftheAdministratorreferredtoinsubsection(a)shallpermitaleaseofaretailoutlettoprovideforpaymentbythelesseeofthecostofprocurementandinstallationofvaporrecoveryequipmentoverareasonableperiod(asdeterminedinaccordancewithsuchregulations),iftheownerofsuchoutletdoesnotsell,tradein,orotherwisedispenseanyproductatwholesaleorretailatsuchoutlet.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§323,formerly§324,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§314(a),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.788;amendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(82),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1404;renumbered§323andamendedPub.L.96–300,§1(b),(c),July2,1980,94Stat.831.)
EditorialNotes
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection323ofactJuly14,1955,wasclassifiedtosection7623ofthistitlepriortorepealbyPub.L.96–300,§1(c),July2,1980,94Stat.831.
Amendments
1980—Pub.L.96–300,§1(b),whichdirectedthatlastsentenceofthissectionbestruckoutwasprobablyintendedtostrikesentencepurportedlyaddedbyPub.L.95–190.See1977Amendmentnotebelowandsection7623(i)ofthistitle.
1977—Pub.L.95–190whichpurportedtoamendsubsec.(j)ofthissectionbyinserting"TheCommissionmayappointandfixthepayofsuchstaffasitdeemsnecessary."after"(j)"wasnotexecutedtothissectionbecauseitdidnotcontainasubsec.(j).See1980Amendmentnoteabove.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7625.Vaporrecoveryforsmallbusinessmarketersofpetroleumproducts
(a)Marketersofgasoline
Theregulationsunderthischapterapplicabletovaporrecoveryfromfuelingofmotorvehiclesatretailoutletsofgasolineshallnotapplytoanyoutletownedbyanindependentsmallbusinessmarketerofgasolinehavingmonthlysalesoflessthan50,000gallons.Inthecaseofanyotheroutletownedbyanindependentsmallbusinessmarketer,suchregulationsshallprovide,withrespecttoindependentsmallbusinessmarketersofgasoline,forathree-yearphase-inperiodfortheinstallationofsuchvaporrecoveryequipmentatsuchoutletsunderwhichsuchmarketersshallhave—
(1)33percentofsuchoutletsincomplianceattheendofthefirstyearduringwhichsuchregulationsapplytosuchmarketers,
(2)66percentattheendofsuchsecondyear,and
(3)100percentattheendofthethirdyear.
(b)Staterequirements
Nothinginsubsection(a)shallbeconstruedtoprohibitanyStatefromadoptingorenforcing,withrespecttoindependentsmallbusinessmarketersofgasolinehavingmonthlysalesoflessthan50,000gallons,anyvaporrecoveryrequirementsformobilesourcefuelsatretailoutlets.AnyvaporrecoveryrequirementwhichisadoptedbyaStateandsubmittedtotheAdministratoraspartofitsimplementationplanmaybeapprovedandenforcedbytheAdministratoraspartoftheapplicableimplementationplanforthatState.
(c)Refiners
Forpurposesofthissection,anindependentsmallbusinessmarketerofgasolineisapersonengagedinthemarketingofgasolinewhowouldberequiredtopayforprocurementandinstallationofvaporrecoveryequipmentundersection7624 1ofthistitleorunderregulationsoftheAdministrator,unlesssuchperson—
(1)(A)isarefiner,or 2
(B)controls,iscontrolledby,orisundercommoncontrolwith,arefiner,
(C)isotherwisedirectlyorindirectlyaffiliated(asdeterminedundertheregulationsoftheAdministrator)witharefinerorwithapersonwhocontrols,iscontrolledby,orisunderacommoncontrolwitharefiner(unlessthesoleaffiliationreferredtohereinisbymeansofasupplycontractoranagreementorcontracttouseatrademark,tradename,servicemark,orotheridentifyingsymbolornameownedbysuchrefineroranysuchperson),or
(2)receiveslessthan50percentofhisannualincomefromrefiningormarketingofgasoline.
Forthepurposeofthissection,theterm"refiner"shallnotincludeanyrefinerwhosetotalrefinerycapacity(includingtherefinerycapacityofanypersonwhocontrols,iscontrolledby,orisundercommoncontrolwith,suchrefiner)doesnotexceed65,000barrelsperday.Forpurposesofthissection,"control"ofacorporationmeansownershipofmorethan50percentofitsstock.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§324,formerly§325,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§314(b),Aug.7,1977,91Stat.789;renumbered§324,Pub.L.96–300,§1(c),July2,1980,94Stat.831.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section7624ofthistitle,referredtoinsubsec.(c),wasintheoriginal"section324ofthisAct",meaningsection324oftheActJuly14,1955.Sections324and325ofthatAct,wererenumberedsections323and324,respectively,byPub.L.96–300,§1(b),July2,1980,94Stat.831,andareclassifiedtosections7624and7625,respectively,ofthistitle.
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection324ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection323byPub.L.96–300andisclassifiedtosection7624ofthistitle.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
2 Soinoriginal.Theword"or"probablyshouldappearattheendofsubpar.(B).
§7625–1.Exemptionsforcertainterritories
(a)(1)Uponpetitionbythegovernor 1ofGuam,AmericanSamoa,theVirginIslands,ortheCommonwealthoftheNorthernMarianaIslands,theAdministratorisauthorizedtoexemptanypersonorsourceorclassofpersonsorsourcesinsuchterritoryfromanyrequirementunderthischapterotherthansection7412ofthistitleoranyrequirementundersection7410ofthistitleorpartD 2necessarytoattainormaintainanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandard.SuchexemptionmaybegrantediftheAdministratorfindsthatcompliancewithsuchrequirementisnotfeasibleorisunreasonableduetouniquegeographical,meteorological,oreconomicfactorsofsuchterritory,orsuchotherlocalfactorsastheAdministratordeemssignificant.Anysuchpetitionshallbeconsideredinaccordancewithsection7607(d)ofthistitleandanyexemptionunderthissubsectionshallbeconsideredfinalactionbytheAdministratorforthepurposesofsection7607(b)ofthistitle.
(2)TheAdministratorshallpromptlynotifytheCommitteesonEnergyandCommerceandonNaturalResourcesoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheCommitteesonEnvironmentandPublicWorksandonEnergyandNaturalResourcesoftheSenateuponreceiptofanypetitionunderthissubsectionandoftheapprovalorrejectionofsuchpetitionandthebasisforsuchaction.
(b)Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionofthischapter,anyfossilfuelfiredsteamelectricpowerplantoperatingwithinGuamasofDecember8,1983,isherebyexemptedfrom:
(1)anyrequirementofthenewsourceperformancestandardsrelatingtosulfurdioxidepromulgatedundersection7411ofthistitleasofDecember8,1983;and
(2)anyregulationrelatingtosulfurdioxidestandardsorlimitationscontainedinaStateimplementationplanapprovedundersection7410ofthistitleasofDecember8,1983:Provided,ThatsuchexemptionshallexpireeighteenmonthsafterDecember8,1983,unlesstheAdministratordeterminesthatsuchplantismakingallemissionsreductionspracticabletopreventexceedancesofthenationalambientairqualitystandardsforsulfurdioxide.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§325,asaddedPub.L.98–213,§11,Dec.8,1983,97Stat.1461;amendedPub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§806,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2689;Pub.L.103–437,§15(s),Nov.2,1994,108Stat.4594.)
EditorialNotes
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection325ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection326byPub.L.98–213andisclassifiedtosection7625aofthistitle.
Anotherpriorsection325ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection324byPub.L.96–300andisclassifiedtosection7625ofthistitle.
Amendments
1994—Subsec.(a)(2).Pub.L.103–437substituted"NaturalResources"for"InteriorandInsularAffairs"before"oftheHouse".
1990—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.101–549,whichdirectedtheinsertionof"theVirginIslands,"after"AmericanSamoa,"in"[s]ection324(a)(1)oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7625–1(a)(1))",wasexecutedbymakingtheinsertioninsubsec.(a)(1)ofthissectiontoreflecttheprobableintentofCongress.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
ChangeofName
CommitteeonEnergyandCommerceofHouseofRepresentativestreatedasreferringtoCommitteeonCommerceofHouseofRepresentativesbysection1(a)ofPub.L.104–14,setoutasanoteprecedingsection21ofTitle2,TheCongress.CommitteeonCommerceofHouseofRepresentativeschangedtoCommitteeonEnergyandCommerceofHouseofRepresentatives,andjurisdictionovermattersrelatingtosecuritiesandexchangesandinsurancegenerallytransferredtoCommitteeonFinancialServicesofHouseofRepresentativesbyHouseResolutionNo.5,OneHundredSeventhCongress,Jan.3,2001.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbecapitalized.
2 Soinoriginal.ProbablyshouldrefertopartDofsubchapterI.
§7625a.Statutoryconstruction
Theparentheticalcrossreferencesinanyprovisionofthischaptertootherprovisionsofthechapter,orotherprovisionsoflaw,wherethewords"relatingto"or"pertainingto"areused,aremadeonlyforconvenience,andshallbegivennolegaleffect.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§326,asaddedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(84),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1404;renumbered§325,Pub.L.96–300,§1(c),July2,1980,94Stat.831;renumbered§326,Pub.L.98–213,§11,Dec.8,1983,97Stat.1461.)
EditorialNotes
PriorProvisions
Apriorsection326ofactJuly14,1955,wasrenumberedsection327byPub.L.98–213andisclassifiedtosection7626ofthistitle.
§7626.Authorizationofappropriations
(a)Ingeneral
Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedtocarryoutthischaptersuchsumsasmaybenecessaryforthe7fiscalyearscommencingafterNovember15,1990.
(b)Grantsforplanning
Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriated(1)notmorethan$50,000,000tocarryoutsection7505ofthistitlebeginninginfiscalyear1991,tobeavailableuntilexpended,todevelopplanrevisionsrequiredbysubpart2,3,or4ofpartDofsubchapterI,and(2)notmorethan$15,000,000foreachofthe7fiscalyearscommencingafterNovember15,1990,tomakegrantstotheStatestoprepareimplementationplansasrequiredbysubpart2,3,or4ofpartDofsubchapterI.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§327,formerly§325,asaddedPub.L.95–95,titleIII,§315,Aug.7,1977,91Stat.790;renumbered§327andamendedPub.L.95–190,§14(a)(83),Nov.16,1977,91Stat.1404;renumbered§326,Pub.L.96–300,§1(c),July2,1980,94Stat.831;renumbered§327,Pub.L.98–213,§11,Dec.8,1983,97Stat.1461;Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§822,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2699.)
EditorialNotes
PriorProvisions
Provisionssimilartothoseinthissectionwerecontainedinsection1857lofthistitle,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§316,formerly§13,asaddedDec.17,1963,Pub.L.88–206,§1,77Stat.401;renumbered§306andamendedOct.20,1965,Pub.L.89–272,titleI,§101(4),(6),(7),79Stat.992;Oct.15,1966,Pub.L.89–675,§2(a),80Stat.954;renumbered§309andamendedNov.21,1967,Pub.L.90–148,§2,81Stat.506;renumbered§316andamendedDec.31,1970,Pub.L.91–604,§§12(a),13(b),84Stat.1705,1709;Apr.9,1973,Pub.L.93–15,§1(c),87Stat.11;June22,1974,Pub.L.93–319,§13(c),88Stat.265,priortorepealbysection306ofPub.L.95–95.
Amendments
1990—Pub.L.101–549amendedsectiongenerally,substitutingpresentprovisionsforprovisionsauthorizingspecificappropriationsforcertainprogramsandperiodsandappropriationsof$200,000,000forfiscalyears1978through1981tocarryouttheotherprogramsunderthischapter.
1977—Subsec.(b)(4).Pub.L.95–190substituted"section7403(a)(5)"for"section7403(b)(5)".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
SectioneffectiveAug.7,1977,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovided,seesection406(d)ofPub.L.95–95,setoutasanEffectiveDateof1977Amendmentnoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
§7627.AirpollutionfromOuterContinentalShelfactivities
(a)Applicablerequirementsforcertainareas
(1)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990,followingconsultationwiththeSecretaryoftheInteriorandtheCommandantoftheUnitedStatesCoastGuard,theAdministrator,byrule,shallestablishrequirementstocontrolairpollutionfromOuterContinentalShelfsourceslocatedoffshoreoftheStatesalongthePacific,ArcticandAtlanticCoasts(otherthanOuterContinentalShelfsourceslocatedoffshoreoftheNorthSlopeBoroughoftheStateofAlaska),andalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoastofftheStateofFloridaeastwardoflongitude87degreesand30minutes("OCSsources")toattainandmaintainFederalandStateambientairqualitystandardsandtocomplywiththeprovisionsofpartCofsubchapterI.Forsuchsourceslocatedwithin25milesoftheseawardboundaryofsuchStates,suchrequirementsshallbethesameaswouldbeapplicableifthesourcewerelocatedinthecorrespondingonshorearea,andshallinclude,butnotbelimitedto,Stateandlocalrequirementsforemissioncontrols,emissionlimitations,offsets,permitting,monitoring,testing,andreporting.NewOCSsourcesshallcomplywithsuchrequirementsonthedateofpromulgationandexistingOCSsourcesshallcomplyonthedate24monthsthereafter.TheAdministratorshallupdatesuchrequirementsasnecessarytomaintainconsistencywithonshoreregulationsandthischapter.Theauthorityofthissubsectionshallsupersedesection5(a)(8)oftheOuterContinentalShelfLandsAct[43U.S.C.1334(a)(8)]butshallnotrepealormodifyanyotherFederal,State,orlocalauthoritieswithrespecttoairquality.Eachrequirementestablishedunderthissectionshallbetreated,forpurposesofsections7413,7414,7416,7420,and7604ofthistitle,asastandardundersection7411ofthistitleandaviolationofanysuchrequirementshallbeconsideredaviolationofsection7411(e)ofthistitle.
(2)Exemptions
TheAdministratormayexemptanOCSsourcefromaspecificrequirementineffectunderregulationsunderthissubsectioniftheAdministratorfindsthatcompliancewithapollutioncontroltechnologyrequirementistechnicallyinfeasibleorwillcauseanunreasonablethreattohealthandsafety.TheAdministratorshallmakewrittenfindingsexplainingthebasisofanyexemptionissuedpursuanttothissubsectionandshallimposeanotherrequirementequaltoorascloseinstringencytotheoriginalrequirementaspossible.TheAdministratorshallensurethatanyincreaseinemissionsduetothegrantingofanexemptionisoffsetbyreductionsinactualemissions,nototherwiserequiredbythischapter,fromthesamesourceorothersourcesintheareaorinthecorrespondingonshorearea.TheAdministratorshallestablishprocedurestoprovideforpublicnoticeandcommentonexemptionsproposedpursuanttothissubsection.
(3)Stateprocedures
EachStateadjacenttoanOCSsourceincludedunderthissubsectionmaypromulgateandsubmittotheAdministratorregulationsforimplementingandenforcingtherequirementsofthissubsection.IftheAdministratorfindsthattheStateregulationsareadequate,theAdministratorshalldelegatetothatStateanyauthoritytheAdministratorhasunderthischaptertoimplementandenforcesuchrequirements.NothinginthissubsectionshallprohibittheAdministratorfromenforcinganyrequirementofthissection.
(4)Definitions
Forpurposesofsubsections(a)and(b)—
(A)OuterContinentalShelf
Theterm"OuterContinentalShelf"hasthemeaningprovidedbysection2oftheOuterContinentalShelfLandsAct(43U.S.C.1331).
(B)Correspondingonshorearea
Theterm"correspondingonshorearea"means,withrespecttoanyOCSsource,theonshoreattainmentornonattainmentareathatisclosesttothesource,unlesstheAdministratordeterminesthatanotherareawithmorestringentrequirementswithrespecttothecontrolandabatementofairpollutionmayreasonablybeexpectedtobeaffectedbysuchemissions.SuchdeterminationshallbebasedonthepotentialforairpollutantsfromtheOCSsourcetoreachtheotheronshoreareaandthepotentialofsuchairpollutantstoaffecttheeffortsoftheotheronshoreareatoattainormaintainanyFederalorStateambientairqualitystandardortocomplywiththeprovisionsofpartCofsubchapterI.
(C)OuterContinentalShelfsource
Theterms"OuterContinentalShelfsource"and"OCSsource"includeanyequipment,activity,orfacilitywhich—
(i)emitsorhasthepotentialtoemitanyairpollutant,
(ii)isregulatedorauthorizedundertheOuterContinentalShelfLandsAct[43U.S.C.1331etseq.],and
(iii)islocatedontheOuterContinentalShelforinoronwatersabovetheOuterContinentalShelf.
Suchactivitiesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,platformanddrillshipexploration,construction,development,production,processing,andtransportation.Forpurposesofthissubsection,emissionsfromanyvesselservicingorassociatedwithanOCSsource,includingemissionswhileattheOCSsourceorenroutetoorfromtheOCSsourcewithin25milesoftheOCSsource,shallbeconsidereddirectemissionsfromtheOCSsource.
(D)NewandexistingOCSsources
Theterm"newOCSsource"meansanOCSsourcewhichisanewsourcewithinthemeaningofsection7411(a)ofthistitle.Theterm"existingOCSsource"meansanyOCSsourceotherthananewOCSsource.
(b)Requirementsforotheroffshoreareas
ForportionsoftheUnitedStatesOuterContinentalShelfthatareadjacenttotheStatesnotcoveredbysubsection(a)whichareTexas,Louisiana,Mississippi,andAlabamaorareadjacenttotheNorthSlopeBoroughoftheStateofAlaska,theSecretaryshallconsultwiththeAdministratortoassurecoordinationofairpollutioncontrolregulationforOuterContinentalShelfemissionsandemissionsinadjacentonshoreareas.Concurrentlywiththisobligation,theSecretaryshallcompletewithin3yearsofNovember15,1990,aresearchstudyexaminingtheimpactsofemissionsfromOuterContinentalShelfactivitiesinsuchareasthatfailtomeetthenationalambientairqualitystandardsforeitherozoneornitrogendioxide.Basedontheresultsofthisstudy,theSecretaryshallconsultwiththeAdministratoranddetermineifanyadditionalactionsarenecessary.Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriatedsuchsumsasmaybenecessarytoprovidefundingforthestudyrequiredunderthissection.
(c)Coastalwaters
(1)Thestudyreportofsection7412(n) 1ofthistitleshallapplytothecoastalwatersoftheUnitedStatestothesameextentandinthesamemannerassuchrequirementsapplytotheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,andtheirtributarywaters.
(2)Theregulatoryrequirementsofsection7412(n) 1ofthistitleshallapplytothecoastalwatersoftheStateswhicharesubjecttosubsection(a)ofthissection,tothesameextentandinthesamemannerassuchrequirementsapplytotheGreatLakes,theChesapeakeBay,andtheirtributarywaters.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§328,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§801,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2685;amendedPub.L.112–74,div.E,titleIV,§432(b),(c),Dec.23,2011,125Stat.1048,1049.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheOuterContinentalShelfLandsAct,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(4)(C)(ii),isactAug.7,1953,ch.345,67Stat.462,asamended,whichisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterIII(§1331etseq.)ofchapter29ofTitle43,PublicLands.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection1301ofTitle43andTables.
Amendments
2011—Subsec.(a)(1).Pub.L.112–74,§432(b),inserted"(otherthanOuterContinentalShelfsourceslocatedoffshoreoftheNorthSlopeBoroughoftheStateofAlaska)"after"OuterContinentalShelfsourceslocatedoffshoreoftheStatesalongthePacific,ArcticandAtlanticCoasts"and"andthischapter"after"regulations".
Subsec.(b).Pub.L.112–74,§432(c),struckout"GulfCoast"after"UnitedStates"andinserted"orareadjacenttotheNorthSlopeBoroughoftheStateofAlaska"after"Alabama".
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
TransferofFunctions
Fortransferofauthorities,functions,personnel,andassetsoftheCoastGuard,includingtheauthoritiesandfunctionsoftheSecretaryofTransportationrelatingthereto,totheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,andfortreatmentofrelatedreferences,seesections468(b),551(d),552(d),and557ofTitle6,DomesticSecurity,andtheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityReorganizationPlanofNovember25,2002,asmodified,setoutasanoteundersection542ofTitle6.
CongressionalStatementofPurpose
Pub.L.112–74,div.E,titleIV,§432(a),Dec.23,2011,125Stat.1048,providedthat:"Itisthepurposeofthissection[amendingthissectionandenactingprovisionssetoutasanoteunderthissection]toensurethattheenergypolicyoftheUnitedStatesfocusesontheexpeditiousandorderlydevelopmentofdomesticenergyresourcesinamannerthatprotectshumanhealthandtheenvironment."
EffectofTransferofAirQualityPermittingAuthority
Pub.L.112–74,div.E,titleIV,§432(d),Dec.23,2011,125Stat.1049,providedthat:"Thetransferofairqualitypermittingauthoritypursuanttothissection[amendingthissectionandenactingprovisionssetoutasanoteunderthissection]shallnotinvalidateorstay—
"(1)anyairqualitypermitpendingorexistingasofthedateoftheenactmentofthisAct[Dec.23,2011];or
"(2)anyproceedingrelatedthereto."
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7412(m)".
§7628.Demonstrationgrantprogramforlocalgovernments
(a)Grantprogram
(1)Ingeneral
TheAdministratorshallestablishademonstrationprogramunderwhichtheAdministratorshallprovidecompetitivegrantstoassistlocalgovernments(suchasmunicipalitiesandcounties),withrespecttolocalgovernmentbuildings—
(A)todeploycost-effectivetechnologiesandpractices;and
(B)toachieveoperationalcostsavings,throughtheapplicationofcost-effectivetechnologiesandpractices,asverifiedbytheAdministrator.
(2)Costsharing
(A)Ingeneral
TheFederalshareofthecostofanactivitycarriedoutusingagrantprovidedunderthissectionshallbe40percent.
(B)Waiverofnon-Federalshare
TheAdministratormaywaiveupto100percentofthelocalshareofthecostofanygrantunderthissectionshouldtheAdministratordeterminethatthecommunityiseconomicallydistressed,pursuanttoobjectiveeconomiccriteriaestablishedbytheAdministratorinpublishedguidelines.
(3)Maximumamount
Theamountofagrantprovidedunderthissubsectionshallnotexceed$1,000,000.
(b)Guidelines
(1)Ingeneral
Notlaterthan1yearafterDecember19,2007,theAdministratorshallissueguidelinestoimplementthegrantprogramestablishedundersubsection(a).
(2)Requirements
Theguidelinesunderparagraph(1)shallestablish—
(A)standardsformonitoringandverificationofoperationalcostsavingsthroughtheapplicationofcost-effectivetechnologiesandpracticesreportedbygranteesunderthissection;
(B)standardsforgranteestoimplementtrainingprograms,andtoprovidetechnicalassistanceandeducation,relatingtotheretrofitofbuildingsusingcost-effectivetechnologiesandpractices;and
(C)arequirementthateachlocalgovernmentthatreceivesagrantunderthissectionshallachievefacility-widecostsavings,throughrenovationofexistinglocalgovernmentbuildingsusingcost-effectivetechnologiesandpractices,ofatleast40percentascomparedtothebaselineoperationalcostsofthebuildingsbeforetherenovation(ascalculatedassuminga3-year,weather-normalizedaverage).
(c)CompliancewithStateandlocallaw
NothinginthissectionoranyprogramcarriedoutusingagrantprovidedunderthissectionsupersedesorotherwiseaffectsanyStateorlocallaw,totheextentthattheStateorlocallawcontainsarequirementthatismorestringentthantherelevantrequirementofthissection.
(d)Authorizationofappropriations
Thereisauthorizedtobeappropriatedtocarryoutthissection$20,000,000foreachoffiscalyears2007through2012.
(e)Reports
(1)Ingeneral
TheAdministratorshallprovideannualreportstoCongressoncostsavingsachievedandactionstakenandrecommendationsmadeunderthissection,andanyrecommendationsforfurtheraction.
(2)Finalreport
TheAdministratorshallissueafinalreportattheconclusionoftheprogram,includingfindings,asummaryoftotalcostsavingsachieved,andrecommendationsforfurtheraction.
(f)Termination
TheprogramunderthissectionshallterminateonSeptember30,2012.
(g)Definitions
Inthissection,theterms"cost-effectivetechnologiesandpractices"and"operating 1costsavings"shallhavethemeaningsdefinedinsection17061ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIII,§329,asaddedPub.L.110–140,titleIV,§493,Dec.19,2007,121Stat.1652.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
EffectiveDate
Sectioneffectiveonthedatethatis1dayafterDec.19,2007,seesection1601ofPub.L.110–140,setoutasanoteundersection1824ofTitle2,TheCongress.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"operational".
SUBCHAPTERIV—NOISEPOLLUTION
EditorialNotes
Codification
AnothertitleIVofactJuly14,1955,asaddedbyPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2584,isclassifiedtosubchapterIV–A(§7651etseq.)ofthischapter.
§7641.Noiseabatement
(a)OfficeofNoiseAbatementandControl
TheAdministratorshallestablishwithintheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyanOfficeofNoiseAbatementandControl,andshallcarryoutthroughsuchOfficeafullandcompleteinvestigationandstudyofnoiseanditseffectonthepublichealthandwelfareinorderto(1)identifyandclassifycausesandsourcesofnoise,and(2)determine—
(A)effectsatvariouslevels;
(B)projectedgrowthofnoiselevelsinurbanareasthroughtheyear2000;
(C)thepsychologicalandphysiologicaleffectonhumans;
(D)effectsofsporadicextremenoise(suchasjetnoisenearairports)ascomparedwithconstantnoise;
(E)effectonwildlifeandproperty(includingvalues);
(F)effectofsonicboomsonproperty(includingvalues);and
(G)suchothermattersasmaybeofinterestinthepublicwelfare.
(b)Investigationtechniques;reportandrecommendations
Inconductingsuchinvestigation,theAdministratorshallholdpublichearings,conductresearch,experiments,demonstrations,andstudies.TheAdministratorshallreporttheresultsofsuchinvestigationandstudy,togetherwithhisrecommendationsforlegislationorotheraction,tothePresidentandtheCongressnotlaterthanoneyearafterDecember31,1970.
(c)AbatementofnoisefromFederalactivities
InanycasewhereanyFederaldepartmentoragencyiscarryingoutorsponsoringanyactivityresultinginnoisewhichtheAdministratordeterminesamountstoapublicnuisanceorisotherwiseobjectionable,suchdepartmentoragencyshallconsultwiththeAdministratortodeterminepossiblemeansofabatingsuchnoise.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§402,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§14,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1709.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Anothersection402ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedbyPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2585,isclassifiedtosection7651aofthistitle.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1858ofthistitle.
§7642.Authorizationofappropriations
Thereisauthorizedtobeappropriatedsuchamount,nottoexceed$30,000,000,asmaybenecessaryforthepurposesofthissubchapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§403,asaddedPub.L.91–604,§14,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1710.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Anothersection403ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedbyPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2589,isclassifiedtosection7651bofthistitle.
Sectionwasformerlyclassifiedtosection1858aofthistitle.
SUBCHAPTERIV–A—ACIDDEPOSITIONCONTROL
EditorialNotes
Codification
AnothertitleIVofactJuly14,1955,asaddedbyPub.L.91–604,§14,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1709,isclassifiedprincipallytosubchapterIV(§7641etseq.)ofthischapter.
§7651.Findingsandpurposes
(a)Findings
TheCongressfindsthat—
(1)thepresenceofacidiccompoundsandtheirprecursorsintheatmosphereandindepositionfromtheatmosphererepresentsathreattonaturalresources,ecosystems,materials,visibility,andpublichealth;
(2)theprincipalsourcesoftheacidiccompoundsandtheirprecursorsintheatmosphereareemissionsofsulfurandnitrogenoxidesfromthecombustionoffossilfuels;
(3)theproblemofaciddepositionisofnationalandinternationalsignificance;
(4)strategiesandtechnologiesforthecontrolofprecursorstoaciddepositionexistnowthatareeconomicallyfeasible,andimprovedmethodsareexpectedtobecomeincreasinglyavailableoverthenextdecade;
(5)currentandfuturegenerationsofAmericanswillbeadverselyaffectedbydelayingmeasurestoremedytheproblem;
(6)reductionoftotalatmosphericloadingofsulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxideswillenhanceprotectionofthepublichealthandwelfareandtheenvironment;and
(7)controlmeasurestoreduceprecursoremissionsfromsteam-electricgeneratingunitsshouldbeinitiatedwithoutdelay.
(b)Purposes
Thepurposeofthissubchapteristoreducetheadverseeffectsofaciddepositionthroughreductionsinannualemissionsofsulfurdioxideoftenmilliontonsfrom1980emissionlevels,and,incombinationwithotherprovisionsofthischapter,ofnitrogenoxidesemissionsofapproximatelytwomilliontonsfrom1980emissionlevels,intheforty-eightcontiguousStatesandtheDistrictofColumbia.Itistheintentofthissubchaptertoeffectuatesuchreductionsbyrequiringcompliancebyaffectedsourceswithprescribedemissionlimitationsbyspecifieddeadlines,whichlimitationsmaybemetthroughalternativemethodsofcomplianceprovidedbyanemissionallocationandtransfersystem.Itisalsothepurposeofthissubchaptertoencourageenergyconservation,useofrenewableandcleanalternativetechnologies,andpollutionpreventionasalong-rangestrategy,consistentwiththeprovisionsofthissubchapter,forreducingairpollutionandotheradverseimpactsofenergyproductionanduse.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§401,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2584.)
EditorialNotes
Codification
Anothersection401ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedbyPub.L.91–604,§14,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1709,issetoutasaShortTitlenoteundersection7401ofthistitle.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
AcidDepositionStandards
Pub.L.101–549,titleIV,§404,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2632,directedAdministratorofEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,notlaterthan36monthsafterNov.15,1990,totransmittoCongressareportonthefeasibilityandeffectivenessofanaciddepositionstandardorstandardstoprotectsensitiveandcriticallysensitiveaquaticandterrestrialresources.
IndustrialSO2Emissions
Pub.L.101–549,titleIV,§406,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2632,providedthat:
"(a)Report.—NotlaterthanJanuary1,1995andevery5yearsthereafter,theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshalltransmittotheCongressareportcontaininganinventoryofnationalannualsulfurdioxideemissionsfromindustrialsources(asdefinedintitleIVoftheAct[42U.S.C.7651etseq.]),includingunitssubjecttosection405(g)(6)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7651d(g)(6)],forallyearsforwhichdataareavailable,aswellasthelikelytrendinsuchemissionsoverthefollowingtwenty-yearperiod.Thereportsshallalsocontainestimatesoftheactualemissionreductionineachyearresultingfrompromulgationofthedieselfueldesulfurizationregulationsundersection214[42U.S.C.7548].
"(b)5.60MillionTonCap.—Whenevertheinventoryrequiredbythissectionindicatesthatsulfurdioxideemissionsfromindustrialsources,includingunitssubjecttosection405(g)(5)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7651d(g)(5)],mayreasonablybeexpectedtoreachlevelsgreaterthan5.60milliontonsperyear,theAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshalltakesuchactionsundertheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7401etseq.]asmaybeappropriatetoensurethatsuchemissionsdonotexceed5.60milliontonsperyear.Suchactionsmayincludethepromulgationofnewandrevisedstandardsofperformancefornewsources,includingunitssubjecttosection405(g)(5)oftheCleanAirAct,undersection111(b)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7411(b)],aswellaspromulgationofstandardsofperformanceforexistingsources,includingunitssubjecttosection405(g)(5)oftheCleanAirAct,underauthorityofthissection.Foranexistingsourceregulatedunderthissection,'standardofperformance'meansastandardwhichtheAdministratordeterminesisapplicabletothatsourceandwhichreflectsthedegreeofemissionreductionachievablethroughtheapplicationofthebestsystemofcontinuousemissionreductionwhich(takingintoconsiderationthecostofachievingsuchemissionreduction,andanynonairqualityhealthandenvironmentalimpactandenergyrequirements)theAdministratordetermineshasbeenadequatelydemonstratedforthatcategoryofsources.
"(c)Election.—Regulationspromulgatedundersection405(b)oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7651d(b)]shallnotprohibitasourcefromelectingtobecomeanaffectedunitundersection410oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7651i]."
[Fortermination,effectiveMay15,2000,ofreportingprovisionsinsection406(a)ofPub.L.101–549,setoutabove,seesection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance,andthe10thitemonpage162ofHouseDocumentNo.103–7.]
SenseofCongressonEmissionReductionsCosts
Pub.L.101–549,titleIV,§407,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2633,providedthat:"ItisthesenseoftheCongressthattheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Pub.L.101–549,seeTablesforclassification],throughtheallowanceprogram,allocatesthecostsofachievingtherequiredreductionsinemissionsofsulfurdioxideandoxidesofnitrogenamongsourcesintheUnitedStates.Broadbasedtaxesandemissionsfeesthatwouldprovideforpaymentofthecostsofachievingrequiredemissionsreductionsbyanypartyorpartiesotherthanthesourcesrequiredtoachievethereductionsareundesirable."
MonitoringofAcidRainPrograminCanada
Pub.L.101–549,titleIV,§408,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2633,providedthattheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofState,theSecretaryofEnergy,andotherpersonstheAdministratordeemedappropriate,wouldprepareandsubmitareporttoCongressonJanuary1,1994,January1,1999,andJanuary1,2005,toanalyzetheemissionlevelsofsulfurdioxideandnitrogenoxidesineachoftheprovincesparticipatinginCanada'sacidraincontrolprogram,theamountofemissionreductionsofsulfurdioxideandoxidesofnitrogenachievedbyeachprovince,themethodsutilizedbyeachprovinceinmakingthosereductions,andthecostsandemploymentimpactsineachprovinceofmakingandmaintainingthosereductions.
§7651a.Definitions
Asusedinthissubchapter:
(1)Theterm"affectedsource"meansasourcethatincludesoneormoreaffectedunits.
(2)Theterm"affectedunit"meansaunitthatissubjecttoemissionreductionrequirementsorlimitationsunderthissubchapter.
(3)Theterm"allowance"meansanauthorization,allocatedtoanaffectedunitbytheAdministratorunderthissubchapter,toemit,duringorafteraspecifiedcalendaryear,onetonofsulfurdioxide.
(4)Theterm"baseline"meanstheannualquantityoffossilfuelconsumedbyanaffectedunit,measuredinmillionsofBritishThermalUnits("mmBtu's"),calculatedasfollows:
(A)ForeachutilityunitthatwasincommercialoperationpriortoJanuary1,1985,thebaselineshallbetheannualaveragequantityofmmBtu'sconsumedinfuelduringcalendaryears1985,1986,and1987,asrecordedbytheDepartmentofEnergypursuanttoForm767.Foranyutilityunitforwhichsuchformwasnotfiled,thebaselineshallbethelevelspecifiedforsuchunitinthe1985NationalAcidPrecipitationAssessmentProgram(NAPAP)EmissionsInventory,Version2,NationalUtilityReferenceFile(NURF)orinacorrecteddatabaseasestablishedbytheAdministratorpursuanttoparagraph(3).1Fornonutilityunits,thebaselineistheNAPAPEmissionsInventory,Version2.TheAdministrator,intheAdministrator'ssolediscretion,mayexcludeperiodsduringwhichaunitisshutdownforacontinuousperiodoffourcalendarmonthsorlonger,andmakeappropriateadjustmentsunderthisparagraph.Uponpetitionoftheowneroroperatorofanyunit,theAdministratormaymakeappropriatebaselineadjustmentsforaccidentsthatcausedprolongedoutages.
(B)ForanyothernonutilityunitthatisnotincludedintheNAPAPEmissionsInventory,Version2,oracorrecteddatabaseasestablishedbytheAdministratorpursuanttoparagraph(3),1thebaselineshallbetheannualaveragequantity,inmmBtuconsumedinfuelbythatunit,ascalculatedpursuanttoamethodwhichtheadministratorshallprescribebyregulationtobepromulgatednotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterNovember15,1990.
(C)TheAdministratorshall,uponapplicationoronhisownmotion,byDecember31,1991,supplementdataneededinsupportofthissubchapterandcorrectanyfactualerrorsindatafromwhichaffectedPhaseIIunits'baselinesoractual1985emissionrateshavebeencalculated.Correcteddatashallbeusedforpurposesofissuingallowancesunderthe 2subchapter.Suchcorrectionsshallnotbesubjecttojudicialreview,norshallthefailureoftheAdministratortocorrectanallegedfactualerrorinsuchreportsbesubjecttojudicialreview.
(5)Theterm"capacityfactor"meanstheratiobetweentheactualelectricoutputfromaunitandthepotentialelectricoutputfromthatunit.
(6)Theterm"complianceplan"means,forpurposesoftherequirementsofthissubchapter,either—
(A)astatementthatthesourcewillcomplywithallapplicablerequirementsunderthissubchapter,or
(B)whereapplicable,ascheduleanddescriptionofthemethodormethodsforcomplianceandcertificationbytheowneroroperatorthatthesourceisincompliancewiththerequirementsofthissubchapter.
(7)Theterm"continuousemissionmonitoringsystem"(CEMS)meanstheequipmentasrequiredbysection7651kofthistitle,usedtosample,analyze,measure,andprovideonacontinuousbasisapermanentrecordofemissionsandflow(expressedinpoundspermillionBritishthermalunits(lbs/mmBtu),poundsperhour(lbs/hr)orsuchotherformastheAdministratormayprescribebyregulationsundersection7651kofthistitle).
(8)Theterm"existingunit"meansaunit(includingunitssubjecttosection7411ofthistitle)thatcommencedcommercialoperationbeforeNovember15,1990.AnyunitthatcommencedcommercialoperationbeforeNovember15,1990,whichismodified,reconstructed,orrepoweredafterNovember15,1990,shallcontinuetobeanexistingunitforthepurposesofthissubchapter.Forthepurposesofthissubchapter,existingunitsshallnotincludesimplecombustionturbines,orunitswhichserveageneratorwithanameplatecapacityof25MWeorless.
(9)Theterm"generator"meansadevicethatproduceselectricityandwhichisreportedasageneratingunitpursuanttoDepartmentofEnergyForm860.
(10)Theterm"newunit"meansaunitthatcommencescommercialoperationonorafterNovember15,1990.
(11)Theterm"permittingauthority"meanstheAdministrator,ortheStateorlocalairpollutioncontrolagency,withanapprovedpermittingprogramunderpartB 3oftitleIIIoftheAct.
(12)Theterm"repowering"meansreplacementofanexistingcoal-firedboilerwithoneofthefollowingcleancoaltechnologies:atmosphericorpressurizedfluidizedbedcombustion,integratedgasificationcombinedcycle,magnetohydrodynamics,directandindirectcoal-firedturbines,integratedgasificationfuelcells,orasdeterminedbytheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,aderivativeofoneormoreofthesetechnologies,andanyothertechnologycapableofcontrollingmultiplecombustionemissionssimultaneouslywithimprovedboilerorgenerationefficiencyandwithsignificantlygreaterwastereductionrelativetotheperformanceoftechnologyinwidespreadcommercialuseasofNovember15,1990.Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection7651h(a)ofthistitle,forthepurposeofthissubchapter,theterm"repowering"shallalsoincludeanyoiland/orgas-firedunitwhichhasbeenawardedcleancoaltechnologydemonstrationfundingasofJanuary1,1991,bytheDepartmentofEnergy.
(13)Theterm"reserve"meansanybankofallowancesestablishedbytheAdministratorunderthissubchapter.
(14)Theterm"State"meansoneofthe48contiguousStatesandtheDistrictofColumbia.
(15)Theterm"unit"meansafossilfuel-firedcombustiondevice.
(16)Theterm"actual1985emissionrate",forelectricutilityunitsmeanstheannualsulfurdioxideornitrogenoxidesemissionrateinpoundspermillionBtuasreportedintheNAPAPEmissionsInventory,Version2,NationalUtilityReferenceFile.Fornonutilityunits,theterm"actual1985emissionrate"meanstheannualsulfurdioxideornitrogenoxidesemissionrateinpoundspermillionBtuasreportedintheNAPAPEmissionInventory,Version2.
(17)(A)Theterm"utilityunit"means—
(i)aunitthatservesageneratorinanyStatethatproduceselectricityforsale,or
(ii)aunitthat,during1985,servedageneratorinanyStatethatproducedelectricityforsale.
(B)Notwithstandingsubparagraph(A),aunitdescribedinsubparagraph(A)that—
(i)wasincommercialoperationduring1985,but
(ii)didnot,during1985,serveageneratorinanyStatethatproducedelectricityforsaleshallnotbeautilityunitforpurposesofthissubchapter.
(C)Aunitthatcogeneratessteamandelectricityisnota"utilityunit"forpurposesofthissubchapterunlesstheunitisconstructedforthepurposeofsupplying,orcommencesconstructionafterNovember15,1990,andsupplies,morethanone-thirdofitspotentialelectricoutputcapacityandmorethan25megawattselectricaloutputtoanyutilitypowerdistributionsystemforsale.
(18)Theterm"allowable1985emissionsrate"meansafederallyenforceableemissionslimitationforsulfurdioxideoroxidesofnitrogen,applicabletotheunitin1985orthelimitationapplicableinsuchothersubsequentyearasdeterminedbytheAdministratorifsuchalimitationfor1985doesnotexist.WheretheemissionslimitationforaunitisnotexpressedinpoundsofemissionspermillionBtu,ortheaveragingperiodofthatemissionslimitationisnotexpressedonanannualbasis,theAdministratorshallcalculatetheannualequivalentofthatemissionslimitationinpoundspermillionBtutoestablishtheallowable1985emissionsrate.
