Purdue Online Writing Lab

APA Citation Basics. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of ... FindInfoFor FindInfoFor Academics Admissions CurrentStudents Athletics About Careers ProspectiveStudents ResearchandPartnerships QuickLinks Apply News President Shop Visit Give Emergency PurdueOnlineWritingLabCollegeofLiberalArts WritingLab PurdueOWL Research Contact SiteMap ResearchandCitationAPAStyle(7thEdition)APAFormattingandStyleGuide(7thEdition) WelcometothePurdueOWL ThispageisbroughttoyoubytheOWLatPurdueUniversity.Whenprintingthispage,youmustincludetheentirelegalnotice. Copyright©1995-2018byTheWritingLab&TheOWLatPurdueandPurdueUniversity.Allrightsreserved.Thismaterialmaynotbepublished,reproduced,broadcast,rewritten,orredistributedwithoutpermission.Useofthissiteconstitutesacceptanceofourtermsandconditionsoffairuse. In-TextCitations:TheBasics Note: ThispagereflectsthelatestversionoftheAPAPublicationManual(i.e.,APA7),whichreleasedinOctober2019.TheequivalentresourcefortheolderAPA6style canbefoundhere. Referencecitationsintextarecoveredonpages261-268ofthePublicationManual.Whatfollowsaresomegeneralguidelinesforreferringtotheworksofothersinyouressay. Note: Onpages117-118,thePublicationManualsuggeststhatauthorsofresearchpapersshouldusethepasttenseorpresentperfecttenseforsignalphrasesthatoccurintheliteraturereviewandproceduredescriptions(forexample,Jones(1998) found orJones(1998) hasfound...).Contextsotherthantraditionally-structuredresearchwritingmaypermitthesimplepresenttense(forexample,Jones(1998) finds). APACitationBasics WhenusingAPAformat,followtheauthor-datemethodofin-textcitation.Thismeansthattheauthor'slastnameandtheyearofpublicationforthesourceshouldappearinthetext,like,forexample,(Jones,1998).Onecompletereferenceforeachsourceshouldappearinthereferencelistattheendofthepaper. Ifyouarereferringtoanideafromanotherworkbut NOT directlyquotingthematerial,ormakingreferencetoanentirebook,articleorotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationandnotthepagenumberinyourin-textreference. Ontheotherhand,ifyouaredirectlyquotingorborrowingfromanotherwork,youshouldincludethepagenumberattheendoftheparentheticalcitation.Usetheabbreviation“p.”(foronepage)or“pp.”(formultiplepages)beforelistingthepagenumber(s).Useanendashforpageranges.Forexample,youmightwrite(Jones,1998,p.199)or(Jones,1998,pp.199–201).Thisinformationisreiteratedbelow. Regardlessofhowtheyarereferenced,allsourcesthatarecitedinthetextmustappearinthereferencelistattheendofthepaper. In-textcitationcapitalization,quotes,anditalics/underlining Alwayscapitalizepropernouns,includingauthornamesandinitials:D.Jones. Ifyourefertothetitleofasourcewithinyourpaper,capitalizeallwordsthatarefourletterslongorgreaterwithinthetitleofasource: PermanenceandChange.Exceptionsapplytoshortwordsthatareverbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,andadverbs: WritingNewMedia, ThereIsNothingLefttoLose. (Note: inyourReferenceslist,onlythefirstwordofatitlewillbecapitalized: Writingnewmedia.) Whencapitalizingtitles,capitalizebothwordsinahyphenatedcompoundword: Natural-BornCyborgs. Capitalizethefirstwordafteradashorcolon:"DefiningFilmRhetoric:TheCaseofHitchcock's Vertigo." Ifthetitleoftheworkisitalicizedinyourreferencelist,italicizeitandusetitlecasecapitalizationinthetext: TheClosingoftheAmericanMind; TheWizardofOz; Friends. Ifthetitleoftheworkisnotitalicizedinyourreferencelist,usedoublequotationmarksandtitlecasecapitalization(eventhoughthereferencelistusessentencecase):"MultimediaNarration:ConstructingPossibleWorlds;""TheOneWhereChandlerCan'tCry." Shortquotations