Citation examples (Harvard style) - Citing references
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Citation examples. This page lists the details you will need to include when writing citations for various types of source material.
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Citingreferences
GuidanceoncitingreferencesforstudentsattheUniversityofReading
IntroductionUsingquotes¶phrasesWritingcitationsCitationexamples(Harvardstyle)IntroductionThetopfive:1.BookThetop5:2.JournalarticleThetopfive:3.ChapterinaneditedcollectionThetopfive:4.WebsiteThetopfive:5.SecondaryreferencingArchivalmaterialArtworksCompanydatabasesConferencepapersFilmGovernmentorcorporatebodypublication/reportImagesLegalandParliamentarydocumentsLiterarytextsMapsMarketresearchreportNewspaperarticlesPatentPersonalcommunicationsRadioprogrammeSacredtextsSocialmediaTeachingmaterials(postedonBlackboard)Technicalstandardse.g.BritishStandardsThesisYouTubevideosCompilingareferencelistorbibliographyDifferentstyles&systemsofreferencingWhichstyledoesyourSchool/Departmentuse?AvoidingunintentionalplagiarismUsingTurnitintodevelopyourreferencingManagingyourreferencesGettinghelp
Examplenothere?Trythisguide!
CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019Usethisbooktofindguidanceonpublicationtypesnotlistedhere.ItincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline.
Citationexamples
Thispageliststhedetailsyouwillneedtoincludewhenwritingcitationsforvarioustypesofsourcematerial.Theexamplesgivenareinthe'CiteThemRight' versionoftheHarvardstyle.
Foreachexample:
Referencelist referstothewayitwouldbecitedinyourreferencelistorbibliographywhenusingthe'CiteThemRight'Harvardstyle.
In-textcitation referstothewaythataworkwouldbecitedeitherinthebodyofthetextorinfootnoteswhenusing'CiteThemRight'Harvardstyle.
YourSchool/Departmentmightuseadifferentstyle,oradifferentversionofHarvard. AlwayscheckyourcoursehandbookfortheexactformattingpreferredinyourSchool.Ifthereisn'tapreferredformat,chooseoneanduseitthroughout. EvenifyourcourseprefersHarvard,thisisastyleratherthanasetofrules,sodetailsofpunctuationandtextformattingmaydiffer.
FindoutwhichstyleyourDepartmentusesbyfollowingthelinkbelow:
ReferencingstylesinuseintheUniversity
FindoutwhichstyleyourDepartmentuses.Pleaseconsultyourcoursehandbookfordefinitiveguidanceonwhichstyletouse.
Stylesofreferencing
OverviewofdifferentreferencingstylesinuseattheUniversity.
Notethat,whateverthetypeofsource,thetitleofthecontainingvolume(i.e.thebook,journal,collectionetc)shouldalwaysbemarkedout,usuallybybeingputinitalicsbutsometimesunderlined.Whicheveryouuse,beconsistentandusethesameformattingthroughoutyourcitations.
Ifthesourceyouwanttociteisnotlistedhereconsultthefollowingbook:
CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline.
Alternatively askyourAcademicLiaisonLibrarianoraStudyAdviserforguidance:
ContactyourAcademicLiaisonLibrarian
MakeanappointmentwithaStudyAdviser
Thetopfive:1.Book
Elementstoinclude:
AuthorsorEditors
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Title(initalics)
Edition(ifapplicable)
Placepublished
Publisher
Seriesandvolumenumber(ifapplicable)
Examples
Authoredbook:
Referencelist:Ashbourn,J. (2014) Biometricsinthenewworld:thecloud,mobiletechnologyandpervasiveidentity.2ndedn.London:Springer.
In-textcitation: (Ashbourn,2014)
Editedbook:
Referencelist:Nasta,S.andStein,M.U.(ed.)(2020) TheCambridgehistoryofBlackandAsianBritishwriting.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.
In-textcitation: (NastaandStein,2020)
E-book:
Whereane-booklookslikeaprintedbook(usuallyPDFs)withpublicationinformationandpagenumbers-citeitinthesameway asaprintedbook(above).Wherespecificpaginationdetailsarenotavailableusetheinformationyouhavee.g.%,loc,chapter/page/paragraph.AlsoaddtheDOIorwebaddress tothefullreference.
Referencelist:Prior,H.(2020)Awaywiththepenguins.Availableat: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Away-Penguins-Hazel-Prior-ebook (Accessed:20September2021).
In-textcitation:(Prior,2020,74%)
Referencelist:Faulkner,W.(2000)LightinAugust.Availableat: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UniReading&isbn=9781446485521(Accessed:10September2021).
In-textcitation:(Faulkner,2000,ch.7,p.105)
Thetop5:2.Journalarticle
Elementstoinclude
Printjournalsorprintjournalsnowonline
Onlineonlyjournals
Versionsinrepositories
Theinformationyouincludeinthereferencewilldepend onwhetherthejournalispublishedinprint(butuploadedforelectronicaccess), onlypublishedonline,orisaversionfoundinaninstitutionalrepository.Youcanusuallytellthedifferencebylookingforpagenumbers. Ifeacharticleinthejournalbeginsatpage1,orhasnopagenumberatall,itislikelytobean online-onlyjournal.