(19)Theterm"qualifyingphaseItechnology"meansatechnologicalsystemofcontinuousemissionreductionwhichachievesa90percentreductioninemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromtheemissionsthatwouldhaveresultedfromtheuseoffuelswhichwerenotsubjecttotreatmentpriortocombustion.
(20)Theterm"alternativemethodofcompliance"meansamethodofcomplianceinaccordancewithoneormoreofthefollowingauthorities:
(A)asubstitutionplansubmittedandapprovedinaccordancewithsubsections 47651c(b)and(c)ofthistitle;
(B)aPhaseIextensionplanapprovedbytheAdministratorundersection7651c(d)ofthistitle,usingqualifyingphaseItechnologyasdeterminedbytheAdministratorinaccordancewiththatsection;or
(C)repoweringwithaqualifyingcleancoaltechnologyundersection7651hofthistitle.
(21)Theterm"commenced"asappliedtoconstructionofanynewelectricutilityunitmeansthatanowneroroperatorhasundertakenacontinuousprogramofconstructionorthatanowneroroperatorhasenteredintoacontractualobligationtoundertakeandcomplete,withinareasonabletime,acontinuousprogramofconstruction.
(22)Theterm"commencedcommercialoperation"meanstohavebeguntogenerateelectricityforsale.
(23)Theterm"construction"meansfabrication,erection,orinstallationofanaffectedunit.
(24)Theterm"industrialsource"meansaunitthatdoesnotserveageneratorthatproduceselectricity,a"nonutilityunit"asdefinedinthissection,oraprocesssourceasdefinedinsection7651i(e) 5ofthistitle.
(25)Theterm"nonutilityunit"meansaunitotherthanautilityunit.
(26)Theterm"designatedrepresentative"meansaresponsiblepersonorofficialauthorizedbytheowneroroperatorofaunittorepresenttheowneroroperatorinmatterspertainingtotheholding,transfer,ordispositionofallowancesallocatedtoaunit,andthesubmissionofandcompliancewithpermits,permitapplications,andcomplianceplansfortheunit.
(27)Theterm"life-of-the-unit,firmpowercontractualarrangement"meansaunitparticipationpowersalesagreementunderwhichautilityorindustrialcustomerreserves,orisentitledtoreceive,aspecifiedamountorpercentageofcapacityandassociatedenergygeneratedbyaspecifiedgeneratingunit(orunits)andpaysitsproportionalamountofsuchunit'stotalcosts,pursuanttoacontracteither—
(A)forthelifeoftheunit;
(B)foracumulativetermofnolessthan30years,includingcontractsthatpermitanelectionforearlytermination;or
(C)foraperiodequaltoorgreaterthan25yearsor70percentoftheeconomicusefullifeoftheunitdeterminedasofthetimetheunitwasbuilt,withoptionrightstopurchaseorre-leasesomeportionofthecapacityandassociatedenergygeneratedbytheunit(orunits)attheendoftheperiod.
(28)Theterm"basicPhaseIIallowanceallocations"means:
(A)Forcalendaryears2000through2009inclusive,allocationsofallowancesmadebytheAdministratorpursuanttosection7651bofthistitleandsubsections(b)(1),(3),and(4);(c)(1),(2),(3),and(5);(d)(1),(2),(4),and(5);(e);(f);(g)(1),(2),(3),(4),and(5);(h)(1);(i)and(j)ofsection7651dofthistitle.
(B)Foreachcalendaryearbeginningin2010,allocationsofallowancesmadebytheAdministratorpursuanttosection7651bofthistitleandsubsections(b)(1),(3),and(4);(c)(1),(2),(3),and(5);(d)(1),(2),(4)and(5);(e);(f);(g)(1),(2),(3),(4),and(5);(h)(1)and(3);(i)and(j)ofsection7651dofthistitle.
(29)Theterm"PhaseIIbonusallowanceallocations"means,forcalendaryear2000through2009,inclusive,andonlyforsuchyears,allocationsmadebytheAdministratorpursuanttosection7651bofthistitle,subsections(a)(2),(b)(2),(c)(4),(d)(3)(exceptasotherwiseprovidedtherein),and(h)(2)ofsection7651dofthistitle,andsection7651eofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§402,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2585.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
PartBoftitleIIIoftheAct,referredtoinpar.(11),meanstitleIIIoftheCleanAirAct,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,asadded,whichisclassifiedtosubchapterIIIofthischapter,buttitleIIIdoesnotcontainparts.ForprovisionsoftheCleanAirActrelatingtopermits,seesubchapterV(§7661etseq.)ofthischapter.
Codification
Anothersection402ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedbyPub.L.91–604,§14,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1709,isclassifiedtosection7641ofthistitle.
1 Soinoriginal.Thereferenceto"paragraph(3)"probablyshouldbeto"subparagraph(C)".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"this".
3 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
4 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"section".
5 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7651i(d)".
§7651b.Sulfurdioxideallowanceprogramforexistingandnewunits
(a)Allocationsofannualallowancesforexistingandnewunits
(1) 1Fortheemissionlimitationprogramsunderthissubchapter,theAdministratorshallallocateannualallowancesfortheunit,tobeheldordistributedbythedesignatedrepresentativeoftheowneroroperatorofeachaffectedunitatanaffectedsourceinaccordancewiththissubchapter,inanamountequaltotheannualtonnageemissionlimitationcalculatedundersection7651c,7651d,7651e,7651h,or7651iofthistitleexceptasotherwisespecificallyprovidedelsewhereinthissubchapter.Exceptasprovidedinsections7651d(a)(2),7651d(a)(3),7651hand7651iofthistitle,beginningJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshallnotallocateannualallowancestoemitsulfurdioxidepursuanttosection7651dofthistitleinsuchanamountaswouldresultintotalannualemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromutilityunitsinexcessof8.90milliontonsexceptthattheAdministratorshallnottakeintoaccountunusedallowancescarriedforwardbyownersandoperatorsofaffectedunitsorbyotherpersonsholdingsuchallowances,followingtheyearforwhichtheywereallocated.Ifnecessarytomeetingtherestrictionsimposedintheprecedingsentence,theAdministratorshallreduce,prorata,thebasicPhaseIIallowanceallocationsforeachunitsubjecttotherequirementsofsection7651dofthistitle.Subjecttotheprovisionsofsection7651oofthistitle,theAdministratorshallallocateallowancesforeachaffectedunitatanaffectedsourceannually,asprovidedinparagraphs(2)and(3) 1andsection7651gofthistitle.Exceptasprovidedinsections7651hand7651iofthistitle,theremovalofanexistingaffectedunitorsourcefromcommercialoperationatanytimeafterNovember15,1990(whetherbeforeorafterJanuary1,1995,orJanuary1,2000)shallnotterminateorotherwiseaffecttheallocationofallowancespursuanttosection7651cor7651dofthistitletowhichtheunitisentitled.AllowancesshallbeallocatedbytheAdministratorwithoutcosttotherecipient,exceptforallowancessoldbytheAdministratorpursuanttosection7651oofthistitle.NotlaterthanDecember31,1991,theAdministratorshallpublishaproposedlistofthebasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,thePhaseIIbonusallowanceallocationsand,ifapplicable,allocationspursuanttosection7651d(a)(3)ofthistitleforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofsection7651dofthistitlefortheyear2000andtheyear2010.Afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,butnotlaterthanDecember31,1992,theAdministratorshallpublishafinallistofsuchallocations,subjecttotheprovisionsofsection7651d(a)(2)ofthistitle.Anyowneroroperatorofanexistingunitsubjecttotherequirementsofsection7651d(b)or(c)ofthistitlewhoisconsideringapplyingforanextensionoftheemissionlimitationrequirementcompliancedeadlineforthatunitfromJanuary1,2000,untilnotlaterthanDecember31,2000,pursuanttosection7651hofthistitle,shallnotifytheAdministratornolaterthanMarch31,1991.SuchnotificationshallbeusedasthebasisforestimatingthebasicPhaseIIallowancesunderthissubsection.PriortoJune1,1998,theAdministratorshallpublisharevisedfinalstatementofallowanceallocations,subjecttotheprovisionsofsection7651d(a)(2)ofthistitleandtakingintoaccounttheeffectofanycompliancedateextensionsgrantedpursuanttosection7651hofthistitleonsuchallocations.AnypersonwhomaymakeanelectionconcerningtheamountofallowancestobeallocatedtoaunitorunitsshallmakesuchelectionandsoinformtheAdministratornotlaterthanMarch31,1991,inthecaseofanelectionundersection7651dofthistitle(orJune30,1991,inthecaseofanelectionundersection7651eofthistitle).Ifsuchpersonfailstomakesuchelection,theAdministratorshallsetforthforeachunitownedoroperatedbysuchperson,theamountofallowancesreflectingtheelectionthatwould,inthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,providethegreatestbenefitfortheowneroroperatoroftheunit.IfsuchpersonisaGovernorwhomaymakeanelectionundersection7651eofthistitleandtheGovernorfailstomakeanelection,theAdministratorshallsetforthforeachunitintheStatetheamountofallowancesreflectingtheelectionthatwould,inthejudgmentoftheAdministrator,providethegreatestbenefitforunitsintheState.
(b)Allowancetransfersystem
Allowancesallocatedunderthissubchaptermaybetransferredamongdesignatedrepresentativesoftheownersoroperatorsofaffectedsourcesunderthissubchapterandanyotherpersonwhoholdssuchallowances,asprovidedbytheallowancesystemregulationstobepromulgatedbytheAdministratornotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterNovember15,1990.Suchregulationsshallestablishtheallowancesystemprescribedunderthissection,including,butnotlimitedto,requirementsfortheallocation,transfer,anduseofallowancesunderthissubchapter.Suchregulationsshallprohibittheuseofanyallowancepriortothecalendaryearforwhichtheallowancewasallocated,andshallprovide,consistentwiththepurposesofthissubchapter,fortheidentificationofunusedallowances,andforsuchunusedallowancestobecarriedforwardandaddedtoallowancesallocatedinsubsequentyears,includingallowancesallocatedtounitssubjecttoPhaseIrequirements(asdescribedinsection7651cofthistitle)whichareappliedtoemissionslimitationsrequirementsinPhaseII(asdescribedinsection7651dofthistitle).Transfersofallowancesshallnotbeeffectiveuntilwrittencertificationofthetransfer,signedbyaresponsibleofficialofeachpartytothetransfer,isreceivedandrecordedbytheAdministrator.Suchregulationsshallpermitthetransferofallowancespriortotheissuanceofsuchallowances.Recordedpre-allocationtransfersshallbedeductedbytheAdministratorfromthenumberofallowanceswhichwouldotherwisebeallocatedtothetransferor,andaddedtothoseallowancesallocatedtothetransferee.Pre-allocationtransfersshallnotaffecttheprohibitioncontainedinthissubsectionagainsttheuseofallowancespriortotheyearforwhichtheyareallocated.
(c)Interpollutanttrading
NotlaterthanJanuary1,1994,theAdministratorshallfurnishtotheCongressastudyevaluatingtheenvironmentalandeconomicconsequencesofamendingthissubchaptertopermittradingsulfurdioxideallowancesfornitrogenoxidesallowances.
(d)Allowancetrackingsystem
(1)TheAdministratorshallpromulgate,notlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,asystemforissuing,recording,andtrackingallowances,whichshallspecifyallnecessaryproceduresandrequirementsforanorderlyandcompetitivefunctioningoftheallowancesystem.Allallowanceallocationsandtransfersshall,uponrecordationbytheAdministrator,bedeemedapartofeachunit'spermitrequirementspursuanttosection7651gofthistitle,withoutanyfurtherpermitreviewandrevision.
(2)Inordertoinsureelectricreliability,suchregulationsshallnotprohibitoraffecttemporaryincreasesanddecreasesinemissionswithinutilitysystems,powerpools,orutilitiesenteringintoallowancepoolagreements,thatresultfromtheiroperations,includingemergenciesandcentraldispatch,andsuchtemporaryemissionsincreasesanddecreasesshallnotrequiretransferofallowancesamongunitsnorshallitrequirerecordation.Theownersoroperatorsofsuchunitsshallactthroughadesignatedrepresentative.Notwithstandingtheprecedingsentence,thetotaltonnageofemissionsinanycalendaryear(calculatedattheendthereof)fromallunitsinsuchautilitysystem,powerpool,orallowancepoolagreementsshallnotexceedthetotalallowancesforsuchunitsforthecalendaryearconcerned.
(e)Newutilityunits
AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanewutilityunittoemitanannualtonnageofsulfurdioxideinexcessofthenumberofallowancestoemitheldfortheunitbytheunit'sowneroroperator.Suchnewutilityunitsshallnotbeeligibleforanallocationofsulfurdioxideallowancesundersubsection(a)(1),unlesstheunitissubjecttotheprovisionsofsubsection(g)(2)or(3)ofsection7651dofthistitle.Newutilityunitsmayobtainallowancesfromanyperson,inaccordancewiththissubchapter.Theowneroroperatorofanynewutilityunitinviolationofthissubsectionshallbeliableforfulfillingtheobligationsspecifiedinsection7651jofthistitle.
(f)Natureofallowances
Anallowanceallocatedunderthissubchapterisalimitedauthorizationtoemitsulfurdioxideinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthissubchapter.Suchallowancedoesnotconstituteapropertyright.NothinginthissubchapterorinanyotherprovisionoflawshallbeconstruedtolimittheauthorityoftheUnitedStatestoterminateorlimitsuchauthorization.Nothinginthissectionrelatingtoallowancesshallbeconstruedasaffectingtheapplicationof,orcompliancewith,anyotherprovisionofthischaptertoanaffectedunitorsource,includingtheprovisionsrelatedtoapplicableNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsandStateimplementationplans.NothinginthissectionshallbeconstruedasrequiringachangeofanykindinanyStatelawregulatingelectricutilityratesandchargesoraffectinganyStatelawregardingsuchStateregulationoraslimitingStateregulation(includinganyprudencyreview)undersuchaStatelaw.NothinginthissectionshallbeconstruedasmodifyingtheFederalPowerAct[16U.S.C.791aetseq.]orasaffectingtheauthorityoftheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommissionunderthatAct.NothinginthissubchaptershallbeconstruedtointerferewithorimpairanyprogramforcompetitivebiddingforpowersupplyinaStateinwhichsuchprogramisestablished.Allowances,onceallocatedtoapersonbytheAdministrator,maybereceived,held,andtemporarilyorpermanentlytransferredinaccordancewiththissubchapterandtheregulationsoftheAdministratorwithoutregardtowhetherornotapermitisineffectundersubchapterVorsection7651gofthistitlewithrespecttotheunitforwhichsuchallowancewasoriginallyallocatedandrecorded.EachpermitunderthissubchapterandeachpermitissuedundersubchapterVforanyaffectedunitshallprovidethattheaffectedunitmaynotemitanannualtonnageofsulfurdioxideinexcessoftheallowancesheldforthatunit.
(g)Prohibition
Itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontohold,use,ortransferanyallowanceallocatedunderthissubchapter,exceptinaccordancewithregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator.Itshallbeunlawfulforanyaffectedunittoemitsulfurdioxideinexcessofthenumberofallowancesheldforthatunitforthatyearbytheowneroroperatoroftheunit.Upontheallocationofallowancesunderthissubchapter,theprohibitioncontainedintheprecedingsentenceshallsupersedeanyotheremissionlimitationapplicableunderthissubchaptertotheunitsforwhichsuchallowancesareallocated.Allowancesmaynotbeusedpriortothecalendaryearforwhichtheyareallocated.NothinginthissectionorintheallowancesystemregulationsshallrelievetheAdministratoroftheAdministrator'spermitting,monitoringandenforcementobligationsunderthischapter,norrelieveaffectedsourcesoftheirrequirementsandliabilitiesunderthischapter.
(h)Competitivebiddingforpowersupply
NothinginthissubchaptershallbeconstruedtointerferewithorimpairanyprogramforcompetitivebiddingforpowersupplyinaStateinwhichsuchprogramisestablished.
(i)Applicabilityofantitrustlaws
(1)Nothinginthissectionaffects—
(A)theapplicabilityoftheantitrustlawstothetransfer,use,orsaleofallowances,or
(B)theauthorityoftheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommissionunderanyprovisionoflawrespectingunfairmethodsofcompetitionoranticompetitiveactsorpractices.
(2)Asusedinthissection,"antitrustlaws"meansthoseActssetforthinsection12oftitle15.
(j)PublicUtilityHoldingCompanyAct
TheacquisitionordispositionofallowancespursuanttothissubchapterincludingtheissuanceofsecuritiesortheundertakingofanyotherfinancingtransactioninconnectionwithsuchallowancesshallnotbesubjecttotheprovisionsofthePublicUtilityHoldingCompanyActof1935.2
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§403,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2589.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheFederalPowerAct,referredtoinsubsec.(f),isactJune10,1920,ch.285,41Stat.1063,asamended,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter12(§791aetseq.)ofTitle16,Conservation.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seesection791aofTitle16andTables.
ThePublicUtilityHoldingCompanyActof1935,referredtoinsubsec.(j),istitleIofactAug.26,1935,ch.687,49Stat.803,asamended,whichwasclassifiedgenerallytochapter2C(§79etseq.)ofTitle15,CommerceandTrade,priortorepealbyPub.L.109–58,titleXII,§1263,Aug.8,2005,119Stat.974.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeTables.
Codification
Anothersection403ofactJuly14,1955,asaddedbyPub.L.91–604,§14,Dec.31,1970,84Stat.1710,isclassifiedtosection7642ofthistitle.
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
FossilFuelUse
Pub.L.101–549,titleIV,§402,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2631,providedthat:
"(a)ContractsforHydroelectricEnergy.—Anypersonwho,afterthedateoftheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990],entersintoacontractunderwhichsuchpersonreceiveshydroelectricenergyinreturnfortheprovisionofelectricenergybysuchpersonshalluseallowancesheldbysuchpersonasnecessarytosatisfysuchperson'sobligationsundersuchcontract.
"(b)FederalPowerMarketingAdministration.—AFederalPowerMarketingAdministrationshallnotbesubjecttotheprovisionsandrequirementsofthistitle[enactingthissubchapter,amendingsections7410,7411,and7479ofthistitle,andenactingprovisionssetoutasnotesundersections7403,7411,and7651ofthistitle]withrespecttoelectricenergygeneratedbyhydroelectricfacilitiesandmarketedbysuchPowerMarketingAdministration.AnypersonwhosellsorprovideselectricenergytoaFederalPowerMarketingAdministrationshallcomplywiththeprovisionsandrequirementsofthistitle."
1 Soinoriginal.Nopars.(2)and(3)havebeenenacted.
2 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
§7651c.PhaseIsulfurdioxiderequirements
(a)Emissionlimitations
(1)AfterJanuary1,1995,eachsourcethatincludesoneormoreaffectedunitslistedintableAisanaffectedsourceunderthissection.AfterJanuary1,1995,itshallbeunlawfulforanyaffectedunit(otherthananeligiblephaseIunitundersubsection(d)(2))toemitsulfurdioxideinexcessofthetonnagelimitationstatedasatotalnumberofallowancesintableAforphaseI,unless(A)theemissionsreductionrequirementsapplicabletosuchunithavebeenachievedpursuanttosubsection(b)or(d),or(B)theowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions,exceptthat,afterJanuary1,2000,theemissionslimitationsestablishedinthissectionshallbesupersededbythoseestablishedinsection7651dofthistitle.Theowneroroperatorofanyunitinviolationofthissectionshallbefullyliableforsuchviolationincluding,butnotlimitedto,liabilityforfulfillingtheobligationsspecifiedinsection7651jofthistitle.
(2)NotlaterthanDecember31,1991,theAdministratorshalldeterminethetotaltonnageofreductionsintheemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromallutilityunitsincalendaryear1995thatwilloccurasaresultofcompliancewiththeemissionslimitationrequirementsofthissection,andshallestablishareserveofallowancesequalinamounttothenumberoftonsdeterminedtherebynottoexceedatotalof3.50milliontons.Inmakingsuchadetermination,theAdministratorshallcomputeforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofthissectionthedifferencebetween:
(A)theproductofitsbaselinemultipliedbythelesserofeachunit'sallowable1985emissionsrateanditsactual1985emissionsrate,dividedby2,000,and
(B)theproductofeachunit'sbaselinemultipliedby2.50lbs/mmBtudividedby2,000,
andsumthecomputations.TheAdministratorshalladjusttheforegoingcalculationtoreflectprojectedcalendaryear1995utilizationoftheunitssubjecttotheemissionslimitationsofthissubchapterthattheAdministratorfindswouldhaveoccurredintheabsenceoftheimpositionofsuchrequirements.Pursuanttosubsection(d),theAdministratorshallallocateallowancesfromthereserveestablishedhereinunderuntiltheearlierofsuchtimeasallsuchallowancesinthereserveareallocatedorDecember31,1999.
(3)Inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttoparagraph(1),ineachcalendaryearbeginningin1995andendingin1999,inclusive,theAdministratorshallallocateforeachunitonTableAthatislocatedintheStatesofIllinois,Indiana,orOhio(otherthanunitsatKygerCreek,CliftyCreekandJoppaSteam),allowancesinanamountequalto200,000multipliedbytheunit'sproratashareofthetotalnumberofallowancesallocatedforallunitsonTableAinthe3States(otherthanunitsatKygerCreek,CliftyCreek,andJoppaSteam)pursuanttoparagraph(1).Suchallowancesshallbeexcludedfromthecalculationofthereserveunderparagraph(2).
(b)Substitutions
Theowneroroperatorofanaffectedunitundersubsection(a)mayincludeinitssection7651gofthistitlepermitapplicationandproposedcomplianceplanaproposaltoreassign,inwholeorinpart,theaffectedunit'ssulfurdioxidereductionrequirementstoanyotherunit(s)underthecontrolofsuchowneroroperator.Suchproposalshallspecify—
(1)thedesignationofthesubstituteunitorunitstowhichanypartofthereductionobligationsofsubsection(a)shallberequired,inadditionto,orinlieuof,anyoriginalaffectedunitsdesignatedundersuchsubsection;
(2)theoriginalaffectedunit'sbaseline,theactualandallowable1985emissionsrateforsulfurdioxide,andtheauthorizedannualallowanceallocationstatedintableA;
(3)calculationoftheannualaveragetonnageforcalendaryears1985,1986,and1987,emittedbythesubstituteunitorunits,basedonthebaselineforeachunit,asdefinedinsection7651a(d) 1ofthistitle,multipliedbythelesseroftheunit'sactualorallowable1985emissionsrate;
(4)theemissionsratesandtonnagelimitationsthatwouldbeapplicabletotheoriginalandsubstituteaffectedunitsunderthesubstitutionproposal;
(5)documentation,tothesatisfactionoftheAdministrator,thatthereassignedtonnagelimitswill,intotal,achievethesameorgreateremissionsreductionthanwouldhavebeenachievedbytheoriginalaffectedunitandthesubstituteunitorunitswithoutsuchsubstitution;and
(6)suchotherinformationastheAdministratormayrequire.
(c)Administrator'sactiononsubstitutionproposals
(1)TheAdministratorshalltakefinalactiononsuchsubstitutionproposalinaccordancewithsection7651g(c)ofthistitleifthesubstitutionproposalfulfillstherequirementsofthissubsection.TheAdministratormayapproveasubstitutionproposalinwholeorinpartandwithsuchmodificationsorconditionsasmaybeconsistentwiththeorderlyfunctioningoftheallowancesystemandwhichwillensuretheemissionsreductionscontemplatedbythissubchapter.Ifaproposaldoesnotmeettherequirementsofsubsection(b),theAdministratorshalldisapproveit.TheowneroroperatorofaunitlistedintableAshallnotsubstituteanotherunitorunitswithoutthepriorapprovaloftheAdministrator.
(2)Uponapprovalofasubstitutionproposal,eachsubstituteunit,andeachsourcewithsuchunit,shallbedeemedaffectedunderthissubchapter,andtheAdministratorshallissueapermittotheoriginalandsubstituteaffectedsourceandunitinaccordancewiththeapprovedsubstitutionplanandsection7651gofthistitle.TheAdministratorshallallocateallowancesfortheoriginalandsubstituteaffectedunitsinaccordancewiththeapprovedsubstitutionproposalpursuanttosection7651bofthistitle.Itshallbeunlawfulforanysourceorunitthatisallocatedallowancespursuanttothissectiontoemitsulfurdioxideinexcessoftheemissionslimitationprovidedforintheapprovedsubstitutionpermitandplanunlesstheowneroroperatorofeachunitgovernedbythepermitandapprovedsubstitutionplanholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunits 2totalannualemissions.Theowneroroperatorofanyoriginalorsubstituteaffectedunitoperatedinviolationofthissubsectionshallbefullyliableforsuchviolation,includingliabilityforfulfillingtheobligationsspecifiedinsection7651jofthistitle.Ifasubstitutionproposalisdisapproved,theAdministratorshallallocateallowancestotheoriginalaffectedunitorunitsinaccordancewithsubsection(a).
(d)EligiblephaseIextensionunits
(1)TheowneroroperatorofanyaffectedunitsubjecttoanemissionslimitationrequirementunderthissectionmaypetitiontheAdministratorinitspermitapplicationundersection7651gofthistitleforanextensionof2yearsofthedeadlineformeetingsuchrequirement,providedthattheowneroroperatorofanysuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissionsforeachofthe2yearsoftheperiodofextension.Toqualifyforsuchanextension,theaffectedunitmusteitheremployaqualifyingphaseItechnology,ortransferitsphaseIemissionsreductionobligationtoaunitemployingaqualifyingphaseItechnology.Suchtransfershallbeaccomplishedinaccordancewithacomplianceplan,submittedandapprovedundersection7651gofthistitle,thatshallgovernoperationsatallunitsincludedinthetransfer,andthatspecifiestheemissionsreductionrequirementsimposedpursuanttothissubchapter.
(2)Suchextensionproposalshall—
(A)specifytheunitorunitsproposedfordesignationasaneligiblephaseIextensionunit;
(B)provideacopyofanexecutedcontract,whichmaybecontingentupontheAdministratorapprovingtheproposal,forthedesignengineering,andconstructionofthequalifyingphaseItechnologyfortheextensionunit,orfortheunitorunitstowhichtheextensionunit'semissionreductionobligationistobetransferred;
(C)specifytheunit'sorunits'baseline,actual1985emissionsrate,allowable1985emissionsrate,andprojectedutilizationforcalendaryears1995through1999;
(D)requireCEMSonboththeeligiblephaseIextensionunitorunitsandthetransferunitorunitsbeginningnolaterthanJanuary1,1995;and
(E)specifytheemissionlimitationandnumberofallowancesexpectedtobenecessaryforannualoperationafterthequalifyingphaseItechnologyhasbeeninstalled.
(3)TheAdministratorshallreviewandtakefinalactiononeachextensionproposalinorderofreceipt,consistentwithsection7651gofthistitle,andforanapprovedproposalshalldesignatetheunitorunitsasaneligiblephaseIextensionunit.TheAdministratormayapproveanextensionproposalinwholeorinpart,andwithsuchmodificationsorconditionsasmaybenecessary,consistentwiththeorderlyfunctioningoftheallowancesystem,andtoensuretheemissionsreductionscontemplatedbythe 3subchapter.
(4)Inordertodeterminethenumberofproposalseligibleforallocationsfromthereserveundersubsection(a)(2)andthenumberofallowancesremainingavailableaftereachproposalisactedupon,theAdministratorshallreducethetotalnumberofallowancesremainingavailableinthereservebythenumberofallowancescalculatedaccordingtosubparagraphs(A),(B)and(C)untileithernoallowancesremainavailableinthereserveforfurtherallocationorallapprovedproposalshavebeenactedupon.IfnoallowancesremainavailableinthereserveforfurtherallocationbeforeallproposalshavebeenacteduponbytheAdministrator,anypendingproposalsshallbedisapproved.TheAdministratorshallcalculateallowancesequalto—
(A)thedifferencebetweenthelesseroftheaverageannualemissionsincalendaryears1988and1989ortheprojectedemissionstonnageforcalendaryear1995ofeacheligiblephaseIextensionunit,asdesignatedunderparagraph(3),andtheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionrateof2.50lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000;
(B)thedifferencebetweenthelesseroftheaverageannualemissionsincalendaryears1988and1989ortheprojectedemissionstonnageforcalendaryear1996ofeacheligiblephaseIextensionunit,asdesignatedunderparagraph(3),andtheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionrateof2.50lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000;and
(C)theamountbywhich(i)theproductofeachunit'sbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionrateof1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000,exceeds(ii)thetonnagelevelspecifiedundersubparagraph(E)ofparagraph(2)ofthissubsectionmultipliedbyafactorof3.
(5)EacheligiblePhaseIextensionunitshallreceiveallowancesdeterminedundersubsection(a)(1)or(c)ofthissection.Inaddition,forcalendaryear1995,theAdministratorshallallocatetoeacheligiblePhaseIextensionunit,fromtheallowancereservecreatedpursuanttosubsection(a)(2),allowancesequaltothedifferencebetweenthelesseroftheaverageannualemissionsincalendaryears1988and1989oritsprojectedemissionstonnageforcalendaryear1995andtheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionrateof2.50lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000.Incalendaryear1996,theAdministratorshallallocateforeacheligibleunit,fromtheallowancereservecreatedpursuanttosubsection(a)(2)ofthissection,allowancesequaltothedifferencebetweenthelesseroftheaverageannualemissionsincalendaryears1988and1989oritsprojectedemissionstonnageforcalendaryear1996andtheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionrateof2.50lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000.Itshallbeunlawfulforanysourceorunitsubjecttoanapprovedextensionplanunderthissubsectiontoemitsulfurdioxideinexcessoftheemissionslimitationsprovidedforinthepermitandapprovedextensionplan,unlesstheowneroroperatorofeachunitgovernedbythepermitandapprovedplanholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(6)Inadditiontoallowancesspecifiedinparagraph(5),theAdministratorshallallocateforeacheligiblePhaseIextensionunitemployingqualifyingPhaseItechnology,forcalendaryears1997,1998,and1999,additionalallowances,fromanyremainingallowancesinthereservecreatedpursuanttosubsection(a)(2),followingthereductioninthereserveprovidedforinparagraph(4),nottoexceedtheamountbywhich(A)theproductofeacheligibleunit'sbaselinetimesanemissionrateof1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000,exceeds(B)thetonnagelevelspecifiedundersubparagraph(E)ofparagraph(2)ofthissubsection.
(7)AfterJanuary1,1997,inadditiontoanyliabilityunderthischapter,includingundersection7651jofthistitle,ifanyeligiblephaseIextensionunitemployingqualifyingphaseItechnologyoranytransferunitunderthissubsectionemitssulfurdioxideinexcessoftheannualtonnagelimitationspecifiedintheextensionplan,asapprovedinparagraph(3)ofthissubsection,theAdministratorshall,inthecalendaryearfollowingsuchexcess,deductallowancesequaltotheamountofsuchexcessfromsuchunit'sannualallowanceallocation.
(e)Allocationofallowances
(1)InthecaseofaunitthatreceivesauthorizationfromtheGovernoroftheStateinwhichsuchunitislocatedtomakereductionsintheemissionsofsulfurdioxidepriortocalendaryear1995andthatispartofautilitysystemthatmeetsthefollowingrequirements:(A)thetotalcoal-firedgenerationwithintheutilitysystemasapercentageoftotalsystemgenerationdecreasedbymorethan20percentbetweenJanuary1,1980,andDecember31,1985;and(B)theweightedcapacityfactorofallcoal-firedunitswithintheutilitysystemaveragedovertheperiodfromJanuary1,1985,throughDecember31,1987,wasbelow50percent,theAdministratorshallallocateallowancesunderthisparagraphfortheunitpursuanttothissubsection.TheAdministratorshallallocateallowancesforaunitthatisanaffectedunitpursuanttosection7651dofthistitle(butisnotalsoanaffectedunitunderthissection)andpartofautilitysystemthatincludes1ormoreaffectedunitsundersection7651dofthistitleforreductionsintheemissionsofsulfurdioxidemadeduringtheperiod1995–1999iftheunitmeetstherequirementsofthissubsectionandtherequirementsoftheprecedingsentence,exceptthatforthepurposesofapplyingthissubsectiontoanysuchunit,theprioryearconcernedasspecifiedbelow,shallbeanyyearafterJanuary1,1995butpriortoJanuary1,2000.
(2)Inthecaseofanaffectedunitunderthissectiondescribedinsubparagraph(A),4theallowancesallocatedunderthissubsectionforearlyreductionsinanyprioryearmaynotexceedtheamountwhich(A)theproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbytheunit's1985actualsulfurdioxideemissionrate(inlbs.permmBtu),dividedby2,000,exceeds(B)theallowancesspecifiedforsuchunitinTableA.Inthecaseofanaffectedunitundersection7651dofthistitledescribedinsubparagraph(A),4theallowancesawardedunderthissubsectionforearlyreductionsinanyprioryearmaynotexceedtheamountbywhich(i)theproductofthequantityoffossilfuelconsumedbytheunit(inmmBtu)intheprioryearmultipliedbythelesserof2.50orthemoststringentemissionrate(inlbs.permmBtu)applicabletotheunitundertheapplicableimplementationplan,dividedby2,000,exceeds(ii)theunit'sactualtonnageofsulfurdioxideemissionfortheprioryearconcerned.Allowancesallocatedunderthissubsectionforunitsreferredtoinsubparagraph(A) 4maybeallocatedonlyforemissionreductionsachievedasaresultofphysicalchangesorchangesinthemethodofoperationmadeafterNovember15,1990,includingchangesinthetypeorqualityoffossilfuelconsumed.
(3)Innoeventshalltheprovisionsofthisparagraph 5beinterpretedasaneventofforcemajeur 6oracommercialimpractibility 7orinanyotherwayasabasisforexcusednonperformancebyautilitysystemunderacoalsalescontractineffectbeforeNovember15,1990.
TableA.—AffectedSourcesandUnitsinPhaseIandTheirSulfurDioxideAllowances(tons)
StatePlantNameGeneratorPhaseIAllowances
Alabama
Colbert
12345
13,57015,31015,40015,41037,180
E.C.Gaston
12345
18,10018,54018,31019,28059,840
Florida
BigBend
123
28,41027,10026,740
Crist
67
19,20031,680
Georgia
Bowen
1234
56,32054,77071,75071,740
Hammond
1234
8,7809,2208,91037,640
J.McDonough
12
19,91020,600
Wansley
12
70,77065,430
Yates
1234567
7,2107,0406,9508,9109,41024,76021,480
Illinois
Baldwin
123
42,01044,42042,550
Coffeen
12
11,79035,670
GrandTower
4
5,910
Hennepin
2
18,410
JoppaSteam
123456
12,59010,77012,27011,36011,42010,620
Kincaid
12
31,53033,810
Meredosia
3
13,890
Vermilion
2
8,880
Indiana
Bailly
78
11,18015,630
Breed
1
18,500
Cayuga
12
33,37034,130
CliftyCreek
123456
20,15019,81020,41020,08019,36020,380
E.W.Stout
567
3,8804,77023,610
F.B.Culley
23
4,29016,970
F.E.Ratts
12
8,3308,480
Gibson
1234
40,40041,01041,08040,320
H.T.Pritchard
6
5,770
MichiganCity
12
23,310
Petersburg
12
16,43032,380
R.Gallagher
1234
6,4907,2806,5307,650
TannersCreek
4
24,820
WabashRiver
12356
4,0002,8603,7503,67012,280
Warrick
4
26,980
Iowa
Burlington
1
10,710
DesMoines
7
2,320
GeorgeNeal
1
1,290
M.L.Kapp
2
13,800
PrairieCreek
4
8,180
Riverside
5
3,990
Kansas
Quindaro
2
4,220
Kentucky
Coleman
123
11,25012,84012,340
Cooper
12
7,45015,320
E.W.Brown
123
7,11010,91026,100
ElmerSmith
12
6,52014,410
Ghent
1
28,410
GreenRiver
4
7,820
H.L.Spurlock
1
22,780
HendersonII
12
13,34012,310
Paradise
3
59,170
Shawnee
10
10,170
Maryland
ChalkPoint
12
21,91024,330
C.P.Crane
12
10,3309,230
Morgantown
12
35,26038,480
Michigan
J.H.Campbell
12
19,28023,060
Minnesota
HighBridge
6
4,270
Mississippi
JackWatson
45
17,91036,700
Missouri
Asbury
1
16,190
JamesRiver
5
4,850
Labadie
1234
40,11037,71040,31035,940
Montrose
123
7,3908,20010,090
NewMadrid
12
28,24032,480
Sibley
3
15,580
Sioux
12
22,57023,690
ThomasHill
12
10,25019,390
New Hampshire
Merrimack
12
10,19022,000
NewJersey
B.L.England
12
9,06011,720
NewYork
Dunkirk
34
12,60014,060
Greenidge
4
7,540
Milliken
12
11,17012,410
Northport
123
19,81024,11026,480
PortJefferson
34
10,47012,330
Ohio
Ashtabula
5
16,740
AvonLake
89
11,65030,480
Cardinal
12
34,27038,320
Conesville
1234
4,2104,8905,50048,770
Eastlake
12345
7,8008,64010,02014,51034,070
Edgewater
4
5,050
Gen.J.M.Gavin
12
79,08080,560
KygerCreek
12345
19,28018,56017,91018,71018,740
MiamiFort
567
76011,38038,510
MuskingumRiver
12345
14,88014,17013,95011,78040,470
Niles
12
6,9409,100
Picway
5
4,930
R.E.Burger
345
6,15010,78012,430
W.H.Sammis
567
24,17039,93043,220
W.C.Beckjord
56
8,95023,020
Pennsylvania
Armstrong
12
14,41015,430
BrunnerIsland
123
27,76031,10053,820
Cheswick
1
39,170
Conemaugh
12
59,79066,450
Hatfield'sFerry
123
37,83037,32040,270
MartinsCreek
12
12,66012,820
Portland
12
5,94010,230
Shawville
1234
10,32010,32014,22014,070
Sunbury
34
8,76011,450
Tennessee
Allen
123
15,32016,77015,670
Cumberland
12
86,70094,840
Gallatin
1234
17,87017,31020,02021,260
Johnsonville
12345678910
7,7908,0408,4107,9908,2407,8908,9808,7007,0807,550
WestVirginia
Albright
3
12,000
FortMartin
12
41,59041,200
Harrison
123
48,62046,15041,500
Kammer
123
18,74019,46017,390
Mitchell
12
43,98045,510
MountStorm
123
43,72035,58042,430
Wisconsin
Edgewater
4
24,750
LaCrosse/Genoa
3
22,700
NelsonDewey
12
6,0106,680
N.OakCreek
1234
5,2205,1405,3706,320
Pulliam
8
7,510
S.OakCreek
5678
9,67012,04016,18015,790
(f)Energyconservationandrenewableenergy
(1)Definitions
Asusedinthissubsection:
(A)Qualifiedenergyconservationmeasure
Theterm"qualifiedenergyconservationmeasure"meansacosteffectivemeasure,asidentifiedbytheAdministratorinconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,thatincreasestheefficiencyoftheuseofelectricityprovidedbyanelectricutilitytoitscustomers.
(B)Qualifiedrenewableenergy
Theterm"qualifiedrenewableenergy"meansenergyderivedfrombiomass,solar,geothermal,orwindasidentifiedbytheAdministratorinconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy.
(C)Electricutility
Theterm"electricutility"meansanyperson,Stateagency,orFederalagency,whichsellselectricenergy.
(2)Allowancesforemissionsavoidedthroughenergyconservationandrenewableenergy
(A)Ingeneral
Theregulationsunderparagraph(4)ofthissubsectionshallprovidethatforeachtonofsulfurdioxideemissionsavoidedbyanelectricutility,duringtheapplicableperiod,throughtheuseofqualifiedenergyconservationmeasuresorqualifiedrenewableenergy,theAdministratorshallallocateasingleallowancetosuchelectricutility,onafirst-come-first-servedbasisfromtheConservationandRenewableEnergyReserveestablishedundersubsection(g),uptoatotalof300,000allowancesforallocationfromsuchReserve.
(B)Requirementsforissuance
TheAdministratorshallallocateallowancestoanelectricutilityunderthissubsectiononlyifallofthefollowingrequirementsaremet:
(i)Suchelectricutilityispayingforthequalifiedenergyconservationmeasuresorqualifiedrenewableenergydirectlyorthroughpurchasefromanotherperson.
(ii)TheemissionsofsulfurdioxideavoidedthroughtheuseofqualifiedenergyconservationmeasuresorqualifiedrenewableenergyarequantifiedinaccordancewithregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratorunderthissubsection.
(iii)(I)Suchelectricutilityhasadoptedandisimplementingaleastcostenergyconservationandelectricpowerplanwhichevaluatesarangeofresources,includingnewpowersupplies,energyconservation,andrenewableenergyresources,inordertomeetexpectedfuturedemandatthelowestsystemcost.