Ifyouaredirectlyquotingfromawork,youwillneedtoincludetheauthor,yearofpublication,andpagenumberforthereference(precededby"p."forasinglepageand“pp.”foraspanofmultiplepages,withthepagenumbersseparatedbyanendash). Youcanintroducethequotationwithasignalphrasethatincludestheauthor'slastnamefollowedbythedateofpublicationinparentheses. AccordingtoJones(1998),"studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime"(p.199). Jones(1998)found"studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle"(p.199);whatimplicationsdoesthishaveforteachers? Ifyoudonotincludetheauthor’snameinthetextofthesentence,placetheauthor'slastname,theyearofpublication,andthepagenumberinparenthesesafterthequotation. Shestated,"StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle"(Jones,1998,p.199),butshedidnotofferanexplanationastowhy. Longquotations Placedirectquotationsthatare40wordsorlongerinafree-standingblockoftypewrittenlinesandomitquotationmarks.Startthequotationonanewline,indented1/2inchfromtheleftmargin,i.e.,inthesameplaceyouwouldbeginanewparagraph.Typetheentirequotationonthenewmargin,andindentthefirstlineofanysubsequentparagraphwithinthequotation1/2inchfromthenewmargin.Maintaindouble-spacingthroughout,butdonotaddanextrablanklinebeforeorafterit.Theparentheticalcitationshouldcomeaftertheclosingpunctuationmark. BecauseblockquotationformattingisdifficultforustoreplicateintheOWL'scontentmanagementsystem,wehavesimplyprovidedascreenshotofagenericexamplebelow. FormattingexampleforblockquotationsinAPA7style. Quotationsfromsourceswithoutpages Directquotationsfromsourcesthatdonotcontainpagesshouldnotreferenceapagenumber.Instead,youmayreferenceanotherlogicalidentifyingelement:aparagraph,achapternumber,asectionnumber,atablenumber,orsomethingelse.Olderworks(likereligioustexts)canalsoincorporatespeciallocationidentifierslikeversenumbers.Inshort:pickasubstituteforpagenumbersthatmakessenseforyoursource. Jones(1998)foundavarietyofcausesforstudentdissatisfactionwithprevailingcitationpractices(paras.4–5). Ameta-analysisofavailableliterature(Jones,1998)revealedinconsistencyacrosslarge-scalestudiesofstudentlearning(Table3). Summaryorparaphrase Ifyouareparaphrasinganideafromanotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyourin-textreferenceandmayomitthepagenumbers.APAguidelines,however,doencourageincludingapagerangeforasummaryorparaphrasewhenitwillhelpthereaderfindtheinformationinalongerwork.  AccordingtoJones(1998),APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners. APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners(Jones,1998,p.199). Navigation PurdueOWL GeneralWriting GeneralWritingIntroduction WritingStyle Style StyleIntroduction CreatingYourPersona Context UsingModels Diction DictionIntroduction Tone,Mood,andAudience LevelsofDiction DevelopingVocabulary WritinginPlainStyle TheWritingProcess TheWritingProcessIntroduction WritingTaskResourceList:WhatDoYouNeedToWrite? Invention:StartingtheWritingProcess Prewriting(Invention) PrewritingIntroduction PrewritingQuestions MorePrewritingQuestions Organization&theCARSModel Writer'sBlock SymptomsandCuresforWriter'sBlock MoreWriter'sBlockStrategies StasisTheory StasisIntroduction StasisandResearch StasisforTeamwork CreatingaThesisStatement,ThesisStatementTips DevelopinganOutline OutlineComponents HowtoOutline TypesofOutlines ReverseOutlining Proofreading BeginningProofreading ProofreadingforErrors ProofreadingSuggestions RevisingforCohesion StepsforRevising TimeManagement:ConqueringLongAssignments WritingwithFeedback WritingwithFeedbackResourceOverview GivingFeedbackforPeerReview Instructor'sGuideforGivingFeedback InterpretingInstructorFeedback WritingwithFeedback AcademicWriting AcademicWritingIntroduction TheRhetoricalSituation RhetoricalSituations ElementsofRhetoricalSituations Aristotle'sRhetoricalSituation Text AuthorandAudience Purposes Setting Example1 Example2 Example3 Conclusion EstablishingArguments StrongThesisStatements ResearchandEvidence OrganizingYourArgument RhetoricalStrategies LogicinArgumentativeWriting Logic UsingLogic Fallacies LogicinWriting DoesLogicAlwaysWork? Improprieties HistoricalPerspectivesonArgumentation ClassicalArgument ToulminArgument RogerianArgument ParagraphsandParagraphing OnParagraphs Paragraphing EssayWriting EssayWriting ExpositoryEssays DescriptiveEssays NarrativeEssays ArgumentativeEssays Conciseness