Elementstoinclude:
Authors
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Articletitle(insinglequotationmarks)
Journaltitle(initalics,capitalisethefirstletterofeachwordexceptlinkingwords)
Volumenumber
Issuenumber(ifpresent,inroundbrackets)
Pagenumbersorreferencenumber(Includethepagenumbersofthewholearticlewhenwritingyourfullcitation,notjustthepagesyouhavereferredto)
DOIorweblinkforonline-onlyarticles
Seetheexamplesintheothertabsinthisbox.
Examplesforarticlesinprintcopiesofjournalarticlesoraprintjournalaccessedonline(e.g.onJSTOR)
Traditionallyallarticleswerepublishedinprintformatinissueswhichthenformedpartofavolumeandthiswayofcitingthem(givingvolume,issueandpagenumbers)hasbeenretainedeventhoughmostarenowavailableonline.ThereisnoneedtoincludetheDOIorwebaddressforarticleswithvolumenumbersandpagenumbers evenifyouaccessedthem online.
Asingleauthor:
Referencelist: Gulddal,J.(2020) 'Thatdeepundergroundsavageinstinct: narrativesofsacrificeandretributioninAgathaChristie'sAppointmentwithDeath', TextualPractice, 34(11), pp.1803-1821.
In-textcitation:(Gulddal,2020)
Twoauthors-includethembothseparatedbyandor&:
Referencelist: Thomas,D.and Tian,L.(2021) 'HitsfromtheBong:theimpactofrecreationalmarijuanadispensariesonpropertyvalues', RegionalScienceandUrbanEconomics, 87,pp.103655.
In-textcitation:(ThomasandTian,2021)
Threeauthors-includethemall,separatethefirsttwowithacommaanduseandor&beforethethirdauthor:
Referencelist: AbuSalem,H.,Gemail,K.S.and Nosair,A.M.(2021) 'Amultidisciplinaryapproachfordelineatingwastewaterflowpathsinshallowgroundwateraquifers:AcasestudyinthesoutheasternpartoftheNileDelta,Egypt', JournalofContaminantHydrology, 236,pp.103701.
In-textcitation:(AbuSalem,GemailandNosair,2021)
Fourormoreauthors-includethemallinthefullreference,butforthein-textcitation youcanjuststatethefirstauthor,followedby etal.
Referencelist:Moise,L.,Gutiérrez,A.H.,Khan,S.,Tan,S.,Ardito,M.,Martin,W.D.&DeGroot,A.S.(2020) 'Newimmunoinformaticstoolsforswine:designingepitope-drivenvaccines,predictingvaccineefficacy,andmakingvaccinesondemand', FrontiersinImmunology, 11,pp.563362-563362.
In-textcitation: (Moise etal.,2020)
Examplesforonline-onlyjournals
IfthejournalisONLYavailableonline,youshouldincludetheDOIortheURLinthefullreference.Online-onlyjournalarticlesmaynothavepagenumbersorreferencenumbers,orpaginationforeacharticlewillbeginwith'1'.Therulesforin-textcitationsarethesameasforprintarticles.
ArticlewithaDOI:
Referencelist: Mair,A.,Poirier,M.and ConwayM.A.(2021)'Ageeffectsinautobiographicalmemorydependonthemeasure', PLoSONE16(10), e0259279,doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259279
ArticlewithoutaDOI:
Referencelist:Farrell,L.G.(2013) 'ChallengingassumptionsaboutITskillsinhighereducation'.JournalofLearningDevelopmentinHigherEducation,6.Availableat:http://www.aldinhe.ac.uk/ojs/index.php?journal=jldhe&page=article&op=view&path[]=173&path[]=138(Accessed:23June2021)
Examplesforversionsofarticlesfoundinrepositories
AuthorswilloftenputversionsoftheirarticlesintoinstitutionalrepositoriestocomplywithfundingrequirementstomaketheresearchOpenAccess.Thesemaybepre-printversions(beforepeerreviewhastakenplace)orpost-printversions,alsoknownasauthoracceptedmanuscripts (thefinalversionofthetext,followingpeerreview,tobepublishedinthejournal).
Pre-printexample
Allen,R.J.,Horowitz,L.W.,Naik,V.,Oshima,N.,O'Connor,F.,Turnock,S.,Shim,S.,LeSager,P.,VanNoije,T.,Tsigaridis,K.,Bauer,S.E.,Sentman,L.T.,John,J.G.,Broderick,C.,Deushi,M.,Folberth,G.,Fujimori,S.andCollins,B. (2021)'Significantclimatebenefitsfromnear-termclimateforcermitigationinspiteofaerosolreductions'.TobepublishedinEnvironmentalResearchLetters [Preprint].Availableat: http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/view/creators/90004988.html(Accessed:24June2021)
Post-print
Forpost-printswhichareidenticalincontenttothepublishedversion,youshouldcitethepublishedversioninsteadofcitingtherepositoryversion.
Thetopfive:3.Chapterinaneditedcollection
Elementstoinclude:
Chapterauthor(s)
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Chaptertitleinsinglequotationmarks
'in'followedbybookauthor(s)/editor(s)
Booktitle(initalics)
Placepublished
Publisher'sname
Chapterpagination
Includethepageextentofthewholechapterwhenwritingyourfullcitation.Putjust thepagesyouhavereferredtointhein-textcitation.
