Citation examples (Harvard style) - Citing references

Citation examples. This page lists the details you will need to include when writing citations for various types of source material. SkiptoMainContent Itlookslikeyou'reusingInternetExplorer11orolder.ThiswebsiteworksbestwithmodernbrowserssuchasthelatestversionsofChrome,Firefox,Safari,andEdge.Ifyoucontinuewiththisbrowser,youmayseeunexpectedresults. LibraryLibGuidesCitingreferencesCitationexamples(Harvardstyle) SearchthisGuide Search Citingreferences GuidanceoncitingreferencesforstudentsattheUniversityofReading IntroductionUsingquotes&paraphrasesWritingcitationsCitationexamples(Harvardstyle)IntroductionThetopfive:1.BookThetop5:2.JournalarticleThetopfive:3.ChapterinaneditedcollectionThetopfive:4.WebsiteThetopfive:5.SecondaryreferencingArchivalmaterialArtworksCompanydatabasesConferencepapersFilmGovernmentorcorporatebodypublication/reportImagesLegalandParliamentarydocumentsLiterarytextsMapsMarketresearchreportNewspaperarticlesPatentPersonalcommunicationsRadioprogrammeSacredtextsSocialmediaTeachingmaterials(postedonBlackboard)Technicalstandardse.g.BritishStandardsThesisYouTubevideosCompilingareferencelistorbibliographyDifferentstyles&systemsofreferencingWhichstyledoesyourSchool/Departmentuse?AvoidingunintentionalplagiarismUsingTurnitintodevelopyourreferencingManagingyourreferencesGettinghelp Examplenothere?Trythisguide! CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019Usethisbooktofindguidanceonpublicationtypesnotlistedhere.ItincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline. Citationexamples Thispageliststhedetailsyouwillneedtoincludewhenwritingcitationsforvarioustypesofsourcematerial.Theexamplesgivenareinthe'CiteThemRight' versionoftheHarvardstyle. Foreachexample: Referencelist referstothewayitwouldbecitedinyourreferencelistorbibliographywhenusingthe'CiteThemRight'Harvardstyle. In-textcitation referstothewaythataworkwouldbecitedeitherinthebodyofthetextorinfootnoteswhenusing'CiteThemRight'Harvardstyle. YourSchool/Departmentmightuseadifferentstyle,oradifferentversionofHarvard. AlwayscheckyourcoursehandbookfortheexactformattingpreferredinyourSchool.Ifthereisn'tapreferredformat,chooseoneanduseitthroughout. EvenifyourcourseprefersHarvard,thisisastyleratherthanasetofrules,sodetailsofpunctuationandtextformattingmaydiffer. FindoutwhichstyleyourDepartmentusesbyfollowingthelinkbelow: ReferencingstylesinuseintheUniversity FindoutwhichstyleyourDepartmentuses.Pleaseconsultyourcoursehandbookfordefinitiveguidanceonwhichstyletouse. Stylesofreferencing OverviewofdifferentreferencingstylesinuseattheUniversity. Notethat,whateverthetypeofsource,thetitleofthecontainingvolume(i.e.thebook,journal,collectionetc)shouldalwaysbemarkedout,usuallybybeingputinitalicsbutsometimesunderlined.Whicheveryouuse,beconsistentandusethesameformattingthroughoutyourcitations. Ifthesourceyouwanttociteisnotlistedhereconsultthefollowingbook: CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline. Alternatively askyourAcademicLiaisonLibrarianoraStudyAdviserforguidance: ContactyourAcademicLiaisonLibrarian MakeanappointmentwithaStudyAdviser Thetopfive:1.Book Elementstoinclude: AuthorsorEditors Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Title(initalics) Edition(ifapplicable) Placepublished Publisher Seriesandvolumenumber(ifapplicable) Examples Authoredbook: Referencelist:Ashbourn,J. (2014) Biometricsinthenewworld:thecloud,mobiletechnologyandpervasiveidentity.2ndedn.London:Springer. In-textcitation: (Ashbourn,2014) Editedbook: Referencelist:Nasta,S.andStein,M.U.(ed.)(2020) TheCambridgehistoryofBlackandAsianBritishwriting.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress. In-textcitation: (NastaandStein,2020) E-book: Whereane-booklookslikeaprintedbook(usuallyPDFs)withpublicationinformationandpagenumbers-citeitinthesameway asaprintedbook(above).Wherespecificpaginationdetailsarenotavailableusetheinformationyouhavee.g.%,loc,chapter/page/paragraph.AlsoaddtheDOIorwebaddress tothefullreference. Referencelist:Prior,H.(2020)Awaywiththepenguins.Availableat: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Away-Penguins-Hazel-Prior-ebook (Accessed:20September2021). In-textcitation:(Prior,2020,74%) Referencelist:Faulkner,W.