Concision EliminatingWords ChangingPhrases AvoidCommonPitfalls ParamedicMethod ReverseParamedicMethod AddingEmphasis Visual-TextualDevices PunctuationMarks ChoiceandArrangement SentenceAndClauseArrangement SentenceVariety Variation SentenceTypes ForShort,ChoppySentences ForRepeatedSubjectsorTopics SimilarSentencePatternsorRhythms UsingAppropriateLanguage AppropriateLanguage:Overview LevelsofFormality GroupJargon DeceitfulLanguageandEuphemisms StereotypesandBiasedLanguage AppropriatePronounUsage ActiveandPassiveVoice ActiveandPassiveVoice ActiveVersusPassiveVoice MoreaboutPassiveVoice ChoosingPassiveVoice ChangingPassivetoActiveVoice MoreSuggestions Verbs:VoiceandMood Active/PassiveVoiceClassroomPoster EmailEtiquette EmailEtiquetteforStudents UsingForeignLanguagesinAcademicWritinginEnglish Introduction TranslationStrategies QuotingandTranslating Names&Titles PublicSpeakingandPresentations LearningfromLectures CommonWritingAssignments CommonWritingAssignmentsIntroduction UnderstandingWritingAssignments ArgumentPapers ArgumentPapers BodyParagraphs RebuttalSections Conclusions ResearchPapers WritingaResearchPaper GenreandtheResearchPaper ChoosingaTopic IdentifyingAudiences WheredoIBegin? GeneratingQuestions&TopicsWorkshop ResearchPosters ResearchPosterOverview ResearchPosterContent&Context FormattingConsiderations OrderingInformation UsingImages SupplementaryHandouts PrintingatPurdue ExploratoryPapers ExploratoryPapers OrganizinganExploratoryEssay AnnotatedBibliographies AnnotatedBibliographies AnnotatedBibliographyBreakdown AnnotatedBibliographySamples BookReports Definitions EssaysforExams BookReviews Mechanics MechanicsIntroduction Higher,LowerOrderConcerns SentenceClarity PartsofSpeechOverview SentenceClarityPresentation SentenceFragments TransitionsandTransitionalDevices Transitions TransitionalDevices DanglingModifiersandHowToCorrectThem ParallelStructure Two-Part(Phrasal)Verbs(Idioms) Two-Part(Phrasal)Verbs(Idioms) SeparablePhrasalVerbs InseparablePhrasalVerbs IntransitivePhrasalVerbs Capitals:HelpwithCapitals Gerunds,Participles,andInfinitives Gerunds Participles Infinitives ComparingGerunds,Participles,andInfinitives Grammar GrammarIntroduction Spelling:CommonWordsthatSoundAlike Numbers:WritingNumbers AdjectiveorAdverb AdjectivesandAdverbs AvoidingCommonErrors HowtoUseAdjectivesandAdverbs AdjectiveswithCountandNoncountNouns AdjectiveorAdverb? Appositives Articles:AversusAn HowtoUseArticles(a/an/the) Prepositions Time,Place,andIntroducingObjects To,On(to),In(to) PrepositionsofLocation:At,In,On SpatialRelationships Pronouns UsingPronounsClearly PronounCase ReflexivePronouns GenderedPronouns&Singular“They” RelativePronouns IntroductiontoDefiningClauses RelativePronounsinNon-definingClauses Definingvs.Non-Defining CountandNoncountNouns BasicRules Plurals,Articles,andQuantityWords Count,NoncountNounswithArticles,Adjectives Subject/VerbAgreement VerbTenses IntroductiontoVerbTenses PassiveVerbs ActiveVerbTenses VerbTenseConsistency VerbwithHelpers ActiveVerbTenses IrregularVerbs IrregularVerbs CommonlyConfusedVerbs Thatvs.Which Punctuation PunctuationIntroduction Punctuation PunctuationOverview PunctuationinSentences SentencePunctuationPatterns IndependentandDependentClauses IndependentandDependentClauses RunOnSentences ConqueringtheCommaPresentation Commas Commas:QuickRules ExtendedRulesforCommas CommasAfterIntroductions Commasvs.Semicolons CommaswithNonessentialElements ApostropheIntroduction HyphenUse QuotationMarks UsingQuotationMarks ExtendedRulesforUsingQuotationMarks MoreQuotationMarkRules QuotationMarkswithFiction QuotationMarkExerciseandAnswers VisualRhetoric VisualRhetoricIntroduction VisualRhetoric VisualRhetoric:Overview VisualRhetoric:TextElements VisualRhetoric:Color VisualRhetoric:Images AnalyzingVisualDocuments AnalyzingVisualDocuments ElementsofAnalysis OrganizingYourAnalysis UsingFontswithPurpose FontswithPurpose FontFeatures FontPersonality AdditionalFontTips ColorTheoryPresentation