Example:
Referencelist:Singh,H.,Khurana,L.K.andSingh,R.(2018) 'Pharmaceuticaldevelopment', in Vohora,D.and Singh,G.(eds.) Pharmaceuticalmedicineandtranslationalclinicalresearch,London:AcademicPress,pp.33-46.
In-textcitation:(Singh,KhuranaandSingh,2018,p.35)
Thetopfive:4.Website
YoucanfindmanydifferenttypesofinformationontheInternet.Checkthattheitemyouarereferencingisn'tajournalarticle,bookchapter,oranothertypeofpublicationwhichyoushouldbecitinginadifferentway.
Elementstoinclude:
Author(personorcompanythatcreatedthewebpage)
Yearofpublicationorlastupdate (inroundbrackets).Scrolltothebottomofthepagebutifthereisnodateput(nodate)
Pagetitle(initalics)
Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Examples
Webpagecreatedbyaperson
Referencelist: Bologna,C.(2018) Whathappenstoyourmindandbodywhenyoufeelhomesick? Availableat:https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/what-happens-mindbody-homesick_us_5b201ebde4b09d7a3d77eee1(Accessed:24June2021)
In-textcitation:(Bologna,2018)
Webpagecreatedbyanorganisation
Referencelist:WorldHealthOrganization(2020)Saltreduction.Availableat: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salt-reduction(Accessed:24June2021)
In-textcitation:(WorldHealthOrganization,2020)
Furtherguidanceonreferencingwebsites
HavealookatthisStudyAdvicevideotutorial(notethattheformatoftheexamplesmaynotmatchtheguidancegivenabove):
Referencingwebsites(video)
Watchthisbriefvideotutorialformoreonthetopic.
Referencingwebsites(transcript)
Readalongwhilewatchingthevideotutorial.
Thetopfive:5.Secondaryreferencing
Asecondaryreferenceisusedwhenyouarereferringtoasourcewhichyouhavenotreadyourself,buthaveseenquotedorreadaboutinanothersource. Wherepossible,youshouldalwaystrytoreadtheoriginalofanythingyouwishtoreferto;otherwiseyouarerelyingontheauthorwhocitedthereferencetohaveinterpreteditcorrectlyandnottakenitoutofcontext.Usethereferencelistattheendofthesourceyouarereadingtofinddetailsofthereferenceandsearchforitusingthesearchboxesbelow.
FindbooksusingtheEnterprisecatalogue
Justtypeinthefirst author'ssurnameandafewwordsfromthetitle.
FindjournalarticlesusingSummon
Justtypeinthefirstauthor'ssurnameandfirstpartofthearticletitle.
Ifyoucan'tgetholdoftheoriginalsourceyou'llneed todoasecondaryreferenceandyoushouldmakeclearthatyouarenotusingtheoriginalsource.Onlyincludethesourceyouhaveusedinyourlistofreferencesfollowingtheguidancefor citingthattypeofpublication.
DifferentSchools/Departments might havedifferentpreferredwaysofdoingthis,sodocheckanyadviceyouaregivenoraskyourcoursetutorifyouarenotsure.Otherwise,thisisgeneralguidance.
Examples
Iftheauthorquotesanothersource:
France(2003,quotedinWeingartetal.,2018)providesevidencethathospitalsuseinternalreportingprocedurestoidentify...
Iftheauthorsummarisesanothersource
In-textcitation: AccordingtoFrance(2003,citedin Weingart etal.,2018),hospitalsuseinternalreportingprocedurestoidentify...
InbothexamplesonlythefullreferenceforthearticlebyWeingartetal.wouldbeincludedinthereferencelist.
Archivalmaterial
Elementstoinclude:
Author,initials.
Year (inroundbrackets)
Titleofdocument.
Date(ifavaialble)
Collectionname
Documentnumber.
Nameofarchive
Locationof archive
In-textcitation:(Author,Year)
Example
Referencelist:Becket,S.(1974) LetterfromSamuelBecketttoVeraBeckett.1January1974. LettersfromSamuelBecketttoVeraBeckettseriesBCMS5411B,UniversityofReadingSpecialCollections,Reading.
In-textcitation:(Beckett,1974)
Artworks
Citetheitemyouhaveseen-ifyouhaveseenanartworkinabookorcatalogue,referencethatbookorcatalogue(useourImagesexamples.) Ifyouhaveseenthepaintingorexhibition,citethatasfollows;
Exhibitions
Titleofexhibition(initalics)
Year (inroundbrackets)
[Exhibition]
Location.Date(s)ofexhibition
In-textcitation:(Titleofexhibition,Year)
Example:
Referencelist: YayoiKusama:Infinitymirrorrooms (2021)[Exhibition].TateModern. 18May2021-12June2022.
In-textcitation:(YayoiKusama:Infinitymirrorrooms, 2021)
Paintings/Drawings
Elementstoinclude:
Artist
Year (inroundbrackets)
Titleofartwork(initalics)
Medium(e.g.Sculpture,Mixed-media,Videoinstallation,Oiloncanvas,etc)insquarebrackets
Instituteorcollectionitbelongsto.