(II)Thequalifiedenergyconservationmeasuresorqualifiedrenewableenergy,orboth,areconsistentwiththatplan.
(III)ElectricutilitiessubjecttothejurisdictionofaStateregulatoryauthoritymusthavesuchplanapprovedbysuchauthority.ForelectricutilitiesnotsubjecttothejurisdictionofaStateregulatoryauthoritysuchplanshallbeapprovedbytheentitywithrate-makingauthorityforsuchutility.
(iv)InthecaseofqualifiedenergyconservationmeasuresundertakenbyaStateregulatedelectricutility,theSecretaryofEnergycertifiesthattheStateregulatoryauthoritywithjurisdictionovertheelectricratesofsuchelectricutilityhasestablishedratesandchargeswhichensurethatthenetincomeofsuchelectricutilityafterimplementationofspecificcosteffectiveenergyconservationmeasuresisatleastashighassuchnetincomewouldhavebeeniftheenergyconservationmeasureshadnotbeenimplemented.UponthedateofanysuchcertificationbytheSecretaryofEnergy,allallowanceswhich,butforthisparagraph,wouldhavebeenallocatedundersubparagraph(A)beforesuchdate,shallbeallocatedtotheelectricutility.Thisclauseisnotarequirementforqualifiedrenewableenergy.
(v)Suchutilityoranysubsidiaryoftheutility'sholdingcompanyownsoroperatesatleastoneaffectedunit.
(C)Periodofapplicability
AllowancesunderthissubsectionshallbeallocatedonlywithrespecttokilowatthoursofelectricenergysavedbyqualifiedenergyconservationmeasuresorgeneratedbyqualifiedrenewableenergyafterJanuary1,1992andbeforetheearlierof(i)December31,2000,or(ii)thedateonwhichanyelectricutilitysteamgeneratingunitownedoroperatedbytheelectricutilitytowhichtheallowancesareallocatedbecomessubjecttothissubchapter(includingthosesourcesthatelecttobecomeaffectedbythissubchapter,pursuanttosection7651iofthistitle).
(D)Determinationofavoidedemissions
(i) 8Application
Inordertoreceiveallowancesunderthissubsection,anelectricutilityshallmakeanapplicationwhich—
(I)designatesthequalifiedenergyconservationmeasuresimplementedandthequalifiedrenewableenergysourcesusedforpurposesofavoidingemissions,9
(II)calculates,inaccordancewithsubparagraphs(F)and(G),thenumberoftonsofemissionsavoidedbyreasonoftheimplementationofsuchmeasuresortheuseofsuchrenewableenergysources;and
(III)demonstratesthattherequirementsofsubparagraph(B)havebeenmet.
SuchapplicationforallowancesbyaState-regulatedelectricutilityshallrequireapprovalbytheStateregulatoryauthoritywithjurisdictionoversuchelectricutility.Theauthorityshallreviewtheapplicationforaccuracyandcompliancewiththissubsectionandtherulesunderthissubsection.ElectricutilitieswhoseretailratesarenotsubjecttothejurisdictionofaStateregulatoryauthorityshallapplydirectlytotheAdministratorforsuchapproval.
(E)Avoidedemissionsfromqualifiedenergyconservationmeasures
Forthepurposesofthissubsection,theemissiontonnagedeemedavoidedbyreasonoftheimplementationofqualifiedenergyconservationmeasuresforanycalendaryearshallbeatonnageequaltotheproductofmultiplying—
(i)thekilowatthoursthatwouldotherwisehavebeensuppliedbytheutilityduringsuchyearintheabsenceofsuchqualifiedenergyconservationmeasures,by
(ii)0.004,
anddividingby2,000.
(F)Avoidedemissionsfromtheuseofqualifiedrenewableenergy
Theemissionstonnagedeemedavoidedbyreasonoftheuseofqualifiedrenewableenergybyanelectricutilityforanycalendaryearshallbeatonnageequaltotheproductofmultiplying—
(i)theactualkilowatthoursgeneratedby,orpurchasedfrom,qualifiedrenewableenergy,by
(ii)0.004,
anddividingby2,000.
(G)Prohibitions
(i)Noallowancesshallbeallocatedunderthissubsectionfortheimplementationofprogramsthatareexclusivelyinformationaloreducationalinnature.
(ii)NoallowancesshallbeallocatedforenergyconservationmeasuresorrenewableenergythatwereoperationalbeforeJanuary1,1992.
(3)Savingsprovision
NothinginthissubsectionprecludesaStateorStateregulatoryauthorityfromprovidingadditionalincentivestoutilitiestoencourageinvestmentindemand-sideresources.
(4)Regulations
Notlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,andinconjunctionwiththeregulationsrequiredtobepromulgatedundersubsections(b)and(c),theAdministratorshall,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofEnergy,promulgateregulationsunderthissubsection.Suchregulationsshalllistenergyconservationmeasuresandrenewableenergysourceswhichmaybetreatedasqualifiedenergyconservationmeasuresandqualifiedrenewableenergyforpurposesofthissubsection.Allowancesshallonlybeallocatedifallrequirementsofthissubsectionandtherulespromulgatedtoimplementthissubsectionarecompliedwith.TheAdministratorshallreviewthedeterminationsofeachStateregulatoryauthorityunderthissubsectiontoencourageconsistencyfromelectricutilitytoelectricutilityandfromStatetoStateinaccordancewiththeAdministrator'srules.TheAdministratorshallpublishthefindingsofthisreviewnolessthanannually.
(g)ConservationandRenewableEnergyReserve
TheAdministratorshallestablishaConservationandRenewableEnergyReserveunderthissubsection.BeginningonJanuary1,1995,theAdministratormayallocatefromtheConservationandRenewableEnergyReserveanamountequaltoatotalof300,000allowancesforemissionsofsulfurdioxidepursuanttosection7651bofthistitle.Inordertoprovide300,000allowancesforsuchreserve,ineachyearbeginningincalendaryear2000anduntilcalendaryear2009,inclusive,theAdministratorshallreduceeachunit'sbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocationonthebasisofitsproratashareof30,000allowances.IfallowancesremaininthereserveafterJanuary2,2010,theAdministratorshallallocatesuchallowancesforaffectedunitsundersection7651dofthistitleonaproratabasis.Forpurposesofthissubsection,foranyunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofsection7651dofthistitle,theterm"proratabasis"referstotheratiowhichthereductionsmadeinsuchunit'sallowancesinordertoestablishthereserveunderthissubsectionbearstothetotalofsuchreductionsforallsuchunits.
(h)Alternativeallowanceallocationforunitsincertainutilitysystemswithoptionalbaseline
(1)Optionalbaselineforunitsincertainsystems
Inthecaseofaunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofthissectionwhich(asofNovember15,1990)—
(A)hasanemissionratebelow1.0lbs/mmBtu,
(B)hasdecreaseditssulfurdioxideemissionsrateby60percentorgreatersince1980,and
(C)ispartofautilitysystemwhichhasaweightedaveragesulfurdioxideemissionsrateforallfossilfueled-firedunitsbelow1.0lbs/mmBtu,
attheelectionoftheowneroroperatorofsuchunit,theunit'sbaselinemaybecalculated(i)asprovidedundersection7651a(d) 10ofthistitle,or(ii)byutilizingtheunit'saverageannualfuelconsumptionata60percentcapacityfactor.SuchelectionshallbemadenolaterthanMarch1,1991.
(2)Allowanceallocation
Wheneveraunitreferredtoinparagraph(1)electstocalculateitsbaselineasprovidedinclause(ii)ofparagraph(1),theAdministratorshallallocateallowancesfortheunitpursuanttosection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitle,thissection,andsection7651dofthistitle(asbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations)inanamountequaltothebaselineselectedmultipliedbytheloweroftheaverageannualemissionrateforsuchunitin1989,or1.0lbs./mmBtu.Suchallowanceallocationshallbeinlieuofanyallocationofallowancesunderthissectionandsection7651dofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§404,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2592.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7651a(4)".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"unit's".
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"this".
4 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"paragraph(1)".
5 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsection".
6 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"majeure".
7 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"impracticability".
8 Soinoriginal.Thereisnocl.(ii).
9 Soinoriginal.Thecommaprobablyshouldbeasemicolon.
10 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7651a(4)".
§7651d.PhaseIIsulfurdioxiderequirements
(a)Applicability
(1)AfterJanuary1,2000,eachexistingutilityunitasprovidedbelowissubjecttothelimitationsorrequirementsofthissection.Eachutilityunitsubjecttoanannualsulfurdioxidetonnageemissionlimitationunderthissectionisanaffectedunitunderthissubchapter.Eachsourcethatincludesoneormoreaffectedunitsisanaffectedsource.Inthecaseofanexistingunitthatwasnotinoperationduringcalendaryear1985,theemissionrateforacalendaryearafter1985,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,shallbeusedinlieuofthe1985rate.Theowneroroperatorofanyunitoperatedinviolationofthissectionshallbefullyliableunderthischapterforfulfillingtheobligationsspecifiedinsection7651jofthistitle.
(2)InadditiontobasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,ineachyearbeginningincalendaryear2000andendingincalendaryear2009,inclusive,theAdministratorshallallocateupto530,000PhaseIIbonusallowancespursuanttosubsections(b)(2),(c)(4),(d)(3)(A)and(B),and(h)(2)ofthissectionandsection7651eofthistitle.NotlaterthanJune1,1998,theAdministratorshallcalculate,foreachunitgrantedanextensionpursuanttosection7651hofthistitlethedifferencebetween(A)thenumberofallowancesallocatedfortheunitincalendaryear2000,and(B)theproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedby1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2000,andsumthecomputations.Ineachyear,beginningincalendaryear2000andendingincalendaryear2009,inclusive,theAdministratorshalldeductfromeachunit'sbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocationitsproratashareof10percentofthesumcalculatedpursuanttotheprecedingsentence.
(3)InadditiontobasicPhaseIIallowanceallocationsandPhaseIIbonusallowanceallocations,beginningJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshallallocateforeachunitlistedonTableAinsection7651cofthistitle(otherthanunitsatKygerCreek,CliftyCreek,andJoppaSteam)andlocatedintheStatesofIllinois,Indiana,Ohio,Georgia,Alabama,Missouri,Pennsylvania,WestVirginia,Kentucky,orTennesseeallowancesinanamountequalto50,000multipliedbytheunit'sproratashareofthetotalnumberofbasicallowancesallocatedforallunitslistedonTableA(otherthanunitsatKygerCreek,CliftyCreek,andJoppaSteam).Allowancesallocatedpursuanttothisparagraphshallnotbesubjecttothe8,900,000tonlimitationinsection7651b(a)ofthistitle.
(b)Unitsequalto,orabove,75MWeand1.20lbs/mmBtu
(1)Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinparagraph(3),afterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyexistingutilityunitthatservesageneratorwithnameplatecapacityequalto,orgreater,than75MWeandanactual1985emissionrateequaltoorgreaterthan1.20lbs/mmBtutoexceedanannualsulfurdioxidetonnageemissionlimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionrateequalto1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(2)Inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttoparagraph(1)andsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,beginningJanuary1,2000,andforeachcalendaryearthereafteruntilandincluding2009,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofparagraph(1)withanactual1985emissionsrategreaterthan1.20lbs/mmBtuandlessthan2.50lbs/mmBtuandabaselinecapacityfactoroflessthan60percent,allowancesfromthereservecreatedpursuanttosubsection(a)(2)inanamountequalto1.20lbs/mmBtumultipliedby50percentofthedifference,onaBtubasis,betweentheunit'sbaselineandtheunit'sfuelconsumptionata60percentcapacityfactor.
(3)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyexistingutilityunitwithanactual1985emissionsrateequaltoorgreaterthan1.20lbs/mmBtuwhoseannualaveragefuelconsumptionduring1985,1986,and1987onaBtubasisexceeded90percentintheformoflignitecoalwhichislocatedinaStateinwhich,asofJuly1,1989,nocountyorportionofacountywasdesignatednonattainmentundersection7407ofthistitleforanypollutantsubjecttotherequirementsofsection7409ofthistitletoexceedanannualsulfurdioxidetonnagelimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbythelesseroftheunit'sactual1985emissionsrateoritsallowable1985emissionsrate,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(4)AfterJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyforeachunit,subjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofparagraph(1),whichislocatedinaStatewithaninstalledelectricalgeneratingcapacityofmorethan30,000,000kwin1988andforwhichwasissuedaprohibitionorderoraproposedprohibitionorder(fromburningoil),whichunitsubsequentlyconvertedtocoalbetweenJanuary1,1980andDecember31,1985,allowancesequaltothedifferencebetween(A)theproductoftheunit'sannualfuelconsumption,onaBtubasis,ata65percentcapacityfactormultipliedbythelesserofitsactualorallowableemissionsrateduringthefirstfullcalendaryearafterconversion,dividedby2,000,and(B)thenumberofallowancesallocatedfortheunitpursuanttoparagraph(1):Provided,Thatthenumberofallowancesallocatedpursuanttothisparagraphshallnotexceedanannualtotaloffivethousand.IfnecessarytomeetingtherestrictionimposedintheprecedingsentencetheAdministratorshallreduce,prorata,theannualallowancesallocatedforeachunitunderthisparagraph.
(c)Coaloroil-firedunitsbelow75MWeandabove1.20lbs/mmBtu
(1)Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinparagraph(3),afterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforacoaloroil-firedexistingutilityunitthatservesageneratorwithnameplatecapacityoflessthan75MWeandanactual1985emissionrateequalto,orgreaterthan,1.20lbs/mmBtuandwhichisaunitownedbyautilityoperatingcompanywhoseaggregatenameplatefossilfuelsteam-electriccapacityis,asofDecember31,1989,equalto,orgreaterthan,250MWetoexceedanannualsulfurdioxideemissionslimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionrateequalto1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(2)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforacoaloroil-firedexistingutilityunitthatservesageneratorwithnameplatecapacityoflessthan75MWeandanactual1985emissionrateequalto,orgreaterthan,1.20lbs/mmBtu(excludingunitssubjecttosection7411ofthistitleortoafederallyenforceableemissionslimitationforsulfurdioxideequivalenttoanannualrateoflessthan1.20lbs/mmBtu)andwhichisaunitownedbyautilityoperatingcompanywhoseaggregatenameplatefossilfuelsteam-electriccapacityis,asofDecember31,1989,lessthan250MWe,toexceedanannualsulfurdioxidetonnageemissionslimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbythelesserofitsactual1985emissionsrateoritsallowable1985emissionsrate,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(3)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyexistingutilityunitwithanameplatecapacitybelow75MWeandanactual1985emissionsrateequalto,orgreaterthan,1.20lbs/mmBtuwhichbecameoperationalonorbeforeDecember31,1965,whichisownedbyautilityoperatingcompanywith,asofDecember31,1989,atotalfossilfuelsteam-electricgeneratingcapacitygreaterthan250MWe,andlessthan450MWewhichservesfewerthan78,000electricalcustomersasofNovember15,1990,toexceedanannualsulfurdioxideemissionstonnagelimitationequaltotheproductofitsbaselinemultipliedbythelesserofitsactualorallowable1985emissionrate,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunits 1totalannualemissions.AfterJanuary1,2010,itshallbeunlawfulforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofthisparagraphtoexceedanannualemissionstonnagelimitationequaltotheproductofitsbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionsrateof1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(4)Inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttoparagraph(1)andsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,beginningJanuary1,2000,andforeachcalendaryearthereafteruntilandincluding2009,inclusive,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofparagraph(1)withanactual1985emissionsrateequalto,orgreaterthan,1.20lbs/mmBtuandlessthan2.50lbs/mmBtuandabaselinecapacityfactoroflessthan60percent,allowancesfromthereservecreatedpursuanttosubsection(a)(2)inanamountequalto1.20lbs/mmBtumultipliedby50percentofthedifference,onaBtubasis,betweentheunit'sbaselineandtheunit'sfuelconsumptionata60percentcapacityfactor.
(5)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyexistingutilityunitwithanameplatecapacitybelow75MWeandanactual1985emissionsrateequalto,orgreaterthan,1.20lbs/mmBtuwhichispartofanelectricutilitysystemwhich,asofNovember15,1990,(A)hasatleast20percentofitsfossil-fuelcapacitycontrolledbyfluegasdesulfurizationdevices,(B)hasmorethan10percentofitsfossil-fuelcapacityconsistingofcoal-firedunitsoflessthan75MWe,and(C)haslargeunits(greaterthan400MWe)allofwhichhavedifficultorverydifficultFGDRetrofitCostFactors(accordingtotheEmissionsandtheFGDRetrofitFeasibilityatthe200TopEmittingGeneratingStations,preparedfortheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyonJanuary10,1986)toexceedanannualsulfurdioxideemissionstonnagelimitationequaltotheproductofitsbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionsrateof2.5lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.AfterJanuary1,2010,itshallbeunlawfulforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofthisparagraphtoexceedanannualemissionstonnagelimitationequaltotheproductofitsbaselinemultipliedbyanemissionsrateof1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorholdsforuseallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(d)Coal-firedunitsbelow1.20lbs/mmBtu
(1)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyexistingcoal-firedutilityunitthelesserofwhoseactualorallowable1985sulfurdioxideemissionsrateislessthan0.60lbs/mmBtutoexceedanannualsulfurdioxidetonnageemissionlimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedby(A)thelesserof0.60lbs/mmBtuortheunit'sallowable1985emissionsrate,and(B)anumericalfactorof120percent,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(2)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyexistingcoal-firedutilityunitthelesserofwhoseactualorallowable1985sulfurdioxideemissionsrateisequalto,orgreaterthan,0.60lbs/mmBtuandlessthan1.20lbs/mmBtutoexceedanannualsulfurdioxidetonnageemissionslimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedby(A)thelesserofitsactual1985emissionsrateoritsallowable1985emissionsrate,and(B)anumericalfactorof120percent,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(3)(A)Inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttoparagraph(1)andsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,attheelectionofthedesignatedrepresentativeoftheoperatingcompany,beginningJanuary1,2000,andforeachcalendaryearthereafteruntilandincluding2009,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofparagraph(1)allowancesfromthereservecreatedpursuanttosubsection(a)(2)inanamountequaltotheamountbywhich(i)theproductofthelesserof0.60lbs/mmBtuortheunit'sallowable1985emissionsratemultipliedbytheunit'sbaselineadjustedtoreflectoperationata60percentcapacityfactor,dividedby2,000,exceeds(ii)thenumberofallowancesallocatedfortheunitpursuanttoparagraph(1)andsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations.
(B)Inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttoparagraph(2)andsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,attheelectionofthedesignatedrepresentativeoftheoperatingcompany,beginningJanuary1,2000,andforeachcalendaryearthereafteruntilandincluding2009,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofparagraph(2)allowancesfromthereservecreatedpursuanttosubsection(a)(2)inanamountequaltotheamountbywhich(i)theproductofthelesseroftheunit'sactual1985emissionsrateoritsallowable1985emissionsratemultipliedbytheunit'sbaselineadjustedtoreflectoperationata60percentcapacityfactor,dividedby2,000,exceeds(ii)thenumberofallowancesallocatedfortheunitpursuanttoparagraph(2)andsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations.
(C)Anoperatingcompanywithunitssubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofthissubsectionmayelecttheallocationofallowancesasprovidedundersubparagraphs(A)and(B).Suchelectionshallapplytotheannualallowanceallocationforeachandeveryunitintheoperatingcompanysubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofthissubsection.TheAdministratorshallallocateallowancespursuanttosubparagraphs(A)and(B)onlyinaccordancewiththissubparagraph.
(4)Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionofthissection,attheelectionoftheowneroroperator,afterJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshallallocateinlieuofallocation,pursuanttoparagraph(1),(2),(3),(5),or(6),2allowancesforaunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofthissubsectionwhichcommencedcommercialoperationonorafterJanuary1,1981andbeforeDecember31,1985,whichwassubjectto,andincompliancewith,section7411ofthistitleinanamountequaltotheunit'sannualfuelconsumption,onaBtubasis,ata65percentcapacityfactormultipliedbytheunit'sallowable1985emissionsrate,dividedby2,000.
(5)Forthepurposesofthissection,inthecaseofanoil-andgas-firedunitwhichhasbeenawardedacleancoaltechnologydemonstrationgrantasofJanuary1,1991,bytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy,beginningJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshallallocatefortheunitallowancesinanamountequaltotheunit'sbaselinemultipliedby1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000.
(e)Oilandgas-firedunitsequaltoorgreaterthan0.60lbs/mmBtuandlessthan1.20lbs/mmBtu
AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyexistingoilandgas-firedutilityunitthelesserofwhoseactualorallowable1985sulfurdioxideemissionrateisequalto,orgreaterthan,0.60lbs/mmBtu,butlessthan1.20lbs/mmBtutoexceedanannualsulfurdioxidetonnagelimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedby(A)thelesseroftheunit'sallowable1985emissionsrateoritsactual1985emissionsrateand(B)anumericalfactorof120percentdividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(f)Oilandgas-firedunitslessthan0.60lbs/mmBtu
(1)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyoilandgas-firedexistingutilityunitthelesserofwhoseactualorallowable1985emissionrateislessthan0.60lbs/mmBtuandwhoseaverageannualfuelconsumptionduringtheperiod1980through1989onaBtubasiswas90percentorlessintheformofnaturalgastoexceedanannualsulfurdioxidetonnageemissionslimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedby(A)thelesserof0.60lbs/mmBtuortheunit'sallowable1985emissions,and(B)anumericalfactorof120percent,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(2)Inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttoparagraph(1)asbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocationsandsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitle,beginningJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshall,3inthecaseofanyunitoperatedbyautilitythatfurnisheselectricity,electricenergy,steam,andnaturalgaswithinanareaconsistingofacityand1contiguouscounty,andinthecaseofanyunitownedbyaStateauthority,theoutputofwhichunitisfurnishedwithinthatsameareaconsistingofacityand1contiguouscounty,theAdministratorshallallocateforeachunitintheutilityitsproratashareof7,000allowancesandforeachunitintheStateauthorityitsproratashareof2,000allowances.
(g)Unitsthatcommenceoperationbetween1986andDecember31,1995
(1)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyutilityunitthathascommencedcommercialoperationonorafterJanuary1,1986,butnotlaterthanSeptember30,1990toexceedanannualtonnageemissionlimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sannualfuelconsumption,onaBtubasis,ata65percentcapacityfactormultipliedbytheunit'sallowable1985sulfurdioxideemissionrate(converted,ifnecessary,topoundspermmBtu),dividedby2,000unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(2)AfterJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshallallocateallowancespursuanttosection7651bofthistitletoeachunitwhichislistedintableBofthisparagraphinanannualamountequaltotheamountspecifiedintableB.
TABLEB
UnitAllowances
BrandonShores
8,907
Miller4
9,197
TNPOne2
4,000
Zimmer1
18,458
Spruce1
7,647
Clover1
2,796
Clover2
2,796
TwinOak2
1,760
TwinOak1
9,158
Cross1
6,401
Malakoff1
1,759
Notwithstandinganyotherparagraphofthissubsection,forunitssubjecttothisparagraph,theAdministratorshallnotallocateallowancespursuanttoanyotherparagraphofthissubsection,Provided 4thattheowneroroperatorofaunitlistedonTableBmayelectanallocationofallowancesunderanotherparagraphofthissubsectioninlieuofanallocationunderthisparagraph.
(3)BeginningJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshallallocatetotheowneroroperatorofanyutilityunitthatcommencescommercialoperation,orhascommencedcommercialoperation,onorafterOctober1,1990,butnotlaterthanDecember31,1992allowancesinanamountequaltotheproductoftheunit'sannualfuelconsumption,onaBtubasis,ata65percentcapacityfactormultipliedbythelesserof0.30lbs/mmBtuortheunit'sallowablesulfurdioxideemissionrate(converted,ifnecessary,topoundspermmBtu),dividedby2,000.
(4)BeginningJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshallallocatetotheowneroroperatorofanyutilityunitthathascommencedconstructionbeforeDecember31,1990andthatcommencescommercialoperationbetweenJanuary1,1993andDecember31,1995,allowancesinanamountequaltotheproductoftheunit'sannualfuelconsumption,onaBtubasis,ata65percentcapacityfactormultipliedbythelesserof0.30lbs/mmBtuortheunit'sallowablesulfurdioxideemissionrate(converted,ifnecessary,topoundspermmBtu),dividedby2,000.
(5)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyexistingutilityunitthathascompletedconversionfrompredominantlygasfiredexistingoperationtocoalfiredoperationbetweenJanuary1,1985andDecember31,1987,forwhichtherehasbeenallocatedaproposedorfinalprohibitionorderpursuanttosection301(b) 5ofthePowerplantandIndustrialFuelUseActof1978(42U.S.C.8301etseq,6repealed1987)toexceedanannualsulfurdioxidetonnageemissionslimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sannualfuelconsumption,onaBtubasis,ata65percentcapacityfactormultipliedbythelesserof1.20lbs/mmBtuortheunit'sallowable1987sulfurdioxideemissionsrate,dividedby2,000,unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunithasobtainedallowancesequaltoitsactualemissions.
(6)(A) 7UnlesstheAdministratorhasapprovedadesignationofsuchfacilityundersection7651iofthistitle,theprovisionsofthissubchaptershallnotapplytoa"qualifyingsmallpowerproductionfacility"or"qualifyingcogenerationfacility"(withinthemeaningofsection796(17)(C)or796(18)(B)oftitle16)ortoa"newindependentpowerproductionfacility"asdefinedinsection7651oofthistitleexcept 8thatclause(iii) 9ofsuchdefinitioninsection7651oofthistitleshallnotapplyforpurposesofthisparagraphif,asofNovember15,1990,
(i)anapplicablepowersalesagreementhasbeenexecuted;
(ii)thefacilityisthesubjectofaStateregulatoryauthorityorderrequiringanelectricutilitytoenterintoapowersalesagreementwith,purchasecapacityfrom,or(forpurposesofestablishingtermsandconditionsoftheelectricutility'spurchaseofpower)enterintoarbitrationconcerning,thefacility;
(iii)anelectricutilityhasissuedaletterofintentorsimilarinstrumentcommittingtopurchasepowerfromthefacilityatapreviouslyofferedorlowerpriceandapowersalesagreementisexecutedwithinareasonableperiodoftime;or
(iv)thefacilityhasbeenselectedasawinningbidderinautilitycompetitivebidsolicitation.
(h)Oilandgas-firedunitslessthan10percentoilconsumed
(1)AfterJanuary1,2000,itshallbeunlawfulforanyoil-andgas-firedutilityunitwhoseaverageannualfuelconsumptionduringtheperiod1980through1989onaBtubasisexceeded90percentintheformofnaturalgastoexceedanannualsulfurdioxidetonnagelimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbytheunit'sactual1985emissionsratedividedby2,000unlesstheowneroroperatorofsuchunitholdsallowancestoemitnotlessthantheunit'stotalannualemissions.
(2)Inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttoparagraph(1)andsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,beginningJanuary1,2000,andforeachcalendaryearthereafteruntilandincluding2009,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofparagraph(1)allowancesfromthereservecreatedpursuanttosubsection(a)(2)ofthissectioninanamountequaltotheunit'sbaselinemultipliedby0.050lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000.
(3)Inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttoparagraph(1)andsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitle,beginningJanuary1,2010,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofparagraph(1)allowancesinanamountequaltotheunit'sbaselinemultipliedby0.050lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000.
(i)UnitsinhighgrowthStates
(1)Inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttothissectionandsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,beginningJanuary1,2000,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyallowancesforeachunit,subjecttoanemissionslimitationrequirementunderthissection,andlocatedinaStatethat—
(A)hasexperiencedagrowthinpopulationinexcessof25percentbetween1980and1988accordingtoStatePopulationandHouseholdEstimates,WithAge,Sex,andComponentsofChange:1981–1988allocatedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerce,and
(B)hadaninstalledelectricalgeneratingcapacityofmorethan30,000,000kwin1988,
inanamountequaltothedifferencebetween(A)thenumberofallowancesthatwouldbeallocatedfortheunitpursuanttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofthissectionapplicabletotheunitadjustedtoreflecttheunit'sannualaveragefuelconsumptiononaBtubasisofanythreeconsecutivecalendaryearsbetween1980and1989(inclusive)aselectedbytheowneroroperatorand(B)thenumberofallowancesallocatedfortheunitpursuanttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofthissection:Provided,Thatthenumberofallowancesallocatedpursuanttothissubsectionshallnotexceedanannualtotalof40,000.Ifnecessarytomeetingthe40,000allowancerestrictionimposedunderthissubsectiontheAdministratorshallreduce,prorata,theadditionalannualallowancesallocatedtoeachunitunderthissubsection.
(2)BeginningJanuary1,2000,inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttothissectionandsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyforeachunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofsubsection(b)(1),(A)thelesserofwhoseactualorallowable1980emissionsratehasdeclinedby50percentormoreasofNovember15,1990,(B)whoseactualemissionsrateislessthan1.2lbs/mmBtuasofJanuary1,2000,(C)whichcommencedoperationafterJanuary1,1970,(D)whichisownedbyautilitycompanywhosecombinedcommercialandindustrialkilowatt-hoursaleshaveincreasedbymorethan20percentbetweencalendaryear1980andNovember15,1990,and(E)whosecompany-widefossil-fuelsulfurdioxideemissionsratehasdeclined40percentumormorefrom1980to1988,allowancesinanamountequaltothedifferencebetween(i)thenumberofallowancesthatwouldbeallocatedfortheunitpursuanttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofsubsection(b)(1)adjustedtoreflecttheunit'sannualaveragefuelconsumptiononaBtubasisforanythreeconsecutiveyearsbetween1980and1989(inclusive)aselectedbytheowneroroperatorand(ii)thenumberofallowancesallocatedfortheunitpursuanttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofsubsection(b)(1)ofthissection:Provided,Thatthenumberofallowancesallocatedpursuanttothisparagraphshallnotexceedanannualtotalof5,000.Ifnecessarytomeetingthe5,000-allowancerestrictionimposedinthelastclauseoftheprecedingsentencetheAdministratorshallreduce,prorata,theadditionalallowancesallocatedtoeachunitpursuanttothisparagraph.
(j)Certainmunicipallyownedpowerplants
BeginningJanuary1,2000,inadditiontoallowancesallocatedpursuanttothissectionandsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitleasbasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,theAdministratorshallallocateannuallyforeachexistingmunicipallyownedoilandgas-firedutilityunitwithnameplatecapacityequalto,orlessthan,40MWe,thelesserofwhoseactualorallowable1985sulfurdioxideemissionrateislessthan1.20lbs/mmBtu,allowancesinanamountequaltotheproductoftheunit'sannualfuelconsumptiononaBtubasisata60percentcapacityfactormultipliedbythelesserofitsallowable1985emissionrateoritsactual1985emissionrate,dividedby2,000.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§405,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2605.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section301(b)ofthePowerplantandIndustrialFuelUseActof1978,referredtoinsubsec.(g)(5),issection301(b)ofPub.L.95–620,whichisclassifiedtosection8341(b)ofthistitle.Apriorsection301(b)ofPub.L.95–620,titleIII,Nov.9,1978,92Stat.3305,whichwasformerlyclassifiedtosection8341(b)ofthistitle,wasrepealedbyPub.L.97–35,titleX,§1021(a),Aug.13,1981,95Stat.614.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"unit's".
2 Soinoriginal.Thissubsectiondoesnotcontainaparagraph(6).
3 Soinoriginal.Thewords"theAdministratorshall,"probablyshouldnotappear.
4 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldnotbecapitalized.
5 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
6 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"seq.,".
7 Soinoriginal.Nosubpar.(B)hasbeenenacted.
8 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbeprecededbyacomma.
9 Soinoriginal.Probablymeansclause"(C)".
§7651e.AllowancesforStateswithemissionsratesatorbelow0.80lbs/mmBtu
(a)ElectionofGovernor
InadditiontobasicPhaseIIallowanceallocations,upontheelectionoftheGovernorofanyState,witha1985state-wideannualsulfurdioxideemissionsrateequaltoorlessthan,0.80lbs/mmBtu,averagedoverallfossilfuel-firedutilitysteamgeneratingunits,beginningJanuary1,2000,andforeachcalendaryearthereafteruntilandincluding2009,theAdministratorshallallocate,inlieuofotherPhaseIIbonusallowanceallocations,allowancesfromthereservecreatedpursuanttosection7651d(a)(2)ofthistitletoallsuchunitsintheStateinanamountequalto125,000multipliedbytheunit'sproratashareofelectricitygeneratedincalendaryear1985atfossilfuel-firedutilitysteamunitsinallStateseligiblefortheelection.
(b)NotificationofAdministrator
Pursuanttosection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitle,eachGovernorofaStateeligibletomakeanelectionunderparagraph 1(a)shallnotifytheAdministratorofsuchelection.IntheeventthattheGovernorofanysuchStatefailstonotifytheAdministratoroftheGovernor'selections,theAdministratorshallallocateallowancespursuanttosection7651dofthistitle.
(c)AllowancesafterJanuary1,2010
AfterJanuary1,2010,theAdministratorshallallocateallowancestounitssubjecttotheprovisionsofthissectionpursuanttosection7651dofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§406,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2613.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsection".
§7651f.Nitrogenoxidesemissionreductionprogram
(a)Applicability
Onthedatethatacoal-firedutilityunitbecomesanaffectedunitpursuanttosections7651c,7651d,17651hofthistitle,oronthedateaunitsubjecttotheprovisionsofsection7651c(d)or7651h(b)ofthistitle,mustmeettheSO2reductionrequirements,eachsuchunitshallbecomeanaffectedunitforpurposesofthissectionandshallbesubjecttotheemissionlimitationsfornitrogenoxidessetforthherein.
(b)Emissionlimitations
(1)NotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallbyregulationestablishannualallowableemissionlimitationsfornitrogenoxidesforthetypesofutilityboilerslistedbelow,whichlimitationsshallnotexceedtherateslistedbelow:Provided,ThattheAdministratormaysetaratehigherthanthatlistedforanytypeofutilityboileriftheAdministratorfindsthatthemaximumlistedrateforthatboilertypecannotbeachievedusinglowNOxburnertechnology.Themaximumallowableemissionratesareasfollows:
(A)fortangentiallyfiredboilers,0.45lb/mmBtu;
(B)fordrybottomwall-firedboilers(otherthanunitsapplyingcellburnertechnology),0.50lb/mmBtu.
AfterJanuary1,1995,itshallbeunlawfulforanyunitthatisanaffectedunitonthatdateandisofthetypelistedinthisparagraphtoemitnitrogenoxidesinexcessoftheemissionratessetbytheAdministratorpursuanttothisparagraph.
(2)NotlaterthanJanuary1,1997,theAdministratorshall,byregulation,establishallowableemissionlimitationsonalb/mmBtu,annualaveragebasis,fornitrogenoxidesforthefollowingtypesofutilityboilers:
(A)wetbottomwall-firedboilers;
(B)cyclones;
(C)unitsapplyingcellburnertechnology;
(D)allothertypesofutilityboilers.
TheAdministratorshallbasesuchratesonthedegreeofreductionachievablethroughtheretrofitapplicationofthebestsystemofcontinuousemissionreduction,takingintoaccountavailabletechnology,costsandenergyandenvironmentalimpacts;andwhichiscomparabletothecostsofnitrogenoxidescontrolssetpursuanttosubsection(b)(1).NotlaterthanJanuary1,1997,theAdministratormayrevisetheapplicableemissionlimitationsfortangentiallyfiredanddrybottom,wall-firedboilers(otherthancellburners)tobemorestringentiftheAdministratordeterminesthatmoreeffectivelowNOxburnertechnologyisavailable:Provided,That,nounitthatisanaffectedunitpursuanttosection7651cofthistitleandthatissubjecttotherequirementsofsubsection(b)(1),shallbesubjecttotherevisedemissionlimitations,ifany.
(c)Revisedperformancestandards
(1) 2NotlaterthanJanuary1,1993,theAdministratorshallproposerevisedstandardsofperformancetosection7411ofthistitlefornitrogenoxidesemissionsfromfossil-fuelfiredsteamgeneratingunits,includingbothelectricutilityandnonutilityunits.NotlaterthanJanuary1,1994,theAdministratorshallpromulgatesuchrevisedstandardsofperformance.Suchrevisedstandardsofperformanceshallreflectimprovementsinmethodsforthereductionofemissionsofoxidesofnitrogen.
(d)Alternativeemissionlimitations
Thepermittingauthorityshall,uponrequestofanowneroroperatorofaunitsubjecttothissection,authorizeanemissionlimitationlessstringentthantheapplicablelimitationestablishedundersubsection(b)(1)or(b)(2)uponadeterminationthat—
(1)aunitsubjecttosubsection(b)(1)cannotmeettheapplicablelimitationusinglowNOxburnertechnology;or
(2)aunitsubjecttosubsection(b)(2)cannotmeettheapplicablerateusingthetechnologyonwhichtheAdministratorbasedtheapplicableemissionlimitation.
Thepermittingauthorityshallbasesuchdeterminationuponashowingsatisfactorytothepermittingauthority,inaccordancewithregulationsestablishedbytheAdministratornotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterNovember15,1990,thattheowneroroperator—
(1)hasproperlyinstalledappropriatecontrolequipmentdesignedtomeettheapplicableemissionrate;
(2)hasproperlyoperatedsuchequipmentforaperiodoffifteenmonths(orsuchotherperiodoftimeastheAdministratordeterminesthroughtheregulations),andprovidesoperatingandmonitoringdataforsuchperioddemonstratingthattheunitcannotmeettheapplicableemissionrate;and
(3)hasspecifiedanemissionratethatsuchunitcanmeetonanannualaveragebasis.
Thepermittingauthorityshallissueanoperatingpermitfortheunitinquestion,inaccordancewithsection7651gofthistitleandpartB 3oftitleIII—
(i)thatpermitstheunitduringthedemonstrationperiodreferredtoinsubparagraph(2)above,toemitatarateinexcessoftheapplicableemissionrate;
(ii)attheconclusionofthedemonstrationperiodtorevisetheoperatingpermittoreflectthealternativeemissionratedemonstratedinparagraphs(2)and(3)above.
Unitssubjecttosubsection(b)(1)forwhichanalternativeemissionlimitationisestablishedshallnotberequiredtoinstallanyadditionalcontroltechnologybeyondlowNOxburners.NothinginthissectionshallprecludeanowneroroperatorfrominstallingandoperatinganalternativeNOxcontroltechnologycapableofachievingtheapplicableemissionlimitation.Iftheowneroroperatorofaunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofsubsection(b)(1)demonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthatthetechnologynecessarytomeetsuchrequirementsisnotinadequatesupplytoenableitsinstallationandoperationattheunit,consistentwithsystemreliability,byJanuary1,1995,thentheAdministratorshallextendthedeadlineforcompliancefortheunitbyaperiodof15months.AnyowneroroperatormaypetitiontheAdministratortomakeadeterminationundertheprevioussentence.TheAdministratorshallgrantordenysuchpetitionwithin3monthsofsubmittal.
(e)Emissionsaveraging
Inlieuofcomplyingwiththeapplicableemissionlimitationsundersubsection(b)(1),(2),or(d),theowneroroperatoroftwoormoreunitssubjecttooneormoreoftheapplicableemissionlimitationssetpursuanttothesesections,4maypetitionthepermittingauthorityforalternativecontemporaneousannualemissionlimitationsforsuchunitsthatensurethat(1)theactualannualemissionrateinpoundsofnitrogenoxidespermillionBtuaveragedovertheunitsinquestionisaratethatislessthanorequalto(2)theBtu-weightedaverageannualemissionrateforthesameunitsiftheyhadbeenoperated,duringthesameperiodoftime,incompliancewithlimitationssetinaccordancewiththeapplicableemissionratessetpursuanttosubsections(b)(1)and(2).
Ifthepermittingauthoritydetermines,inaccordancewithregulationsissuedbytheAdministratornotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterNovember15,1990; 5thattheconditionsintheparagraphabovecanbemet,thepermittingauthorityshallissueoperatingpermitsforsuchunits,inaccordancewithsection7651gofthistitleandpartB 3oftitleIII,thatallowalternativecontemporaneousannualemissionlimitations.Suchemissionlimitationsshallonlyremainineffectwhilebothunitscontinueoperationundertheconditionsspecifiedintheirrespectiveoperatingpermits.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§407,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2613.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
PartBoftitleIII,referredtoinsubsecs.(d)and(e),meanstitleIIIoftheCleanAirAct,actJuly14,1955,ch.360,asadded,whichisclassifiedtosubchapterIIIofthischapter,buttitleIIIdoesnotcontainparts.ForprovisionsoftheCleanAirActrelatingtopermits,seesubchapterV(§7661etseq.)ofthischapter.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbefollowedby"or".
2 Soinoriginal.Nopar.(2)hasbeenenacted.
3 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
4 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subsections,".
5 Soinoriginal.Thesemicolonprobablyshouldbeacomma.
§7651g.Permitsandcomplianceplans
(a)Permitprogram
Theprovisionsofthissubchaptershallbeimplemented,subjecttosection7651bofthistitle,bypermitsissuedtounitssubjecttothissubchapter(andenforced)inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofsubchapterV,asmodifiedbythissubchapter.AnysuchpermitissuedbytheAdministrator,orbyaStatewithanapprovedpermitprogram,shallprohibit—
(1)annualemissionsofsulfurdioxideinexcessofthenumberofallowancestoemitsulfurdioxidetheowneroroperator,orthedesignatedrepresentativeoftheownersoroperators,oftheunitholdfortheunit,
(2)exceedancesofapplicableemissionsrates,
(3)theuseofanyallowancepriortotheyearforwhichitwasallocated,and
(4)contraventionofanyotherprovisionofthepermit.