DesigningEffectivePowerPointPresentations PowerPointQuickStart BeforeYouStart DesignPrinciples PracticalGuides DataVisualization DataVisualization DataVisualizationPresentation Activity AdditionalResources UndergraduateApplications UndergraduateApplicationsIntroduction AdvicefromUndergraduateAdmissionsOfficers UndergraduateApplicationTimelineandAdditionalResources UndergraduateApplicationTimeline UndergraduateApplications:EntranceExams StartingYourApplication&AskingforLettersofRecommendation AdviceforWritingApplicationEssays SubmittingYourApplicationandFinancialAid VisitingSchools&AcceptingOffers WorksConsulted GraduateSchoolApplications GraduateSchoolApplicationsIntroduction Overview Overview:PlanningTimeline Overview:ProcessandMaterials Overview:AfteryouApplytoGraduateSchool ResearchingPrograms ResearchingPrograms:AnIntroduction ResearchingPrograms:PracticalConsiderations ResearchingPrograms:ProfilingYourResearchInterests ResearchingPrograms:ProfilingFaculty StatementsofPurpose StatementsofPurpose:OverviewandBeforeYouDraft StatementsofPurpose:DraftingYourStatement StatementsofPurpose:AfterYouFinishaDraft RequestingRecommendationLetters WritingaResearchStatement PersonalCorrespondence PersonalCorrespondenceIntroduction PersonalLetters Newsletters CommunityEngagedWriting CommunityEngagedWritingIntroduction Introduction PlanningCommunityPartnerships GeneralWritingFAQs ResearchandCitation ResearchandCitationResources ConductingResearch ConductingResearchIntroduction ResearchOverview WheretoBegin TypesofSources PrimaryResearch SynthesizingSources ConductingPrimaryResearch WhatisPrimaryResearch? ResearchEthics PitfallsofPrimaryResearch Interviewing Surveying InterviewandSurveyQuestions Observing Analysis AnalyzingPrimaryData EvaluatingSourcesofInformation Introduction WheretoBegin GeneralGuidelines EvaluatingBibliographicCitations EvaluatingDigitalSources SearchingOnline Overview TheInternetandSearchEngines SearchEnginesandDirectories SearchingwithaSearchEngine SearchingwithaWebDirectory SearchEngines SearchtheInvisibleWeb OtherUsefulSites OtherSearchStrategies InternetReferences InternetReferences DictionariesandManuals IndexesforWriters OnlineLibraries OnlineBooksandE-texts OnlineNewsSources DOIsvs.URLs ArchivalResearch IntroductiontoArchives RequestingMaterials FindingAids VisitingtheArchives HandlingMaterials CitingArchivalResources DigitalArchivesMaterials WritingaLiteratureReview UsingResearch UsingResearchIntroduction Quoting,Paraphrasing,andSummarizing Quoting,Paraphrasing,andSummarizing Paraphrasing Paraphrasing:SampleEssay SignalandLead-inPhrases ParaphraseExercises Paraphrasing ParaphrasingExercise ParaphrasingExerciseAnswers WritingwithStatistics Introduction QuickTips DescriptiveStatistics WritingwithDescriptiveStatistics BasicInferentialStatistics WritingwithInferentialStatistics StatisticsandVisuals KeyTerms StrategiesforFairUse WritingScientificAbstractsPresentation ResourcesforDocumentingSourcesintheDisciplines Overview CompleteDisciplineListing APAStyle(7thEdition) APAStyleIntroduction APAOverviewandWorkshop APAFormattingandStyleGuide(7thEdition) GeneralFormat In-TextCitations:TheBasics In-TextCitations:Author/Authors ReferenceList:BasicRules ReferenceList:Author/Authors ReferenceList:ArticlesinPeriodicals ReferenceList:Books ReferenceList:OtherPrintSources ReferenceList:ElectronicSources ReferenceList:AudiovisualMedia ReferenceList:OtherNon-PrintSources APALegalReferences Footnotes&Appendices NumbersandStatistics AdditionalResources APAHeadingsandSeriation APAPowerPointSlidePresentation APASamplePaper APATablesandFigures APAClassroomPoster Changesinthe7thEdition GeneralAPAFAQs MLAStyle MLAStyleIntroduction MLAOverviewandWorkshop MLAFormattingandStyleGuide GeneralFormat MLAFormattingandStyleGuide MLAIn-TextCitations:TheBasics MLAFormattingLists MLAFormattingQuotations MLAEndnotesandFootnotes MLAWorksCitedPage:BasicFormat MLAWorksCitedPage:Books MLAWorksCitedPage:Periodicals