(2000)LightinAugust.Availableat: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=UniReading&isbn=9781446485521(Accessed:10September2021). In-textcitation:(Faulkner,2000,ch.7,p.105) Thetop5:2.Journalarticle Elementstoinclude Printjournalsorprintjournalsnowonline Onlineonlyjournals Versionsinrepositories Theinformationyouincludeinthereferencewilldepend onwhetherthejournalispublishedinprint(butuploadedforelectronicaccess), onlypublishedonline,orisaversionfoundinaninstitutionalrepository.Youcanusuallytellthedifferencebylookingforpagenumbers. Ifeacharticleinthejournalbeginsatpage1,orhasnopagenumberatall,itislikelytobean online-onlyjournal.  Elementstoinclude: Authors Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Articletitle(insinglequotationmarks) Journaltitle(initalics,capitalisethefirstletterofeachwordexceptlinkingwords) Volumenumber Issuenumber(ifpresent,inroundbrackets) Pagenumbersorreferencenumber(Includethepagenumbersofthewholearticlewhenwritingyourfullcitation,notjustthepagesyouhavereferredto) DOIorweblinkforonline-onlyarticles Seetheexamplesintheothertabsinthisbox. Examplesforarticlesinprintcopiesofjournalarticlesoraprintjournalaccessedonline(e.g.onJSTOR) Traditionallyallarticleswerepublishedinprintformatinissueswhichthenformedpartofavolumeandthiswayofcitingthem(givingvolume,issueandpagenumbers)hasbeenretainedeventhoughmostarenowavailableonline.ThereisnoneedtoincludetheDOIorwebaddressforarticleswithvolumenumbersandpagenumbers evenifyouaccessedthem online. Asingleauthor: Referencelist: Gulddal,J.(2020) 'Thatdeepundergroundsavageinstinct: narrativesofsacrificeandretributioninAgathaChristie'sAppointmentwithDeath', TextualPractice, 34(11), pp.1803-1821. In-textcitation:(Gulddal,2020) Twoauthors-includethembothseparatedbyandor&: Referencelist: Thomas,D.and Tian,L.(2021) 'HitsfromtheBong:theimpactofrecreationalmarijuanadispensariesonpropertyvalues', RegionalScienceandUrbanEconomics, 87,pp.103655. In-textcitation:(ThomasandTian,2021) Threeauthors-includethemall,separatethefirsttwowithacommaanduseandor&beforethethirdauthor: Referencelist: AbuSalem,H.,Gemail,K.S.and Nosair,A.M.(2021) 'Amultidisciplinaryapproachfordelineatingwastewaterflowpathsinshallowgroundwateraquifers:AcasestudyinthesoutheasternpartoftheNileDelta,Egypt', JournalofContaminantHydrology, 236,pp.103701. In-textcitation:(AbuSalem,GemailandNosair,2021) Fourormoreauthors-includethemallinthefullreference,butforthein-textcitation youcanjuststatethefirstauthor,followedby etal. Referencelist:Moise,L.,Gutiérrez,A.H.,Khan,S.,Tan,S.,Ardito,M.,Martin,W.D.&DeGroot,A.S.(2020) 'Newimmunoinformaticstoolsforswine:designingepitope-drivenvaccines,predictingvaccineefficacy,andmakingvaccinesondemand', FrontiersinImmunology, 11,pp.563362-563362. In-textcitation: (Moise etal.,2020) Examplesforonline-onlyjournals IfthejournalisONLYavailableonline,youshouldincludetheDOIortheURLinthefullreference.Online-onlyjournalarticlesmaynothavepagenumbersorreferencenumbers,orpaginationforeacharticlewillbeginwith'1'.Therulesforin-textcitationsarethesameasforprintarticles. ArticlewithaDOI: Referencelist: Mair,A.,Poirier,M.and ConwayM.A.(2021)'Ageeffectsinautobiographicalmemorydependonthemeasure', PLoSONE16(10), e0259279,doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259279 ArticlewithoutaDOI: Referencelist:Farrell,L.G.(2013) 'ChallengingassumptionsaboutITskillsinhighereducation'.JournalofLearningDevelopmentinHigherEducation,6.Availableat:http://www.aldinhe.ac.uk/ojs/index.php?journal=jldhe&page=article&op=view&path[]=173&path[]=138(Accessed:23June2021) Examplesforversionsofarticlesfoundinrepositories AuthorswilloftenputversionsoftheirarticlesintoinstitutionalrepositoriestocomplywithfundingrequirementstomaketheresearchOpenAccess.Thesemaybepre-printversions(beforepeerreviewhastakenplace)orpost-printversions,alsoknownasauthoracceptedmanuscripts (thefinalversionofthetext,followingpeerreview,tobepublishedinthejournal). Pre-printexample Allen,R.J.,Horowitz,L.W.,Naik,V.,Oshima,N.,O'Connor,F.,Turnock,S.,Shim,S.,LeSager,P.,VanNoije,T.,Tsigaridis,K.,Bauer,S.E.,Sentman,L.T.,John,J.G.,Broderick,C.,Deushi,M.,Folberth,G.,Fujimori,S.andCollins,B. (2021)'Significantclimatebenefitsfromnear-termclimateforcermitigationinspiteofaerosolreductions'.TobepublishedinEnvironmentalResearchLetters [Preprint].Availableat: http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/view/creators/90004988.html(Accessed:24June2021) Post-print Forpost-printswhichareidenticalincontenttothepublishedversion,youshouldcitethepublishedversioninsteadofcitingtherepositoryversion. Thetopfive:3.Chapterinaneditedcollection Elementstoinclude: Chapterauthor(s) Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Chaptertitleinsinglequotationmarks 'in'followedbybookauthor(s)/editor(s) Booktitle(initalics) Placepublished Publisher'sname Chapterpagination Includethepageextentofthewholechapterwhenwritingyourfullcitation.Putjust thepagesyouhavereferredtointhein-textcitation. Example: Referencelist:Singh,H.,Khurana,L.K.andSingh,R.