Permitsissuedtoimplementthissubchaptershallbeissuedforaperiodof5years,notwithstandingsubchapterV.Nopermitshallbeissuedthatisinconsistentwiththerequirementsofthissubchapter,andsubchapterVasapplicable.
(b)Complianceplan
Eachinitialpermitapplicationshallbeaccompaniedbyacomplianceplanforthesourcetocomplywithitsrequirementsunderthissubchapter.Whereanaffectedsourceconsistsofmorethanoneaffectedunit,suchplanshallcoverallsuchunits,andforpurposesofsection7661a(c)ofthistitle,suchsourceshallbeconsidereda"facility".NothinginthissectionregardingcomplianceplansorinsubchapterVshallbeconstruedasaffectingallowances.Exceptasprovidedundersubsection(c)(1)(B),submissionofastatementbytheowneroroperator,orthedesignatedrepresentativeoftheownersandoperators,ofaunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofsections7651c,7651d,and7651fofthistitle,thattheunitwillmeettheapplicableemissionslimitationrequirementsofsuchsectionsinatimelymannerorthat,inthecaseoftheemissionslimitationrequirementsofsections7651cand7651dofthistitle,theownersandoperatorswillholdallowancestoemitnotlessthanthetotalannualemissionsoftheunit,shallbedeemedtomeettheproposedandapprovedcomplianceplanningrequirementsofthissectionandsubchapterV,exceptthat,foranyunitthatwillmeettherequirementsofthissubchapterbymeansofanalternativemethodofcomplianceauthorizedundersection7651c(b),(c),(d),or(f)ofthistitle 1section7651f(d)or(e)ofthistitle,section7651hofthistitleandsection7651iofthistitle,theproposedandapprovedcomplianceplan,permitapplicationandpermitshallinclude,pursuanttoregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator,foreachalternativemethodofcomplianceacomprehensivedescriptionofthescheduleandmeansbywhichtheunitwillrelyononeormorealternativemethodsofcomplianceinthemannerandtimeauthorizedunderthissubchapter.RecordationbytheAdministratoroftransfersofallowancesshallamendautomaticallyallapplicableproposedorapprovedpermitapplications,complianceplansandpermits.TheAdministratormayalsorequire—
(1)forasource,ademonstrationofattainmentofnationalambientairqualitystandards,and
(2)fromtheowneroroperatoroftwoormoreaffectedsources,anintegratedcomplianceplanprovidinganoverallplanforachievingcomplianceattheaffectedsources.
(c)Firstphasepermits
TheAdministratorshallissuepermitstoaffectedsourcesundersections7651cand7651fofthistitle.
(1)Permitapplicationandcomplianceplan
(A)Notlaterthan27monthsafterNovember15,1990,thedesignatedrepresentativeoftheownersoroperators,ortheownerandoperator,ofeachaffectedsourceundersections7651cand7651fofthistitleshallsubmitapermitapplicationandcomplianceplanforthatsourceinaccordancewithregulationsissuedbytheAdministratorunderparagraph(3).Thepermitapplicationandthecomplianceplanshallbebindingontheowneroroperatororthedesignatedrepresentativeofownersandoperatorsforpurposesofthissubchapterandsection7651a(a) 2ofthistitle,andshallbeenforceableinlieuofapermituntilapermitisissuedbytheAdministratorforthesource.
(B)Inthecaseofacomplianceplanforanaffectedsourceundersections7651cand7651fofthistitleforwhichtheowneroroperatorproposestomeettherequirementsofthatsectionbyreducingutilizationoftheunitascomparedwithitsbaselineorbyshuttingdowntheunit,theowneroroperatorshallincludeintheproposedcomplianceplanaspecificationoftheunitorunitsthatwillprovideelectricalgenerationtocompensateforthereducedoutputattheaffectedsource,orademonstrationthatsuchreducedutilizationwillbeaccomplishedthroughenergyconservationorimprovedunitefficiency.Theunittobeusedforsuchcompensatinggeneration,whichisnototherwiseanaffectedunitundersections7651cand7651fofthistitle,shallbedeemedanaffectedunitundersection7651cofthistitle,subjecttoalloftherequirementsforsuchunitsunderthissubchapter,exceptthatallowancesshallbeallocatedtosuchcompensatingunitintheamountofanannuallimitationequaltotheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedbythelesseroftheunit'sactual1985emissionsrateoritsallowable1985emissionsrate,dividedby2,000.
(2)EPAactiononcomplianceplans
TheAdministratorshallrevieweachproposedcomplianceplantodeterminewhetheritsatisfiestherequirementsofthissubchapter,andshallapproveordisapprovesuchplanwithin6monthsafterreceiptofacompletesubmission.Ifaplanisdisapproved,itmayberesubmittedforapprovalwithsuchchangesastheAdministratorshallrequireconsistentwiththerequirementsofthissubchapterandwithinsuchperiodastheAdministratorprescribesaspartofsuchdisapproval.
(3)Regulations;issuanceofpermits
Notlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulations,inaccordancewithsubchapterV,toimplementaFederalpermitprogramtoissuepermitsforaffectedsourcesunderthissubchapter.Followingpromulgation,theAdministratorshallissueapermittoimplementtherequirementsofsection7651cofthistitleandtheallowancesprovidedundersection7651bofthistitletotheowneroroperatorofeachaffectedsourceundersection7651cofthistitle.Suchapermitshallsupersedeanypermitapplicationandcomplianceplansubmittedunderparagraph(1).
(4)Fees
Duringtheyears1995through1999inclusive,nofeeshallberequiredtobepaidundersection7661a(b)(3)ofthistitleorundersection7410(a)(2)(L)ofthistitlewithrespecttoemissionsfromanyunitwhichisanaffectedunitundersection7651cofthistitle.
(d)Secondphasepermits
(1)Toprovideforpermitsfor(A)newelectricutilitysteamgeneratingunitsrequiredundersection7651b(e)ofthistitletohaveallowances,(B)affectedunitsorsourcesundersection7651dofthistitle,and(C)existingunitssubjecttonitrogenoxideemissionreductionsundersection7651fofthistitle,eachStateinwhichoneormoresuchunitsorsourcesarelocatedshallsubmitinaccordancewithsubchapterV,apermitprogramforapprovalasprovidedbythatsubchapter.Uponapprovalofsuchprogram,fortheunitsorsourcessubjecttosuchapprovedprogramtheAdministratorshallsuspendtheissuanceofpermitsasprovidedinsubchapterV.
(2)Theowneroroperatororthedesignatedrepresentativeofeachaffectedsourceundersection7651dofthistitleshallsubmitapermitapplicationandcomplianceplanforthatsourcetothepermittingauthority,notlaterthanJanuary1,1996.
(3)NotlaterthanDecember31,1997,eachStatewithanapprovedpermitprogramshallissuepermitstotheowneroroperator,orthedesignatedrepresentativeoftheownersandoperators,ofaffectedsourcesundersection7651dofthistitlethatsatisfytherequirementsofsubchapterVandthissubchapterandthatsubmittedtosuchStateapermitapplicationandcomplianceplanpursuanttoparagraph(2).InthecaseofaStatewithoutanapprovedpermitprogrambyJuly1,1996,theAdministratorshall,notlaterthanJanuary1,1998,issueapermittotheowneroroperatororthedesignatedrepresentativeofeachsuchaffectedsource.Inthecaseofaffectedsourcesforwhichapplicationsandplansaretimelyreceivedunderparagraph(2),thepermitapplicationandthecomplianceplan,includingamendmentsthereto,shallbebindingontheowneroroperatororthedesignatedrepresentativeoftheownersoroperatorsandshallbeenforceableasapermitforpurposesofthissubchapterandsubchapterVuntilapermitisissuedbythepermittingauthorityfortheaffectedsource.Theprovisionsofsection558(c)oftitle5(relatingtorenewals)shallapplytopermitsissuedbyapermittingauthorityunderthissubchapterandsubchapterV.
(4)Thepermitissuedinaccordancewiththissubsectionforanaffectedsourceshallprovidethattheaffectedunitsattheaffectedsourcemaynotemitanannualtonnageofsulfurdioxideinexcessofthenumberofallowancestoemitsulfurdioxidetheowneroroperatorordesignatedrepresentativeholdfortheunit.
(e)Newunits
Theowneroroperatorofeachsourcethatincludesanewelectricutilitysteamgeneratingunitshallsubmitapermitapplicationandcomplianceplantothepermittingauthoritynotlaterthan24monthsbeforethelaterof(1)January1,2000,or(2)thedateonwhichtheunitcommencesoperation.Thepermittingauthorityshallissueapermittotheowneroroperator,orthedesignatedrepresentativethereof,oftheunitthatsatisfiestherequirementsofsubchapterVandthissubchapter.
(f)Unitssubjecttocertainotherlimits
Theowneroroperator,ordesignatedrepresentativethereof,ofanyunitsubjecttoanemissionraterequirementundersection7651fofthistitleshallsubmitapermitapplicationandcomplianceplanforsuchunittothepermittingauthority,notlaterthanJanuary1,1998.ThepermittingauthorityshallissueapermittotheowneroroperatorthatsatisfiestherequirementsofsubchapterVandthissubchapter,includinganyappropriatemonitoringandreportingrequirements.
(g)Amendmentofapplicationandcomplianceplan
Atanytimeafterthesubmissionofanapplicationandcomplianceplanunderthissection,theapplicantmaysubmitarevisedapplicationandcomplianceplan,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissection.Inconsideringanypermitapplicationandcomplianceplanunderthissubchapter,thepermittingauthorityshallensurecoordinationwiththeapplicableelectricratemakingauthority,inthecaseofregulatedutilities,andwithunregulatedpublicutilities.
(h)Prohibition
(1)Itshallbeunlawfulforanowneroroperator,ordesignatedrepresentative,requiredtosubmitapermitapplicationorcomplianceplanunderthissubchaptertofailtosubmitsuchapplicationorplaninaccordancewiththedeadlinesspecifiedinthissectionortootherwisefailtocomplywithregulationsimplementingthissection.
(2)Itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontooperateanysourcesubjecttothissubchapterexceptincompliancewiththetermsandrequirementsofapermitapplicationandcomplianceplan(includingamendmentsthereto)orpermitissuedbytheAdministratororaStatewithanapprovedpermitprogram.Forpurposesofthissubsection,compliance,asprovidedinsection7661c(f)ofthistitle,withapermitissuedundersubchapterVwhichcomplieswiththissubchapterforsourcessubjecttothissubchaptershallbedeemedcompliancewiththissubsectionaswellassection7661a(a)ofthistitle.
(3)Inordertoensurereliabilityofelectricpower,nothinginthissubchapterorsubchapterVshallbeconstruedasrequiringterminationofoperationsofanelectricutilitysteamgeneratingunitforfailuretohaveanapprovedpermitorcomplianceplan,exceptthatanysuchunitmaybesubjecttotheapplicableenforcementprovisionsofsection7413ofthistitle.
(i)Multipleowners
Nopermitshallbeissuedunderthissectiontoanaffectedunituntilthedesignatedrepresentativeoftheownersoroperatorshasfiledacertificateofrepresentationwithregardtomattersunderthissubchapter,includingtheholdinganddistributionofallowancesandtheproceedsoftransactionsinvolvingallowances.Wheretherearemultipleholdersofalegalorequitabletitleto,oraleaseholdinterestin,suchaunit,orwhereautilityorindustrialcustomerpurchasespowerfromanaffectedunit(orunits)underlife-of-the-unit,firmpowercontractualarrangements,thecertificateshallstate(1)thatallowancesandtheproceedsoftransactionsinvolvingallowanceswillbedeemedtobeheldordistributedinproportiontoeachholder'slegal,equitable,leasehold,orcontractualreservationorentitlement,or(2)ifsuchmultipleholdershaveexpresslyprovidedforadifferentdistributionofallowancesbycontract,thatallowancesandtheproceedsoftransactionsinvolvingallowanceswillbedeemedtobeheldordistributedinaccordancewiththecontract.Apassivelessor,orapersonwhohasanequitableinterestthroughsuchlessor,whoserentalpaymentsarenotbased,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,upontherevenuesorincomefromtheaffectedunitshallnotbedeemedtobeaholderofalegal,equitable,leasehold,orcontractualinterestforthepurposeofholdingordistributingallowancesasprovidedinthissubsection,duringeitherthetermofsuchleaseholdorthereafter,unlessexpresslyprovidedforintheleaseholdagreement.Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinthissubsection,wherealllegalorequitabletitletoorinterestinanaffectedunitisheldbyasingleperson,thecertificationshallstatethatallallowancesreceivedbytheunitaredeemedtobeheldforthatperson.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§408,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2616.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbefollowedbyacomma.
2 Soinoriginal.Section7651aofthistitledoesnotcontainsubsections.
§7651h.Repoweredsources
(a)Availability
NotlaterthanDecember31,1997,theowneroroperatorofanexistingunitsubjecttotheemissionslimitationrequirementsofsection7651d(b)and(c)ofthistitlemaydemonstratetothepermittingauthoritythatoneormoreunitswillberepoweredwithaqualifyingcleancoaltechnologytocomplywiththerequirementsundersection7651dofthistitle.Theowneroroperatorshall,aspartofanysuchdemonstration,provide,notlaterthanJanuary1,2000,satisfactorydocumentationofapreliminarydesignandengineeringeffortforsuchrepoweringandanexecutedandbindingcontractforthemajorityoftheequipmenttorepowersuchunitandsuchotherinformationastheAdministratormayrequirebyregulation.Thereplacementofanexistingutilityunitwithanewutilityunitusingarepoweringtechnologyreferredtoinsection7651a(2) 1ofthistitlewhichislocatedatadifferentsite,shallbetreatedasrepoweringoftheexistingunitforpurposesofthissubchapter,if—
(1)thereplacementunitisdesignatedbytheowneroroperatortoreplacesuchexistingunit,and
(2)theexistingunitisretiredfromserviceonorbeforethedateonwhichthedesignatedreplacementunitenterscommercialoperation.
(b)Extension
(1)Anowneroroperatorsatisfyingtherequirementsofsubsection(a)shallbegrantedanextensionoftheemissionlimitationrequirementcompliancedateforthatunitfromJanuary1,2000,toDecember31,2003.Theextensionshallbespecifiedinthepermitissuedtothesourceundersection7651gofthistitle,togetherwithanycompliancescheduleandotherrequirementsnecessarytomeetsecondphaserequirementsbytheextendeddate.Anyunitthatisgrantedanextensionunderthissectionshallnotbeeligibleforawaiverundersection7411(j)ofthistitle,andshallcontinuetobesubjecttorequirementsunderthissubchapterasifitwereaunitsubjecttosection7651dofthistitle.
(2)If(A)theowneroroperatorofanexistingunithasbeengrantedanextensionunderparagraph(1)inordertorepowersuchunitwithacleancoalunit,and(B)suchowneroroperatordemonstratestothesatisfactionoftheAdministratorthattherepoweringtechnologytobeutilizedbysuchunithasbeenproperlyconstructedandtestedonsuchunit,butneverthelesshasbeenunabletoachievetheemissionreductionlimitationsandiseconomicallyortechnologicallyinfeasible,suchexistingunitmayberetrofittedorrepoweredwithequipmentorfacilitiesutilizinganothercleancoaltechnologyorotheravailablecontroltechnology.
(c)Allowances
(1)Fortheperiodoftheextensionunderthissection,theAdministratorshallallocatetotheowneroroperatoroftheaffectedunit,annualallowancesforsulfurdioxideequaltotheaffectedunit'sbaselinemultipliedbythelesseroftheunit'sfederallyapprovedStateImplementationPlanemissionslimitationoritsactualemissionratefor1995inlieuofanyotherallocation.Suchallowancesmaynotbetransferredorusedbyanyothersourcetomeetemissionrequirementsunderthissubchapter.ThesourceowneroroperatorshallnotifytheAdministratorsixtydaysinadvanceofthedateonwhichtheaffectedunitforwhichtheextensionhasbeengrantedistoberemovedfromoperationtoinstalltherepoweringtechnology.
(2)Effectiveonthatdate,theunitshallbesubjecttotherequirementsofsection7651dofthistitle.Allowancesfortheyearinwhichtheunitisremovedfromoperationtoinstalltherepoweringtechnologyshallbecalculatedastheproductoftheunit'sbaselinemultipliedby1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000,andproratedaccordingly,andaretransferable.
(3)Allowancesforsuchexistingutilityunitsforcalendaryearsaftertheyeartherepoweringiscompleteshallbecalculatedastheproductoftheexistingunit'sbaselinemultipliedby1.20lbs/mmBtu,dividedby2,000.
(4)Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection7651b(a)and(e)ofthistitle,allowancesshallbeallocatedunderthissectionforadesignatedreplacementunitwhichreplacesanexistingunit(asprovidedinthelastsentenceofsubsection(a))inlieuofanyfurtherallocationsofallowancesfortheexistingunit.
(5)Forthepurposeofmeetingtheaggregateemissionslimitationrequirementsetforthinsection7651b(a)(1)ofthistitle,theunitswithanextensionunderthissubsectionshallbetreatedineachcalendaryearduringtheextensionperiodasholdingallowancesallocatedunderparagraph(3).
(d)Controlrequirements
Anyunitqualifyingforanextensionunderthissectionthatdoesnotincreaseactualhourlyemissionsforanypollutantregulatedunderthe 2chaptershallnotbesubjecttoanystandardofperformanceundersection7411ofthistitle.Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofthissubsection,nonewunit(1)designatedasareplacementforanexistingunit,(2)qualifyingfortheextensionundersubsection(b),and(3)locatedatadifferentsitethantheexistingunitshallreceiveanexemptionfromtherequirementsimposedundersection7411ofthistitle.
(e)Expeditedpermitting
Statepermittingauthoritiesand,whereapplicable,theAdministrator,areencouragedtogiveexpeditedconsiderationtopermitapplicationsunderpartsCandDofsubchapterIofthischapterforanysourcequalifyingforanextensionunderthissection.
(f)Prohibition
Itshallbeunlawfulfortheowneroroperatorofarepoweredsourcetofailtocomplywiththerequirementofthissection,oranyregulationsofpermitrequirementstoimplementthissection,includingtheprohibitionagainstemittingsulfurdioxideinexcessofallowancesheld.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§409,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2619.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7651a(12)".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"this".
§7651i.Electionforadditionalsources
(a)Applicability
Theowneroroperatorofanyunitthatisnot,norwillbecome,anaffectedunitundersection7651b(e),7651c,or7651dofthistitle,orthatisaprocesssourceundersubsection(d),thatemitssulfurdioxide,mayelecttodesignatethatunitorsourcetobecomeanaffectedunitandtoreceiveallowancesunderthissubchapter.AnelectionshallbesubmittedtotheAdministratorforapproval,alongwithapermitapplicationandproposedcomplianceplaninaccordancewithsection7651gofthistitle.TheAdministratorshallapproveadesignationthatmeetstherequirementsofthissection,andsuchdesignatedunit,orsource,shallbeallocatedallowances,andbeanaffectedunitforpurposesofthissubchapter.
(b)Establishmentofbaseline
ThebaselineforaunitdesignatedunderthissectionshallbeestablishedbytheAdministratorbyregulation,basedonfuelconsumptionandoperatingdatafortheunitforcalendaryears1985,1986,and1987,orifsuchdataisnotavailable,theAdministratormayprescribeabaselinebasedonalternativerepresentativedata.
(c)Emissionlimitations
Annualemissionslimitationsforsulfurdioxideshallbeequaltotheproductofthebaselinemultipliedbythelesseroftheunit's1985actualorallowableemissionrateinlbs/mmBtu,or,iftheunitdidnotoperatein1985,bythelesseroftheunit'sactualorallowableemissionrateforacalendaryearafter1985(asdeterminedbytheAdministrator),dividedby2,000.
(d)Processsources
Notlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallestablishaprogramunderwhichtheowneroroperatorofaprocesssourcethatemitssulfurdioxidemayelecttodesignatethatsourceasanaffectedunitforthepurposeofreceivingallowancesunderthissubchapter.TheAdministratorshall,byregulation,definethesourcesthatmaybedesignated;specifytheemissionslimitation;specifytheoperating,emissionbaseline,andotherdatarequirements;prescribeCEMSorothermonitoringrequirements;andpromulgatepermit,reporting,andanyotherrequirementsnecessarytoimplementsuchaprogram.
(e)Allowancesandpermits
TheAdministratorshallissueallowancestoanaffectedunitunderthissectioninanamountequaltotheemissionslimitationcalculatedundersubsection(c)or(d),inaccordancewithsection7651bofthistitle.Suchallowancemaybeusedinaccordancewith,andshallbesubjectto,theprovisionsofsection7651bofthistitle.Affectedsourcesunderthissectionshallbesubjecttotherequirementsofsections7651b,7651g,7651j,7651k,7651l,and7651mofthistitle.
(f)Limitation
Anyunitdesignatedunderthissectionshallnottransferorbankallowancesproducedasaresultofreducedutilizationorshutdown,exceptthat,suchallowancesmaybetransferredorcarriedforwardforuseinsubsequentyearstotheextentthatthereducedutilizationorshutdownresultsfromthereplacementofthermalenergyfromtheunitdesignatedunderthissection,withthermalenergygeneratedbyanyotherunitorunitssubjecttotherequirementsofthissubchapter,andthedesignatedunit'sallowancesaretransferredorcarriedforwardforuseatsuchotherreplacementunitorunits.InnocasemaytheAdministratorallocatetoasourcedesignatedunderthissectionallowancesinanamountgreaterthantheemissionsresultingfromoperationofthesourceinfullcompliancewiththerequirementsofthischapter.Nosuchallowancesshallauthorizeoperationofaunitinviolationofanyotherrequirementsofthischapter.
(g)Implementation
TheAdministratorshallissueregulationstoimplementthissectionnotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterNovember15,1990.
(h)Smalldieselrefineries
TheAdministratorshallissueallowancestoownersoroperatorsofsmalldieselrefinerieswhoproducedieselfuelafterOctober1,1993,meetingtherequirementsofsubsection 17545(i)ofthistitle.
(1)Allowanceperiod
AllowancesmaybeallocatedunderthissubsectiononlyfortheperiodfromOctober1,1993,throughDecember31,1999.
(2)Allowancedetermination
Thenumberofallowancesallocatedpursuanttothisparagraphshallequaltheannualnumberofpoundsofsulfurdioxidereductionattributabletodesulfurizationbyasmallrefinerydividedby2,000.Forthepurposesofthiscalculation,theconcentrationofsulfurremovedfromdieselfuelshallbethedifferencebetween0.274percent(byweight)and0.050percent(byweight).
(3)Refineryeligibility
Asusedinthissubsection,theterm"smallrefinery"shallmeanarefineryorportionofarefinery—
(A)which,asofNovember15,1990,hasbonafidecrudeoilthroughputoflessthan18,250,000barrelsperyear,asreportedtotheDepartmentofEnergy,and
(B)which,asofNovember15,1990,isownedorcontrolledbyarefinerwithatotalcombinedbonafidecrudeoilthroughputoflessthan50,187,500barrelsperyear,asreportedtotheDepartmentofEnergy.
(4)Limitationperrefinery
Themaximumnumberofallowancesthatcanbeannuallyallocatedtoasmallrefinerypursuanttothissubsectionisonethousandandfivehundred.
(5)Limitationontotal
Inanygivenyear,thetotalnumberofallowancesallocatedpursuanttothissubsectionshallnotexceedthirty-fivethousand.
(6)Requiredcertification
TheAdministratorshallnotallocateanyallowancespursuanttothissubsectionunlesstheowneroroperatorofasmalldieselrefineryshallhavecertified,atatimeandinamannerprescribedbytheAdministrator,thatallmotordieselfuelproducedbytherefineryforwhichallowancesareclaimed,includingmotordieselfuelforoff-highwayuse,shallhavemettherequirementsofsubsection 17545(i)ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§410,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2621.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"section".
§7651j.Excessemissionspenalty
(a)Excessemissionspenalty
Theowneroroperatorofanyunitorprocesssourcesubjecttotherequirementsofsections 17651b,7651c,7651d,7651e,7651for7651hofthistitle,ordesignatedundersection7651iofthistitle,thatemitssulfurdioxideornitrogenoxidesforanycalendaryearinexcessoftheunit'semissionslimitationrequirementor,inthecaseofsulfurdioxide,oftheallowancestheowneroroperatorholdsforusefortheunitforthatcalendaryearshallbeliableforthepaymentofanexcessemissionspenalty,exceptwheresuchemissionswereauthorizedpursuanttosection7410(f)ofthistitle.Thatpenaltyshallbecalculatedonthebasisofthenumberoftonsemittedinexcessoftheunit'semissionslimitationrequirementor,inthecaseofsulfurdioxide,oftheallowancestheoperatorholdsforusefortheunitforthatyear,multipliedby$2,000.AnysuchpenaltyshallbedueandpayablewithoutdemandtotheAdministratorasprovidedinregulationstobeissuedbytheAdministratorbynolaterthaneighteenmonthsafterNovember15,1990.AnysuchpaymentshallbedepositedintheUnitedStatesTreasurypursuanttotheMiscellaneousReceiptsAct.2Anypenaltydueandpayableunderthissectionshallnotdiminishtheliabilityoftheunit'sowneroroperatorforanyfine,penaltyorassessmentagainsttheunitforthesameviolationunderanyothersectionofthischapter.
(b)Excessemissionsoffset
Theowneroroperatorofanyaffectedsourcethatemitssulfurdioxideduringanycalendaryearinexcessoftheunit'semissionslimitationrequirementoroftheallowancesheldfortheunitforthecalendaryear,shallbeliabletooffsettheexcessemissionsbyanequaltonnageamountinthefollowingcalendaryear,orsuchlongerperiodastheAdministratormayprescribe.Theowneroroperatorofthesourceshall,withinsixtydaysaftertheendoftheyearinwhichtheexcessemissionsoccured,3submittotheAdministrator,andtotheStateinwhichthesourceislocated,aproposedplantoachievetherequiredoffsets.UponapprovaloftheproposedplanbytheAdministrator,assubmitted,modifiedorconditioned,theplanshallbedeemedat 4aconditionoftheoperatingpermitfortheunitwithoutfurtherrevieworrevisionofthepermit.TheAdministratorshallalsodeductallowancesequaltotheexcesstonnagefromthoseallocatedforthesourceforthecalendaryear,orsucceedingyearsduringwhichoffsetsarerequired,followingtheyearinwhichtheexcessemissionsoccurred.
(c)Penaltyadjustment
TheAdministratorshall,byregulation,adjustthepenaltyspecifiedinsubsection(a)forinflation,basedontheConsumerPriceIndex,onNovember15,1990,andannuallythereafter.
(d)Prohibition
Itshallbeunlawfulfortheowneroroperatorofanysourceliableforapenaltyandoffsetunderthissectiontofail(1)topaythepenaltyundersubsection(a),(2)toprovide,andthereaftercomplywith,acomplianceplanasrequiredbysubsection(b),or(3)tooffsetexcessemissionsasrequiredbysubsection(b).
(e)Savingsprovision
Nothinginthissubchaptershalllimitorotherwiseaffecttheapplicationofsection7413,7414,7420,or7604ofthistitleexceptasotherwiseexplicitlyprovidedinthissubchapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§411,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2623.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheMiscellaneousReceiptsAct,referredtoinsubsec.(a),isnotarecognizedpopularnameforanact.Forprovisionsrelatingtodepositofmonies,seesection3302ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"section".
2 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"occurred,".
4 Soinoriginal.
§7651k.Monitoring,reporting,andrecordkeepingrequirements
(a)Applicability
TheownerandoperatorofanysourcesubjecttothissubchaptershallberequiredtoinstallandoperateCEMSoneachaffectedunitatthesource,andtoqualityassurethedataforsulfurdioxide,nitrogenoxides,opacityandvolumetricflowateachsuchunit.TheAdministratorshall,byregulationsissuednotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterNovember15,1990,specifytherequirementsforCEMS,foranyalternativemonitoringsystemthatisdemonstratedasprovidinginformationwiththesameprecision,reliability,accessibility,andtimelinessasthatprovidedbyCEMS,andforrecordkeepingandreportingofinformationfromsuchsystems.Suchregulationsmayincludelimitationsortheuseofalternativecompliancemethodsbyunitsequippedwithanalternativemonitoringsystemasmaybenecessarytopreservetheorderlyfunctioningoftheallowancesystem,andwhichwillensuretheemissionsreductionscontemplatedbythissubchapter.Where2ormoreunitsutilizeasinglestack,aseparateCEMSshallnotberequiredforeachunit,andforsuchunitstheregulationsshallrequirethattheowneroroperatorcollectsufficientinformationtopermitreliablecompliancedeterminationsforeachsuchunit.
(b)Firstphaserequirements
Notlaterthanthirty-sixmonthsafterNovember15,1990,theowneroroperatorofeachaffectedunitundersection7651cofthistitle,including,butnotlimitedto,unitsthatbecomeaffectedunitspursuanttosubsections(b)and(c)andeligibleunitsundersubsection(d),shallinstallandoperateCEMS,qualityassurethedata,andkeeprecordsandreportsinaccordancewiththeregulationsissuedundersubsection(a).
(c)Secondphaserequirements
NotlaterthanJanuary1,1995,theowneroroperatorofeachaffectedunitthathasnotpreviouslymettherequirementsofsubsections(a)and(b)shallinstallandoperateCEMS,qualityassurethedata,andkeeprecordsandreportsinaccordancewiththeregulationsissuedundersubsection(a).Uponcommencementofcommercialoperationofeachnewutilityunit,theunitshallcomplywiththerequirementsofsubsection(a).
(d)Unavailabilityofemissionsdata
IfCEMSdataordatafromanalternativemonitoringsystemapprovedbytheAdministratorundersubsection(a)isnotavailableforanyaffectedunitduringanyperiodofacalendaryearinwhichsuchdataisrequiredunderthissubchapter,andtheowneroroperatorcannotprovideinformation,satisfactorytotheAdministrator,onemissionsduringthatperiod,theAdministratorshalldeemtheunittobeoperatinginanuncontrolledmannerduringtheentireperiodforwhichthedatawasnotavailableandshall,byregulationwhichshallbeissuednotlaterthaneighteenmonthsafterNovember15,1990,prescribemeanstocalculateemissionsforthatperiod.Theowneroroperatorshallbeliableforexcessemissionsfeesandoffsetsundersection7651jofthistitleinaccordancewithsuchregulations.Anyfeedueandpayableunderthissubsectionshallnotdiminishtheliabilityoftheunit'sowneroroperatorforanyfine,penalty,feeorassessmentagainsttheunitforthesameviolationunderanyothersectionofthischapter.
(e)Prohibition
Itshallbeunlawfulfortheowneroroperatorofanysourcesubjecttothissubchaptertooperateasourcewithoutcomplyingwiththerequirementsofthissection,andanyregulationsimplementingthissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§412,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2624.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
InformationGatheringonGreenhouseGasesContributingtoGlobalClimateChange
Pub.L.101–549,titleVIII,§821,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2699,providedthat:
"(a)Monitoring.—TheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyshallpromulgateregulationswithin18monthsaftertheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[Nov.15,1990]torequirethatallaffectedsourcessubjecttotitleVoftheCleanAirAct[probablymeanstitleIVoftheCleanAirActasaddedbyPub.L.101–549,whichisclassifiedtosection7651etseq.ofthistitle]shallalsomonitorcarbondioxideemissionsaccordingtothesametimetableasinsection511(b)and(c)[probablymeanssection412(b)and(c)oftheCleanAirAct,whichisclassifiedtosection7651k(b)and(c)ofthistitle].TheregulationsshallrequirethatsuchdatabereportedtotheAdministrator.Theprovisionsofsection511(e)oftitleVoftheCleanAirAct[probablymeanssection412(e)oftitleIVoftheCleanAirAct,whichisclassifiedtosection7651k(e)ofthistitle]shallapplyforpurposesofthissectioninthesamemannerandtothesameextentassuchprovisionappliestothemonitoringanddatareferredtoinsection511[probablymeanssection412oftheCleanAirAct,whichisclassifiedtosection7651kofthistitle].
"(b)PublicAvailabilityofCarbonDioxideInformation.—Foreachunitrequiredtomonitorandprovidecarbondioxidedataundersubsection(a),theAdministratorshallcomputetheunit'saggregateannualtotalcarbondioxideemissions,incorporatesuchdataintoacomputerdatabase,andmakesuchaggregateannualdataavailabletothepublic."
§7651l.Generalcompliancewithotherprovisions
Exceptasexpresslyprovided,compliancewiththerequirementsofthissubchaptershallnotexemptorexcludetheowneroroperatorofanysourcesubjecttothissubchapterfromcompliancewithanyotherapplicablerequirementsofthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§413,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2625.)
§7651m.Enforcement
Itshallbeunlawfulforanypersonsubjecttothissubchaptertoviolateanyprohibitionof,requirementof,orregulationpromulgatedpursuanttothissubchaptershallbeaviolationofthischapter.1Inadditiontotheotherrequirementsandprohibitionsprovidedforinthissubchapter,theoperationofanyaffectedunittoemitsulfurdioxideinexcessofallowancesheldforsuchunitshallbedeemedaviolation,witheachtonemittedinexcessofallowancesheldconstitutingaseparateviolation.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§414,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2625.)
1 Soinoriginal.
§7651n.Cleancoaltechnologyregulatoryincentives
(a)"Cleancoaltechnology"defined
Forpurposesofthissection,"cleancoaltechnology"meansanytechnology,includingtechnologiesappliedattheprecombustion,combustion,orpostcombustionstage,ataneworexistingfacilitywhichwillachievesignificantreductionsinairemissionsofsulfurdioxideoroxidesofnitrogenassociatedwiththeutilizationofcoalinthegenerationofelectricity,processsteam,orindustrialproducts,whichisnotinwidespreaduseasofNovember15,1990.
(b)Revisedregulationsforcleancoaltechnologydemonstrations
(1)Applicability
Thissubsectionappliestophysicaloroperationalchangestoexistingfacilitiesforthesolepurposeofinstallation,operation,cessation,orremovalofatemporaryorpermanentcleancoaltechnologydemonstrationproject.Forthepurposesofthissection,acleancoaltechnologydemonstrationprojectshallmeanaprojectusingfundsappropriatedundertheheading"DepartmentofEnergy—CleanCoalTechnology",uptoatotalamountof$2,500,000,000forcommercialdemonstrationofcleancoaltechnology,orsimilarprojectsfundedthroughappropriationsfortheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.TheFederalcontributionforaqualifyingprojectshallbeatleast20percentofthetotalcostofthedemonstrationproject.
(2)Temporaryprojects
Installation,operation,cessation,orremovalofatemporarycleancoaltechnologydemonstrationprojectthatisoperatedforaperiodoffiveyearsorless,andwhichcomplieswiththeStateimplementationplansfortheStateinwhichtheprojectislocatedandotherrequirementsnecessarytoattainandmaintainthenationalambientairqualitystandardsduringandaftertheprojectisterminated,shallnotsubjectsuchfacilitytotherequirementsofsection7411ofthistitleorpartCorDofsubchapterI.
(3)Permanentprojects
Forpermanentcleancoaltechnologydemonstrationprojectsthatconstituterepoweringasdefinedinsection7651a(l) 1ofthistitle,anyqualifyingprojectshallnotbesubjecttostandardsofperformanceundersection7411ofthistitleortothereviewandpermittingrequirementsofpartC 2foranypollutantthepotentialemissionsofwhichwillnotincreaseasaresultofthedemonstrationproject.
(4)EPAregulations
Notlaterthan12monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsorinterpretiverulingstoreviserequirementsundersection7411ofthistitleandpartsCandD,2asappropriate,tofacilitateprojectsconsistentin 3thissubsection.WithrespecttopartsCandD,2suchregulationsorrulingsshallapplytoallareasinwhichEPAisthepermittingauthority.InthoseinstancesinwhichtheStateisthepermittingauthorityunderpartCorD,2anyStatemayadoptandsubmittotheAdministratorforapprovalrevisionstoitsimplementationplantoapplytheregulationsorrulingspromulgatedunderthissubsection.
(c)Exemptionforreactivationofverycleanunits
Physicalchangesorchangesinthemethodofoperationassociatedwiththecommencementofcommercialoperationsbyacoal-firedutilityunitafteraperiodofdiscontinuedoperationshallnotsubjecttheunittotherequirementsofsection7411ofthistitleorpartCoftheAct 2wheretheunit(1)hasnotbeeninoperationforthetwo-yearperiodpriortotheenactmentoftheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990[November15,1990],andtheemissionsfromsuchunitcontinuetobecarriedinthepermittingauthority'semissionsinventoryatthetimeofenactment,(2)wasequippedpriortoshut-downwithacontinuoussystemofemissionscontrolthatachievesaremovalefficiencyforsulfurdioxideofnolessthan85percentandaremovalefficiencyforparticulatesofnolessthan98percent,(3)isequippedwithlow-NOxburnerspriortothetimeofcommencement,and(4)isotherwiseincompliancewiththerequirementsofthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§415,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2625.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
PartsCandDandpartCoftheAct,referredtoinsubsecs.(b)(3),(4)and(c),probablymeanpartsCandDofsubchapterIofthischapter.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7651a(12)".
2 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"with".
§7651o.Contingencyguarantee,auctions,reserve
(a)Definitions
Forpurposesofthissection—
(1)Theterm"independentpowerproducer"meansanypersonwhoownsoroperates,inwholeorinpart,oneormorenewindependentpowerproductionfacilities.
(2)Theterm"newindependentpowerproductionfacility"meansafacilitythat—
(A)isusedforthegenerationofelectricenergy,80percentormoreofwhichissoldatwholesale;
(B)isnonrecourseproject-financed(assuchtermisdefinedbytheSecretaryofEnergywithin3monthsofNovember15,1990);
(C)doesnotgenerateelectricenergysoldtoanyaffiliate(asdefinedinsection79b(a)(11) 1oftitle15)ofthefacility'sowneroroperatorunlesstheowneroroperatorofthefacilitydemonstratesthatitcannotobtainallowancesfromtheaffiliate;and
(D)isanewunitrequiredtoholdallowancesunderthissubchapter.
(3)Theterm"requiredallowances"meanstheallowancesrequiredtooperatesuchunitforsomuchoftheunit'susefullifeasoccursafterJanuary1,2000.
(b)Specialreserveofallowances
Within36monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsestablishingaSpecialAllowanceReservecontainingallowancestobesoldunderthissection.ForpurposesofestablishingtheSpecialAllowanceReserve,theAdministratorshallwithhold—
(1)2.8percentoftheallocationofallowancesforeachyearfrom1995through1999inclusive;and
(2)2.8percentofthebasicPhaseIIallowanceallocationofallowancesforeachyearbeginningintheyear2000
whichwould(butforthissubsection)beissuedforeachaffectedunitatanaffectedsource.TheAdministratorshallrecordsuchwithholdingforpurposesoftransferringtheproceedsoftheallowancesalesunderthissubsection.TheallowancessowithheldshallbedepositedintheReserveunderthissection.
(c)Directsaleat$1,500perton
(1)Subaccountfordirectsales
Inaccordancewithregulationsunderthissection,theAdministratorshallestablishaDirectSaleSubaccountintheSpecialAllowanceReserveestablishedunderthissection.TheDirectSaleSubaccountshallcontainallowancesintheamountof50,000tonsperyearforeachyearbeginningintheyear2000.
(2)Sales
Allowancesinthesubaccountshallbeofferedfordirectsaletoanypersonatthetimesandintheamountsspecifiedintable1atapriceof$1,500perallowance,adjustedbytheConsumerPriceIndexinthesamemannerasprovidedinparagraph(3).RequeststopurchaseallowancesfromtheDirectSaleSubaccountestablishedunderparagraph(1)shallbeapprovedintheorderofreceiptuntilnoallowancesremaininsuchsubaccount,exceptthatanopportunitytopurchasesuchallowancesshallbeprovidedtotheindependentpowerproducersreferredtointhissubsectionbeforesuchallowancesareofferedtoanyotherperson.Eachapplicantshallberequiredtopay50percentofthetotalpurchasepriceoftheallowanceswithin6monthsaftertheapprovaloftherequesttopurchase.Theremaindershallbepaidonorbeforethetransferoftheallowances.
Table1—NumberofAllowancesAvailableforSaleat$1,500PerTon
YearofSaleSpotSale(sameyear)AdvanceSale
1993–1999
25,000
2000andafter
25,000
25,000
Allowancessoldinthespotsaleinanyyearareallowanceswhichmayonlybeusedinthatyear(unlessbankedforuseinalateryear).Allowancessoldintheadvancesaleinanyyearareallowanceswhichmayonlybeusedinthe7thyearaftertheyearinwhichtheyarefirstofferedforsale(unlessbankedforuseinalateryear).