MLAWorksCited:ElectronicSources MLAWorksCited:OtherCommonSources MLAAdditionalResources MLAAbbreviations MLASampleWorksCitedPage MLASamplePaper MLATables,Figures,andExamples MLAPowerPointPresentation MLAFAQs MLAClassroomPoster MLA9thEditionChanges MLA8thEditionChanges ChicagoStyle CMOSIntroduction CMOSOverviewandWorkshop CMOSFormattingandStyleGuide ChicagoManualofStyle17thEdition GeneralFormat Books Periodicals WebSources AudiovisualRecordingsandOtherMultimedia Interviews,PersonalCommunication Legal,PublicandUnpublishedMaterials BluebookCitationforLegalMaterials MiscellaneousSources CMOSAuthorDateSamplePaper CMOSNBSamplePaper CMOSNBPowerPointPresentation CMOSAuthorDatePowerPointPresentation CMOSAuthorDateClassroomPoster CMOSNBClassroomPoster IEEEStyle IEEEOverview GeneralFormat In-TextCitation ReferenceList Tables,Figures,andEquations AMAStyle Introduction PrintSources ElectronicSources ASAStyle ManuscriptFormatting In-Text(Citation)References ReferencesPageFormatting ManuscriptWritingStyle APAStyle(6thEdition) APAStyleIntroduction APAOverviewandWorkshop APAFormattingandStyleGuide(6thEdition) GeneralFormat In-TextCitations:TheBasics In-TextCitations:Author/Authors FootnotesandEndnotes ReferenceList:BasicRules ReferenceList:Author/Authors ReferenceList:ArticlesinPeriodicals ReferenceList:Books ReferenceList:OtherPrintSources ReferenceList:ElectronicSources ReferenceList:OtherNon-PrintSources AdditionalResources TypesofAPAPapers APAStylistics:AvoidingBias APAStylistics:Basics APAHeadingsandSeriation APAPowerPointSlidePresentation APASamplePaper APATablesandFigures1 APATablesandFigures2 APAAbbreviations NumbersinAPA StatisticsinAPA APAClassroomPoster APAChanges6thEdition GeneralAPAFAQs UsingCitationGeneratorsResponsibly UsingPaperCheckersResponsibly StyleManualGlossary AvoidingPlagiarism PlagiarismOverview StyleGuideOverview PlagiarismFAQs CommonKnowledge&Attribution BestPracticesforWriters PlagiarismExercise BestPracticesforTeachers "ShouldICiteThis?"Poster TeacherandTutorResources WritingInstructors WritingInstructorsIntroduction Parents Grades7-12InstructorsandStudents FullOWLResourcesforGrades7-12 InventionforSecondarySchoolStudents:Introduction InventionforCreativeWriting InventionforResearchWriting WhattoDoWhenYouAreStuck Non-PurdueUsers PurdueInstructorsandStudents AdultBasicEducation WritingAcrosstheCurriculum:AnIntroduction Introduction WACPrograms FurtherReading WritinginNursingBibliography ScienceWritingBibliographyEssay CreativeNonfictioninWritingCourses CreativeNonfiction ThePersonalMemoir LiteraryJournalism LyricEssays Assignments PoetryinWritingCourses PoetryinWritingCourses MidtoAdvancedLevelCourses SampleAssignment AdditionalResources TeachingDetailedWritingandProceduralTransitions TeachingOSDDP:AGuideforProfessionalWritingInstructors SummaryandDescription DeliverablesandEvaluation Activities ResourcesforInstructors SampleDeliverables EmailEtiquetteforProfessors WritingLettersofRecommendationforStudents WritingLettersofRecommendationIntroduction WritingLettersofRecommendationforStudents TipsforEducatorsandGuidanceCounselors AdviceforStudents AnnotatedSampleLetterofRecommendation WritingTutors WritingTutorsIntroduction MeetingOne-on-OnewithStudents TutoringaRésumé TutoringCoverLetters TutoringCreativeWritingStudents TutoringBeginningPoets TutoringCreativeWriters PitfallsforFictionWriters HelpfulResources MetaphorsinCreativeWriting TutoringLabReports TutoringGrammar TutoringGrammar RationalesforTutoringGrammar StrategiesforTutoringGrammar TutoringDeafClients TeachingResources TeachingResources RemoteTeachingResources RemoteTeachingResourcePortal TechnologyintheWritingClassroom AdaptingProjectstoOnlineClassrooms SharingandPresentingWorkinRemoteClassrooms TeleconferencingintheWritingClassroom Cloud-BasedPlatformsintheWritingClassroom RemotePeerReviewStrategies WritingPromptsforAnalyzingNonfiction NonfictionAnalysisFramework WritingPromptsforAnalyzingFiction ActivitiesforRemoteCreativeWritingClassrooms