Locationofcollection-thecity
orifyouaccesseditonline
DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date)
In-textcitation:(Artist,Year)
Example
Referencelist:Bacon,F.(1943-4) Threestudiesforfiguresatthebaseofacrucifixion [Oilandpastelonboard].TateBritain.London.
In-textcitation:(Bacon, 1943-4)
ORifaccessedonline;
Referencelist: Bacon,F.(1943-4) Threestudiesforfiguresatthebaseofacrucifixion [Oilandpastelonboard].Availableat: www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/bacon-three-studies-for-figures-at-the-base-of-a-crucifixion-n06171(Accessed:1July2021).
Forexamplesofhowtoreferencedifferentartworks,photographsandmoreseetheCitethemrighte-book,Harvardreferencingchapterunder"Visualandartisticsources";
CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline.
Companydatabases
Elementstoinclude:
Publishing organisation
Yearofpublication/lastupdated(inroundbrackets)
Titleofextract(initalics)
DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Example
Referencelist: BureauvanDijk (2020) Tesco plc companyreport.Availableat:http://fame.bvdep.com(Accessed: 27May2021).
In-textcitation:(BureauvanDijk, 2020)
Conferencepapers
Elementstoinclude:
Authorofpaper
Yearofpublication (inroundbrackets)
Titleofpaper(insinglequotationmarks)
Titleofconferenceproceedings:subtitle(initalics)
Locationanddateofconference
Placeofpublication:Publisher
Pagereferencesforthepaper
Example
Referencelist: Jones,L.(2018) 'Polymerblendsbasedoncompactdiscscrap', ProceedingsoftheAnnualTechnicalConference-SocietyofPlasticsEngineers. SanFrancisco,May6-9.Brookfield,CT:SocietyofPlasticsEngineers.pp.236-254.
In-textcitation: (Jones,2018)
Film
Film
Filmfromstreamingservice
Youtube
Youshouldincludethefollowingelements:
Titleoffilm(initalics)
Yearofdistribution (inroundbrackets)
Directedby
[Featurefilm]
Placeofdistribution:Distributor
In-textcitation:(Titleoffilm,Year)
Example:
Referencelist: Fahrenheit9/11 (2004)DirectedbyMichaelMoore.[Featurefilm].SantaMonica,CA:LionsgateFilms.
In-textcitation: (Fahrenheit9/11,2004)
IfyouarecitingaYouTubevideopleaseseetheseparateentryonYouTube
ForexamplesofhowtociteFilmsindifferentformats,pleaseseetheexamplesintheCitethemrighte-bookintheHarvardReferencingchapter,under"Audiovisualmaterial";
CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline.
Youshouldincludethefollowingelements:
Titleoffilm(initalics)
Yearofdistribution (inroundbrackets)
Directedby
DOIorAvailableat:Nameofservice
(Accessed:date)
In-textcitation:(Titleoffilm,Year)
Example:
Referencelist: Fatherhood (2021)DirectedbyPaulWeitz.Availableat:Netflix(Accessed:28June2021).
In-textcitation:(Fatherhood,2021)
ForexamplesofhowtociteFilmsindifferentformats,pleaseseetheexamplesintheCitethemrighte-bookintheHarvardReferencingchapter,under"Audiovisualmaterial";
CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline.
SeeoursectiononYouTubevideos:
CitingYouTubevideos
Governmentorcorporatebodypublication/report
Elementstoinclude:
Nameofissuingbody
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Title(initalics)
Placeofpublication(ifinprint)
Publisher(ifinprint)
Series(inroundbrackets)-ifapplicable
Ifaccessedonline:
DOI or Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Examples
Printpublication:
Referencelist:EnvironmentAgency (2020) Theflood andcoastalerosionriskmanagementstrategyactionplan2021. Bristol:EnvironmentAgency.
In-textcitation: (EnvironmentAgency,2020)
Publicationaccessedonline:
Referencelist:ScientificAdvisoryCommitteeonNutrition (2016) VitaminDandhealth. Availableat: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537616/SACN_Vitamin_D_and_Health_report.pdf(Accessed:25August2021)
In-textcitation: (ScientificAdvisoryCommitteeonNutrition,2016)
Images
Imagesthatyouhaveseenin books,articlesoronwebsites shouldbecitedinthesamewayyouwouldcitethesourceoftheimage.Images,graphs, tables, illustrationsandphotographsareallincluded.Addthepagenumberandfigure/illustrationnumberifthereisonefromthesourceitemtoyourin-textcitation(usethesameterminologytheydotonumbertheirillustrations,eg.illus.,fig.,diagram,table,plateetc.)
Elementstoinclude:
Author
Yearofpublication
Pagenumberandillustrationnumber(fromsource,ifavailable.)
Youmaywishtousethetitle/subjectmatteroftheimageinyoursentenceasintheexample;
Example:
Referencelist:Glaser,M. andIlić,M.(2017)Thedesignofdissent.Beverly,MA:Rockportpublishers.
In-textcitation:TheWe AreBulletProof posterbyJonKeycreatedanarrativeofstrengthduringBlackLivesMatter (GlaserandIlić,2017,p.261)
Iftheimageisoneyouhavecreatedyourself,giveafigurenumberandtitleinthecaptionandadd(Source:theauthor)toshowthatitisyourownwork.Theimageontheleftshowshowyouwoulddothis;
Youdonotneedtoincludeitinthebibliography.