(3)Entitlementtowrittenguarantee
AnyindependentpowerproducerthatsubmitsanapplicationtotheAdministratorestablishingthatsuchindependentpowerproducer—
(A)proposestoconstructanewindependentpowerproductionfacilityforwhichallowancesarerequiredunderthissubchapter;
(B)willapplyforfinancingtoconstructsuchfacilityafterJanuary1,1990,andbeforethedateofthefirstauctionunderthissection;
(C)hassubmittedtoeachowneroroperatorofanaffectedunitlistedintableA(insection7651cofthistitle)awrittenoffertopurchasetherequiredallowancesfor$750perton;and
(D)hasnotreceived(within180daysaftersubmittingofferstopurchaseundersubparagraph(C))anacceptanceoftheoffertopurchasetherequiredallowances,
shall,within30daysaftersubmissionofsuchapplication,beentitledtoreceivetheAdministrator'swrittenguarantee(subjecttotheeligibilityrequirementssetforthinparagraph(4))thatsuchrequiredallowanceswillbemadeavailableforpurchasefromtheDirectSaleSubaccountestablishedunderthissubsectionandataguaranteedprice.Theguaranteedpriceatwhichsuchallowancesshallbemadeavailableforpurchaseshallbe$1,500perton,adjustedbythepercentage,ifany,bywhichtheConsumerPriceIndex(asdeterminedundersection7661a(b)(3)(B)(v)ofthistitle)fortheyearinwhichtheallowanceispurchasedexceedstheConsumerPriceIndexforthecalendaryear1990.
(4)Eligibilityrequirements
TheguaranteeissuedbytheAdministratorunderparagraph(3)shallbesubjecttoademonstrationbytheindependentpowerproducer,satisfactorytotheAdministrator,that—
(A)theindependentpowerproducerhas—
(i)madegoodfaitheffortstopurchasetherequiredallowancesfromtheownersoroperatorsofaffectedunitstowhichallowanceswillbeallocated,includingeffortstopurchaseatannualauctionsunderthissection,andfromindustrialsourcesthathaveelectedtobecomeaffectedunitspursuanttosection7651iofthistitle;and
(ii)suchbidsandeffortswereunsuccessfulinobtainingtherequiredallowances;and
(B)theindependentpowerproducerwillcontinuetomakegoodfaitheffortstopurchasetherequiredallowancesfromtheownersoroperatorsofaffectedunitsandfromindustrialsources.
(5)IssuanceofguaranteedallowancesfromDirectSaleSubaccountunderthissection
FromtheallowancesavailableintheDirectSaleSubaccountestablishedunderthissubsection,uponpaymentoftheguaranteedprice,theAdministratorshallissuetoanypersonexercisingtherighttopurchaseallowancespursuanttoaguaranteeunderthissubsectiontheallowancescoveredbysuchguarantee.Personstowhichguaranteesunderthissubsectionhavebeenissuedshallhavetheopportunitytopurchaseallowancespursuanttosuchguaranteefromsuchsubaccountbeforetheallowancesinsuchreserveareofferedforsaletoanyotherperson.
(6)Proceeds
Notwithstandingsection3302oftitle31oranyotherprovisionoflaw,theAdministratorshallrequirethattheproceedsofanysaleunderthissubsectionbetransferred,within90daysafterthesale,withoutcharge,onaproratabasistotheownersoroperatorsoftheaffectedunitsfromwhomtheallowanceswerewithheldundersubsection(b)andthatanyunsoldallowancesbetransferredtotheSubaccountforAuctionSalesestablishedundersubsection(d).NoproceedsofanysaleunderthissubsectionshallbeheldbyanyofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesortreatedforanypurposeasrevenuetotheUnitedStatesortotheAdministrator.
(7)Terminationofsubaccount
IftheAdministratordeterminesthat,duringanyperiodof2consecutivecalendaryears,lessthan20percentoftheallowancesavailableinthesubaccountfordirectsalesestablishedunderthissubsectionhavebeenpurchasedunderthisparagraph,theAdministratorshallterminatethesubaccountandtransfersuchallowancestotheAuctionSubaccountundersubsection(d).
(d)Auctionsales
(1)Subaccountforauctions
TheAdministratorshallestablishanAuctionSubaccountintheSpecialReserveestablishedunderthissection.TheAuctionSubaccountshallcontainallowancestobesoldatauctionunderthissectionintheamountof150,000tonsperyearforeachyearfrom1995through1999,inclusiveand250,000tonsperyearforeachyearbeginninginthecalendaryear2000.
(2)Annualauctions
Commencingin1993andineachyearthereafter,theAdministratorshallconductauctionsatwhichtheallowancesreferredtoinparagraph(1)shallbeofferedforsaleinaccordancewithregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryoftheTreasury,within12monthsofNovember15,1990.Theallowancesreferredtoinparagraph(1)shallbeofferedforsaleatauctionintheamountsspecifiedintable2.Theauctionshallbeopentoanyperson.Apersonwishingtobidforsuchallowancesshallsubmit(byadatesetbytheAdministrator)totheAdministrator(onasealedbidscheduleprovidedbytheAdministrator)offerstopurchasespecifiednumbersofallowancesatspecifiedprices.Suchregulationsshallspecifythattheauctionedallowancesshallbeallocatedandsoldonthebasisofbidprice,startingwiththehighest-pricedbidandcontinuinguntilallallowancesforsaleatsuchauctionhavebeenallocated.Theregulationsshallnotpermitthataminimumpricebesetforthepurchaseofwithheldallowances.Allowancespurchasedattheauctionmaybeusedforanypurposeandatanytimeaftertheauction,subjecttotheprovisionsofthissubchapter.
Table2—NumberofAllowancesAvailableforAuction
YearofSaleSpotAuction(sameyear)AdvanceAuction
1993
50,000*
100,000
1994
50,000*
100,000
1995
50,000*
100,000
1996
150,000
100,000
1997
150,000
100,000
1998
150,000
100,000
1999
150,000
100,000
2000andafter
100,000
100,000
Allowancessoldinthespotsaleinanyyearareallowanceswhichmayonlybeusedinthatyear(unlessbankedforuseinalateryear),exceptasotherwisenoted.Allowancessoldintheadvanceauctioninanyyearareallowanceswhichmayonlybeusedinthe7thyearaftertheyearinwhichtheyarefirstofferedforsale(unlessbankedforuseinalateryear).
*Availableforuseonlyin1995(unlessbankedforuseinalateryear).
(3)Proceeds
(A)Notwithstandingsection3302oftitle31oranyotherprovisionoflaw,within90daysofreceipt,theAdministratorshalltransfertheproceedsfromtheauctionunderthissection,onaproratabasis,totheownersoroperatorsoftheaffectedunitsatanaffectedsourcefromwhomallowanceswerewithheldundersubsection(b).NofundstransferredfromapurchasertoasellerofallowancesunderthisparagraphshallbeheldbyanyofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesortreatedforanypurposeasrevenuetotheUnitedStatesortheAdministrator.
(B)Attheendofeachyear,anyallowancesofferedforsalebutnotsoldattheauctionshallbereturnedwithoutcharge,onaproratabasis,totheowneroroperatoroftheaffectedunitsfromwhoseallocationtheallowanceswerewithheld.
(4)Additionalauctionparticipants
AnypersonholdingallowancesortowhomallowancesareallocatedbytheAdministratormaysubmitthoseallowancestotheAdministratortobeofferedforsaleatauctionunderthissubsection.Theproceedsofanysuchsaleshallbetransferredatthetimeofsalebythepurchasertothepersonsubmittingsuchallowancesforsale.Theholderofallowancesofferedforsaleunderthisparagraphmayspecifyaminimumsaleprice.Anypersonmaypurchaseallowancesofferedforauctionunderthisparagraph.Suchallowancesshallbeallocatedandsoldtopurchasersonthebasisofbidpriceaftertheauctionunderparagraph(2)iscomplete.NofundstransferredfromapurchasertoasellerofallowancesunderthisparagraphshallbeheldbyanyofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesortreatedforanypurposeasrevenuetotheUnitedStatesortheAdministrator.
(5)RecordingbyEPA
TheAdministratorshallrecordandpubliclyreportthenature,pricesandresultsofeachauctionunderthissubsection,includingthepricesofsuccessfulbids,andshallrecordthetransfersofallowancesasaresultofeachauctioninaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissection.ThetransferofallowancesatsuchauctionshallberecordedinaccordancewiththeregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratorunderthissubchapter.
(e)Changesinsales,auctions,andwithholding
PursuanttorulemakingafterpublicnoticeandcommenttheAdministratormayatanytimeaftertheyear1998(inthecaseofadvancesalesoradvanceauctions)and2005(inthecaseofspotsalesorspotauctions)decreasethenumberofallowanceswithheldandsoldunderthissection.
(f)Terminationofauctions
TheAdministratormayterminatethewithholdingofallowancesandtheauctionsalesunderthissectioniftheAdministratordeterminesthat,duringanyperiodof3consecutivecalendaryearsafter2002,lessthan20percentoftheallowancesavailableintheauctionsubaccounthavebeenpurchased.Pursuanttoregulationsunderthissection,theAdministratormaybydelegationorcontractprovidefortheconductofsalesorauctionsundertheAdministrator'ssupervisionbyotherdepartmentsoragenciesoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentorbynongovernmentalagencies,groups,ororganizations.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleIV,§416,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleIV,§401,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2626.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
Section79boftitle15,referredtoinsubsec.(a)(2)(C),wasrepealedbyPub.L.109–58,titleXII,§1263,Aug.8,2005,119Stat.974.Seesection16451(1)ofthistitle.
1 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
SUBCHAPTERV—PERMITS
§7661.Definitions
Asusedinthissubchapter—
(1)Affectedsource
Theterm"affectedsource"shallhavethemeaninggivensuchterminsubchapterIV–A.
(2)Majorsource
Theterm"majorsource"meansanystationarysource(oranygroupofstationarysourceslocatedwithinacontiguousareaandundercommoncontrol)thatiseitherofthefollowing:
(A)Amajorsourceasdefinedinsection7412ofthistitle.
(B)Amajorstationarysourceasdefinedinsection7602ofthistitleorpartDofsubchapterI.
(3)Scheduleofcompliance
Theterm"scheduleofcompliance"meansascheduleofremedialmeasures,includinganenforceablesequenceofactionsoroperations,leadingtocompliancewithanapplicableimplementationplan,emissionstandard,emissionlimitation,oremissionprohibition.
(4)Permittingauthority
Theterm"permittingauthority"meanstheAdministratorortheairpollutioncontrolagencyauthorizedbytheAdministratortocarryoutapermitprogramunderthissubchapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleV,§501,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleV,§501,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2635.)
§7661a.Permitprograms
(a)Violations
Aftertheeffectivedateofanypermitprogramapprovedorpromulgatedunderthissubchapter,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontoviolateanyrequirementofapermitissuedunderthissubchapter,ortooperateanaffectedsource(asprovidedinsubchapterIV–A),amajorsource,anyothersource(includinganareasource)subjecttostandardsorregulationsundersection7411or7412ofthistitle,anyothersourcerequiredtohaveapermitunderparts 1CorDofsubchapterI,oranyotherstationarysourceinacategorydesignated(inwholeorinpart)byregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministrator(afternoticeandpubliccomment)whichshallincludeafindingsettingforththebasisforsuchdesignation,exceptincompliancewithapermitissuedbyapermittingauthorityunderthissubchapter.(Nothinginthissubsectionshallbeconstruedtoaltertheapplicablerequirementsofthischapterthatapermitbeobtainedbeforeconstructionormodification.)TheAdministratormay,intheAdministrator'sdiscretionandconsistentwiththeapplicableprovisionsofthischapter,promulgateregulationstoexemptoneormoresourcecategories(inwholeorinpart)fromtherequirementsofthissubsectioniftheAdministratorfindsthatcompliancewithsuchrequirementsisimpracticable,infeasible,orunnecessarilyburdensomeonsuchcategories,exceptthattheAdministratormaynotexemptanymajorsourcefromsuchrequirements.
(b)Regulations
TheAdministratorshallpromulgatewithin12monthsafterNovember15,1990,regulationsestablishingtheminimumelementsofapermitprogramtobeadministeredbyanyairpollutioncontrolagency.Theseelementsshallincludeeachofthefollowing:
(1)Requirementsforpermitapplications,includingastandardapplicationformandcriteriafordetermininginatimelyfashionthecompletenessofapplications.
(2)Monitoringandreportingrequirements.
(3)(A)ArequirementunderStateorlocallaworinterstatecompactthattheowneroroperatorofallsourcessubjecttotherequirementtoobtainapermitunderthissubchapterpayanannualfee,ortheequivalentoversomeotherperiod,sufficienttocoverallreasonable(directandindirect)costsrequiredtodevelopandadministerthepermitprogramrequirementsofthissubchapter,includingsection7661fofthistitle,includingthereasonablecostsof—
(i)reviewingandactinguponanyapplicationforsuchapermit,
(ii)iftheowneroroperatorreceivesapermitforsuchsource,whetherbeforeorafterNovember15,1990,implementingandenforcingthetermsandconditionsofanysuchpermit(notincludinganycourtcostsorothercostsassociatedwithanyenforcementaction),
(iii)emissionsandambientmonitoring,
(iv)preparinggenerallyapplicableregulations,orguidance,
(v)modeling,analyses,anddemonstrations,and
(vi)preparinginventoriesandtrackingemissions.
(B)Thetotalamountoffeescollectedbythepermittingauthorityshallconformtothefollowingrequirements:
(i)TheAdministratorshallnotapproveaprogramasmeetingtherequirementsofthisparagraphunlesstheStatedemonstratesthat,exceptasotherwiseprovidedinsubparagraphs 2(ii)through(v)ofthissubparagraph,theprogramwillresultinthecollection,intheaggregate,fromallsourcessubjecttosubparagraph(A),ofanamountnotlessthan$25pertonofeachregulatedpollutant,orsuchotheramountastheAdministratormaydetermineadequatelyreflectsthereasonablecostsofthepermitprogram.
(ii)Asusedinthissubparagraph,theterm"regulatedpollutant"shallmean(I)avolatileorganiccompound;(II)eachpollutantregulatedundersection7411or7412ofthistitle;and(III)eachpollutantforwhichanationalprimaryambientairqualitystandardhasbeenpromulgated(exceptthatcarbonmonoxideshallbeexcludedfromthisreference).
(iii)Indeterminingtheamountunderclause(i),thepermittingauthorityisnotrequiredtoincludeanyamountofregulatedpollutantemittedbyanysourceinexcessof4,000tonsperyearofthatregulatedpollutant.
(iv)Therequirementsofclause(i)shallnotapplyifthepermittingauthoritydemonstratesthatcollectinganamountlessthantheamountspecifiedunderclause(i)willmeettherequirementsofsubparagraph(A).
(v)Thefeecalculatedunderclause(i)shallbeincreased(consistentwiththeneedtocoverthereasonablecostsauthorizedbysubparagraph(A))ineachyearbeginningafter1990,bythepercentage,ifany,bywhichtheConsumerPriceIndexforthemostrecentcalendaryearendingbeforethebeginningofsuchyearexceedstheConsumerPriceIndexforthecalendaryear1989.Forpurposesofthisclause—
(I)theConsumerPriceIndexforanycalendaryearistheaverageoftheConsumerPriceIndexforall-urbanconsumerspublishedbytheDepartmentofLabor,asofthecloseofthe12-monthperiodendingonAugust31ofeachcalendaryear,and
(II)therevisionoftheConsumerPriceIndexwhichismostconsistentwiththeConsumerPriceIndexforcalendaryear1989shallbeused.
(C)(i)IftheAdministratordetermines,undersubsection(d),thatthefeeprovisionsoftheoperatingpermitprogramdonotmeettherequirementsofthisparagraph,oriftheAdministratormakesadetermination,undersubsection(i),thatthepermittingauthorityisnotadequatelyadministeringorenforcinganapprovedfeeprogram,theAdministratormay,inadditiontotakinganyotheractionauthorizedunderthissubchapter,collectreasonablefeesfromthesourcesidentifiedundersubparagraph(A).SuchfeesshallbedesignedsolelytocovertheAdministrator'scostsofadministeringtheprovisionsofthepermitprogrampromulgatedbytheAdministrator.
(ii)AnysourcethatfailstopayfeeslawfullyimposedbytheAdministratorunderthissubparagraphshallpayapenaltyof50percentofthefeeamount,plusinterestonthefeeamountcomputedinaccordancewithsection6621(a)(2)oftitle26(relatingtocomputationofinterestonunderpaymentofFederaltaxes).
(iii)Anyfees,penalties,andinterestcollectedunderthissubparagraphshallbedepositedinaspecialfundintheUnitedStatesTreasuryforlicensingandotherservices,whichthereaftershallbeavailableforappropriation,toremainavailableuntilexpended,subjecttoappropriation,tocarryouttheAgency'sactivitiesforwhichthefeeswerecollected.AnyfeerequiredtobecollectedbyaState,local,orinterstateagencyunderthissubsectionshallbeutilizedsolelytocoverallreasonable(directandindirect)costsrequiredtosupportthepermitprogramassetforthinsubparagraph(A).
(4)Requirementsforadequatepersonnelandfundingtoadministertheprogram.
(5)Arequirementthatthepermittingauthorityhaveadequateauthorityto:
(A)issuepermitsandassurecompliancebyallsourcesrequiredtohaveapermitunderthissubchapterwitheachapplicablestandard,regulationorrequirementunderthischapter;
(B)issuepermitsforafixedterm,nottoexceed5years;
(C)assurethatuponissuanceorrenewalpermitsincorporateemissionlimitationsandotherrequirementsinanapplicableimplementationplan;
(D)terminate,modify,orrevokeandreissuepermitsforcause;
(E)enforcepermits,permitfeerequirements,andtherequirementtoobtainapermit,includingauthoritytorecovercivilpenaltiesinamaximumamountofnotlessthan$10,000perdayforeachviolation,andprovideappropriatecriminalpenalties;and
(F)assurethatnopermitwillbeissuediftheAdministratorobjectstoitsissuanceinatimelymannerunderthissubchapter.
(6)Adequate,streamlined,andreasonableproceduresforexpeditiouslydeterminingwhenapplicationsarecomplete,forprocessingsuchapplications,forpublicnotice,includingofferinganopportunityforpubliccommentandahearing,andforexpeditiousreviewofpermitactions,includingapplications,renewals,orrevisions,andincludinganopportunityforjudicialreviewinStatecourtofthefinalpermitactionbytheapplicant,anypersonwhoparticipatedinthepubliccommentprocess,andanyotherpersonwhocouldobtainjudicialreviewofthatactionunderapplicablelaw.
(7)Toensureagainstunreasonabledelaybythepermittingauthority,adequateauthorityandprocedurestoprovidethatafailureofsuchpermittingauthoritytoactonapermitapplicationorpermitrenewalapplication(inaccordancewiththetimeperiodsspecifiedinsection7661bofthistitleor,asappropriate,subchapterIV–A)shallbetreatedasafinalpermitactionsolelyforpurposesofobtainingjudicialreviewinStatecourtofanactionbroughtbyanypersonreferredtoinparagraph(6)torequirethatactionbetakenbythepermittingauthorityonsuchapplicationwithoutadditionaldelay.
(8)Authority,andreasonableproceduresconsistentwiththeneedforexpeditiousactionbythepermittingauthorityonpermitapplicationsandrelatedmatters,tomakeavailabletothepublicanypermitapplication,complianceplan,permit,andmonitoringorcompliancereportundersection7661b(e)ofthistitle,subjecttotheprovisionsofsection7414(c)ofthistitle.
(9)Arequirementthatthepermittingauthority,inthecaseofpermitswithatermof3ormoreyearsformajorsources,shallrequirerevisionstothepermittoincorporateapplicablestandardsandregulationspromulgatedunderthischapteraftertheissuanceofsuchpermit.Suchrevisionsshalloccurasexpeditiouslyaspracticableandconsistentwiththeproceduresestablishedunderparagraph(6)butnotlaterthan18monthsafterthepromulgationofsuchstandardsandregulations.Nosuchrevisionshallberequirediftheeffectivedateofthestandardsorregulationsisadateaftertheexpirationofthepermitterm.Suchpermitrevisionshallbetreatedasapermitrenewalifitcomplieswiththerequirementsofthissubchapterregardingrenewals.
(10)Provisionstoallowchangeswithinapermittedfacility(oroneoperatingpursuanttosection7661b(d)ofthistitle)withoutrequiringapermitrevision,ifthechangesarenotmodificationsunderanyprovisionofsubchapterIandthechangesdonotexceedtheemissionsallowableunderthepermit(whetherexpressedthereinasarateofemissionsorintermsoftotalemissions: 3Provided,ThatthefacilityprovidestheAdministratorandthepermittingauthoritywithwrittennotificationinadvanceoftheproposedchangeswhichshallbeaminimumof7days,unlessthepermittingauthorityprovidesinitsregulationsadifferenttimeframeforemergencies.
(c)Singlepermit
Asinglepermitmaybeissuedforafacilitywithmultiplesources.
(d)Submissionandapproval
(1)Notlaterthan3yearsafterNovember15,1990,theGovernorofeachStateshalldevelopandsubmittotheAdministratorapermitprogramunderStateorlocallaworunderaninterstatecompactmeetingtherequirementsofthissubchapter.Inaddition,theGovernorshallsubmitalegalopinionfromtheattorneygeneral(ortheattorneyforthoseStateairpollutioncontrolagenciesthathaveindependentlegalcounsel),orfromthechieflegalofficerofaninterstateagency,thatthelawsoftheState,locality,ortheinterstatecompactprovideadequateauthoritytocarryouttheprogram.Notlaterthan1yearafterreceivingaprogram,andafternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,theAdministratorshallapproveordisapprovesuchprogram,inwholeorinpart.TheAdministratormayapproveaprogramtotheextentthattheprogrammeetstherequirementsofthischapter,includingtheregulationsissuedundersubsection(b).Iftheprogramisdisapproved,inwholeorinpart,theAdministratorshallnotifytheGovernorofanyrevisionsormodificationsnecessarytoobtainapproval.TheGovernorshallreviseandresubmittheprogramforreviewunderthissectionwithin180daysafterreceivingnotification.
(2)(A)IftheGovernordoesnotsubmitaprogramasrequiredunderparagraph(1)oriftheAdministratordisapprovesaprogramsubmittedbytheGovernorunderparagraph(1),inwholeorinpart,theAdministratormay,priortotheexpirationofthe18-monthperiodreferredtoinsubparagraph(B),intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,applyanyofthesanctionsspecifiedinsection7509(b)ofthistitle.
(B)IftheGovernordoesnotsubmitaprogramasrequiredunderparagraph(1),oriftheAdministratordisapprovesanysuchprogramsubmittedbytheGovernorunderparagraph(1),inwholeorinpart,18monthsafterthedaterequiredforsuchsubmittalorthedateofsuchdisapproval,asthecasemaybe,theAdministratorshallapplysanctionsundersection7509(b)ofthistitleinthesamemannerandsubjecttothesamedeadlinesandotherconditionsasareapplicableinthecaseofadetermination,disapproval,orfindingundersection7509(a)ofthistitle.
(C)Thesanctionsundersection7509(b)(2)ofthistitleshallnotapplypursuanttothisparagraphinanyareaunlessthefailuretosubmitorthedisapprovalreferredtoinsubparagraph(A)or(B)relatestoanairpollutantforwhichsuchareahasbeendesignatedanonattainmentarea(asdefinedinpartDofsubchapterI).
(3)IfaprogrammeetingtherequirementsofthissubchapterhasnotbeenapprovedinwholeforanyState,theAdministratorshall,2yearsafterthedaterequiredforsubmissionofsuchaprogramunderparagraph(1),promulgate,administer,andenforceaprogramunderthissubchapterforthatState.
(e)Suspension
TheAdministratorshallsuspendtheissuanceofpermitspromptlyuponpublicationofnoticeofapprovalofapermitprogramunderthissection,butmay,insuchnotice,retainjurisdictionoverpermitsthathavebeenfederallyissued,butforwhichtheadministrativeorjudicialreviewprocessisnotcomplete.TheAdministratorshallcontinuetoadministerandenforcefederallyissuedpermitsunderthissubchapteruntiltheyarereplacedbyapermitissuedbyapermittingprogram.NothinginthissubsectionshouldbeconstruedtolimittheAdministrator'sabilitytoenforcepermitsissuedbyaState.
(f)Prohibition
Nopartialpermitprogramshallbeapprovedunless,ataminimum,itapplies,andensurescompliancewith,thissubchapterandeachofthefollowing:
(1)AllrequirementsestablishedundersubchapterIV–Aapplicableto"affectedsources".
(2)Allrequirementsestablishedundersection7412ofthistitleapplicableto"majorsources","areasources,"and"newsources".
(3)AllrequirementsofsubchapterI(otherthansection7412ofthistitle)applicabletosourcesrequiredtohaveapermitunderthissubchapter.
ApprovalofapartialprogramshallnotrelievetheStateofitsobligationtosubmitacompleteprogram,norfromtheapplicationofanysanctionsunderthischapterforfailuretosubmitanapprovablepermitprogram.
(g)Interimapproval
Ifaprogram(includingapartialpermitprogram)submittedunderthissubchaptersubstantiallymeetstherequirementsofthissubchapter,butisnotfullyapprovable,theAdministratormaybyrulegranttheprograminterimapproval.Inthenoticeoffinalrulemaking,theAdministratorshallspecifythechangesthatmustbemadebeforetheprogramcanreceivefullapproval.AninterimapprovalunderthissubsectionshallexpireonadatesetbytheAdministratornotlaterthan2yearsaftersuchapproval,andmaynotberenewed.Fortheperiodofanysuchinterimapproval,theprovisionsofsubsection(d)(2),andtheobligationoftheAdministratortopromulgateaprogramunderthissubchapterfortheStatepursuanttosubsection(d)(3),shallbesuspended.SuchprovisionsandsuchobligationoftheAdministratorshallapplyaftertheexpirationofsuchinterimapproval.
(h)Effectivedate
Theeffectivedateofapermitprogram,orpartialorinterimprogram,approvedunderthissubchapter,shallbetheeffectivedateofapprovalbytheAdministrator.Theeffectivedateofapermitprogram,orpartialpermitprogram,promulgatedbytheAdministratorshallbethedateofpromulgation.
(i)Administrationandenforcement
(1)WhenevertheAdministratormakesadeterminationthatapermittingauthorityisnotadequatelyadministeringandenforcingaprogram,orportionthereof,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissubchapter,theAdministratorshallprovidenoticetotheStateandmay,priortotheexpirationofthe18-monthperiodreferredtoinparagraph(2),intheAdministrator'sdiscretion,applyanyofthesanctionsspecifiedinsection7509(b)ofthistitle.
(2)WhenevertheAdministratormakesadeterminationthatapermittingauthorityisnotadequatelyadministeringandenforcingaprogram,orportionthereof,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissubchapter,18monthsafterthedateofthenoticeunderparagraph(1),theAdministratorshallapplythesanctionsundersection7509(b)ofthistitleinthesamemannerandsubjecttothesamedeadlinesandotherconditionsasareapplicableinthecaseofadetermination,disapproval,orfindingundersection7509(a)ofthistitle.
(3)Thesanctionsundersection7509(b)(2)ofthistitleshallnotapplypursuanttothissubsectioninanyareaunlessthefailuretoadequatelyenforceandadministertheprogramrelatestoanairpollutantforwhichsuchareahasbeendesignatedanonattainmentarea.
(4)WhenevertheAdministratorhasmadeafindingunderparagraph(1)withrespecttoanyState,unlesstheStatehascorrectedsuchdeficiencywithin18monthsafterthedateofsuchfinding,theAdministratorshall,2yearsafterthedateofsuchfinding,promulgate,administer,andenforceaprogramunderthissubchapterforthatState.NothinginthisparagraphshallbeconstruedtoaffectthevalidityofaprogramwhichhasbeenapprovedunderthissubchapterortheauthorityofanypermittingauthorityactingundersuchprogramuntilsuchtimeassuchprogramispromulgatedbytheAdministratorunderthisparagraph.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleV,§502,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleV,§501,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2635.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"part".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"clauses".
3 Soinoriginal.Aclosingparenthesisprobablyshouldprecedethecolon.
§7661b.Permitapplications
(a)Applicabledate
Anysourcespecifiedinsection7661a(a)ofthistitleshallbecomesubjecttoapermitprogram,andrequiredtohaveapermit,onthelaterofthefollowingdates—
(1)theeffectivedateofapermitprogramorpartialorinterimpermitprogramapplicabletothesource;or
(2)thedatesuchsourcebecomessubjecttosection7661a(a)ofthistitle.
(b)Complianceplan
(1)Theregulationsrequiredbysection7661a(b)ofthistitleshallincludearequirementthattheapplicantsubmitwiththepermitapplicationacomplianceplandescribinghowthesourcewillcomplywithallapplicablerequirementsunderthischapter.Thecomplianceplanshallincludeascheduleofcompliance,andascheduleunderwhichthepermitteewillsubmitprogressreportstothepermittingauthoritynolessfrequentlythanevery6months.
(2)Theregulationsshallfurtherrequirethepermitteetoperiodically(butnolessfrequentlythanannually)certifythatthefacilityisincompliancewithanyapplicablerequirementsofthepermit,andtopromptlyreportanydeviationsfrompermitrequirementstothepermittingauthority.
(c)Deadline
Anypersonrequiredtohaveapermitshall,notlaterthan12monthsafterthedateonwhichthesourcebecomessubjecttoapermitprogramapprovedorpromulgatedunderthissubchapter,orsuchearlierdateasthepermittingauthoritymayestablish,submittothepermittingauthorityacomplianceplanandanapplicationforapermitsignedbyaresponsibleofficial,whoshallcertifytheaccuracyoftheinformationsubmitted.Thepermittingauthorityshallapproveordisapproveacompletedapplication(consistentwiththeproceduresestablishedunderthissubchapterforconsiderationofsuchapplications),andshallissueordenythepermit,within18monthsafterthedateofreceiptthereof,exceptthatthepermittingauthorityshallestablishaphasedscheduleforactingonpermitapplicationssubmittedwithinthefirstfullyearaftertheeffectivedateofapermitprogram(orapartialorinterimprogram).Anysuchscheduleshallassurethatatleastone-thirdofsuchpermitswillbeactedonbysuchauthorityannuallyoveraperiodofnottoexceed3yearsaftersucheffectivedate.Suchauthorityshallestablishreasonableprocedurestoprioritizesuchapprovalordisapprovalactionsinthecaseofapplicationsforconstructionormodificationundertheapplicablerequirementsofthischapter.
(d)Timelyandcompleteapplications
Exceptforsourcesrequiredtohaveapermitbeforeconstructionormodificationundertheapplicablerequirementsofthischapter,ifanapplicanthassubmittedatimelyandcompleteapplicationforapermitrequiredbythissubchapter(includingrenewals),butfinalactionhasnotbeentakenonsuchapplication,thesource'sfailuretohaveapermitshallnotbeaviolationofthischapter,unlessthedelayinfinalactionwasduetothefailureoftheapplicanttimelytosubmitinformationrequiredorrequestedtoprocesstheapplication.Nosourcerequiredtohaveapermitunderthissubchaptershallbeinviolationofsection7661a(a)ofthistitlebeforethedateonwhichthesourceisrequiredtosubmitanapplicationundersubsection(c).
(e)Copies;availability
Acopyofeachpermitapplication,complianceplan(includingthescheduleofcompliance),emissionsorcompliancemonitoringreport,certification,andeachpermitissuedunderthissubchapter,shallbeavailabletothepublic.Ifanapplicantorpermitteeisrequiredtosubmitinformationentitledtoprotectionfromdisclosureundersection7414(c)ofthistitle,theapplicantorpermitteemaysubmitsuchinformationseparately.Therequirementsofsection7414(c)ofthistitleshallapplytosuchinformation.Thecontentsofapermitshallnotbeentitledtoprotectionundersection7414(c)ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleV,§503,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleV,§501,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2641.)
§7661c.Permitrequirementsandconditions
(a)Conditions
Eachpermitissuedunderthissubchaptershallincludeenforceableemissionlimitationsandstandards,ascheduleofcompliance,arequirementthatthepermitteesubmittothepermittingauthority,nolessoftenthanevery6months,theresultsofanyrequiredmonitoring,andsuchotherconditionsasarenecessarytoassurecompliancewithapplicablerequirementsofthischapter,includingtherequirementsoftheapplicableimplementationplan.
(b)Monitoringandanalysis
TheAdministratormaybyruleprescribeproceduresandmethodsfordeterminingcomplianceandformonitoringandanalysisofpollutantsregulatedunderthischapter,butcontinuousemissionsmonitoringneednotberequiredifalternativemethodsareavailablethatprovidesufficientlyreliableandtimelyinformationfordeterminingcompliance.NothinginthissubsectionshallbeconstruedtoaffectanycontinuousemissionsmonitoringrequirementofsubchapterIV–A,orwhererequiredelsewhereinthischapter.
(c)Inspection,entry,monitoring,certification,andreporting
Eachpermitissuedunderthissubchaptershallsetforthinspection,entry,monitoring,compliancecertification,andreportingrequirementstoassurecompliancewiththepermittermsandconditions.Suchmonitoringandreportingrequirementsshallconformtoanyapplicableregulationundersubsection(b).Anyreportrequiredtobesubmittedbyapermitissuedtoacorporationunderthissubchaptershallbesignedbyaresponsiblecorporateofficial,whoshallcertifyitsaccuracy.
(d)Generalpermits
Thepermittingauthoritymay,afternoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,issueageneralpermitcoveringnumeroussimilarsources.Anygeneralpermitshallcomplywithallrequirementsapplicabletopermitsunderthissubchapter.Nosourcecoveredbyageneralpermitshalltherebyberelievedfromtheobligationtofileanapplicationundersection7661bofthistitle.
(e)Temporarysources
Thepermittingauthoritymayissueasinglepermitauthorizingemissionsfromsimilaroperationsatmultipletemporarylocations.Nosuchpermitshallbeissuedunlessitincludesconditionsthatwillassurecompliancewithalltherequirementsofthischapteratallauthorizedlocations,including,butnotlimitedto,ambientstandardsandcompliancewithanyapplicableincrementorvisibilityrequirementsunderpartCofsubchapterI.Anysuchpermitshallinadditionrequiretheowneroroperatortonotifythepermittingauthorityinadvanceofeachchangeinlocation.Thepermittingauthoritymayrequireaseparatepermitfeeforoperationsateachlocation.
(f)Permitshield
Compliancewithapermitissuedinaccordancewiththissubchaptershallbedeemedcompliancewithsection7661aofthistitle.ExceptasotherwiseprovidedbytheAdministratorbyrule,thepermitmayalsoprovidethatcompliancewiththepermitshallbedeemedcompliancewithotherapplicableprovisionsofthischapterthatrelatetothepermitteeif—
(1)thepermitincludestheapplicablerequirementsofsuchprovisions,or
(2)thepermittingauthorityinactingonthepermitapplicationmakesadeterminationrelatingtothepermitteethatsuchotherprovisions(whichshallbereferredtoinsuchdetermination)arenotapplicableandthepermitincludesthedeterminationoraconcisesummarythereof.
Nothingintheprecedingsentenceshallalteroraffecttheprovisionsofsection7603ofthistitle,includingtheauthorityoftheAdministratorunderthatsection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleV,§504,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleV,§501,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2642.)
§7661d.NotificationtoAdministratorandcontiguousStates
(a)Transmissionandnotice
(1)Eachpermittingauthority—
(A)shalltransmittotheAdministratoracopyofeachpermitapplication(andanyapplicationforapermitmodificationorrenewal)orsuchportionthereof,includinganycomplianceplan,astheAdministratormayrequiretoeffectivelyreviewtheapplicationandotherwisetocarryouttheAdministrator'sresponsibilitiesunderthischapter,and
(B)shallprovidetotheAdministratoracopyofeachpermitproposedtobeissuedandissuedasafinalpermit.
(2)ThepermittingauthorityshallnotifyallStates—
(A)whoseairqualitymaybeaffectedandthatarecontiguoustotheStateinwhichtheemissionoriginates,or
(B)thatarewithin50milesofthesource,
ofeachpermitapplicationorproposedpermitforwardedtotheAdministratorunderthissection,andshallprovideanopportunityforsuchStatestosubmitwrittenrecommendationsrespectingtheissuanceofthepermitanditstermsandconditions.Ifanypartofthoserecommendationsarenotacceptedbythepermittingauthority,suchauthorityshallnotifytheStatesubmittingtherecommendationsandtheAdministratorinwritingofitsfailuretoacceptthoserecommendationsandthereasonstherefor.
(b)ObjectionbyEPA
(1)IfanypermitcontainsprovisionsthataredeterminedbytheAdministratorasnotincompliancewiththeapplicablerequirementsofthischapter,includingtherequirementsofanapplicableimplementationplan,theAdministratorshall,inaccordancewiththissubsection,objecttoitsissuance.ThepermittingauthorityshallrespondinwritingiftheAdministrator(A)within45daysafterreceivingacopyoftheproposedpermitundersubsection(a)(1),or(B)within45daysafterreceivingnotificationundersubsection(a)(2),objectsinwritingtoitsissuanceasnotincompliancewithsuchrequirements.Withtheobjection,theAdministratorshallprovideastatementofthereasonsfortheobjection.Acopyoftheobjectionandstatementshallbeprovidedtotheapplicant.
(2)IftheAdministratordoesnotobjectinwritingtotheissuanceofapermitpursuanttoparagraph(1),anypersonmaypetitiontheAdministratorwithin60daysaftertheexpirationofthe45-dayreviewperiodspecifiedinparagraph(1)totakesuchaction.Acopyofsuchpetitionshallbeprovidedtothepermittingauthorityandtheapplicantbythepetitioner.Thepetitionshallbebasedonlyonobjectionstothepermitthatwereraisedwithreasonablespecificityduringthepubliccommentperiodprovidedbythepermittingagency(unlessthepetitionerdemonstratesinthepetitiontotheAdministratorthatitwasimpracticabletoraisesuchobjectionswithinsuchperiodorunlessthegroundsforsuchobjectionaroseaftersuchperiod).Thepetitionshallidentifyallsuchobjections.Ifthepermithasbeenissuedbythepermittingagency,suchpetitionshallnotpostponetheeffectivenessofthepermit.TheAdministratorshallgrantordenysuchpetitionwithin60daysafterthepetitionisfiled.TheAdministratorshallissueanobjectionwithinsuchperiodifthepetitionerdemonstratestotheAdministratorthatthepermitisnotincompliancewiththerequirementsofthischapter,includingtherequirementsoftheapplicableimplementationplan.Anydenialofsuchpetitionshallbesubjecttojudicialreviewundersection7607ofthistitle.TheAdministratorshallincludeinregulationsunderthissubchapterprovisionstoimplementthisparagraph.TheAdministratormaynotdelegatetherequirementsofthisparagraph.
(3)UponreceiptofanobjectionbytheAdministratorunderthissubsection,thepermittingauthoritymaynotissuethepermitunlessitisrevisedandissuedinaccordancewithsubsection(c).IfthepermittingauthorityhasissuedapermitpriortoreceiptofanobjectionbytheAdministratorunderparagraph(2)ofthissubsection,theAdministratorshallmodify,terminate,orrevokesuchpermitandthepermittingauthoritymaythereafteronlyissuearevisedpermitinaccordancewithsubsection(c).
(c)Issuanceordenial
Ifthepermittingauthorityfails,within90daysafterthedateofanobjectionundersubsection(b),tosubmitapermitrevisedtomeettheobjection,theAdministratorshallissueordenythepermitinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissubchapter.NoobjectionshallbesubjecttojudicialreviewuntiltheAdministratortakesfinalactiontoissueordenyapermitunderthissubsection.
(d)Waiverofnotificationrequirements
(1)TheAdministratormaywaivetherequirementsofsubsections(a)and(b)atthetimeofapprovalofapermitprogramunderthissubchapterforanycategory(includinganyclass,type,orsizewithinsuchcategory)ofsourcescoveredbytheprogramotherthanmajorsources.
(2)TheAdministratormay,byregulation,establishcategoriesofsources(includinganyclass,type,orsizewithinsuchcategory)towhichtherequirementsofsubsections(a)and(b)shallnotapply.Theprecedingsentenceshallnotapplytomajorsources.
(3)TheAdministratormayexcludefromanywaiverunderthissubsectionnotificationundersubsection(a)(2).AnywaivergrantedunderthissubsectionmayberevokedormodifiedbytheAdministratorbyrule.
(e)Refusalofpermittingauthoritytoterminate,modify,orrevokeandreissue
IftheAdministratorfindsthatcauseexiststoterminate,modify,orrevokeandreissueapermitunderthissubchapter,theAdministratorshallnotifythepermittingauthorityandthesourceoftheAdministrator'sfinding.Thepermittingauthorityshall,within90daysafterreceiptofsuchnotification,forwardtotheAdministratorunderthissectionaproposeddeterminationoftermination,modification,orrevocationandreissuance,asappropriate.TheAdministratormayextendsuch90dayperiodforanadditional90daysiftheAdministratorfindsthataneworrevisedpermitapplicationisnecessary,orthatthepermittingauthoritymustrequirethepermitteetosubmitadditionalinformation.TheAdministratormayreviewsuchproposeddeterminationundertheprovisionsofsubsections(a)and(b).Ifthepermittingauthorityfailstosubmittherequiredproposeddetermination,oriftheAdministratorobjectsandthepermittingauthorityfailstoresolvetheobjectionwithin90days,theAdministratormay,afternoticeandinaccordancewithfairandreasonableprocedures,terminate,modify,orrevokeandreissuethepermit.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleV,§505,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleV,§501,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2643.)