DiscussionForumPracticesforCreativeWritingClasses ConductinganInterviewPresentation WritingProcessPresentation OrganizingYourArgumentPresentation PeerReviewPresentation VisualRhetoricSlidePresentation WritingaLiteraryAnalysisPresentation EffectivePersuasionPresentation TeachingandAssessingGrammar AnalyticalResearchProjectPresentation OWLVideoOfferingsforInstructors ConductinganInterviewPresentation JobAcceptanceLetterPresentation InventionPresentation PreventingPlagiarism PreventingPlagiarismIntroduction ContextualizingPlagiarism ContextualizingPlagiarism TruthorConsequences Handout:TruthorConsequences TheBigPicture AuthorshipandPopularPlagiarism CopyrightandPlagiarism Handout:CopyrightandPlagiarism CollaborativeAuthorship Handout:CollaborativeAuthorship DefiningOurTerms ClassPlagiarismPolicy ComparingPolicies Handout:ComparingPolicies AvoidingPlagiarism AvoidingPlagiarism Summarizing,Paraphrasing,andQuoting PeerSummarizing AnonymousParaphrasing ParaphrasingfromMedia Handout:ParaphrasingfromMedia UsingIn-textCitations Handout:UsingIn-textCitations QuotingOthers Handout:QuotingOthers Summary,Paraphrase,andQuotationinContext Handout:Summary,Paraphrase,andQuotationinContext TranslingualWriting IntroductiontoTranslingualWriting TheTranslingualApproachintheClassroom SuggestedReadingsonTranslingualWriting WritingintheEngineeringClassroom WhyIncludeWritinginEngineeringCourses? UsingBloom’sTaxonomy TypesofWritingAssignmentsforEngineeringCourses ConceptualWritingPrompts Explain-a-ProblemWritingPrompts HowStuffWorksWritingPrompts Real-WorldExampleWritingPrompts Design-a-ProblemWritingPrompts Open-EndedDesignWritingPrompts WritingTipsforStudents AssessmentandFeedbackofEngineeringWriting ResearchTeam OWLPresentationMode GraduateWriting IntroductiontoGraduateWriting GraduateWritingOverview WritingisaConversation WritingisaProcess WritingisaSocialEndeavor WritingisDisciplineSpecific GraduateWritingTopics Style Editing&Proofreading OrganizationandStructure GraduateWritingGenres AcademicProposals Abstracts ConferencePresentations SubmittingJournalArticles IRBNarratives GraduateSchool-SpecificGenres ReadingforGraduateSchool Thesis&Dissertation Thesis&DissertationOverview ConductingaPersonalIWE SettingGoals&StayingMotivated WaystoApproachRevision GenreAnalysis&ReverseOutlining Sentences:Types,Variety,Concision ParagraphOrganization&Flow Punctuation UniversityThesisandDissertationTemplates Subject-SpecificWriting Professional,TechnicalWriting Professional,TechnicalWritingIntroduction WorkplaceWriters EffectiveWorkplaceWriting RhetoricalAwareness ApplyingUser-CenteredDesign GlossaryandReferences ParticipatoryDesign AudienceAnalysis AudienceAnalysisOverview DevelopmentStage ReadingandActionStage StakeholderConsiderations ConsideringStakeholderHandout PrioritizingYourConcernsforEffectiveBusinessWriting HigherOrderConcerns LowerOrderConcerns ParallelStructure ActivityandPostmortemReports ActivityandPostmortemReportsIntroduction ActivityReports PostmortemReports ToneinBusinessWriting HATS:ADesignProcedureforRoutineBusinessDocuments BasicBusinessLetters TheBasicBusinessLetter SampleLetters AccentuatingthePositives Memos GeneralIntroduction AudienceandPurpose PartsofaMemo Format SampleMemo FourPointActionClosing GrantWriting GrantWriting GrantWriting:SpecificityinWriting GrantWriting:ClarityinWriting MakingtheRequest GrantWritingintheSciences:Introduction GrantWritingintheSciences:Planning GrantWritingintheSciences:Writing DonationRequestLetters BeginningDonationRequestLetters TheRhetoricalSituation TheGenre LanguageConsiderations TechnicalReports&ReportAbstracts WritingReportAbstracts Reports,Proposals,andTechnicalPapers WhitePapers PurposeandAudience OrganizationandOtherTips WhitePapersPPT RevisioninBusinessWriting Revision RevisingforClarity TailoringLanguage OrganizationandCorrectness BusinessWritingforAdministrativeandClericalStaff Introduction Audience Genre&Medium GeneralGuidelines SampleE-mails WritinginLiterature