LegalandParliamentarydocuments
Generalguidance
Bills
Commandpapers
Lawreports
OfficialrecordspublishedinHansard
Papers(HouseofCommons/HouseofLords)
Statutes(ActsofParliament)
StatutoryInstruments
StudentsstudyingLaw
IfyouarestudyingLaw,youwillbeexpectedtousetheOSCOLAsystemofreferencing.YouwillhaveadviceonthisfromyourSchool,andcanfindsupportontheLawguide:
ReferencingguidanceforLawstudents
Studentsstudyingothersubjects
IfyouarenotstudyingLaw,butneedtorefertolegalorParliamentarydocuments,the examplesinthisboxgiveacceptablecitationformatsforcommonlyusedmaterialsintheHarvardstyle.WehaveconcentratedonkeyUKlegislativesourceshere.Forguidanceoncitingothermaterials,andthosefromotherjurisdictions,seetheCiteThemRightguide:
CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline.
ForBillsfromtheHouseofCommonsandHouseofLordsyoushouldincludethefollowingelements:
Title(initalics)
Publicationyear(inroundbrackets)
Parliament:HouseofCommonsorLords
Billno.
Placeofpublication
Publisher
Referencelist:
AgricultureBill (2019)Parliament:HouseofCommons,Billno.292.London:TheStationeryOffice.
In-textcitation:
MrGoveintroducedtheAgricultureBill(2019)...
ForCommandPapers(includingGreenandWhitepapers)youshouldincludethefollowingelements:
Department
Publicationyear(inroundbrackets)
Titleofreportofconsultationpaper(initalics)
CommandPapernumber(inroundbrackets)preceededbyCmnd:
Placeofpublication
Publisher
Ifaccessedonlinereplace5&6withDOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Papersaccessedonline
Referencelist:
DepartmentforWorkandPensions(2021)ShapingFutureSupport:theHealthandDisabilityGreenPaper (Cmnd. 470).Availableat: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/shaping-future-support-the-health-and-disability-green-paper(Accessed:30July2021)
In-textcitation:
(DepartmentforWorkandPensions,2021)
Papersaccessedinprint
Referencelist:
DepartmentofSocialSecurity(2000)ThePensionCredit:ConsultationPaper (Cmnd. 4900).London:HMSO.
In-textcitation:
(DepartmentofSocialSecurity,2000)
Lawreports(cases)before2002
Includethefollowingelements:
Nameofcase(insinglequotationmarks)
Publicationyear(inroundbrackets)
Titleoflawreport(initalics)
Volumenumber
Pagenumbers
Referencelist:
'BibbyCheshirev.GoldenWonderLtd'(1972)WeeklyLawReports,1,pp.1487-1492.
In-textcitation:
('BibbyCheshirev.GoldenWonderLtd',1972)
Lawreports(cases)from2002
From2002caseshavebeengivenaneutralcitation.Thismeansthatitisn'tnecessarytoincludedetailsoftheprintedlawreportseriesinwhichitwaspublished.Whenusingthistypeofcitationyoumustgivedetailsofthepublicationinwhichthecasewasreportsorthedatabase/websiteyouused.
Includethefollowingelements:
Nameofthepartiesinvolvedinthecase(insinglequotationmarks)
Publicationyear(inroundbrackets)
Courtandcasenumber
Nameofdatabaseorwebsite(initalics)
DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Referencelist:
'Reesv.CommissionerofPoliceoftheMetropolis'(2021)CourtofAppeal(CivilDivision),case49. BAILII.Availableat: https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2021/49.html(Accessed:30July2021)
In-textcitation:
('Reesv.CommissionerofPoliceoftheMetropolis',2021)
HansardistheofficialrecordofthebusinessoftheHousesoftheUKParliament.Thisincludesdatabases,speeches,answersandstatements.ReferencestoHansardfollowasimilarpatterntojournalarticles.Includethefollowing:
Nameofspeaker/author
Publicationyear(inroundbrackets)
Subjectofdebateorspeech(insinglequotationmarks)
Hansard:NameofHouseofParliament(initalics)
Debates/writtenstatement/WestminsterHallorpetitions(initalics)
Dayandmonth
Volumenumber,columnnumberorpagenumber
Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Referencelist:
Bonnar,S.(2021)'Ethicsandhumanrights:climatechange',Hansard:HouseofCommonsdebates,14July,699,c.355.Availableat: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-07-14/debates/FED21B9A-F4C2-4437-8CFD-3A08E5929C48/EthicsAndHumanRightsClimateChange(Accessed:30July2021)
In-textcitation:
SteveBonnarMP(2021)askediftheUKGovernmentwouldcreateaclimatejusticefund.
TocitepapersfromtheHouseofParliamentorHouseofLordsincludethefollowingelements:
Parliament,Houseof...
Publicationyear(inroundbrackets)
Title(initalics)includingtheSessiondatesifappropriate.
SessiondatesandPapernumber(inroundbrackets)preceededbyHCorHLasappropriate.
Notethattodistinguish HouseofLordspapersfromtheHouseofCommonspaperwiththesamenumberthePapernumberisenclosedinanextrasetofroundbracketse.g.(HL2002-2003,(254))
Placeofpublication:
Publisher.