§7661e.Otherauthorities
(a)Ingeneral
NothinginthissubchaptershallpreventaState,orinterstatepermittingauthority,fromestablishingadditionalpermittingrequirementsnotinconsistentwiththischapter.
(b)Permitsimplementingacidrainprovisions
Theprovisionsofthissubchapter,includingprovisionsregardingschedulesforsubmissionandapprovalordisapprovalofpermitapplications,shallapplytopermitsimplementingtherequirementsofsubchapterIV–Aexceptasmodifiedbythatsubchapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleV,§506,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleV,§501,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2645.)
§7661f.Smallbusinessstationarysourcetechnicalandenvironmentalcomplianceassistanceprogram
(a)Planrevisions
Consistentwithsections7410and7412ofthistitle,eachStateshall,afterreasonablenoticeandpublichearings,adoptandsubmittotheAdministratoraspartoftheStateimplementationplanforsuchStateorasarevisiontosuchStateimplementationplanundersection7410ofthistitle,plansforestablishingasmallbusinessstationarysourcetechnicalandenvironmentalcomplianceassistanceprogram.Suchsubmissionshallbemadewithin24monthsafterNovember15,1990.TheAdministratorshallapprovesuchprogramifitincludeseachofthefollowing:
(1)Adequatemechanismsfordeveloping,collecting,andcoordinatinginformationconcerningcompliancemethodsandtechnologiesforsmallbusinessstationarysources,andprogramstoencouragelawfulcooperationamongsuchsourcesandotherpersonstofurthercompliancewiththischapter.
(2)Adequatemechanismsforassistingsmallbusinessstationarysourceswithpollutionpreventionandaccidentalreleasedetectionandprevention,includingprovidinginformationconcerningalternativetechnologies,processchanges,products,andmethodsofoperationthathelpreduceairpollution.
(3)AdesignatedStateofficewithintherelevantStateagencytoserveasombudsmanforsmallbusinessstationarysourcesinconnectionwiththeimplementationofthischapter.
(4)Acomplianceassistanceprogramforsmallbusinessstationarysourceswhichassistssmallbusinessstationarysourcesindeterminingapplicablerequirementsandinreceivingpermitsunderthischapterinatimelyandefficientmanner.
(5)Adequatemechanismstoassurethatsmallbusinessstationarysourcesreceivenoticeoftheirrightsunderthischapterinsuchmannerandformastoassurereasonablyadequatetimeforsuchsourcestoevaluatecompliancemethodsandanyrelevantorapplicableproposedorfinalregulationorstandardissuedunderthischapter.
(6)Adequatemechanismsforinformingsmallbusinessstationarysourcesoftheirobligationsunderthischapter,includingmechanismsforreferringsuchsourcestoqualifiedauditorsor,attheoptionoftheState,forprovidingauditsoftheoperationsofsuchsourcestodeterminecompliancewiththischapter.
(7)Proceduresforconsiderationofrequestsfromasmallbusinessstationarysourceformodificationof—
(A)anyworkpracticeortechnologicalmethodofcompliance,or
(B)thescheduleofmilestonesforimplementingsuchworkpracticeormethodofcomplianceprecedinganyapplicablecompliancedate,
basedonthetechnologicalandfinancialcapabilityofanysuchsmallbusinessstationarysource.Nosuchmodificationmaybegrantedunlessitisincompliancewiththeapplicablerequirementsofthischapter,includingtherequirementsoftheapplicableimplementationplan.WheresuchapplicablerequirementsaresetforthinFederalregulations,onlymodificationsauthorizedinsuchregulationsmaybeallowed.
(b)Program
TheAdministratorshallestablishwithin9monthsafterNovember15,1990,asmallbusinessstationarysourcetechnicalandenvironmentalcomplianceassistanceprogram.Suchprogramshall—
(1)assisttheStatesinthedevelopmentoftheprogramrequiredundersubsection(a)(relatingtoassistanceforsmallbusinessstationarysources);
(2)issueguidancefortheuseoftheStatesintheimplementationoftheseprogramsthatincludesalternativecontroltechnologiesandpollutionpreventionmethodsapplicabletosmallbusinessstationarysources;and
(3)provideforimplementationoftheprogramprovisionsrequiredundersubsection(a)(4)inanyStatethatfailstosubmitsuchaprogramunderthatsubsection.
(c)Eligibility
(1)Exceptasprovidedinparagraphs(2)and(3),forpurposesofthissection,theterm"smallbusinessstationarysource"meansastationarysourcethat—
(A)isownedoroperatedbyapersonthatemploys100orfewerindividuals,1
(B)isasmallbusinessconcernasdefinedintheSmallBusinessAct[15U.S.C.631etseq.];
(C)isnotamajorstationarysource;
(D)doesnotemit50tonsormoreperyearofanyregulatedpollutant;and
(E)emitslessthan75tonsperyearofallregulatedpollutants.
(2)Uponpetitionbyasource,theStatemay,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,includeasasmallbusinessstationarysourceforpurposesofthissectionanystationarysourcewhichdoesnotmeetthecriteriaofsubparagraphs 2(C),(D),or(E)ofparagraph(1)butwhichdoesnotemitmorethan100tonsperyearofallregulatedpollutants.
(3)(A)TheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeAdministratoroftheSmallBusinessAdministrationandafterprovidingnoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,mayexcludefromthesmallbusinessstationarysourcedefinitionunderthissectionanycategoryorsubcategoryofsourcesthattheAdministratordeterminestohavesufficienttechnicalandfinancialcapabilitiestomeettherequirementsofthischapterwithouttheapplicationofthissubsection.
(B)TheState,inconsultationwiththeAdministratorandtheAdministratoroftheSmallBusinessAdministrationandafterprovidingnoticeandopportunityforpublichearing,mayexcludefromthesmallbusinessstationarysourcedefinitionunderthissectionanycategoryorsubcategoryofsourcesthattheStatedeterminestohavesufficienttechnicalandfinancialcapabilitiestomeettherequirementsofthischapterwithouttheapplicationofthissubsection.
(d)Monitoring
TheAdministratorshalldirecttheAgency'sOfficeofSmallandDisadvantagedBusinessUtilizationthroughtheSmallBusinessOmbudsman(hereinafterinthissectionreferredtoasthe"Ombudsman")tomonitorthesmallbusinessstationarysourcetechnicalandenvironmentalcomplianceassistanceprogramunderthissection.Incarryingoutsuchmonitoringactivities,theOmbudsmanshall—
(1)renderadvisoryopinionsontheoveralleffectivenessoftheSmallBusinessStationarySourceTechnicalandEnvironmentalComplianceAssistanceProgram,difficultiesencountered,anddegreeandseverityofenforcement;
(2)makeperiodicreportstotheCongressonthecomplianceoftheSmallBusinessStationarySourceTechnicalandEnvironmentalComplianceAssistanceProgramwiththerequirementsofthePaperworkReductionAct,3theRegulatoryFlexibilityAct[5U.S.C.601etseq.],andtheEqualAccesstoJusticeAct;
(3)reviewinformationtobeissuedbytheSmallBusinessStationarySourceTechnicalandEnvironmentalComplianceAssistanceProgramforsmallbusinessstationarysourcestoensurethattheinformationisunderstandablebythelayperson;and
(4)havetheSmallBusinessStationarySourceTechnicalandEnvironmentalComplianceAssistanceProgramserveasthesecretariatforthedevelopmentanddisseminationofsuchreportsandadvisoryopinions.
(e)ComplianceAdvisoryPanel
(1)ThereshallbecreatedaComplianceAdvisoryPanel(hereinafterreferredtoasthe"Panel")ontheStatelevelofnotlessthan7individuals.ThisPanelshall—
(A)renderadvisoryopinionsconcerningtheeffectivenessofthesmallbusinessstationarysourcetechnicalandenvironmentalcomplianceassistanceprogram,difficultiesencountered,anddegreeandseverityofenforcement;
(B)makeperiodicreportstotheAdministratorconcerningthecomplianceoftheStateSmallBusinessStationarySourceTechnicalandEnvironmentalComplianceAssistanceProgramwiththerequirementsofthePaperworkReductionAct,3theRegulatoryFlexibilityAct[5U.S.C.601etseq.],andtheEqualAccesstoJusticeAct;
(C)reviewinformationforsmallbusinessstationarysourcestoassuresuchinformationisunderstandablebythelayperson;and
(D)havetheSmallBusinessStationarySourceTechnicalandEnvironmentalComplianceAssistanceProgramserveasthesecretariatforthedevelopmentanddisseminationofsuchreportsandadvisoryopinions.
(2)ThePanelshallconsistof—
(A)2members,whoarenotowners,orrepresentativesofowners,ofsmallbusinessstationarysources,selectedbytheGovernortorepresentthegeneralpublic;
(B)2membersselectedbytheStatelegislaturewhoareowners,orwhorepresentowners,ofsmallbusinessstationarysources(1membereachbythemajorityandminorityleadershipofthelowerhouse,orinthecaseofaunicameralStatelegislature,2memberseachshallbeselectedbythemajorityleadershipandtheminorityleadership,respectively,ofsuchlegislature,andsubparagraph(C)shallnotapply);
(C)2membersselectedbytheStatelegislaturewhoareowners,orwhorepresentowners,ofsmallbusinessstationarysources(1membereachbythemajorityandminorityleadershipoftheupperhouse,ortheequivalentStateentity);and
(D)1memberselectedbytheheadofthedepartmentoragencyoftheStateresponsibleforairpollutionpermitprogramstorepresentthatagency.
(f)Fees
TheState(ortheAdministrator)mayreduceanyfeerequiredunderthischaptertotakeintoaccountthefinancialresourcesofsmallbusinessstationarysources.
(g)Continuousemissionmonitors
IndevelopingregulationsandCTGsunderthischapterthatcontaincontinuousemissionmonitoringrequirements,theAdministrator,consistentwiththerequirementsofthischapter,beforeapplyingsuchrequirementstosmallbusinessstationarysources,shallconsiderthenecessityandappropriatenessofsuchrequirementsforsuchsources.NothinginthissubsectionshallaffecttheapplicabilityofsubchapterIV–Aprovisionsrelatingtocontinuousemissionsmonitoring.
(h)Controltechniqueguidelines
TheAdministratorshallconsider,consistentwiththerequirementsofthischapter,thesize,type,andtechnicalcapabilitiesofsmallbusinessstationarysources(andsourceswhichareeligibleundersubsection(c)(2)tobetreatedassmallbusinessstationarysources)indevelopingCTGsapplicabletosuchsourcesunderthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleV,§507,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleV,§501,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2645.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheSmallBusinessAct,referredtoinsubsec.(c)(1)(B),isPub.L.85–536,§2(1etseq.),July18,1958,72Stat.384,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter14A(§631etseq.)ofTitle15,CommerceandTrade.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection631ofTitle15andTables.
ThePaperworkReductionAct,referredtoinsubsecs.(d)(2)and(e)(1)(B),probablymeansthePaperworkReductionActof1980,Pub.L.96–511,Dec.11,1980,94Stat.2812,asamended,whichwasclassifiedprincipallytochapter35(§3501etseq.)ofTitle44,PublicPrintingandDocuments,priortothegeneralamendmentofthatchapterbyPub.L.104–13,§2,May22,1995,109Stat.163.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitleof1980Amendmentnotesetoutundersection101ofTitle44andTables.
TheRegulatoryFlexibilityAct,referredtoinsubsecs.(d)(2)and(e)(1)(B),isPub.L.96–354,Sept.19,1980,94Stat.1164,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter6(§601etseq.)ofTitle5,GovernmentOrganizationandEmployees.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection601ofTitle5andTables.
TheEqualAccesstoJusticeAct,referredtoinsubsecs.(d)(2)and(e)(1)(B),istitleIIofPub.L.96–481,Oct.21,1980,94Stat.2325.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection504ofTitle5.
1 Soinoriginal.Thecommaprobablyshouldbeasemicolon.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"subparagraph".
3 SeeReferencesinTextnotebelow.
SUBCHAPTERVI—STRATOSPHERICOZONEPROTECTION
§7671.Definitions
Asusedinthissubchapter—
(1)Appliance
Theterm"appliance"meansanydevicewhichcontainsandusesaclassIorclassIIsubstanceasarefrigerantandwhichisusedforhouseholdorcommercialpurposes,includinganyairconditioner,refrigerator,chiller,orfreezer.
(2)Baselineyear
Theterm"baselineyear"means—
(A)thecalendaryear1986,inthecaseofanyclassIsubstancelistedinGroupIorIIundersection7671a(a)ofthistitle,
(B)thecalendaryear1989,inthecaseofanyclassIsubstancelistedinGroupIII,IV,orVundersection7671a(a)ofthistitle,and
(C)arepresentativecalendaryearselectedbytheAdministrator,inthecaseof—
(i)anysubstanceaddedtothelistofclassIsubstancesafterthepublicationoftheinitiallistundersection7671a(a)ofthistitle,and
(ii)anyclassIIsubstance.
(3)ClassIsubstance
Theterm"classIsubstance"meanseachofthesubstanceslistedasprovidedinsection7671a(a)ofthistitle.
(4)ClassIIsubstance
Theterm"classIIsubstance"meanseachofthesubstanceslistedasprovidedinsection7671a(b)ofthistitle.
(5)Commissioner
Theterm"Commissioner"meanstheCommissioneroftheFoodandDrugAdministration.
(6)Consumption
Theterm"consumption"means,withrespecttoanysubstance,theamountofthatsubstanceproducedintheUnitedStates,plustheamountimported,minustheamountexportedtoPartiestotheMontrealProtocol.SuchtermshallbeconstruedinamannerconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol.
(7)Import
Theterm"import"meanstolandon,bringinto,orintroduceinto,orattempttolandon,bringinto,orintroduceinto,anyplacesubjecttothejurisdictionoftheUnitedStates,whetherornotsuchlanding,bringing,orintroductionconstitutesanimportationwithinthemeaningofthecustomslawsoftheUnitedStates.
(8)Medicaldevice
Theterm"medicaldevice"meansanydevice(asdefinedintheFederalFood,Drug,andCosmeticAct(21U.S.C.321)),diagnosticproduct,drug(asdefinedintheFederalFood,Drug,andCosmeticAct),anddrugdeliverysystem—
(A)ifsuchdevice,product,drug,ordrugdeliverysystemutilizesaclassIorclassIIsubstanceforwhichnosafeandeffectivealternativehasbeendeveloped,andwherenecessary,approvedbytheCommissioner;and
(B)ifsuchdevice,product,drug,ordrugdeliverysystem,has,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,beenapprovedanddeterminedtobeessentialbytheCommissionerinconsultationwiththeAdministrator.
(9)MontrealProtocol
Theterms"MontrealProtocol"and"theProtocol"meantheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer,aprotocoltotheViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer,includingadjustmentsadoptedbyPartiestheretoandamendmentsthathaveenteredintoforce.
(10)Ozone-depletionpotential
Theterm"ozone-depletionpotential"meansafactorestablishedbytheAdministratortoreflecttheozone-depletionpotentialofasubstance,onamassperkilogrambasis,ascomparedtochlorofluorocarbon-11(CFC–11).Suchfactorshallbebaseduponthesubstance'satmosphericlifetime,themolecularweightofbromineandchlorine,andthesubstance'sabilitytobephotolyticallydisassociated,anduponotherfactorsdeterminedtobeanaccuratemeasureofrelativeozone-depletionpotential.
(11)Produce,produced,andproduction
Theterms"produce","produced",and"production",refertothemanufactureofasubstancefromanyrawmaterialorfeedstockchemical,butsuchtermsdonotinclude—
(A)themanufactureofasubstancethatisusedandentirelyconsumed(exceptfortracequantities)inthemanufactureofotherchemicals,or
(B)thereuseorrecyclingofasubstance.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§601,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2649.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheFederalFood,Drug,andCosmeticAct,referredtoinpar.(8),isactJune25,1938,ch.675,52Stat.1040,asamended,whichisclassifiedgenerallytochapter9(§301etseq.)ofTitle21,FoodandDrugs.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seesection301ofTitle21andTables.
§7671a.ListingofclassIandclassIIsubstances
(a)ListofclassIsubstances
Within60daysafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpublishaninitiallistofclassIsubstances,whichlistshallcontainthefollowingsubstances:
GroupI
chlorofluorocarbon-11(CFC–11)
chlorofluorocarbon-12(CFC–12)
chlorofluorocarbon-113(CFC–113)
chlorofluorocarbon-114(CFC–114)
chlorofluorocarbon-115(CFC–115)
GroupII
halon-1211
halon-1301
halon-2402
GroupIII
chlorofluorocarbon-13(CFC–13)
chlorofluorocarbon-111(CFC–111)
chlorofluorocarbon-112(CFC–112)
chlorofluorocarbon-211(CFC–211)
chlorofluorocarbon-212(CFC–212)
chlorofluorocarbon-213(CFC–213)
chlorofluorocarbon-214(CFC–214)
chlorofluorocarbon-215(CFC–215)
chlorofluorocarbon-216(CFC–216)
chlorofluorocarbon-217(CFC–217)
GroupIV
carbontetrachloride
GroupV
methylchloroform
Theinitiallistunderthissubsectionshallalsoincludetheisomersofthesubstanceslistedabove,otherthan1,1,2-trichloroethane(anisomerofmethylchloroform).Pursuanttosubsection(c),theAdministratorshalladdtothelistofclassIsubstancesanyothersubstancethattheAdministratorfindscausesorcontributessignificantlytoharmfuleffectsonthestratosphericozonelayer.TheAdministratorshall,pursuanttosubsection(c),addtosuchlistallsubstancesthattheAdministratordetermineshaveanozonedepletionpotentialof0.2orgreater.
(b)ListofclassIIsubstances
SimultaneouslywithpublicationoftheinitiallistofclassIsubstances,theAdministratorshallpublishaninitiallistofclassIIsubstances,whichshallcontainthefollowingsubstances:
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-21(HCFC–21)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22(HCFC–22)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-31(HCFC–31)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-121(HCFC–121)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-122(HCFC–122)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123(HCFC–123)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124(HCFC–124)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-131(HCFC–131)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-132(HCFC–132)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-133(HCFC–133)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-141(HCFC–141)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-142(HCFC–142)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-221(HCFC–221)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-222(HCFC–222)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-223(HCFC–223)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-224(HCFC–224)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225(HCFC–225)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-226(HCFC–226)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-231(HCFC–231)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-232(HCFC–232)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-233(HCFC–233)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-234(HCFC–234)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-235(HCFC–235)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-241(HCFC–241)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-242(HCFC–242)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-243(HCFC–243)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-244(HCFC–244)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-251(HCFC–251)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-252(HCFC–252)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-253(HCFC–253)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-261(HCFC–261)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-262(HCFC–262)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-271(HCFC–271)
Theinitiallistunderthissubsectionshallalsoincludetheisomersofthesubstanceslistedabove.Pursuanttosubsection(c),theAdministratorshalladdtothelistofclassIIsubstancesanyothersubstancethattheAdministratorfindsisknownormayreasonablybeanticipatedtocauseorcontributetoharmfuleffectsonthestratosphericozonelayer.
(c)Additionstothelists
(1)TheAdministratormayadd,byrule,inaccordancewiththecriteriasetforthinsubsection(a)or(b),asthecasemaybe,anysubstancetothelistofclassIorclassIIsubstancesundersubsection(a)or(b).Forpurposesofexchangesundersection7661f 1ofthistitle,wheneverasubstanceisaddedtothelistofclassIsubstancestheAdministratorshall,totheextentconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,assignsuchsubstancetoexistingGroupI,II,III,IV,orVorplacesuchsubstanceinanewGroup.
(2)Periodically,butnotlessfrequentlythanevery3yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshalllist,byrule,asadditionalclassIorclassIIsubstancesthosesubstanceswhichtheAdministratorfindsmeetthecriteriaofsubsection(a)or(b),asthecasemaybe.
(3)Atanytime,anypersonmaypetitiontheAdministratortoaddasubstancetothelistofclassIorclassIIsubstances.Pursuanttothecriteriasetforthinsubsection(a)or(b)asthecasemaybe,within180daysafterreceivingsuchapetition,theAdministratorshalleitherproposetoaddthesubstancetosuchlistorpublishanexplanationofthepetitiondenial.InanycasewheretheAdministratorproposestoaddasubstancetosuchlist,theAdministratorshalladd,byrule,(ormakeafinaldeterminationnottoadd)suchsubstancetosuchlistwithin1yearafterreceivingsuchpetition.Anypetitionunderthisparagraphshallincludeashowingbythepetitionerthattherearedataonthesubstanceadequatetosupportthepetition.IftheAdministratordeterminesthatinformationonthesubstanceisnotsufficienttomakeadeterminationunderthisparagraph,theAdministratorshalluseanyauthorityavailabletotheAdministrator,underanylawadministeredbytheAdministrator,toacquiresuchinformation.
(4)OnlyaclassIIsubstancewhichisaddedtothelistofclassIsubstancesmayberemovedfromthelistofclassIIsubstances.Nosubstancereferredtoinsubsection(a),includingmethylchloroform,mayberemovedfromthelistofclassIsubstances.
(d)Newlistedsubstances
InthecaseofanysubstanceaddedtothelistofclassIorclassIIsubstancesafterpublicationoftheinitiallistofsuchsubstancesunderthissection,theAdministratormayextendanyscheduleorcompliancedeadlinecontainedinsection7671cor7671dofthistitletoalaterdatethanspecifiedinsuchsectionsifsuchscheduleordeadlineisunattainable,consideringwhensuchsubstanceisaddedtothelist.NoextensionunderthissubsectionmayextendthedateforterminationofproductionofanyclassIsubstancetoadatemorethan7yearsafterJanuary1oftheyearaftertheyearinwhichthesubstanceisaddedtothelistofclassIsubstances.NoextensionunderthissubsectionmayextendthedateforterminationofproductionofanyclassIIsubstancetoadatemorethan10yearsafterJanuary1oftheyearaftertheyearinwhichthesubstanceisaddedtothelistofclassIIsubstances.
(e)Ozone-depletionandglobalwarmingpotential
Simultaneouslywithpublicationofthelistsunderthissectionandsimultaneouslywithanyadditiontoeitherofsuchlists,theAdministratorshallassigntoeachlistedsubstanceanumericalvaluerepresentingthesubstance'sozone-depletionpotential.Inaddition,theAdministratorshallpublishthechlorineandbromineloadingpotentialandtheatmosphericlifetimeofeachlistedsubstance.OneyearafterNovember15,1990(oneyearaftertheadditionofasubstancetoeitherofsuchlistsinthecaseofasubstanceaddedafterthepublicationoftheinitiallistsofsuchsubstances),andafternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,theAdministratorshallpublishtheglobalwarmingpotentialofeachlistedsubstance.Theprecedingsentenceshallnotbeconstruedtobethebasisofanyadditionalregulationunderthischapter.Inthecaseofthesubstancesreferredtointable1,theozone-depletionpotentialshallbeasspecifiedintable1,unlesstheAdministratoradjuststhesubstance'sozone-depletionpotentialbasedoncriteriareferredtoinsection7671(10)ofthistitle:
Table1
SubstanceOzone-depletionpotential
chlorofluorocarbon-11(CFC–11)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-12(CFC–12)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-13(CFC–13)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-111(CFC–111)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-112(CFC–112)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-113(CFC–113)
0.8
chlorofluorocarbon-114(CFC–114)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-115(CFC–115)
0.6
chlorofluorocarbon-211(CFC–211)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-212(CFC–212)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-213(CFC–213)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-214(CFC–214)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-215(CFC–215)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-216(CFC–216)
1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-217(CFC–217)
1.0
halon-1211
3.0
halon-1301
10.0
halon-2402
6.0
carbontetrachloride
1.1
methylchloroform
0.1
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22(HCFC–22)
0.05
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123(HCFC–123)
0.02
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124(HCFC–124)
0.02
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-141(b)(HCFC–141(b))
0.1
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-142(b)(HCFC–142(b))
0.06
Wheretheozone-depletionpotentialofasubstanceisspecifiedintheMontrealProtocol,theozone-depletionpotentialspecifiedforthatsubstanceunderthissectionshallbeconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§602,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2650.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbesection"7671f".
§7671b.Monitoringandreportingrequirements
(a)Regulations
Within270daysafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallamendtheregulationsoftheAdministratorineffectonsuchdateregardingmonitoringandreportingofclassIandclassIIsubstances.Suchamendmentsshallconformtotherequirementsofthissection.Theamendedregulationsshallincluderequirementswithrespecttothetimeandmannerofmonitoringandreportingasrequiredunderthissection.
(b)Production,import,andexportlevelreports
Onaquarterlybasis,orsuchotherbasis(notlessthanannually)asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,eachpersonwhoproduced,imported,orexportedaclassIorclassIIsubstanceshallfileareportwiththeAdministratorsettingforththeamountofthesubstancethatsuchpersonproduced,imported,andexportedduringtheprecedingreportingperiod.Eachsuchreportshallbesignedandattestedbyaresponsibleofficer.NosuchreportshallberequiredfromapersonafterApril1ofthecalendaryearaftersuchpersonpermanentlyceasesproduction,importation,andexportationofthesubstanceandsonotifiestheAdministratorinwriting.
(c)BaselinereportsforclassIsubstances
UnlesssuchinformationhaspreviouslybeenreportedtotheAdministrator,onthedateonwhichthefirstreportundersubsection(b)isrequiredtobefiled,eachpersonwhoproduced,imported,orexportedaclassIsubstance(otherthanasubstanceaddedtothelistofclassIsubstancesafterthepublicationoftheinitiallistofsuchsubstancesunderthissection)shallfileareportwiththeAdministratorsettingforththeamountofsuchsubstancethatsuchpersonproduced,imported,andexportedduringthebaselineyear.InthecaseofasubstanceaddedtothelistofclassIsubstancesafterpublicationoftheinitiallistofsuchsubstancesunderthissection,theregulationsshallrequirethateachpersonwhoproduced,imported,orexportedsuchsubstanceshallfileareportwiththeAdministratorwithin180daysafterthedateonwhichsuchsubstanceisaddedtothelist,settingforththeamountofthesubstancethatsuchpersonproduced,imported,andexportedinthebaselineyear.
(d)MonitoringandreportstoCongress
(1)TheAdministratorshallmonitorand,notlessoftenthanevery3yearsfollowingNovember15,1990,submitareporttoCongressontheproduction,useandconsumptionofclassIandclassIIsubstances.Suchreportshallincludedataondomesticproduction,useandconsumption,andanestimateofworldwideproduction,useandconsumptionofsuchsubstances.Notlessfrequentlythanevery6yearstheAdministratorshallreporttoCongressontheenvironmentalandeconomiceffectsofanystratosphericozonedepletion.
(2)TheAdministratorsoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationandtheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationshallmonitor,andnotlessoftenthanevery3yearsfollowingNovember15,1990,submitareporttoCongressonthecurrentaveragetroposphericconcentrationofchlorineandbromineandonthelevelofstratosphericozonedepletion.Suchreportsshallincludeupdatedprojectionsof—
(A)peakchlorineloading;
(B)therateatwhichtheatmosphericabundanceofchlorineisprojectedtodecreaseaftertheyear2000;and
(C)thedatebywhichtheatmosphericabundanceofchlorineisprojectedtoreturntoaleveloftwopartsperbillion.
Suchupdatedprojectionsshallbemadeonthebasisofcurrentinternationalanddomesticcontrolsonsubstancescoveredbythissubchapteraswellasonthebasisofsuchcontrolssupplementedbyayear2000globalphaseoutofallhalocarbonemissions(thebasecase).ItisthepurposeoftheCongressthroughtheprovisionsofthissectiontomonitorcloselytheproductionandconsumptionofclassIIsubstancestoassurethattheproductionandconsumptionofsuchsubstanceswillnot:
(i)increasesignificantlythepeakchlorineloadingthatisprojectedtooccurunderthebasecaseestablishedforpurposesofthissection;
(ii)reducesignificantlytherateatwhichtheatmosphericabundanceofchlorineisprojectedtodecreaseunderthebasecase;or
(iii)delaythedatebywhichtheaverageatmosphericconcentrationofchlorineisprojectedunderthebasecasetoreturntoaleveloftwopartsperbillion.
(e)Technologystatusreportin2015
TheAdministratorshallreview,onaperiodicbasis,theprogressbeingmadeinthedevelopmentofalternativesystemsorproductsnecessarytomanufactureandoperateapplianceswithoutclassIIsubstances.IftheAdministratorfinds,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,thatasaresultoftechnologicaldevelopmentproblems,thedevelopmentofsuchalternativesystemsorproductswillnotoccurwithinthetimenecessarytoprovideforthemanufactureofsuchequipmentwithoutsuchsubstancespriortotheapplicabledeadlinesundersection7671dofthistitle,theAdministratorshall,notlaterthanJanuary1,2015,soinformtheCongress.
(f)Emergencyreport
If,inconsultationwiththeAdministratorsoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationandtheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,andafternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,theAdministratordeterminesthattheglobalproduction,consumption,anduseofclassIIsubstancesareprojectedtocontributetoanatmosphericchlorineloadinginexcessofthebasecaseprojectionsbymorethan5/10thspartsperbillion,theAdministratorshallsoinformtheCongressimmediately.Thedeterminationreferredtointheprecedingsentenceshallbebasedonthemonitoringundersubsection(d)andupdatednotlessoftenthanevery3years.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§603,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2653.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
TerminationofReportingRequirements
Fortermination,effectiveMay15,2000,ofprovisionsinsubsec.(d)(1)ofthissectionrelatingtosubmittaloftriennialreporttoCongress,seesection3003ofPub.L.104–66,asamended,setoutasanoteundersection1113ofTitle31,MoneyandFinance,andthe12thitemonpage162ofHouseDocumentNo.103–7.
MethaneStudies
Pub.L.101–549,titleVI,§603,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2670,providedthat:
"(a)EconomicallyJustifiedActions.—Notlaterthan2yearsafterenactmentofthisAct[Nov.15,1990],theAdministratorshallprepareandsubmitareporttotheCongressthatidentifiesactivities,substances,processes,orcombinationsthereofthatcouldreducemethaneemissionsandthatareeconomicallyandtechnologicallyjustifiedwithandwithoutconsiderationofenvironmentalbenefit.
"(b)DomesticMethaneSourceInventoryandControl.—Notlaterthan2yearsaftertheenactmentofthisAct[Nov.15,1990],theAdministrator,inconsultationandcoordinationwiththeSecretaryofEnergyandtheSecretaryofAgriculture,shallprepareandsubmittotheCongressreportsoneachofthefollowing:
"(1)Methaneemissionsassociatedwithnaturalgasextraction,transportation,distribution,storage,anduse.SuchreportshallincludeaninventoryofmethaneemissionsassociatedwithsuchactivitieswithintheUnitedStates.Suchemissionsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,accidentalandintentionalreleasesfromnaturalgasandoilwells,pipelines,processingfacilities,andgasburners.Thereportshallalsoincludeaninventoryofmethanegenerationwithsuchactivities.
"(2)Methaneemissionsassociatedwithcoalextraction,transportation,distribution,storage,anduse.SuchreportshallincludeaninventoryofmethaneemissionsassociatedwithsuchactivitieswithintheUnitedStates.Suchemissionsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,accidentalandintentionalreleasesfromminingshafts,degasificationwells,gasrecoverywellsandequipment,andfromtheprocessinganduseofcoal.Thereportshallalsoincludeaninventoryofmethanegenerationwithsuchactivities.
"(3)Methaneemissionsassociatedwithmanagementofsolidwaste.SuchreportshallincludeaninventoryofmethaneemissionsassociatedwithallformsofwastemanagementintheUnitedStates,includingstorage,treatment,anddisposal.
"(4)Methaneemissionsassociatedwithagriculture.SuchreportshallincludeaninventoryofmethaneemissionsassociatedwithriceandlivestockproductionintheUnitedStates.
"(5)Methaneemissionsassociatedwithbiomassburning.Suchreportshallincludeaninventoryofmethaneemissionsassociatedwiththeintentionalburningofagriculturalwastes,wood,grasslands,andforests.
"(6)Othermethaneemissionsassociatedwithhumanactivities.SuchreportshallidentifyandinventoryotherdomesticsourcesofmethaneemissionsthataredeemedbytheAdministratorandothersuchagenciestobesignificant.
"(c)InternationalStudies.—
"(1)Methaneemissions.—Notlaterthan2yearsaftertheenactmentofthisAct[Nov.15,1990],theAdministratorshallprepareandsubmittotheCongressareportonmethaneemissionsfromcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Suchreportshallincludeinventoriesofmethaneemissionsassociatedwiththeactivitieslistedinsubsection(b).
"(2)Preventingincreasesinmethaneconcentrations.—Notlaterthan2yearsaftertheenactmentofthisAct[Nov.15,1990],theAdministratorshallprepareandsubmittotheCongressareportthatanalyzesthepotentialforpreventinganincreaseinatmosphericconcentrationsofmethanefromactivitiesandsourcesinothercountries.Suchreportshallidentifyandevaluatethetechnicaloptionsforreducingmethaneemissionfromeachoftheactivitieslistedinsubsection(b),aswellasotheractivitiesorsourcesthataredeemedbytheAdministratorinconsultationwithotherrelevantFederalagenciesanddepartmentstobesignificantandshallincludeanevaluationofcosts.Thereportshallidentifytheemissionsreductionsthatwouldneedtobeachievedtopreventincreasingatmosphericconcentrationsofmethane.Thereportshallalsoidentifytechnologytransferprogramsthatcouldpromotemethaneemissionsreductionsinlesserdevelopedcountries.
"(d)NaturalSources.—Notlaterthan2yearsaftertheenactmentofthisAct[Nov.15,1990],theAdministratorshallprepareandsubmittotheCongressareporton—
"(1)methaneemissionsfrombiogenicsourcessuchas(A)tropical,temperate,andsubarcticforests,(B)tundra,and(C)freshwaterandsaltwaterwetlands;and
"(2)thechangesinmethaneemissionsfrombiogenicsourcesthatmayoccurasaresultofpotentialincreasesintemperaturesandatmosphericconcentrationsofcarbondioxide.
"(e)StudyofMeasuresToLimitGrowthinMethaneConcentrations.—Notlaterthan2yearsafterthecompletionofthestudiesinsubsections(b),(c),and(d),theAdministratorshallprepareandsubmittotheCongressareportthatpresentsoptionsoutliningmeasuresthatcouldbeimplementedtostoporreducethegrowthinatmosphericconcentrationsofmethanefromsourceswithintheUnitedStatesreferredtoinparagraphs(1)through(6)ofsubsection(b).Thisstudyshallidentifyandevaluatethetechnicaloptionsforreducingmethaneemissionsfromeachoftheactivitieslistedinsubsection(b),aswellasotheractivitiesorsourcesdeemedbysuchagenciestobesignificant,andshallincludeanevaluationofcosts,technology,safety,energy,andotherfactors.Thestudyshallbebasedontheotherstudiesunderthissection.ThestudyshallalsoidentifyprogramsoftheUnitedStatesandinternationallendingagenciesthatcouldbeusedtoinducelesserdevelopedcountriestoundertakemeasuresthatwillreducemethaneemissionsandtheresourceneedsofsuchprograms.
"(f)InformationGathering.—Incarryingoutthestudiesunderthissection,theprovisionsandrequirementsofsection114oftheCleanAirAct[42U.S.C.7414]shallbeavailableforpurposesofobtaininginformationtocarryoutsuchstudies.
"(g)ConsultationandCoordination.—InpreparingthestudiesunderthissectiontheAdministratorshallconsultandcoordinatewiththeSecretaryofEnergy,theAdministratorsoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationandtheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,andtheheadsofotherrelevantFederalagenciesanddepartments.Inthecaseofthestudiesundersubsections(a),(b),and(e),suchconsultationandcoordinationshallincludetheSecretaryofAgriculture."
§7671c.Phase-outofproductionandconsumptionofclassIsubstances
(a)Productionphase-out
EffectiveonJanuary1ofeachyearspecifiedinTable2,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontoproduceanyclassIsubstanceinanannualquantitygreaterthantherelevantpercentagespecifiedinTable2.ThepercentagesinTable2refertoamaximumallowableproductionasapercentageofthequantityofthesubstanceproducedbythepersonconcernedinthebaselineyear.
Table2
DateCarbontetrachlorideMethylchloroformOther class Isubstances
1991
100%
100%
85%
1992
90%
100%
80%
1993
80%
90%
75%
1994
70%
85%
65%
1995
15%
70%
50%
1996
15%
50%
40%
1997
15%
50%
15%
1998
15%
50%
15%
1999
15%
50%
15%
2000
20%
2001
20%
(b)TerminationofproductionofclassIsubstances
EffectiveJanuary1,2000(January1,2002inthecaseofmethylchloroform),itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontoproduceanyamountofaclassIsubstance.
(c)RegulationsregardingproductionandconsumptionofclassIsubstances
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationswithin10monthsafterNovember15,1990,phasingouttheproductionofclassIsubstancesinaccordancewiththissectionandotherapplicableprovisionsofthissubchapter.TheAdministratorshallalsopromulgateregulationstoinsurethattheconsumptionofclassIsubstancesintheUnitedStatesisphasedoutandterminatedinaccordancewiththesameschedule(subjecttothesameexceptionsandotherprovisions)asisapplicabletothephase-outandterminationofproductionofclassIsubstancesunderthissubchapter.
(d)Exceptionsforessentialusesofmethylchloroform,medicaldevices,andaviationsafety
(1)Essentialusesofmethylchloroform
Notwithstandingtheterminationofproductionrequiredbysubsection(b),duringtheperiodbeginningonJanuary1,2002,andendingonJanuary1,2005,theAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,may,totheextentsuchactionisconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,authorizetheproductionoflimitedquantitiesofmethylchloroformsolelyforuseinessentialapplications(suchasnondestructivetestingformetalfatigueandcorrosionofexistingairplaneenginesandairplanepartssusceptibletometalfatigue)forwhichnosafeandeffectivesubstituteisavailable.Notwithstandingthisparagraph,theauthoritytoproducemethylchloroformforuseinmedicaldevicesshallbeprovidedinaccordancewithparagraph(2).
(2)Medicaldevices
Notwithstandingtheterminationofproductionrequiredbysubsection(b),theAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,shall,totheextentsuchactionisconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,authorizetheproductionoflimitedquantitiesofclassIsubstancessolelyforuseinmedicaldevicesifsuchauthorizationisdeterminedbytheCommissioner,inconsultationwiththeAdministrator,tobenecessaryforuseinmedicaldevices.
(3)Aviationsafety
(A)Notwithstandingtheterminationofproductionrequiredbysubsection(b),theAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,may,totheextentsuchactionisconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,authorizetheproductionoflimitedquantitiesofhalon-1211(bromochlorodifluoromethane),halon-1301(bromotrifluoromethane),andhalon-2402(dibromotetrafluoroethane)solelyforpurposesofaviationsafetyiftheAdministratoroftheFederalAviationAdministration,inconsultationwiththeAdministrator,determinesthatnosafeandeffectivesubstitutehasbeendevelopedandthatsuchauthorizationisnecessaryforaviationsafetypurposes.
(B)TheAdministratoroftheFederalAviationAdministrationshall,inconsultationwiththeAdministrator,examinewhethersafeandeffectivesubstitutesformethylchloroformoralternativetechniqueswillbeavailablefornondestructivetestingformetalfatigueandcorrosionofexistingairplaneenginesandairplanepartssusceptibletometalfatigueandwhetheranexceptionforsuchusesofmethylchloroformunderthisparagraphwillbenecessaryforpurposesofairlinesafetyafterJanuary1,2005andprovideareporttoCongressin1998.
(4)Caponcertainexceptions
Undernocircumstancesmaytheauthoritysetforthinparagraphs(1),(2),and(3)ofsubsection(d)beappliedtoauthorizeanypersontoproduceaclassIsubstanceinannualquantitiesgreaterthan10percentofthatproducedbysuchpersonduringthebaselineyear.
(5)Sanitationandfoodprotection
TotheextentconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol'squarantineandpreshipmentprovisions,theAdministratorshallexempttheproduction,importation,andconsumptionofmethylbromidetofumigatecommoditiesenteringorleavingtheUnitedStatesoranyState(orpoliticalsubdivisionthereof)forpurposesofcompliancewithAnimalandPlantHealthInspectionServicerequirementsorwithanyinternational,Federal,State,orlocalsanitationorfoodprotectionstandard.
(6)Criticaluses
TotheextentconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,theAdministrator,afternoticeandtheopportunityforpubliccomment,andafterconsultationwithotherdepartmentsorinstrumentalitiesoftheFederalGovernmenthavingregulatoryauthorityrelatedtomethylbromide,includingtheSecretaryofAgriculture,mayexempttheproduction,importation,andconsumptionofmethylbromideforcriticaluses.