WritinginLiteratureIntroduction WritingAboutFilm WritingAboutFilm:TerminologyandStartingPrompts FilmWriting:SampleAnalysis LiteraryTerms LiteraryTerms LiteraryTheoryandSchoolsofCriticism IntroductiontoLiteraryTheory MoralCriticism,DramaticConstruction Formalism PsychoanalyticCriticism MarxistCriticism Reader-ResponseCriticism StructuralismandSemiotics PostmodernCriticism NewHistoricism,CulturalStudies Post-ColonialCriticism FeministCriticism GenderStudiesandQueerTheory Ecocriticism CriticalRaceTheory CriticalDisabilityStudies WritingAboutFiction CloseReading DevelopingaThesis Pre-writing WritingAboutLiterature Introduction LiteratureTopicsandResearch Formatting WritinginLiterature(DetailedDiscussion) Overview ThePromptPaper GeneralResearchPapers ConductingResearch ReadingCriticism BuildinganArgument ReadingaNovelorStory ReadingaPoem ReadingaPlay WritingAboutPoetry ImageinPoetry ImageinPoetry ImagesandTheirUses Exercises Poetry:CloseReading WritingaboutWorldLiterature WritingaboutWorldLiterature ThesisStatementPowerPoint WritingintheSocialSciences WritingintheSocialSciencesIntroduction SocialWorkLiteratureReviewGuidelines WritinginPsychology:ExperimentalReportWriting WritinginPsychologyOverview RhetoricalConsiderationsandStyle ExperimentalReports1 ExperimentalReports2 Tables,Appendices,FootnotesandEndnotes SourcesforMoreInformation APASamplePaper:ExperimentalPsychology WritinginEngineering EngineeringProjectDocumentation Introduction StageOne:ConceptualDesign StageTwo:PreliminaryDesign StageThree:DetailedDesign StageFour:ManufacturingandNextSteps WritinginEngineeringIntroduction WritingEngineeringReports HandbookonReportFormats Introduction PurposesandTypes ReportsandMemos ReportsChecklist ReportsSections TheReportBody AbstractsandExecutiveSummaries MechanicalElements EngineeringProjectsinCommunityService(EPICS) DesignNotebook ProjectCharter TravelWriting INDOTWorkshopResourcesforEngineers Introduction ReadabilityPresentation ReadabilityHandout ParamedicMethodPresentation ParamedicMethodHandout AdjectivesPresentation AdjectivesHandout Intra-ParagraphOrganizationPresentation Intra-ParagraphOrganizationHandout VerbUsePresentation VerbUseHandout MacroLevelCohesionPresentation MacroLevelCohesionHandout MicroLevelCohesionPresentation MicroLevelCohesionHandout ConciseLanguagePresentation EliminatingUnnecessaryWordsHandout ParallelismHandout DocumentDesignPresentation PosterDesignHandout GroupWorkPresentation GroupWorkHandout WritingProposalsHandout AnnotatedSampleDocuments MechanicalEngineeringWritingEnhancementProgram MechanicalEngineeringWritingEnhancementProgram MemoWriting 90-SecondSemicolonVidcasts ReportWriting CreativeWriting CreativeWritingIntroduction FictionWritingBasics FictionWritingBasics FictionWritingBasics2 FictionWritingBasics3 PatternandVariationinPoetry PatternandVariation Pattern Variation PatternandVariation:Aural SoundandMeter MeterandScansion PoeticFeet,LineLength SoundandRhyme OtherMattersofSound PatternandVariation:Visual VisualPatterning VisualVariation,Exercises CharactersandFictionWriting Characters:ABriefIntroduction TypesofCharacters Building&RevealingCharacters WritingCompellingCharacters PoetryWriting PoetryWriting:Invention PoetryInventionExercises CreativeNonfiction OverviewofCreativeNonfiction Sub-genresofCreativeNonfiction ProfessionalResourcesforCreativeWriters HealthcareWriting HealthcareWritingIntroduction MedicalJournalism Introduction OriginalScholarlyArticle RevisedArticle ReportingonConferencePresentations SOAPNotes Introduction MajorSections SOAPNoteTips AdditionalResources PatientEducationMaterials Introduction Organization&Style Design&Distribution WorksCited&Resources WritingasaVeterinaryTechnician WritingasaVeterinaryTechnician PatientSignalment,ClientInformation History,PresentingChiefComplaint CurrentHealthStatus,History Past,Birth,andReferralHistory PatientAssessment TechnicianEvaluation Interventions RationaleforInterventions ContinuedPatientReassessment