Referencelist:
Parliament,HouseofCommons(2004)TheEnglishnationalstadiumprojectatWembley,Session2003-2004.(HC2003-2004,254).London:TheStationeryOffice.
In-textcitation:
(Parliament,HouseofCommons,2004)
WhenreferencingActsofParliamentyoushouldusetheshorttitleoftheActandyearitwasenacted.Itisnotnecessarytoincludetheyearinbracketsasitwouldduplicatetheyearinthetitle.Includethefollowingelements:
TitleofAct-includingyearandchapter(initalics)
Country/Jurisdiction(onlyrequiredifreferencinglegislationfrommorethanonecountry)
Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Referencelist:
FoodSafetyAct1990,c.16.Availableat: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/16/contents(Accessed:20July2021)
In-textcitation:
AsstipulatedintheFoodSafetyAct1990...
WhencitingStatutoryInstruments(SIs)includethefollowinginformation:
Name/Titleandyear (initalics)
SIyearandnumber(inroundbrackets)
Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Referencelist:
Children(PerformancesandActivities)(Wales)Regulations2015(SI2015/1757).Availableat:URL:https://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2015/1757/contents/made(Accessed:23July2021)
In-textcitation:
Referringtothe Children(PerformancesandActivities)(Wales)Regulations2015...
Literarytexts
Generalguidance
Novels
Lineswithinplays
Lineofapoemwithinananthology
TheseexamplesuseHarvardstyle.IfyouarestudyinginEnglishLiterature,youwillhaveseparateguidancefromyourdepartmentonusingMHRAstyleforreferencing.Seethelinkbelowformoreinformation:
EnglishLiteraturecitingreferencesguidance
GuidanceonusingtheMHRAstyleforstudentsstudyingEnglishliterature.
Tociteanovelusethesameformatasforanauthoredbook
Citinganauthoredbook
Elementstoinclude:
Playwright
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Title (initalics)
Editioninformation
Placeofpublication
Publisher
Act
Scene
Line
Example
Referencelist:Shakespeare,W.(2008)Twelthnightorwhatyouwill.EditedbyElam,K.London:Cengage,1.3:13
In-textcitation:(Shakespeare2008,1:3,13).
Elementstoinclude:
Authorofthepoem
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Titleofpoeminsinglequotationmarks
'in'followedbybookauthor(s)/editor(s)/compiler(s)
Booktitle (initalics)
Placeofpublication
Publisher
Poempagination
Includethepageextentofthewholepoem whenwritingyourfullcitation.Putjust thepagesyouhavereferredtointhein-textcitation.
Example
Referencelist:Orr,J.(2002)'ThedyingAfrican',inBasker,J.(ed.)Amazinggrace:ananthologyofpoemsaboutslavery,1660-1810.NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,pp.533-535.
In-textcitation:(Orr,2002,p.533)
Maps
Elementstoinclude:
Nameofauthororissuingbody
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Titleofmap(initalics)
Sheetnumberortile(ifapplicable)
Scale(ifavailable)
Placeofpublication(ifinprint)
Publisher(ifinprint)
Series orsectioninDigimap ifappropriate(inroundbrackets)
Ifaccessedonline:
DOI or Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Examples
Printmaps
Referencelist:OrdnanceSurvey (2012) Reading&Windsor:Henley-on-Thames&Bracknell,sheet 175, 1:50000.Southampton:OrdnanceSurvey(Landrangerseries).
In-textcitation:(OrdnanceSurvey,2012)
Referencelist: Dower,J.(1832) AmapshewingtheparliamentaryrepresentationofEngland&Wales,accordingasthesamearesettledbytheReformActpassed7thJune1832, 1inchto35miles.London:J.Gardner.
In-textcitation:(Dower,1832)
Onlinemap
Referencelist: OrdnanceSurvey(2020) Whiteknights,Reading, 1:10000.(DigimapOrdnanceSurvey)Availableat http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/(Accessed:20June2021)
In-textcitation: (OrdnanceSurvey,2020)
Ifyouhaveanyqueriesaboutcitingmaps,contactJudithFox,[email protected]
Marketresearchreport
Elementstoinclude:
Organisation/author.
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Titleofreport(initalics)
Availableat:URL(ifyouhavetologinwithausernameandpasswordtoaccessthereport,thenusethehomepageofthedatabaseorapermalink)(Accessed:date)
Example
Referencelist:Mintel(2019) Sportsandenergydrinks-UK. Availableat:http://www.academic.mintel.com(Accessed:5thJuly2021).
In-textcitation:(Mintel,2019)
Newspaperarticles
Articleswithanauthor(byline)
Articleswithoutanauthor
Elementstoinclude:
Author’(s)surnameandinitials
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Titleofarticle(insinglequotationmarks)
Titleofnewspaper(initalics- capitalizefirstwordofeachwordintitleexceptforlinkingwordssuchasand,of,the,for)
Edition ifrequired(inroundbrackets)
Dayandmonth
Pagereferenceifavailable
Ifaccessedonline:DOIor Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Examples
Printedarticle:
Referencelist:Graham,K.(2020) 'Thebiggesttree andthesmallestaxe', TheGuardian,31August, pp.21-22.