(e)Developingcountries
(1)Exception
Notwithstandingthephase-outandterminationofproductionrequiredundersubsections(a)and(b),theAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,may,consistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,authorizetheproductionoflimitedquantitiesofaclassIsubstanceinexcessoftheamountsotherwiseallowableundersubsection(a)or(b),orboth,solelyforexportto,andusein,developingcountriesthatarePartiestotheMontrealProtocolandareoperatingunderarticle5ofsuchProtocol.Anyproductionauthorizedunderthisparagraphshallbesolelyforpurposesofsatisfyingthebasicdomesticneedsofsuchcountries.
(2)Caponexception
(A)Undernocircumstancesmaytheauthoritysetforthinparagraph(1)beappliedtoauthorizeanypersontoproduceaclassIsubstanceinanyyearforwhichaproductionpercentageisspecifiedinTable2ofsubsection(a)inanannualquantitygreaterthanthespecifiedpercentage,plusanamountequalto10percentoftheamountproducedbysuchpersoninthebaselineyear.
(B)Undernocircumstancesmaytheauthoritysetforthinparagraph(1)beappliedtoauthorizeanypersontoproduceaclassIsubstanceintheapplicableterminationyearreferredtoinsubsection(b),orinanyyearthereafter,inanannualquantitygreaterthan15percentofthebaselinequantityofsuchsubstanceproducedbysuchperson.
(C)AnexceptionauthorizedunderthissubsectionshallterminatenolaterthanJanuary1,2010(2012inthecaseofmethylchloroform).
(3)Methylbromide
Notwithstandingthephaseoutandterminationofproductionofmethylbromidepursuanttosubsection(h),theAdministratormay,consistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,authorizetheproductionoflimitedquantitiesofmethylbromide,solelyforuseindevelopingcountriesthatarePartiestotheCopenhagenAmendmentstotheMontrealProtocol.
(f)Nationalsecurity
ThePresidentmay,totheextentsuchactionisconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,issuesuchordersregardingproductionanduseofCFC–114(chlorofluorocarbon-114),halon-1211,halon-1301,andhalon-2402,atanyspecifiedsiteorfacilityoronanyvesselasmaybenecessarytoprotectthenationalsecurityinterestsoftheUnitedStatesifthePresidentfindsthatadequatesubstitutesarenotavailableandthattheproductionanduseofsuchsubstancearenecessarytoprotectsuchnationalsecurityinterest.Suchordersmayinclude,wherenecessarytoprotectsuchinterests,anexemptionfromanyprohibitionorrequirementcontainedinthissubchapter.ThePresidentshallnotifytheCongresswithin30daysoftheissuanceofanorderunderthisparagraphprovidingforanysuchexemption.Suchnotificationshallincludeastatementofthereasonsforthegrantingoftheexemption.Anexemptionunderthisparagraphshallbeforaspecifiedperiodwhichmaynotexceedoneyear.Additionalexemptionsmaybegranted,eachuponthePresident'sissuanceofaneworderunderthisparagraph.Eachsuchadditionalexemptionshallbeforaspecifiedperiodwhichmaynotexceedoneyear.NoexemptionshallbegrantedunderthisparagraphduetolackofappropriationunlessthePresidentshallhavespecificallyrequestedsuchappropriationasapartofthebudgetaryprocessandtheCongressshallhavefailedtomakeavailablesuchrequestedappropriation.
(g)Firesuppressionandexplosionprevention
(1)Notwithstandingtheproductionphase-outsetforthinsubsection(a),theAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,may,totheextentsuchactionisconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,authorizetheproductionoflimitedquantitiesofhalon-1211,halon-1301,andhalon-2402inexcessoftheamountotherwisepermittedpursuanttothescheduleundersubsection(a)solelyforpurposesoffiresuppressionorexplosionpreventioniftheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeAdministratoroftheUnitedStatesFireAdministration,determinesthatnosafeandeffectivesubstitutehasbeendevelopedandthatsuchauthorizationisnecessaryforfiresuppressionorexplosionpreventionpurposes.TheAdministratorshallnotauthorizeproductionunderthisparagraphforpurposesoffiresafetyorexplosionpreventiontrainingortestingoffiresuppressionorexplosionpreventionequipment.InnoeventshalltheAdministratorgrantanexceptionunderthisparagraphthatpermitsproductionafterDecember31,1999.
(2)TheAdministratorshallperiodicallymonitorandassessthestatusofeffortstoobtainsubstitutesforthesubstancesreferredtoinparagraph(1)forpurposesoffiresuppressionorexplosionpreventionandtheprobabilityofsuchsubstitutesbeingavailablebyDecember31,1999.TheAdministrator,aspartofsuchassessment,shallconsideranyrelevantassessmentsundertheMontrealProtocolandtheactionsofthePartiespursuanttoArticle2BoftheMontrealProtocolinidentifyingessentialusesandinpermittingalevelofproductionorconsumptionthatisnecessarytosatisfysuchusesforwhichnoadequatealternativesareavailableafterDecember31,1999.TheAdministratorshallreporttoCongresstheresultsofsuchassessmentin1994andagainin1998.
(3)Notwithstandingtheterminationofproductionsetforthinsubsection(b),theAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,may,totheextentconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,authorizetheproductionoflimitedquantitiesofhalon-1211,halon-1301,andhalon-2402intheperiodafterDecember31,1999,andbeforeDecember31,2004,solelyforpurposesoffiresuppressionorexplosionpreventioninassociationwithdomesticproductionofcrudeoilandnaturalgasenergysuppliesontheNorthSlopeofAlaska,iftheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeAdministratoroftheUnitedStatesFireAdministration,determinesthatnosafeandeffectivesubstitutehasbeendevelopedandthatsuchauthorizationisnecessaryforfiresuppressionandexplosionpreventionpurposes.TheAdministratorshallnotauthorizeproductionundertheparagraphforpurposesoffiresafetyorexplosionpreventiontrainingortestingoffiresuppressionorexplosionpreventionequipment.InnoeventshalltheAdministratorauthorizeunderthisparagraphanypersontoproduceanysuchhaloninanamountgreaterthan3percentofthatproducedbysuchpersonduringthebaselineyear.
(h)Methylbromide
Notwithstandingsubsections(b)and(d),theAdministratorshallnotterminateproductionofmethylbromidepriortoJanuary1,2005.TheAdministratorshallpromulgaterulesforreductionsin,andterminatetheproduction,importation,andconsumptionof,methylbromideunderaschedulethatisinaccordancewith,butnotmorestringentthan,thephaseoutscheduleoftheMontrealProtocolTreatyasineffectonOctober21,1998.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§604,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2655;amendedPub.L.105–277,div.A,§101(a)[titleVII,§764],Oct.21,1998,112Stat.2681,2681-36.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
1998—Subsec.(d)(5),(6).Pub.L.105–277,§101(a)[titleVII,§764(b)],addedpars.(5)and(6).
Subsec.(e)(3).Pub.L.105–277,§101(a)[titleVII,§764(c)],addedpar.(3).
Subsec.(h).Pub.L.105–277,§101(a)[titleVII,§764(a)],addedsubsec.(h).
§7671d.Phase-outofproductionandconsumptionofclassIIsubstances
(a)RestrictionofuseofclassIIsubstances
EffectiveJanuary1,2015,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontointroduceintointerstatecommerceoruseanyclassIIsubstanceunlesssuchsubstance—
(1)hasbeenused,recovered,andrecycled;
(2)isusedandentirelyconsumed(exceptfortracequantities)intheproductionofotherchemicals;
(3)isusedasarefrigerantinappliancesmanufacturedpriortoJanuary1,2020;or
(4)islistedasacceptableforuseasafiresuppressionagentfornonresidentialapplicationsinaccordancewithsection7671k(c)ofthistitle.
Asusedinthissubsection,theterm"refrigerant"meansanyclassIIsubstanceusedforheattransferinarefrigeratingsystem.
(b)Productionphase-out
(1)EffectiveJanuary1,2015,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontoproduceanyclassIIsubstanceinanannualquantitygreaterthanthequantityofsuchsubstanceproducedbysuchpersonduringthebaselineyear.
(2)EffectiveJanuary1,2030,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontoproduceanyclassIIsubstance.
(c)RegulationsregardingproductionandconsumptionofclassIIsubstances
ByDecember31,1999,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsphasingouttheproduction,andrestrictingtheuse,ofclassIIsubstancesinaccordancewiththissection,subjecttoanyaccelerationofthephase-outofproductionundersection7671eofthistitle.TheAdministratorshallalsopromulgateregulationstoinsurethattheconsumptionofclassIIsubstancesintheUnitedStatesisphasedoutandterminatedinaccordancewiththesameschedule(subjecttothesameexceptionsandotherprovisions)asisapplicabletothephase-outandterminationofproductionofclassIIsubstancesunderthissubchapter.
(d)Exceptions
(1)Medicaldevices
(A)Ingeneral
Notwithstandingtheterminationofproductionrequiredundersubsection(b)(2)andtherestrictiononusereferredtoinsubsection(a),theAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,shall,totheextentsuchactionisconsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,authorizetheproductionanduseoflimitedquantitiesofclassIIsubstancessolelyforpurposesofuseinmedicaldevicesifsuchauthorizationisdeterminedbytheCommissioner,inconsultationwiththeAdministrator,tobenecessaryforuseinmedicaldevices.
(B)Caponexception
Undernocircumstancesmaytheauthoritysetforthinsubparagraph(A)beappliedtoauthorizeanypersontoproduceaclassIIsubstanceinannualquantitiesgreaterthan10percentofthatproducedbysuchpersonduringthebaselineyear.
(2)Developingcountries
(A)Ingeneral
Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsubsection(a)or(b),theAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,mayauthorizetheproductionoflimitedquantitiesofaclassIIsubstanceinexcessofthequantitiesotherwisepermittedundersuchprovisionssolelyforexporttoanduseindevelopingcountriesthatarePartiestotheMontrealProtocol,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator.Anyproductionauthorizedunderthissubsectionshallbesolelyforpurposesofsatisfyingthebasicdomesticneedsofsuchcountries.
(B)Caponexception
(i)Undernocircumstancesmaytheauthoritysetforthinsubparagraph(A)beappliedtoauthorizeanypersontoproduceaclassIIsubstanceinanyyearfollowingtheeffectivedateofsubsection(b)(1)andbeforetheyear2030inannualquantitiesgreaterthan110percentofthequantityofsuchsubstanceproducedbysuchpersonduringthebaselineyear.
(ii)Undernocircumstancesmaytheauthoritysetforthinsubparagraph(A)beappliedtoauthorizeanypersontoproduceaclassIIsubstanceintheyear2030,oranyyearthereafter,inanannualquantitygreaterthan15percentofthequantityofsuchsubstanceproducedbysuchpersonduringthebaselineyear.
(iii)EachexceptionauthorizedunderthisparagraphshallterminatenolaterthanJanuary1,2040.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§605,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2658;amendedPub.L.112–81,div.A,titleIII,§320,Dec.31,2011,125Stat.1361.)
EditorialNotes
Amendments
2011—Subsec.(a)(4).Pub.L.112–81addedpar.(4).
§7671e.Acceleratedschedule
(a)Ingeneral
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulations,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,whichestablishascheduleforphasingouttheproductionandconsumptionofclassIandclassIIsubstances(oruseofclassIIsubstances)thatismorestringentthansetforthinsection7671cor7671dofthistitle,orboth,if—
(1)basedonanassessmentofcrediblecurrentscientificinformation(includinganyassessmentundertheMontrealProtocol)regardingharmfuleffectsonthestratosphericozonelayerassociatedwithaclassIorclassIIsubstance,theAdministratordeterminesthatsuchmorestringentschedulemaybenecessarytoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironmentagainstsucheffects,
(2)basedontheavailabilityofsubstitutesforlistedsubstances,theAdministratordeterminesthatsuchmorestringentscheduleispracticable,takingintoaccounttechnologicalachievability,safety,andotherrelevantfactors,or
(3)theMontrealProtocolismodifiedtoincludeascheduletocontrolorreduceproduction,consumption,oruseofanysubstancemorerapidlythantheapplicablescheduleunderthissubchapter.
Inmakinganydeterminationunderparagraphs(1)and(2),theAdministratorshallconsiderthestatusoftheperiodremainingundertheapplicablescheduleunderthissubchapter.
(b)Petition
AnypersonmaypetitiontheAdministratortopromulgateregulationsunderthissection.TheAdministratorshallgrantordenythepetitionwithin180daysafterreceiptofanysuchpetition.IftheAdministratordeniesthepetition,theAdministratorshallpublishanexplanationofwhythepetitionwasdenied.IftheAdministratorgrantssuchpetition,suchfinalregulationsshallbepromulgatedwithin1year.Anypetitionunderthissubsectionshallincludeashowingbythepetitionerthattherearedataadequatetosupportthepetition.IftheAdministratordeterminesthatinformationisnotsufficienttomakeadeterminationunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshalluseanyauthorityavailabletotheAdministrator,underanylawadministeredbytheAdministrator,toacquiresuchinformation.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§606,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2660.)
§7671f.Exchangeauthority
(a)Transfers
TheAdministratorshall,within10monthsafterNovember15,1990,promulgaterulesunderthissubchapterprovidingfortheissuanceofallowancesfortheproductionofclassIandIIsubstancesinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissubchapterandgoverningthetransferofsuchallowances.SuchrulesshallinsurethatthetransactionsundertheauthorityofthissectionwillresultingreatertotalreductionsintheproductionineachyearofclassIandclassIIsubstancesthanwouldoccurinthatyearintheabsenceofsuchtransactions.
(b)Interpollutanttransfers
(1)Therulesunderthissectionshallpermitaproductionallowanceforasubstanceforanyyeartobetransferredforaproductionallowanceforanothersubstanceforthesameyearonanozonedepletionweightedbasis.
(2)AllowancesforsubstancesineachgroupofclassIsubstances(aslistedpursuanttosection7671aofthistitle)mayonlybetransferredforallowancesforothersubstancesinthesameGroup.
(3)TheAdministratorshall,asappropriate,establishgroupsofclassIIsubstancesfortradingpurposesandassignclassIIsubstancestosuchgroups.InthecaseofclassIIsubstances,allowancesmayonlybetransferredforallowancesforotherclassIIsubstancesthatareinthesameGroup.
(c)Tradeswithotherpersons
Therulesunderthissectionshallpermit2ormorepersonstotransferproductionallowances(includinginterpollutanttransferswhichmeettherequirementsofsubsections(a)and(b))ifthetransferorofsuchallowanceswillbesubject,undersuchrules,toanenforceableandquantifiablereductioninannualproductionwhich—
(1)exceedsthereductionotherwiseapplicabletothetransferorunderthissubchapter,
(2)exceedstheproductionallowancestransferredtothetransferee,and
(3)wouldnothaveoccurredintheabsenceofsuchtransaction.
(d)Consumption
Therulesunderthissectionshallalsoprovidefortheissuanceofconsumptionallowancesinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthissubchapterandforthetradingofsuchallowancesinthesamemannerasisapplicableunderthissectiontothetradingofproductionallowancesunderthissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§607,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2660.)
§7671g.Nationalrecyclingandemissionreductionprogram
(a)Ingeneral
(1)TheAdministratorshall,bynotlaterthanJanuary1,1992,promulgateregulationsestablishingstandardsandrequirementsregardingtheuseanddisposalofclassIsubstancesduringtheservice,repair,ordisposalofappliancesandindustrialprocessrefrigeration.SuchstandardsandrequirementsshallbecomeeffectivenotlaterthanJuly1,1992.
(2)TheAdministratorshall,within4yearsafterNovember15,1990,promulgateregulationsestablishingstandardsandrequirementsregardinguseanddisposalofclassIandIIsubstancesnotcoveredbyparagraph(1),includingtheuseanddisposalofclassIIsubstancesduringservice,repair,ordisposalofappliancesandindustrialprocessrefrigeration.Suchstandardsandrequirementsshallbecomeeffectivenotlaterthan12monthsafterpromulgationoftheregulations.
(3)Theregulationsunderthissubsectionshallincluderequirementsthat—
(A)reducetheuseandemissionofsuchsubstancestothelowestachievablelevel,and
(B)maximizetherecaptureandrecyclingofsuchsubstances.
Suchregulationsmayincluderequirementstousealternativesubstances(includingsubstanceswhicharenotclassIorclassIIsubstances)ortominimizeuseofclassIorclassIIsubstances,ortopromotetheuseofsafealternativespursuanttosection7671kofthistitleoranycombinationoftheforegoing.
(b)Safedisposal
Theregulationsundersubsection(a)shallestablishstandardsandrequirementsforthesafedisposalofclassIandIIsubstances.Suchregulationsshallincludeeachofthefollowing—
(1)RequirementsthatclassIorclassIIsubstancescontainedinbulkinappliances,machinesorothergoodsshallberemovedfromeachsuchappliance,machineorothergoodpriortothedisposalofsuchitemsortheirdeliveryforrecycling.
(2)Requirementsthatanyappliance,machineorothergoodcontainingaclassIorclassIIsubstanceinbulkshallnotbemanufactured,sold,ordistributedininterstatecommerceorofferedforsaleordistributionininterstatecommerceunlessitisequippedwithaservicingapertureoranequallyeffectivedesignfeaturewhichwillfacilitatetherecaptureofsuchsubstanceduringserviceandrepairordisposalofsuchitem.
(3)RequirementsthatanyproductinwhichaclassIorclassIIsubstanceisincorporatedsoastoconstituteaninherentelementofsuchproductshallbedisposedofinamannerthatreduces,tothemaximumextentpracticable,thereleaseofsuchsubstanceintotheenvironment.IftheAdministratordeterminesthattheapplicationofthisparagraphtoanyproductwouldresultinproducingonlyinsignificantenvironmentalbenefits,theAdministratorshallincludeinsuchregulationsanexceptionforsuchproduct.
(c)Prohibitions
(1)EffectiveJuly1,1992,itshallbeunlawfulforanyperson,inthecourseofmaintaining,servicing,repairing,ordisposingofanapplianceorindustrialprocessrefrigeration,toknowinglyventorotherwiseknowinglyreleaseordisposeofanyclassIorclassIIsubstanceusedasarefrigerantinsuchappliance(orindustrialprocessrefrigeration)inamannerwhichpermitssuchsubstancetoentertheenvironment.Deminimisreleasesassociatedwithgoodfaithattemptstorecaptureandrecycleorsafelydisposeofanysuchsubstanceshallnotbesubjecttotheprohibitionsetforthintheprecedingsentence.
(2)Effective5yearsafterNovember15,1990,paragraph(1)shallalsoapplytotheventing,release,ordisposalofanysubstitutesubstanceforaclassIorclassIIsubstancebyanypersonmaintaining,servicing,repairing,ordisposingofanapplianceorindustrialprocessrefrigerationwhichcontainsandusesasarefrigerantanysuchsubstance,unlesstheAdministratordeterminesthatventing,releasing,ordisposingofsuchsubstancedoesnotposeathreattotheenvironment.Forpurposesofthisparagraph,theterm"appliance"includesanydevicewhichcontainsandusesasarefrigerantasubstitutesubstanceandwhichisusedforhouseholdorcommercialpurposes,includinganyairconditioner,refrigerator,chiller,orfreezer.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§608,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2661.)
§7671h.Servicingofmotorvehicleairconditioners
(a)Regulations
Within1yearafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationsinaccordancewiththissectionestablishingstandardsandrequirementsregardingtheservicingofmotorvehicleairconditioners.
(b)Definitions
Asusedinthissection—
(1)Theterm"refrigerant"meansanyclassIorclassIIsubstanceusedinamotorvehicleairconditioner.Effective5yearsafterNovember15,1990,theterm"refrigerant"shallalsoincludeanysubstitutesubstance.
(2)(A)Theterm"approvedrefrigerantrecyclingequipment"meansequipmentcertifiedbytheAdministrator(oranindependentstandardstestingorganizationapprovedbytheAdministrator)tomeetthestandardsestablishedbytheAdministratorandapplicabletoequipmentfortheextractionandreclamationofrefrigerantfrommotorvehicleairconditioners.Suchstandardsshall,ataminimum,beatleastasstringentasthestandardsoftheSocietyofAutomotiveEngineersineffectasofNovember15,1990,andapplicabletosuchequipment(SAEstandardJ–1990).
(B)Equipmentpurchasedbeforetheproposalofregulationsunderthissectionshallbeconsideredcertifiedifitissubstantiallyidenticaltoequipmentcertifiedasprovidedinsubparagraph(A).
(3)Theterm"properlyusing"means,withrespecttoapprovedrefrigerantrecyclingequipment,usingsuchequipmentinconformitywithstandardsestablishedbytheAdministratorandapplicabletotheuseofsuchequipment.Suchstandardsshall,ataminimum,beatleastasstringentasthestandardsoftheSocietyofAutomotiveEngineersineffectasofNovember15,1990,andapplicabletotheuseofsuchequipment(SAEstandardJ–1989).
(4)Theterm"properlytrainedandcertified"meanstrainingandcertificationintheproperuseofapprovedrefrigerantrecyclingequipmentformotorvehicleairconditionersinconformitywithstandardsestablishedbytheAdministratorandapplicabletotheperformanceofserviceonmotorvehicleairconditioners.Suchstandardsshall,ataminimum,beatleastasstringentasspecified,asofNovember15,1990,inSAEstandardJ–1989underthecertificationprogramoftheNationalInstituteforAutomotiveServiceExcellence(ASE)orunderasimilarprogramsuchasthetrainingandcertificationprogramoftheMobileAirConditioningSociety(MACS).
(c)Servicingmotorvehicleairconditioners
EffectiveJanuary1,1992,nopersonrepairingorservicingmotorvehiclesforconsiderationmayperformanyserviceonamotorvehicleairconditionerinvolvingtherefrigerantforsuchairconditionerwithoutproperlyusingapprovedrefrigerantrecyclingequipmentandnosuchpersonmayperformsuchserviceunlesssuchpersonhasbeenproperlytrainedandcertified.TherequirementsoftheprevioussentenceshallnotapplyuntilJanuary1,1993inthecaseofapersonrepairingorservicingmotorvehiclesforconsiderationatanentitywhichperformedserviceonfewerthan100motorvehicleairconditionersduringcalendaryear1990andifsuchpersonsocertifies,pursuanttosubsection(d)(2),totheAdministratorbyJanuary1,1992.
(d)Certification
(1)Effective2yearsafterNovember15,1990,eachpersonperformingserviceonmotorvehicleairconditionersforconsiderationshallcertifytotheAdministratoreither—
(A)thatsuchpersonhasacquired,andisproperlyusing,approvedrefrigerantrecyclingequipmentinserviceonmotorvehicleairconditionersinvolvingrefrigerantandthateachindividualauthorizedbysuchpersontoperformsuchserviceisproperlytrainedandcertified;or
(B)thatsuchpersonisperformingsuchserviceatanentitywhichservicedfewerthan100motorvehicleairconditionersin1991.
(2)EffectiveJanuary1,1993,eachpersonwhocertifiedunderparagraph(1)(B)shallsubmitacertificationunderparagraph(1)(A).
(3)Eachcertificationunderthissubsectionshallcontainthenameandaddressofthepersoncertifyingunderthissubsectionandtheserialnumberofeachunitofapprovedrecyclingequipmentacquiredbysuchpersonandshallbesignedandattestedbytheowneroranotherresponsibleofficer.Certificationsunderparagraph(1)(A)maybemadebysubmittingtherequiredinformationtotheAdministratoronastandardformprovidedbythemanufacturerofcertifiedrefrigerantrecyclingequipment.
(e)SmallcontainersofclassIorclassIIsubstances
Effective2yearsafterNovember15,1990,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontosellordistribute,orofferforsaleordistribution,ininterstatecommercetoanyperson(otherthanapersonperformingserviceforconsiderationonmotorvehicleair-conditioningsystemsincompliancewiththissection)anyclassIorclassIIsubstancethatissuitableforuseasarefrigerantinamotorvehicleair-conditioningsystemandthatisinacontainerwhichcontainslessthan20poundsofsuchrefrigerant.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§609,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2662.)
§7671i.Nonessentialproductscontainingchlorofluorocarbons
(a)Regulations
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationstocarryouttherequirementsofthissectionwithin1yearafterNovember15,1990.
(b)Nonessentialproducts
TheregulationsunderthissectionshallidentifynonessentialproductsthatreleaseclassIsubstancesintotheenvironment(includinganyreleaseoccurringduringmanufacture,use,storage,ordisposal)andprohibitanypersonfromsellingordistributinganysuchproduct,orofferinganysuchproductforsaleordistribution,ininterstatecommerce.Ataminimum,suchprohibitionshallapplyto—
(1)chlorofluorocarbon-propelledplasticpartystreamersandnoisehorns,
(2)chlorofluorocarbon-containingcleaningfluidsfornoncommercialelectronicandphotographicequipment,and
(3)otherconsumerproductsthataredeterminedbytheAdministrator—
(A)toreleaseclassIsubstancesintotheenvironment(includinganyreleaseoccurringduringmanufacture,use,storage,ordisposal),and
(B)tobenonessential.
Indeterminingwhetheraproductisnonessential,theAdministratorshallconsiderthepurposeorintendeduseoftheproduct,thetechnologicalavailabilityofsubstitutesforsuchproductandforsuchclassIsubstance,safety,health,andotherrelevantfactors.
(c)Effectivedate
Effective24monthsafterNovember15,1990,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontosellordistribute,orofferforsaleordistribution,ininterstatecommerceanynonessentialproducttowhichregulationsundersubsection(a)implementingsubsection(b)areapplicable.
(d)Otherproducts
(1)EffectiveJanuary1,1994,itshallbeunlawfulforanypersontosellordistribute,orofferforsaleordistribution,ininterstatecommerce—
(A)anyaerosolproductorotherpressurizeddispenserwhichcontainsaclassIIsubstance;or
(B)anyplasticfoamproductwhichcontains,orismanufacturedwith,aclassIIsubstance.
(2)TheAdministratorisauthorizedtograntexceptionsfromtheprohibitionundersubparagraph(A)ofparagraph(1)where—
(A)theuseoftheaerosolproductorpressurizeddispenserisdeterminedbytheAdministratortobeessentialasaresultofflammabilityorworkersafetyconcerns,and
(B)theonlyavailablealternativetouseofaclassIIsubstanceisuseofaclassIsubstancewhichlegallycouldbesubstitutedforsuchclassIIsubstance.
(3)Subparagraph(B)ofparagraph(1)shallnotapplyto—
(A)afoaminsulationproduct,or
(B)anintegralskin,rigid,orsemi-rigidfoamutilizedtoprovideformotorvehiclesafetyinaccordancewithFederalMotorVehicleSafetyStandardswherenoadequatesubstitutesubstance(otherthanaclassIorclassIIsubstance)ispracticableforeffectivelymeetingsuchStandards.
(e)Medicaldevices
Nothinginthissectionshallapplytoanymedicaldeviceasdefinedinsection7671(8)ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§610,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2664.)
§7671j.Labeling
(a)Regulations
TheAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationstoimplementthelabelingrequirementsofthissectionwithin18monthsafterNovember15,1990,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment.
(b)ContainerscontainingclassIorclassIIsubstancesandproductscontainingclassIsubstances
Effective30monthsafterNovember15,1990,nocontainerinwhichaclassIorclassIIsubstanceisstoredortransported,andnoproductcontainingaclassIsubstance,shallbeintroducedintointerstatecommerceunlessitbearsaclearlylegibleandconspicuouslabelstating:
"Warning:Contains[insertnameofsubstance],asubstancewhichharmspublichealthandenvironmentbydestroyingozoneintheupperatmosphere".
(c)ProductscontainingclassIIsubstances
(1)After30monthsafterNovember15,1990,andbeforeJanuary1,2015,noproductcontainingaclassIIsubstanceshallbeintroducedintointerstatecommerceunlessitbearsthelabelreferredtoinsubsection(b)iftheAdministratordetermines,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,thattherearesubstituteproductsormanufacturingprocesses(A)thatdonotrelyontheuseofsuchclassIIsubstance,(B)thatreducetheoverallrisktohumanhealthandtheenvironment,and(C)thatarecurrentlyorpotentiallyavailable.
(2)EffectiveJanuary1,2015,therequirementsofsubsection(b)shallapplytoallproductscontainingaclassIIsubstance.
(d)ProductsmanufacturedwithclassIandclassIIsubstances
(1)InthecaseofaclassIIsubstance,after30monthsafterNovember15,1990,andbeforeJanuary1,2015,iftheAdministrator,afternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,makesthedeterminationreferredtoinsubsection(c)withrespecttoaproductmanufacturedwithaprocessthatusessuchclassIIsubstance,nosuchproductshallbeintroducedintointerstatecommerceunlessitbearsaclearlylegibleandconspicuouslabelstating:
"Warning:Manufacturedwith[insertnameofsubstance],asubstancewhichharmspublichealthandenvironmentbydestroyingozoneintheupperatmosphere" 1
(2)InthecaseofaclassIsubstance,effective30monthsafterNovember15,1990,andbeforeJanuary1,2015,thelabelingrequirementsofthissubsectionshallapplytoallproductsmanufacturedwithaprocessthatusessuchclassIsubstanceunlesstheAdministratordeterminesthattherearenosubstituteproductsormanufacturingprocessesthat(A)donotrelyontheuseofsuchclassIsubstance,(B)reducetheoverallrisktohumanhealthandtheenvironment,and(C)arecurrentlyorpotentiallyavailable.
(e)Petitions
(1)Anypersonmay,atanytimeafter18monthsafterNovember15,1990,petitiontheAdministratortoapplytherequirementsofthissectiontoaproductcontainingaclassIIsubstanceoraproductmanufacturedwithaclassIorIIsubstancewhichisnototherwisesubjecttosuchrequirements.Within180daysafterreceivingsuchpetition,theAdministratorshall,pursuanttothecriteriasetforthinsubsection(c),eitherproposetoapplytherequirementsofthissectiontosuchproductorpublishanexplanationofthepetitiondenial.IftheAdministratorproposestoapplysuchrequirementstosuchproduct,theAdministratorshall,byrule,renderafinaldeterminationpursuanttosuchcriteriawithin1yearafterreceivingsuchpetition.
(2)Anypetitionunderthisparagaph 2shallincludeashowingbythepetitionerthattherearedataontheproductadequatetosupportthepetition.
(3)IftheAdministratordeterminesthatinformationontheproductisnotsufficienttomaketherequireddeterminationtheAdministratorshalluseanyauthorityavailabletotheAdministratorunderanylawadministeredbytheAdministratortoacquiresuchinformation.
(4)InthecaseofaproductdeterminedbytheAdministrator,uponpetitionorontheAdministrator'sownmotion,tobesubjecttotherequirementsofthissection,theAdministratorshallestablishaneffectivedateforsuchrequirements.Theeffectivedateshallbe1yearaftersuchdeterminationor30monthsafterNovember15,1990,whicheverislater.
(5)EffectiveJanuary1,2015,thelabelingrequirementsofthissubsection 3shallapplytoallproductsmanufacturedwithaprocessthatusesaclassIorclassIIsubstance.
(f)Relationshiptootherlaw
(1)Thelabelingrequirementsofthissectionshallnotconstitute,inwholeorpart,adefensetoliabilityoracauseforreductionindamagesinanysuit,whethercivilorcriminal,broughtunderanylaw,whetherFederalorState,otherthanasuitforfailuretocomplywiththelabelingrequirementsofthissection.
(2)NootherapprovalofsuchlabelbytheAdministratorunderanyotherlawadministeredbytheAdministratorshallberequiredwithrespecttothelabelingrequirementsofthissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§611,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2665.)
1 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbefollowedbyaperiod.
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"paragraph".
3 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbe"section".
§7671k.Safealternativespolicy
(a)Policy
Tothemaximumextentpracticable,classIandclassIIsubstancesshallbereplacedbychemicals,productsubstitutes,oralternativemanufacturingprocessesthatreduceoverallriskstohumanhealthandtheenvironment.
(b)Reviewsandreports
TheAdministratorshall—
(1)inconsultationandcoordinationwithinterestedmembersofthepublicandtheheadsofrelevantFederalagenciesanddepartments,recommendFederalresearchprogramsandotheractivitiestoassistinidentifyingalternativestotheuseofclassIandclassIIsubstancesasrefrigerants,solvents,fireretardants,foamblowingagents,andothercommercialapplicationsandinachievingatransitiontosuchalternatives,and,whereappropriate,seektomaximizetheuseofFederalresearchfacilitiesandresourcestoassistusersofclassIandclassIIsubstancesinidentifyinganddevelopingalternativestotheuseofsuchsubstancesasrefrigerants,solvents,fireretardants,foamblowingagents,andothercommercialapplications;
(2)examineinconsultationandcoordinationwiththeSecretaryofDefenseandtheheadsofotherrelevantFederalagenciesanddepartments,includingtheGeneralServicesAdministration,FederalprocurementpracticeswithrespecttoclassIandclassIIsubstancesandrecommendmeasurestopromotethetransitionbytheFederalGovernment,asexpeditiouslyaspossible,totheuseofsafesubstitutes;
(3)specifyinitiatives,includingappropriateintergovernmental,international,andcommercialinformationandtechnologytransfers,topromotethedevelopmentanduseofsafesubstitutesforclassIandclassIIsubstances,includingalternativechemicals,productsubstitutes,andalternativemanufacturingprocesses;and
(4)maintainapublicclearinghouseofalternativechemicals,productsubstitutes,andalternativemanufacturingprocessesthatareavailableforproductsandmanufacturingprocesseswhichuseclassIandclassIIsubstances.
(c)AlternativesforclassIorIIsubstances
Within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministratorshallpromulgaterulesunderthissectionprovidingthatitshallbeunlawfultoreplaceanyclassIorclassIIsubstancewithanysubstitutesubstancewhichtheAdministratordeterminesmaypresentadverseeffectstohumanhealthortheenvironment,wheretheAdministratorhasidentifiedanalternativetosuchreplacementthat—
(1)reducestheoverallrisktohumanhealthandtheenvironment;and
(2)iscurrentlyorpotentiallyavailable.
TheAdministratorshallpublishalistof(A)thesubstitutesprohibitedunderthissubsectionforspecificusesand(B)thesafealternativesidentifiedunderthissubsectionforspecificuses.
(d)Righttopetition
AnypersonmaypetitiontheAdministratortoaddasubstancetothelistsundersubsection(c)ortoremoveasubstancefromeitherofsuchlists.TheAdministratorshallgrantordenythepetitionwithin90daysafterreceiptofanysuchpetition.IftheAdministratordeniesthepetition,theAdministratorshallpublishanexplanationofwhythepetitionwasdenied.IftheAdministratorgrantssuchpetitiontheAdministratorshallpublishsuchrevisedlistwithin6monthsthereafter.Anypetitionunderthissubsectionshallincludeashowingbythepetitionerthattherearedataonthesubstanceadequatetosupportthepetition.IftheAdministratordeterminesthatinformationonthesubstanceisnotsufficienttomakeadeterminationunderthissubsection,theAdministratorshalluseanyauthorityavailabletotheAdministrator,underanylawadministeredbytheAdministrator,toacquiresuchinformation.
(e)Studiesandnotification
TheAdministratorshallrequireanypersonwhoproducesachemicalsubstituteforaclassIsubstancetoprovidetheAdministratorwithsuchperson'sunpublishedhealthandsafetystudiesonsuchsubstituteandrequireproducerstonotifytheAdministratornotlessthan90daysbeforeneworexistingchemicalsareintroducedintointerstatecommerceforsignificantnewusesassubstitutesforaclassIsubstance.Thissubsectionshallbesubjecttosection7414(c)ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§612,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2667.)
§7671l.Federalprocurement
Notlaterthan18monthsafterNovember15,1990,theAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeAdministratoroftheGeneralServicesAdministrationandtheSecretaryofDefense,shallpromulgateregulationsrequiringeachdepartment,agency,andinstrumentalityoftheUnitedStatestoconformitsprocurementregulationstothepoliciesandrequirementsofthissubchapterandtomaximizethesubstitutionofsafealternativesidentifiedundersection7671kofthistitleforclassIandclassIIsubstances.Notlaterthan30monthsafterNovember15,1990,eachdepartment,agency,andinstrumentalityoftheUnitedStatesshallsoconformitsprocurementregulationsandcertifytothePresidentthatitsregulationshavebeenmodifiedinaccordancewiththissection.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§613,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2668.)
ExecutiveDocuments
ExecutiveOrderNo.12843
Ex.Ord.No.12843,Apr.21,1993,58F.R.21881,whichprovidedforFederalagenciestoimplementpoliciesandprogramstominimizeprocurementofozone-depletingsubstances,wasrevokedbyEx.Ord.No.13148,§901,Apr.21,2000,65F.R.24604,formerlysetoutasanoteundersection4321ofthistitle.
§7671m.Relationshiptootherlaws
(a)Statelaws
Notwithstandingsection7416ofthistitle,duringthe2-yearperiodbeginningonNovember15,1990,noStateorlocalgovernmentmayenforceanyrequirementconcerningthedesignofanyneworrecalledapplianceforthepurposeofprotectingthestratosphericozonelayer.
(b)MontrealProtocol
ThissubchapterasaddedbytheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990shallbeconstrued,interpreted,andappliedasasupplementtothetermsandconditionsoftheMontrealProtocol,asprovidedinArticle2,paragraph11thereof,andshallnotbeconstrued,interpreted,orappliedtoabrogatetheresponsibilitiesorobligationsoftheUnitedStatestoimplementfullytheprovisionsoftheMontrealProtocol.InthecaseofconflictbetweenanyprovisionofthissubchapterandanyprovisionoftheMontrealProtocol,themorestringentprovisionshallgovern.Nothinginthissubchaptershallbeconstrued,interpreted,orappliedtoaffecttheauthorityorresponsibilityoftheAdministratortoimplementArticle4oftheMontrealProtocolwithotherappropriateagencies.
(c)Technologyexportandoverseasinvestment
UponNovember15,1990,thePresidentshall—
(1)prohibittheexportoftechnologiesusedtoproduceaclassIsubstance;
(2)prohibitdirectorindirectinvestmentsbyanypersoninfacilitiesdesignedtoproduceaclassIorclassIIsubstanceinnationsthatarenotpartiestotheMontrealProtocol;and
(3)directthatnoagencyofthegovernmentprovidebilateralormultilateralsubsidies,aids,credits,guarantees,orinsuranceprograms,forthepurposeofproducinganyclassIsubstance.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§614,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2668.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheCleanAirActAmendmentsof1990,referredtoinsubsec.(b),probablymeansPub.L.101–549,Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2399.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitleof1990Amendmentnotesetoutundersection7401ofthistitleandTables.
§7671n.AuthorityofAdministrator
If,intheAdministrator'sjudgment,anysubstance,practice,process,oractivitymayreasonablybeanticipatedtoaffectthestratosphere,especiallyozoneinthestratosphere,andsucheffectmayreasonablybeanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare,theAdministratorshallpromptlypromulgateregulationsrespectingthecontrolofsuchsubstance,practice,process,oractivity,andshallsubmitnoticeoftheproposalandpromulgationofsuchregulationtotheCongress.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§615,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2669.)
§7671o.TransfersamongPartiestoMontrealProtocol
(a)Ingeneral
ConsistentwiththeMontrealProtocol,theUnitedStatesmayengageintransferswithotherPartiestotheProtocolunderthefollowingconditions:
(1)TheUnitedStatesmaytransferproductionallowancestoanotherPartyif,atthetimeofsuchtransfer,theAdministratorestablishesrevisedproductionlimitsfortheUnitedStatessuchthattheaggregatenationalUnitedStatesproductionpermittedundertherevisedproductionlimitsequalsthelesserof(A)themaximumproductionlevelpermittedforthesubstanceorsubstancesconcernedinthetransferyearundertheProtocolminustheproductionallowancestransferred,(B)themaximumproductionlevelpermittedforthesubstanceorsubstancesconcernedinthetransferyearunderapplicabledomesticlawminustheproductionallowancestransferred,or(C)theaverageoftheactualnationalproductionlevelofthesubstanceorsubstancesconcernedforthe3yearspriortothetransferminustheproductionallowancestransferred.
(2)TheUnitedStatesmayacquireproductionallowancesfromanotherPartyif,atthetimeofsuchtransfer,theAdministratorfindsthattheotherPartyhasreviseditsdomesticproductionlimitsinthesamemannerasprovidedwithrespecttotransfersbytheUnitedStatesinthissubsection.
(b)Effectoftransfersonproductionlimits
TheAdministratorisauthorizedtoreducetheproductionlimitsestablishedunderthischapterasrequiredasaprerequisitetotransfersunderparagraph(1)ofsubsection(a)ortoincreaseproductionlimitsestablishedunderthischaptertoreflectproductionallowancesacquiredunderatransferunderparagraph(2)ofsubsection(a).
(c)Regulations
TheAdministratorshallpromulgate,within2yearsafterNovember15,1990,regulationstoimplementthissection.
(d)"Applicabledomesticlaw"defined
InthecaseoftheUnitedStates,theterm"applicabledomesticlaw"meansthischapter.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§616,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2669.)