DesiredResolutions ProgressNotes DischargePlanning LegalIssuesofDocumentation SampleCarePlanExample WritingasaProfessionalNurse WritingasaProfessionalNurse WritingintheField ListofNursingResources JournalismandJournalisticWriting Introduction TheComponentsof"Newsworthiness" APStyle MediaEthics TheInvertedPyramid WritingLeads PressReleases WritinginthePurdueSURFProgram WritinginthePurdueSURFProgramIntroduction SURFWorkshopResourcesIntroduction SURFWorkshopResources:ProblemStatements SURFWorkshopResources:ProblemStatements ProblemStatementsPowerPointPresentation ProblemStatementsHandoutInstructions ProblemStatementsHandout1:SituatingYourWork ProblemStatementsHandout2:ReadingaProjectPoster SURFWorkshopResources:DesigningScientificResearchPosters SubmittinganUndergraduateJournalArticle WritinginArtHistory Introduction MuseumCatalog MuseumTitleCards ArtHistoryEssays Notes&Exams JobSearchWriting PreparinganApplication WritingStatementsofTeachingPhilosophy PreparinganApplicationIntroduction TailoringEmploymentDocumentsForaSpecificAudience TailoringDocuments DeterminingAudience AddressingAudience TipsandTerms WritingthePersonalStatement ThePersonalStatement Examples AdvicefromAdmissionsOfficers Top10RulesandPitfalls JobSkillsChecklist ActionVerbstoDescribeSkills,Jobs,andAccomplishmentsinEmploymentDocuments ActionVerbs ActionVerbsList ExampleEmploymentDocuments JobSearchLetters JobSearchLettersIntroduction LettersConcerningEmployment EmploymentLetters RequestForaReference Follow-UpLetter InquiryLetters Follow-UpAfterNoResponse AcceptanceLetter RejectionLetter RequestingFurtherNegotiations LetterWhenYouareRejected ThankYouLetters ModelLettersforVariousPurposes ModelReferenceRequest ModelforNegotiations ModelforReplytoRejection ModelforInquiryLetter ModelforRejectingaJobOffer ModelforAcceptanceLetter ModelforReferenceRequestLetter ModelforReferenceRequestLetter CoverLetters1:QuickTips WhatIsaCoverLetter? QuickContentTips QuickFormattingTips ShowingOffKnowledgeofCompany BeforeSendingtheLetter CoverLetters2:PreparingtoWriteaCoverLetter ResearchingJobPositions ReadingJobAds ResearchingCompanies CommunicatingwithInsiders UsingUniversityCareerCenters AddressingQualifications CoverLetters3:WritingYourCoverLetter CoverLetterHeadings AddressingCoverLetters CoverLetterIntroductions CoverLetterBodyParagraphs CoverLetterClosings CoverLettersWorkshop Introduction WhattoInclude FormattingandOrganization AcademicCoverLetters AcademicCoverLetters AcademicCoverLetterSample RésumésandCVs RésumésandCVsIntroduction Introduction RésuméSections ContactInformationSection EducationSection WorkExperienceSection UsingTwoPagesorMore ScannableRésumés Introduction GeneralGuidelines RésuméDesign ScannableRésumésPresentation ManagementRésumés RésuméWorkshop RésuméWorkshop EducationSection ExperienceSection HonorsandActivitiesSection SkillsSection PowerPointPresentation ReferenceSheets WritingtheCurriculumVitae SampleRésumés SampleRésumés SkillsRésuméSample ChronologicalRésuméSample FunctionalRésuméSample InteractiveRésumé RésumésforMilitaryVeterans Introduction Terminology&Experience CommonQuestions VideoRésumés VideoRésumésIntroduction IntroductiontoVideoRésumés PlanningYourVideoRésumé FilmingYourVideoRésumé EditingYourVideoRésumé DistributingYourVideoRésumé SkilledLaborJobSearchResources SkilledLaborJobSearchResources Reading&UsingJobAds Reading&UsingJobAds Reading&UsingJobAdsPart1 Reading&UsingJobAdsPart2 UnderstandingJobAdsPart1 UnderstandingJobAdsPart2 JobApplications JobApplications JobApplicationOverview ApplicationWorksheetPart1 ApplicationWorksheetPart2 ApplicationWorksheetPart3 ApplicationWorksheetPart4 Résumés Résumés RésuméOverviewPart1 RésuméOverviewPart2 RésuméSectionsPart1 RésuméSectionsPart2 RésuméSectionsPart3 RésuméDesignPart1 RésuméDesignPart2 CheckingYourRésumé CoverLetters CoverLetters CoverLetterOverview CoverLettersPart1 CoverLettersPart2 CoverLettersPart3 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