In-textcitation:(Graham,2020)
Onlinearticle:
Referencelist:Pinkstone,J.(2021)'Mountains setthepaceofevolution,notclimatechange,sayscientists',TheDailyTelegraph,2September. Availableat: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/09/02/mountains-set-pace-evolution-not-climate-change-say-scientists/(Accessed:3 September2021)
In-textcitation:(Pinkstone,2021)
Elementstoinclude:
Titleofnewspaper (initalics- capitalizefirstwordofeachwordintitleexceptforlinkingwordssuchasand,of,the,for)
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Titleofarticle(insinglequotationmarks)
Dayandmonth
Pagereferenceifavailable
Note:ifyouareusingtheonlineversionofanewspaper,whichoftenvariesfromtheprintedition,youwouldomitpagereferenceandinsteadincludeAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Examples
Printedarticle:
Referencelist:TheDailyTelegraph(2021)'Walkingonwoodenfloorscouldhelptogeneratepower',2September,p.12.
In-textcitation:(TheDailyTelegraph,2021,p.12)
Onlinearticle:
Referencelist:TheGuardian (2021)'Wecannotallowinequalitytoincreasewithintheeducationsystem', 2September. Availableat: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/inequality-education-exams-schools-private-b1900252.html(Accessed:4 September2021)
In-textcitation:(TheGuardian,2021)
Patent
Elementstoinclude:
Inventor
Yearthepatentcameintoforce (inroundbrackets)
Title(initalics)
Authorisingorganisation
Patentnumber
Ifonline-Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Examples
Onlinepatent
Referencelist:Cox,A.andLee,J. (2021)Waterremediationsystem UKIntellectualPropertyOfficePatentno. GB2591282A.Availableat: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/(Accessed:2September2021)
In-textcitation:(CoxandLee,2021)
Printedpatent
Referencelist:Kruger,L.H. (1989) Degradationofgranularstarch USPatentno.:US4838944.
In-textcitation:(Kruger,1989)
Personalcommunications
Ifyouhaveobtainedinformationthroughapersonalcommunication(e.g.aninterview,phonecall,emailorconversation),youdonotneedtoincludeitinyour referencelist.Howeveryoushouldacknowledgeitasasource.Agoodwaytodothisisbyaddingafootnotewiththedetails,e.g.:
Inanemailtotheauthor,BarryPurvesacknowledgedtheinfluencehisClassicsdegreehadhadontheanimation.1
1B.Purves,personalcommunication,20July2005.
Ifyouprefer,youcanabbreviatetopers.comm.
Ifyoudodecideyouwanttoincludeitinyourreferencelistyoushouldusethefollowingformat:
Sender/speaker/author
Yearofcommunication(inroundbrackets)
Mediumofcommunication.
Receiverofcommunication.
Day/monthofcommunication.
Example
Referencelist:Walters,B.(2021)ConversationwithLucyAtkins,30July
Referencelist:Walters,B.(2021) SkypeconversationwithLucyAtkins,30July
In-textcitation:(Walters,2021)
Radioprogramme
Radioprogramme
Radioprogrammeonline
Youshouldincludethefollowingelements:
Titleofprogramme(initalics)
Yearofbroadcast(inroundbrackets)
Radiostation
Dateoftransmission(DDMonth)andtime
In-textcitation:(Programmetitle,Year)
Example:
Referencelist:KermodeandMayo'sFilmReview (2021)BBCRadio5Live,25June,14:30.
In-textcitation: PresentersandWittertaineessayhellotoJasonIsaacs(KermodeandMayo'sFilmReview,2021)
Youshouldincludethefollowingelements:
Titleofprogramme(initalics)
Yearoforiginalbroadcast(inroundbrackets)
Radiostation
Date andtimeoforiginaltransmission(ifavailable)
DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date)
In-textcitation:(Programmetitle,Year)
Example:
Bibliography: Elvenquest (2011)BBCRadio4,7November 09:00.Availableat: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016vn8f(Accessed:2July2021).
In-textcitation:(Elvenquest,2011)
Sacredtexts
TheBible
TheQuran
TheTorah
Elementstoinclude:
Book
Chapter
Verse
HolyBible(notinitalics)
Version
Example:
Referencelist: John14:27,HolyBible.NewInternational Version
In-textcitation: (John14:27)
Elementstoinclude:
Quran(notinitalics)
Surah orchapter
Verse
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Translatedby...
Placeofpublication
Publisher
Example
Referencelist:Quran20:26(2015)TranslatedbyM.A.S.Abdel Haleem.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress
In-textcitation:(Quran20:26)
Elementstoinclude:
Torah(notinitalics)
Book
Chapter
Verse
Example:
Referencelist: Torah.Devarim4:2
In-textcitation:(Devarim4:2)
Socialmedia
Facebook
Instagram
Twitter
YouTube
Elementstoinclude:
Author(ifit'savailable,ifnotusethetitle)
Yearthepagewaspublished,orlastupdated(inroundbrackets)
Titleofthepage(initalics)
[Facebook]
Day/monthofpostedmessage
Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Examples
Referencelist:FinancialTimes(2021) TheLondonluxurypropertymarketwassloweddownbythepandemic,butitislikelytobouncebacksoon.[Facebook]2July. Availableat: https://www.facebook.com/financialtimes/posts/10159435194305750(Accessed:6July2021).