§7671p.Internationalcooperation
(a)Ingeneral
ThePresidentshallundertaketoenterintointernationalagreementstofostercooperativeresearchwhichcomplementsstudiesandresearchauthorizedbythissubchapter,andtodevelopstandardsandregulationswhichprotectthestratosphereconsistentwithregulationsapplicablewithintheUnitedStates.ForthesepurposesthePresidentthroughtheSecretaryofStateandtheAssistantSecretaryofStateforOceansandInternationalEnvironmentalandScientificAffairs,shallnegotiatemultilateraltreaties,conventions,resolutions,orotheragreements,andformulate,present,orsupportproposalsattheUnitedNationsandotherappropriateinternationalforumsandshallreporttotheCongressperiodicallyoneffortstoarriveatsuchagreements.
(b)Assistancetodevelopingcountries
TheAdministrator,inconsultationwiththeSecretaryofState,shallsupportglobalparticipationintheMontrealProtocolbyprovidingtechnicalandfinancialassistancetodevelopingcountriesthatarePartiestotheMontrealProtocolandoperatingunderarticle5oftheProtocol.Thereareauthorizedtobeappropriatednotmorethan$30,000,000tocarryoutthissectioninfiscalyears1991,1992and1993andsuchsumsasmaybenecessaryinfiscalyears1994and1995.IfChinaandIndiabecomePartiestotheMontrealProtocol,thereareauthorizedtobeappropriatednotmorethananadditional$30,000,000tocarryoutthissectioninfiscalyears1991,1992,and1993.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§617,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2669.)
StatutoryNotesandRelatedSubsidiaries
AuthorityofSecretaryofState
Exceptasotherwiseprovided,SecretaryofStatetohaveandexerciseanyauthorityvestedbylawinanyofficialorofficeofDepartmentofStateandreferencestosuchofficialsorofficesdeemedtorefertoSecretaryofStateorDepartmentofState,asappropriate,seesection2651aofTitle22,ForeignRelationsandIntercourse,andsection161(d)ofPub.L.103–236,setoutasanoteundersection2651aofTitle22.
§7671q.Miscellaneousprovisions
Forpurposesofsection7416ofthistitle,requirementsconcerningtheareasaddressedbythissubchapterfortheprotectionofthestratosphereagainstozonelayerdepletionshallbetreatedasrequirementsforthecontrolandabatementofairpollution.Forpurposesofsection7418ofthistitle,therequirementsofthissubchapterandcorrespondingState,interstate,andlocalrequirements,administrativeauthority,andprocess,andsanctionsrespectingtheprotectionofthestratosphericozonelayershallbetreatedasrequirementsforthecontrolandabatementofairpollutionwithinthemeaningofsection7418ofthistitle.
(July14,1955,ch.360,titleVI,§618,asaddedPub.L.101–549,titleVI,§602(a),Nov.15,1990,104Stat.2670.)
SUBCHAPTERVII—AMERICANINNOVATIONANDMANUFACTURING
§7675.Americaninnovationandmanufacturing
(a)Shorttitle
Thissectionmaybecitedasthe'AmericanInnovationandManufacturingActof2020'.
(b)Definitions
Inthissection:
(1)Administrator
Theterm'Administrator'meanstheAdministratoroftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
(2)Allowance
Theterm'allowance'meansalimitedauthorizationfortheproductionorconsumptionofaregulatedsubstanceestablishedundersubsection(e).
(3)Consumption
Theterm'consumption',withrespecttoaregulatedsubstance,meansaquantityequaltothedifferencebetween—
(A)aquantityequaltothesumof—
(i)thequantityofthatregulatedsubstanceproducedintheUnitedStates;and
(ii)thequantityoftheregulatedsubstanceimportedintotheUnitedStates;and
(B)thequantityoftheregulatedsubstanceexportedfromtheUnitedStates.
(4)Consumptionbaseline
Theterm'consumptionbaseline'meansthebaselineestablishedfortheconsumptionofregulatedsubstancesundersubsection(e)(1)(C).
(5)Exchangevalue
Theterm'exchangevalue'meansthevalueassignedtoaregulatedsubstanceinaccordancewithsubsections(c)and(e),asapplicable.
(6)Import
Theterm'import'meanstolandon,bringinto,orintroduceinto,orattempttolandon,bringinto,orintroduceinto,anyplacesubjecttothejurisdictionoftheUnitedStates,regardlessofwhetherthatlanding,bringing,orintroductionconstitutesanimportationwithinthemeaningofthecustomslawsoftheUnitedStates.
(7)Produce
(A)Ingeneral
Theterm'produce'meansthemanufactureofaregulatedsubstancefromarawmaterialorfeedstockchemical(butnotincludingthedestructionofaregulatedsubstancebyatechnologyapprovedbytheAdministrator).
(B)Exclusions
Theterm'produce'doesnotinclude—
(i)themanufactureofaregulatedsubstancethatisusedandentirelyconsumed(exceptfortracequantities)inthemanufactureofanotherchemical;or
(ii)thereclamation,reuse,orrecyclingofaregulatedsubstance.
(8)Productionbaseline
Theterm'productionbaseline'meansthebaselineestablishedfortheproductionofregulatedsubstancesundersubsection(e)(1)(B).
(9)Reclaim;reclamation
Theterms'reclaim'and'reclamation'mean—
(A)thereprocessingofarecoveredregulatedsubstancetoatleastthepuritydescribedinstandard700–2016oftheAir-Conditioning,Heating,andRefrigerationInstitute(oranappropriatesuccessorstandardadoptedbytheAdministrator);and
(B)theverificationofthepurityofthatregulatedsubstanceusing,ataminimum,theanalyticalmethodologydescribedinthestandardreferredtoinsubparagraph(A).
(10)Recover
Theterm'recover'meanstheprocessbywhicharegulatedsubstanceis—
(A)removed,inanycondition,fromequipment;and
(B)storedinanexternalcontainer,withorwithouttestingorprocessingtheregulatedsubstance.
(11)Regulatedsubstance
Theterm'regulatedsubstance'means—
(A)asubstancelistedinthetablecontainedinsubsection(c)(1);and
(B)asubstanceincludedasaregulatedsubstancebytheAdministratorundersubsection(c)(3).
(c)Listingofregulatedsubstances
(1)Listofregulatedsubstances
Eachofthefollowingsubstances,andanyisomersofsuchasubstance,shallbearegulatedsubstance:
ChemicalNameCommonNameExchangeValue
CHF2CHF2
HFC–134
1100
CH2FCF3
HFC–134a
1430
CH2FCHF2
HFC–143
353
CHF2CH2CF3
HFC–245fa
1030
CF3CH2CF2CH3
HFC–365mfc
794
CF3CHFCF3
HFC–227ea
3220
CH2FCF2CF3
HFC–236cb
1340
CHF2CHFCF3
HFC–236ea
1370
CF3CH2CF3
HFC–236fa
9810
CH2FCF2CHF2
HFC–245ca
693
CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3
HFC–43–10mee
1640
CH2F2
HFC–32
675
CHF2CF3
HFC–125
3500
CH3CF3
HFC–143a
4470
CH3F
HFC–41
92
CH2FCH2F
HFC–152
53
CH3CHF2
HFC–152a
124
CHF3
HFC–23
14800.
(2)Review
TheAdministratormay—
(A)reviewtheexchangevalueslistedinthetablecontainedinparagraph(1)onaperiodicbasis;and
(B)subjecttonoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,adjusttheexchangevaluessolelyonthebasisof—
(i)thebestavailablescience;and
(ii)otherinformationconsistentwithwidelyusedorcommonlyacceptedexistingexchangevalues.
(3)Otherregulatedsubstances
(A)Ingeneral
Subjecttonoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,theAdministratormaydesignateasubstancenotincludedinthetablecontainedinparagraph(1)asaregulatedsubstanceif—
(i)thesubstance—
(I)isachemicalsubstancethatisasaturatedhydrofluorocarbon;and
(II)hasanexchangevalue,asdeterminedbytheAdministratorinaccordancewiththebasisdescribedinparagraph(2)(B),ofgreaterthan53;and
(ii)thedesignationofthesubstanceasaregulatedsubstancewouldbeconsistentwiththepurposesofthissection.
(B)Savingsprovision
(i)Ingeneral
NothinginthisparagraphauthorizestheAdministratortodesignateasaregulatedsubstanceablendofsubstancesthatincludesasaturatedhydrofluorocarbonforpurposesofphasingdownproductionorconsumptionofregulatedsubstancesundersubsection(e),evenifthesaturatedhydrofluorocarbonis,ormaybe,designatedasaregulatedsubstance.
(ii)AuthorityofAdministrator
Clause(i)doesnotaffecttheauthorityoftheAdministratortoregulateunderthisAct 1aregulatedsubstancewithinablendofsubstances.
(d)Monitoringandreportingrequirements
(1)Production,import,andexportlevelreports
(A)Ingeneral
Onaperiodicbasis,tobedeterminedbytheAdministrator,butnotlessfrequentlythanannually,eachpersonwho,withintheapplicablereportingperiod,produces,imports,exports,destroys,transforms,usesasaprocessagent,orreclaimsaregulatedsubstanceshallsubmittotheAdministratorareportthatdescribes,asapplicable,thequantityoftheregulatedsubstancethattheperson—
(i)produced,imported,andexported;
(ii)reclaimed;
(iii)destroyedbyatechnologyapprovedbytheAdministrator;
(iv)usedandentirelyconsumed(exceptfortracequantities)inthemanufactureofanotherchemical;or
(v)usedasaprocessagent.
(B)Requirements
(i)Signedandattested
Thereportundersubparagraph(A)shallbesignedandattestedbyaresponsibleofficer(withinthemeaningoftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7401etseq.)).
(ii)Nofurtherreportsrequired
Areportundersubparagraph(A)shallnotberequiredfromapersoniftheperson—
(I)permanentlyceasesproduction,importation,exportation,destruction,transformation,useasaprocessagent,orreclamationofallregulatedsubstances;and
(II)notifiestheAdministratorinwritingthattherequirementundersubclause(I)hasbeenmet.
(iii)Baselineperiod
Eachreportundersubparagraph(A)shallinclude,asapplicable,theinformationdescribedinthatsubparagraphforthebaselineperiodofcalendaryears2011through2013.
(2)Coordination
TheAdministratormayallowanypersonsubjecttotherequirementsofparagraph(1)(A)tocombineandincludetheinformationrequiredtobereportedunderthatparagraphwithanyotherrelatedinformationthatthepersonisrequiredtoreporttotheAdministrator.
(e)Phase-downofproductionandconsumptionofregulatedsubstances
(1)Baselines
(A)Ingeneral
Subjecttosubparagraph(D),theAdministratorshallestablishforthephase-downofregulatedsubstances—
(i)aproductionbaselinefortheproductionofallregulatedsubstancesintheUnitedStates,asdescribedinsubparagraph(B);and
(ii)aconsumptionbaselinefortheconsumptionofallregulatedsubstancesintheUnitedStates,asdescribedinsubparagraph(C).
(B)Productionbaselinedescribed
Theproductionbaselinereferredtoinsubparagraph(A)(i)isthequantityequaltothesumof—
(i)theaverageannualquantityofallregulatedsubstancesproducedintheUnitedStatesduringtheperiod—
(I)beginningonJanuary1,2011;and
(II)endingonDecember31,2013;and
(ii)thequantityequaltothesumof—
(I)15percentoftheproductionlevelofhydrochlorofluorocarbonsincalendaryear1989;and
(II)0.42percentoftheproductionlevelofchlorofluorocarbonsincalendaryear1989.
(C)Consumptionbaselinedescribed
Theconsumptionbaselinereferredtoinsubparagraph(A)(ii)isthequantityequaltothesumof—
(i)theaverageannualquantityofallregulatedsubstancesconsumedintheUnitedStatesduringtheperiod—
(I)beginningonJanuary1,2011;and
(II)endingonDecember31,2013;and
(ii)thequantityequaltothesumof—
(I)15percentoftheconsumptionlevelofhydrochlorofluorocarbonsincalendaryear1989;and
(II)0.42percentoftheconsumptionlevelofchlorofluorocarbonsincalendaryear1989.
(D)Exchangevalues
(i)Ingeneral
Forpurposesofestablishingthebaselinespursuanttosubparagraphs(B)and(C),theAdministratorshallusetheexchangevalueslistedinthetablecontainedinsubsection(c)(1)forregulatedsubstancesandthefollowingexchangevaluesforhydrochlorofluorocarbonsandchlorofluorocarbons:
Table2
ChemicalNameCommonNameExchangeValue
CHFC12
HCFC–21
151
CHF2C1
HCFC–22
1810
C2HF3C12
HCFC–123
77
C2HF4C1
HCFC–124
609
CH3CFC12
HCFC–141b
725
CH3CF2C1
HCFC–142b
2310
CF3CF2CHC12
HCFC–225ca
122
CF2C1CF2CHC1F
HCFC–225cb
595
Table3
ChemicalNameCommonNameExchangeValue
CFC13
CFC–11
4750
CF2C12
CFC–12
10900
C2F3C13
CFC–113
6130
C2F4C12
CFC–114
10000
C2F5C1
CFC–115
7370
(ii)Review
TheAdministratormay—
(I)reviewtheexchangevalueslistedinthetablescontainedinclause(i)onaperiodicbasis;and
(II)subjecttonoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,adjusttheexchangevaluessolelyonthebasisof—
(aa)thebestavailablescience;and
(bb)otherinformationconsistentwithwidelyusedorcommonlyacceptedexistingexchangevalues.
(2)Productionandconsumptionphase-down
(A)Ingeneral
DuringtheperiodbeginningonJanuary1ofeachyearlistedinthetablecontainedinsubparagraph(C)andendingonDecember31oftheyearbeforethenextyearlistedonthattable,exceptasotherwisepermittedunderthissection,nopersonshall—
(i)produceaquantityofaregulatedsubstancewithoutacorrespondingquantityofproductionallowances,exceptasprovidedinparagraph(5);
(ii)consumeaquantityofaregulatedsubstancewithoutacorrespondingquantityofconsumptionallowances;or
(iii)hold,use,ortransferanyproductionallowanceorconsumptionallowanceallocatedunderthissectionexceptinaccordancewithregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratorpursuanttosubsection(g).
(B)Compliance
Foreachyearlistedonthetablecontainedinsubparagraph(C),theAdministratorshallensurethattheannualquantityofallregulatedsubstancesproducedorconsumedintheUnitedStatesdoesnotexceedtheproductobtainedbymultiplying—
(i)theproductionbaselineorconsumptionbaseline,asapplicable;and
(ii)theapplicablepercentagelistedonthetablecontainedinsubparagraph(C).
(C)Relationtobaseline
OnJanuary1ofeachyearlistedinthefollowingtable,theAdministratorshallapplytheapplicablepercentage,asdescribedinsubparagraph(A):
DatePercentageofProductionBaselinePercentageofConsumptionBaseline
2020–2023
90percent
90percent
2024–2028
60percent
60percent
2029–2033
30percent
30percent
2034–2035
20percent
20percent
2036andthereafter
15percent
15percent
(D)Allowances
(i)Quantity
NotlaterthanOctober1ofeachcalendaryear,theAdministratorshallusethequantitycalculatedundersubparagraph(B)todeterminethequantityofallowancesfortheproductionandconsumptionofregulatedsubstancesthatmaybeusedforthefollowingcalendaryear.
(ii)Natureofallowances
(I)Ingeneral
Anallowanceallocatedunderthissection—
(aa)doesnotconstituteapropertyright;and
(bb)isalimitedauthorizationfortheproductionorconsumptionofaregulatedsubstanceunderthissection.
(II)Savingsprovision
NothinginthissectionorinanyotherprovisionoflawlimitstheauthorityoftheUnitedStatestoterminateorlimitanauthorizationdescribedinsubclause(I)(bb).
(3)Regulationsregardingproductionandconsumptionofregulatedsubstances
Notlaterthan270daysafterDecember27,2020,whichshallincludeaperiodofnoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,theAdministratorshallissueafinalrule—
(A)phasingdowntheproductionofregulatedsubstancesintheUnitedStatesthroughanallowanceallocationandtradingprograminaccordancewiththissection;and
(B)phasingdowntheconsumptionofregulatedsubstancesintheUnitedStatesthroughanallowanceallocationandtradingprograminaccordancewiththescheduleunderparagraph(2)(C)(subjecttothesameexceptionsandotherrequirementsasareapplicabletothephase-downofproductionofregulatedsubstancesunderthissection).
(4)Exceptions;essentialuses
(A)Feedstocksandprocessagents
Exceptforthereportingrequirementsdescribedinsubsection(d)(1),thissectiondoesnotapplyto—
(i)aregulatedsubstancethatisusedandentirelyconsumed(exceptfortracequantities)inthemanufactureofanotherchemical;or
(ii)aregulatedsubstancethatisusedandnotentirelyconsumedinthemanufactureofanotherchemical,iftheremainingamountsoftheregulatedsubstancearesubsequentlydestroyed.
(B)Essentialuses
(i)Ingeneral
BeginningonDecember27,2020,andsubjecttoparagraphs(2)and(3)andclauses(ii)and(iii),theAdministratormay,byrule,afterconsideringtechnicalachievability,commercialdemands,affordabilityforresidentialandsmallbusinessconsumers,safety,andotherrelevantfactors,includingoveralleconomiccostsandenvironmentalimpactscomparedtohistoricaltrends,allocateaquantityofallowancesforaperiodofnotmorethan5yearsfortheproductionandconsumptionofaregulatedsubstanceexclusivelyfortheuseoftheregulatedsubstanceinanapplication,if—
(I)nosafeortechnicallyachievablesubstitutewillbeavailableduringtheapplicableperiodforthatapplication;and
(II)thesupplyoftheregulatedsubstancethatmanufacturersorusersoftheregulatedsubstanceforthatapplicationarecapableofsecuringfromchemicalmanufacturers,asauthorizedunderparagraph(2)(A),includinganyquantitiesofaregulatedsubstanceavailablefromproductionorimport,isinsufficienttoaccommodatetheapplication.
(ii)Petition
IftheAdministratorreceivesapetitionrequestingthedesignationofanapplicationasanessentialuseunderclause(i),theAdministratorshall—
(I)notlaterthan180daysafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorreceivesthepetition—
(aa)makethecompletepetitionavailabletothepublic;and
(bb)whenmakingthepetitionavailabletothepublicunderitem(aa),proposeandseekpubliccommenton—
(AA)adeterminationofwhethertodesignatetheapplicationasanessentialuse;and
(BB)iftheAdministratorproposestodesignatetheapplicationasanessentialuse,makingtherequisiteallocationofallowances;and
(II)notlaterthan270daysafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorreceivesthepetition,takefinalactiononthepetition.
(iii)Limitation
Apersonreceivinganallocationunderclause(i)or(iv)orasaresultofapetitiongrantedunderclause(ii)maynotproduceorconsumeaproducedquantityofregulatedsubstancesthat,consideringtherespectiveexchangevaluesoftheregulatedsubstances,exceedsthenumberofallowancesissuedunderparagraphs(2)and(3)thatareheldbythatperson.
(iv)Mandatoryallocations
(I)Ingeneral
Notwithstandingclause(i)andsubjecttoclause(iii)andparagraphs(2)and(3),forthe5-yearperiodbeginningonDecember27,2020,theAdministratorshallallocatethefullquantityofallowancesnecessary,basedonprojected,current,andhistoricaltrends,fortheproductionorconsumptionofaregulatedsubstancefortheexclusiveuseoftheregulatedsubstanceinanapplicationsolelyfor—
(aa)apropellantinmetered-doseinhalers;
(bb)defensesprays;
(cc)structuralcompositepreformedpolyurethanefoamformarineuseandtraileruse;
(dd)theetchingofsemiconductormaterialorwafersandthecleaningofchemicalvapordepositionchamberswithinthesemiconductormanufacturingsector;
(ee)mission-criticalmilitaryenduses,suchasarmoredvehicleengineandshipboardfiresuppressionsystemsandsystemsusedindeployableandexpeditionaryapplications;and
(ff)onboardaerospacefiresuppression.
(II)Requirement
Theallocationofallowancesundersubclause(I)shallbedeterminedthrougharulemaking.
(v)Review
(I)Ingeneral
Foreachessentialuseapplicationreceivinganallocationofallowancesunderclause(i)or(iv),theAdministratorshallreviewtheavailabilityofsubstitutes,includinganyquantitiesoftheregulatedsubstanceavailablefromreclaimingorpriorproduction,notlessfrequentlythanonceevery5years.
(II)Extension
If,pursuanttoareviewundersubclause(I),theAdministratordetermines,subjecttonoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,thattherequirementsdescribedinsubclauses(I)and(II)ofclause(i)aremet,theAdministratorshallauthorizetheproductionorconsumption,asapplicable,ofanyregulatedsubstanceusedintheapplicationforrenewableperiodsofnotmorethan5yearsforexclusiveuseintheapplication.
(5)Domesticmanufacturing
Notwithstandingparagraph(2)(A)(i),theAdministratormay,byrule,authorizeapersontoproducearegulatedsubstanceinexcessofthenumberofproductionallowancesheldbythatperson,subjecttotheconditionsthat—
(A)theauthorizationis—
(i)forarenewableperiodofnotmorethan5years;and
(ii)subjecttonoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment;and
(B)theproduction—
(i)isatafacilitylocatedintheUnitedStates;
(ii)issolelyforexportto,andusein,aforeigncountrythatisnotsubjecttotheprohibitioninsubsection(j)(1);and
(iii)wouldnotviolateparagraph(2)(B).
(f)Acceleratedschedule
(1)Ingeneral
Subjecttoparagraph(4),theAdministratormay,onlyinresponsetoapetitionsubmittedtotheAdministratorinaccordancewithparagraph(3)andafternoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,promulgateregulationsthatestablishascheduleforphasingdowntheproductionorconsumptionofregulatedsubstancesthatismorestringentthantheproductionandconsumptionlevelsofregulatedsubstancesrequiredundersubsection(e)(2)(C).
(2)Requirements
Anyregulationspromulgatedunderthissubsection—
(A)shall—
(i)applyuniformlytotheallocationofproductionandconsumptionallowancesforregulatedsubstances,inaccordancewithsubsection(e)(3);
(ii)ensurethattherewillbesufficientquantitiesofregulatedsubstances,includingsubstancesavailablefromreclaiming,priorproduction,orpriorimport,tomeettheneedsfor—
(I)applicationsthatreceiveanallocationunderclause(i)ofsubsection(e)(4)(B);and
(II)allapplicationsthatreceiveamandatoryallocationunderitems(aa)through(ff)ofclause(iv)(I)ofthatsubsection;and
(iii)fostercontinuedreclamationofandtransitionfromregulatedsubstances;and
(B)shallnotsetthelevelofproductionallowancesorconsumptionallowancesbelowthepercentageoftheconsumptionbaselinethatisactuallyconsumedduringthecalendaryearpriortotheyearduringwhichtheAdministratormakesafinaldeterminationwithrespecttotheapplicableproposaldescribedinparagraph(3)(C)(iii)(I).
(3)Petition
(A)Ingeneral
ApersonmaypetitiontheAdministratortopromulgateregulationsforanacceleratedscheduleforthephase-downofproductionorconsumptionofregulatedsubstancesunderparagraph(1).
(B)Requirement
Apetitionsubmittedundersubparagraph(A)shall—
(i)bemadeatsuchtime,insuchmanner,andcontainingsuchinformationastheAdministratorshallrequire;and
(ii)includeashowingbythepetitionerthattherearedatatosupportthepetition.
(C)Timelines
(i)Ingeneral
IftheAdministratorreceivesapetitionundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshall—
(I)notlaterthan180daysafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorreceivesthepetition—
(aa)makethecompletepetitionavailabletothepublic;and
(bb)whenmakingthepetitionavailabletothepublicunderitem(aa),proposeandseekpubliccommentontheproposaloftheAdministratortograntordenythepetition;and
(II)notlaterthan270daysafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorreceivesthepetition,takefinalactiononthepetition.
(ii)Factorsfordetermination
Inmakingadeterminationtograntordenyapetitionsubmittedundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshall,totheextentpracticable,factorin—
(I)thebestavailabledata;
(II)theavailabilityofsubstitutesforusesoftheregulatedsubstancethatisthesubjectofthepetition,takingintoaccounttechnologicalachievability,commercialdemands,affordabilityforresidentialandsmallbusinessconsumers,safety,consumercosts,buildingcodes,applianceefficiencystandards,contractortrainingcosts,andotherrelevantfactors,includingthequantitiesofregulatedsubstancesavailablefromreclaiming,priorproduction,orpriorimport;
(III)overalleconomiccostsandenvironmentalimpacts,ascomparedtohistoricaltrends;and
(IV)theremainingphase-downperiodforregulatedsubstancesunderthefinalruleissuedundersubsection(e)(3),ifapplicable.
(iii)Regulations
Afterreceivingpubliccommentwithrespecttotheproposalunderclause(i)(I)(bb),iftheAdministratormakesafinaldeterminationtograntapetitionundersubparagraph(A),thefinalregulationswithrespecttothepetitionshall—
(I)bepromulgatedbynotlaterthan1yearafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratormakestheproposaltograntthepetitionunderthatclause;and
(II)meettherequirementsofparagraph(2).
(D)Publication
WhentheAdministratormakesafinaldeterminationtograntordenyapetitionundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshallpublishadescriptionofthereasonsforthatgrantordenial,includingadescriptionoftheinformationconsideredundersubclauses(I)through(IV)ofsubparagraph(C)(ii).
(E)Insufficientinformation
IftheAdministratordeterminesthatthedataincludedundersubparagraph(B)(ii)inapetitionarenotsufficienttomakeadeterminationunderthisparagraph,theAdministratorshalluseanyauthorityavailabletotheAdministratortoacquirethenecessarydata.
(4)Dateofeffectiveness
TheAdministratormaynotpromulgateunderparagraph(1)aregulationfortheproductionorconsumptionofregulatedsubstancesthatismorestringentthantheproductionorconsumptionlevelsrequiredundersubsection(e)(2)(C)thattakeseffectbeforeJanuary1,2025.
(5)Review
(A)Ingeneral
TheAdministratorshallreviewtheavailabilityofsubstitutesforregulatedsubstancessubjecttoanacceleratedscheduleestablishedunderparagraph(1)ineachsectorandsubsectorinwhichtheregulatedsubstanceisused,takingintoaccounttechnologicalachievability,commercialdemands,safety,andotherrelevantfactors,includingthequantitiesofregulatedsubstancesavailablefromreclaiming,priorproduction,orpriorimport,byJanuary1,2026(forthefirstreview),byJanuary1,2031(forthesecondreview),andatleastonceevery5yearsthereafter.
(B)Publicavailability
TheAdministratorshallmaketheresultsofareviewconductedundersubparagraph(A)publiclyavailable.
(6)Savingsprovision
NothinginthissubsectionauthorizestheAdministratortopromulgateregulationspursuanttothissubsectionthatestablishascheduleforphasingdowntheproductionorconsumptionofregulatedsubstancesthatislessstringentthantheproductionandconsumptionlevelsofregulatedsubstancesrequiredundersubsection(e)(2)(C).
(g)Exchangeauthority
(1)Transfers
Notlaterthan270daysafterDecember27,2020,whichshallincludeaperiodofnoticeandopportunityforpubliccomment,theAdministratorshallpromulgateafinalregulationthatgovernsthetransferofallowancesfortheproductionofregulatedsubstancesundersubsection(e)(3)(A)thatuses—
(A)theapplicableexchangevaluesdescribedinthetablecontainedinsubsection(c)(1);or
(B)theexchangevaluedescribedintheruledesignatingthesubstanceasaregulatedsubstanceundersubsection(c)(3).
(2)Requirements
Thefinalrulepromulgatedpursuanttoparagraph(1)shall—
(A)ensurethatthetransfersunderthissubsectionwillresultingreatertotalreductionsintheproductionofregulatedsubstancesineachyearthanwouldoccurduringtheyearintheabsenceofthetransfers;
(B)permit2ormorepersonstotransferproductionallowancesifthetransferoroftheallowanceswillbesubject,underthefinalrule,toanenforceableandquantifiablereductioninannualproductionthat—
(i)exceedsthereductionotherwiseapplicabletothetransferorunderthissection;
(ii)exceedsthequantityofproductionrepresentedbytheproductionallowancestransferredtothetransferee;and
(iii)wouldnothaveoccurredintheabsenceofthetransaction;and
(C)provideforthetradingofconsumptionallowancesinthesamemannerasisapplicableunderthissubsectiontothetradingofproductionallowances.
(h)Managementofregulatedsubstances
(1)Ingeneral
Forpurposesofmaximizingreclaimingandminimizingthereleaseofaregulatedsubstancefromequipmentandensuringthesafetyoftechniciansandconsumers,theAdministratorshallpromulgateregulationstocontrol,whereappropriate,anypractice,process,oractivityregardingtheservicing,repair,disposal,orinstallationofequipment(includingrequiring,whereappropriate,thatanysuchservicing,repair,disposal,orinstallationbeperformedbyatrainedtechnicianmeetingminimumstandards,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator)thatinvolves—
(A)aregulatedsubstance;
(B)asubstituteforaregulatedsubstance;
(C)thereclaimingofaregulatedsubstanceusedasarefrigerant;or
(D)thereclaimingofasubstituteforaregulatedsubstanceusedasarefrigerant.
(2)Reclaiming
(A)Ingeneral
Incarryingoutthissection,theAdministratorshallconsidertheuseofauthorityavailabletotheAdministratorunderthissectiontoincreaseopportunitiesforthereclaimingofregulatedsubstancesusedasrefrigerants.
(B)Recovery
Aregulatedsubstanceusedasarefrigerantthatisrecoveredshallbereclaimedbeforetheregulatedsubstanceissoldortransferredtoanewowner,exceptwheretherecoveredregulatedsubstanceissoldortransferredtoanewownersolelyforthepurposesofbeingreclaimedordestroyed.
(3)Coordination
Inpromulgatingregulationstocarryoutthissubsection,theAdministratormaycoordinatethoseregulationswithanyotherregulationspromulgatedbytheAdministratorthatinvolve—
(A)thesameorasimilarpractice,process,oractivityregardingtheservicing,repair,disposal,orinstallationofequipment;or
(B)reclaiming.
(4)Inapplicability
Noregulationpromulgatedpursuanttothissubsectionshallapplytoaregulatedsubstanceorasubstituteforaregulatedsubstancethatiscontainedinafoam.
(5)Smallbusinessgrants
(A)Definitionofsmallbusinessconcern
Inthisparagraph,theterm"smallbusinessconcern"hasthesamemeaningasinsection632oftitle15.
(B)Establishment
Subjecttotheavailabilityofappropriations,theAdministratorshallestablishagrantprogramtoawardgrantstosmallbusinessconcernsforthepurchaseofnewspecializedequipmentfortherecycling,recovery,orreclamationofasubstituteforaregulatedsubstance,includingthepurchaseofapprovedrefrigerantrecyclingequipment(asdefinedinsection609(b)oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7671h(b)))forrecycling,recovery,orreclamationintheserviceorrepairofmotorvehicleairconditioningsystems.
(C)Matchingfunds
Thenon-Federalshareofaprojectcarriedoutwithagrantunderthisparagraphshallbenotlessthan25percent.
(D)Authorizationofappropriations
Thereisauthorizedtobeappropriatedtocarryoutthisparagraph$5,000,000foreachoffiscalyears2021through2023.
(i)Technologytransitions
(1)Authority
Subjecttotheprovisionsofthissubsection,theAdministratormaybyrulerestrict,fully,partially,oronagraduatedschedule,theuseofaregulatedsubstanceinthesectororsubsectorinwhichtheregulatedsubstanceisused.
(2)Negotiatedrulemaking
(A)Considerationrequired
Beforeproposingarulefortheuseofaregulatedsubstanceforasectororsubsectorunderparagraph(1),theAdministratorshallconsidernegotiatingwithstakeholdersinthesectororsubsectorsubjecttothepotentialruleinaccordancewiththenegotiatedrulemakingprocedureprovidedforundersubchapterIIIofchapter5oftitle5(commonlyknownasthe"NegotiatedRulemakingActof1990").
(B)Negotiatedrulemakings
IftheAdministratornegotiatesarulemakingwithstakeholdersusingtheproceduredescribedinsubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshall,totheextentpracticable,giveprioritytocompletingthatrulemakingovercompletingrulemakingsunderthissubsectionthatwerenotnegotiatedusingthatprocedure.
(C)Nonegotiatedrulemaking
IftheAdministratordoesnotnegotiatearulemakingwithstakeholdersusingtheproceduredescribedinsubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshall,beforecommencementoftherulemakingprocessforaruleunderparagraph(1),publishanexplanationofthedecisionoftheAdministratortonotusethatprocedure.
(3)Petitions
(A)Ingeneral
ApersonmaypetitiontheAdministratortopromulgatearuleunderparagraph(1)fortherestrictiononuseofaregulatedsubstanceinasectororsubsector,whichshallincludearequestthattheAdministratornegotiatewithstakeholdersinaccordancewithparagraph(2)(A).
(B)Response
TheAdministratorshallgrantordenyapetitionundersubparagraph(A)notlaterthan180daysafterthedateofreceiptofthepetition.
(C)Requirements
(i)Explanation
IftheAdministratordeniesapetitionundersubparagraph(B),theAdministratorshallpublishintheFederalRegisteranexplanationofthedenial.
(ii)Finalrule
IftheAdministratorgrantsapetitionundersubparagraph(B),theAdministratorshallpromulgateafinalrulenotlaterthan2yearsafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorgrantsthepetition.
(iii)Publicationofpetitions
Notlaterthan30daysafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorreceivesapetitionundersubparagraph(A),theAdministratorshallmakethatpetitionavailabletothepublicinfull.
(4)Factorsfordetermination
Incarryingoutarulemakingusingtheproceduredescribedinparagraph(2)ormakingadeterminationtograntordenyapetitionsubmittedunderparagraph(3),theAdministratorshall,totheextentpracticable,factorin—
(A)thebestavailabledata;
(B)theavailabilityofsubstitutesforuseoftheregulatedsubstancethatisthesubjectoftherulemakingorpetition,asapplicable,inasectororsubsector,takingintoaccounttechnologicalachievability,commercialdemands,affordabilityforresidentialandsmallbusinessconsumers,safety,consumercosts,buildingcodes,applianceefficiencystandards,contractortrainingcosts,andotherrelevantfactors,includingthequantitiesofregulatedsubstancesavailablefromreclaiming,priorproduction,orpriorimport;
(C)overalleconomiccostsandenvironmentalimpacts,ascomparedtohistoricaltrends;and
(D)theremainingphase-downperiodforregulatedsubstancesunderthefinalruleissuedundersubsection(e)(3),ifapplicable.
(5)Evaluation
Incarryingoutthissubsection,theAdministratorshall—
(A)evaluatesubstitutesforregulatedsubstancesinasectororsubsector,takingintoaccounttechnologicalachievability,commercialdemands,safety,overalleconomiccostsandenvironmentalimpacts,andotherrelevantfactors;and
(B)maketheevaluationundersubparagraph(A)availabletothepublic,includingthefactorsassociatedwiththesafetyofthosesubstitutes.
(6)Effectivedateofrules
Noruleunderthissubsectionmaytakeeffectbeforethedatethatis1yearafterthedateonwhichtheAdministratorpromulgatestheapplicableruleunderthissubsection.
(7)Applicability
(A)Definitionofretrofit
Inthisparagraph,theterm"retrofit"meanstoupgradeexistingequipmentwheretheregulatedsubstanceischanged,which—
(i)includestheconversionofequipmenttoachievesystemcompatibility;and
(ii)mayincludechangesinlubricants,gaskets,filters,driers,valves,o-rings,orequipmentcomponentsforthatpurpose.
(B)Applicabilityofrules
Arulepromulgatedunderthissubsectionshallnotapplyto—
(i)anessentialuseunderclause(i)or(iv)ofsubsection(e)(4)(B),includinganyuseforwhichtheproductionorconsumptionoftheregulatedsubstanceisextendedunderclause(v)(II)ofthatsubsection;or
(ii)exceptforaretrofitapplication,equipmentinexistenceinasectororsubsectorbeforeDecember27,2020.
(j)Internationalcooperation
(1)Ingeneral
Subjecttoparagraph(2),nopersonsubjecttotherequirementsofthissectionshalltradeortransferaproductionallowanceor,afterJanuary1,2033,exportaregulatedsubstancetoapersoninaforeigncountrythat,asdeterminedbytheAdministrator,hasnotenactedorotherwiseestablishedwithinareasonabletimeframeafterDecember27,2020,thesameorsimilarrequirementsorotherwiseundertakencommitmentsregardingtheproductionandconsumptionofregulatedsubstancesasarecontainedinthissection.
(2)Transfers
Pursuanttoparagraph(1),apersonintheUnitedStatesmayengageinatradeortransferofaproductionallowance—
(A)toapersoninaforeigncountryif,atthetimeofthetransfer,theAdministratorrevisesthenumberofallowancesforproductionundersubsection(e)(2),asapplicable,fortheUnitedStatessuchthattheaggregatenationalproductionoftheregulatedsubstancetobetradedundertherevisedproductionlimitsisequaltotheleastof—
(i)themaximumproductionlevelpermittedfortheapplicableregulatedsubstanceintheyearofthetransferunderthissection,lesstheproductionallowancestransferred;
(ii)themaximumproductionlevelpermittedfortheapplicableregulatedsubstancesinthetransferyearunderapplicablelaw,lesstheproductionallowancestransferred;and
(iii)theaverageoftheactualnationalproductionleveloftheapplicableregulatedsubstancesforthe3-yearperiodendingonthedateofthetransfer,lesstheproductionallowancestransferred;or
(B)fromapersoninaforeigncountryif,atthetimeofthetradeortransfer,theAdministratorfindsthattheforeigncountryhasrevisedthedomesticproductionlimitsoftheregulatedsubstanceinthesamemannerasprovidedwithrespecttotransfersbyapersoninUnited 2Statesunderthissubsection.
(3)Effectoftransfersonproductionlimits
TheAdministratormay—
(A)reducetheproductionlimitsestablishedundersubsection(e)(2)(B)asrequiredasaprerequisitetoatransferdescribedinparagraph(2)(A);or
(B)increasetheproductionlimitsestablishedundersubsection(e)(2)(B)toreflectproductionallowancesacquiredunderatradeortransferdescribedinparagraph(2)(B).
(4)Regulations
TheAdministratorshall—
(A)notlaterthan1yearafterDecember27,2020,promulgateafinalruletocarryoutthissubsection;and
(B)notlessfrequentlythanannually,reviewand,ifnecessary,revisethefinalrulepromulgatedpursuanttosubparagraph(A).
(k)Relationshiptootherlaw
(1)Implementation
(A)Rulemakings
TheAdministratormaypromulgatesuchregulationsasarenecessarytocarryoutthefunctionsoftheAdministratorunderthissection.
(B)Delegation
TheAdministratormaydelegatetoanyofficeroremployeeoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencysuchofthepowersanddutiesoftheAdministratorunderthissectionastheAdministratordeterminestobeappropriate.
(C)CleanAirAct
Sections113,114,304,and307oftheCleanAirAct(42U.S.C.7413,7414,7604,7607)shallapplytothissectionandanyrule,rulemaking,orregulationpromulgatedbytheAdministratorpursuanttothissectionasthoughthissectionwereexpresslyincludedintitleVIofthatAct(42U.S.C.7671etseq.).
(2)Preemption
(A)Ingeneral
Subjecttosubparagraph(B),duringthe5-yearperiodbeginningonDecember27,2020,andwithrespecttoanexclusiveuseforwhichamandatoryallocationofallowancesisprovidedundersubsection(e)(4)(B)(iv)(I),noStateorpoliticalsubdivisionofaStatemayenforceastatuteoradministrativeactionrestrictingthemanagementoruseofaregulatedsubstancewithinthatexclusiveuse.
(B)Extension
(i)Ingeneral
Subjecttoclause(ii),if,pursuanttosubclause(I)ofsubsection(e)(4)(B)(v),theAdministratorauthorizesanadditionalperiodundersubclause(II)ofthatsubsectionfortheproductionorconsumptionofaregulatedsubstanceforanexclusiveusedescribedinsubparagraph(A),noStateorpoliticalsubdivisionofaStatemayenforceastatuteoradministrativeactionrestrictingthemanagementoruseoftheregulatedsubstancewithinthatexclusiveuseforthedurationofthatadditionalperiod.
(ii)Limitation
Theperiodforwhichthelimitationunderclause(i)appliesshallnotexceed5yearsfromthedateonwhichtheperioddescribedinsubparagraph(A)ends.
(Pub.L.116–260,div.S,§103,Dec.27,2020,134Stat.2255.)
EditorialNotes
ReferencesinText
TheCleanAirAct,referredtoinsubsecs.(d)(1)(B)(i)and(k)(1)(C),isactJuly14,1955,ch.360,69Stat.322,whichisclassifiedgenerallytothischapter.TitleVIoftheActisclassifiedgenerallytosubchapterVI(§7671etseq.)ofthischapter.ForcompleteclassificationofthisActtotheCode,seeShortTitlenotesetoutundersection7401ofthistitleandTables.
Codification
SectionwasenactedastheAmericanInnovationandManufacturingActof2020,andalsoaspartoftheConsolidatedAppropriationsAct,2021,andnotaspartoftheCleanAirActwhichcomprisesthischapter.
1 Soinoriginal.Probablymeans"thissection".
2 Soinoriginal.Probablyshouldbeprecededby"the".
Clean air act wiki