In-textcitation:(FinancialTimes,2021)
Elementstoinclude:
Author(Instagramaccount/poster)
Yearposted(inroundbrackets)
Titleofpostinsinglequotationmarks
[Instagram]
Day/monthofpostedmessage
Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Examples
Referencelist:FinancialTimes (2021) 'Housingmarketsshrugoffpandemic.' [Instagram] 23June.Availableat: https://www.instagram.com/p/CQeJ0IrhQXM/(Accessed:5July2021).
In-textcitation:(FinancialTimes,2021)
Elementstoinclude:
Author
Yeartweetposted(inroundbrackets)
Fulltextoftweet,unlessverylong,thenuseellipsistoshorten.
[Twitter]
Day/monthtweetposted
Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Examples
Referencelist:HarvardBusinessReview[@HarvardBiz](2021) Inthislarge-scalestudyofmilitaryperformancemeasures,negativewords—likeselfish,passive,andscattered—weremuchmorefrequentlyappliedtowomen.[Twitter]4July. Availableat: https://twitter.com/HarvardBiz/status/1411692276888317952(Accessed:6July2021).
In-textcitation:(HarvardBusinessReview,2021)
SeeoursectiononYouTubevideos:
CitingYouTubevideos
Teachingmaterials(postedonBlackboard)
ItisstronglyrecommendedthatyouusepublishedsourcessuchasbooksandjournalarticlesinyourassignmentsinsteadofmaterialspostedbyacademicsonBlackboard.Alwayscheckwiththeacademicwhohassettheassignmentwhetheryouareallowedtoincludecitationsfortheirmaterialsinyourwork.
PowerPointpresentations
Elementstoinclude:
Authororlecturer
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Titleofpresentation(insinglequotationmarks)
[PowerPointpresentation]
Modulecode:moduletitle(initalics)
Institution
Availableat: https://bb.reading.ac.uk (Accessed:date)
Examples
Referencelist:Hartl,F.(2021)'Advancedelectrochemicalandelectroanalyticalmethods'[PowerPointpresentation].CH4AN1: Advancedanalyticaltechniquesforthemolecularsciences.UniversityofReading. Availableat: https://bb.reading.ac.uk(Accessed:6July2021)
In-textcitation:(Hartl,2021)
Recordedlecture
Elementstoinclude:
Authororlecturer
Year(inroundbrackets)
Titleoflecture(insinglequotationmarks)
Medium[insquarebrackets]
Modulecode:moduletitle(initalics)
Institution
Day/month
Availableat: https://bb.reading.ac.uk (Accessed:date)
Examples
Referencelist:Bull,S. (2021)'Anatomyoftaste'[Recordedlecture].FB3QSF: Advancedfoodqualityandsensory.UniversityofReading.21February.Availableat: https://bb.reading.ac.uk(Accessed:1 July2021)
In-textcitation:(Bull,2021)
Forexamplesofothertypesofteachingmaterials,pleaseseetheexamplesintheCitethemrighte-bookintheHarvardReferencingchapter,under"Teachingmaterials";
CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline.
Technicalstandardse.g.BritishStandards
Elementstoinclude:
Nameofauthorisingorganisation
Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets)
Numberandtitleofstandard(initalics)
Placeofpublication(ifinprint)
Publisher(ifinprint)
Availableat:URL(ifonline)
Dateaccessed(ifonline)
Examples
Printstandard:
Referencelist:BritishStandardsInstitution (2020) BSISO21543:2020:Milkandmilkproducts-guidelinesfortheapplicationofnearinfraredspectroscopy. London:BritishStandardsInstitution.
In-textcitation:(BritishStandardsInstitution,2020)
Onlinestandard
Referencelist:BritishStandardsInstitution (2020) BSISO21543:2020:Milkandmilkproducts-guidelinesfortheapplicationofnearinfraredspectroscopy.Availableat: https://bsol-bsigroup-com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030394059(Accessed:6July2021)
In-textcitation: (BritishStandardsInstitution,2020)
Thesis
Elementstoinclude:
Nameofauthor
Yearofsubmission (inroundbrackets)
Titleofthesis(inItalics)
Typeofdegree(egPh.D.orM.Sc.)
NameoftheUniversityorawardingbody
Country
Ifaccessed online:DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Example
Referencelist:Lalani,B.(2017) Economicsandadoptionof conservationagricultureinCaboDelgado,Mozambique..Ph.D.Thesis.ReadingUniversity:U.K.
In-textcitation:(Lalani,2017)
YouTubevideos
Elementstoinclude:
Author(nameorperson/organisationpostingthevideo)
Yearvideoposted(inroundbrackets)
Titleoffilmorprogramme(initalics)
Dateuploaded(ifavailable)
Availableat:URL(Accessed:date)
Ifyouneedtorefertoaspecificpointinavideo,usetheformatminutes:secondsinyourin-textcitationtonotethetimecodee.g.(TEDxTalks,2018,2:34).
Examples
Referencelist: TEDxTalks(2018) ThePowerofanentrepreneurialmindset:BillRoche. 20March. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ihs4VFZWwn4 (Accessed:5July2021).
In-textcitation: (TEDxTalks,2018)
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