(2018) 'Pharmaceuticaldevelopment', in Vohora,D.and Singh,G.(eds.) Pharmaceuticalmedicineandtranslationalclinicalresearch,London:AcademicPress,pp.33-46. In-textcitation:(Singh,KhuranaandSingh,2018,p.35) Thetopfive:4.Website YoucanfindmanydifferenttypesofinformationontheInternet.Checkthattheitemyouarereferencingisn'tajournalarticle,bookchapter,oranothertypeofpublicationwhichyoushouldbecitinginadifferentway. Elementstoinclude: Author(personorcompanythatcreatedthewebpage) Yearofpublicationorlastupdate (inroundbrackets).Scrolltothebottomofthepagebutifthereisnodateput(nodate) Pagetitle(initalics) Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Examples Webpagecreatedbyaperson Referencelist: Bologna,C.(2018) Whathappenstoyourmindandbodywhenyoufeelhomesick? Availableat:https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/what-happens-mindbody-homesick_us_5b201ebde4b09d7a3d77eee1(Accessed:24June2021) In-textcitation:(Bologna,2018) Webpagecreatedbyanorganisation Referencelist:WorldHealthOrganization(2020)Saltreduction.Availableat: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salt-reduction(Accessed:24June2021) In-textcitation:(WorldHealthOrganization,2020) Furtherguidanceonreferencingwebsites HavealookatthisStudyAdvicevideotutorial(notethattheformatoftheexamplesmaynotmatchtheguidancegivenabove): Referencingwebsites(video) Watchthisbriefvideotutorialformoreonthetopic. Referencingwebsites(transcript) Readalongwhilewatchingthevideotutorial. Thetopfive:5.Secondaryreferencing Asecondaryreferenceisusedwhenyouarereferringtoasourcewhichyouhavenotreadyourself,buthaveseenquotedorreadaboutinanothersource. Wherepossible,youshouldalwaystrytoreadtheoriginalofanythingyouwishtoreferto;otherwiseyouarerelyingontheauthorwhocitedthereferencetohaveinterpreteditcorrectlyandnottakenitoutofcontext.Usethereferencelistattheendofthesourceyouarereadingtofinddetailsofthereferenceandsearchforitusingthesearchboxesbelow. FindbooksusingtheEnterprisecatalogue Justtypeinthefirst author'ssurnameandafewwordsfromthetitle. FindjournalarticlesusingSummon Justtypeinthefirstauthor'ssurnameandfirstpartofthearticletitle. Ifyoucan'tgetholdoftheoriginalsourceyou'llneed todoasecondaryreferenceandyoushouldmakeclearthatyouarenotusingtheoriginalsource.Onlyincludethesourceyouhaveusedinyourlistofreferencesfollowingtheguidancefor citingthattypeofpublication.  DifferentSchools/Departments might havedifferentpreferredwaysofdoingthis,sodocheckanyadviceyouaregivenoraskyourcoursetutorifyouarenotsure.Otherwise,thisisgeneralguidance. Examples Iftheauthorquotesanothersource: France(2003,quotedinWeingartetal.,2018)providesevidencethathospitalsuseinternalreportingprocedurestoidentify... Iftheauthorsummarisesanothersource In-textcitation: AccordingtoFrance(2003,citedin Weingart etal.,2018),hospitalsuseinternalreportingprocedurestoidentify... InbothexamplesonlythefullreferenceforthearticlebyWeingartetal.wouldbeincludedinthereferencelist. Archivalmaterial Elementstoinclude: Author,initials. Year (inroundbrackets) Titleofdocument. Date(ifavaialble) Collectionname Documentnumber. Nameofarchive Locationof archive In-textcitation:(Author,Year) Example Referencelist:Becket,S.(1974) LetterfromSamuelBecketttoVeraBeckett.1January1974. LettersfromSamuelBecketttoVeraBeckettseriesBCMS5411B,UniversityofReadingSpecialCollections,Reading. In-textcitation:(Beckett,1974) Artworks Citetheitemyouhaveseen-ifyouhaveseenanartworkinabookorcatalogue,referencethatbookorcatalogue(useourImagesexamples.) Ifyouhaveseenthepaintingorexhibition,citethatasfollows;  Exhibitions Titleofexhibition(initalics) Year (inroundbrackets) [Exhibition] Location.Date(s)ofexhibition In-textcitation:(Titleofexhibition,Year) Example:  Referencelist: YayoiKusama:Infinitymirrorrooms (2021)[Exhibition].TateModern. 18May2021-12June2022. In-textcitation:(YayoiKusama:Infinitymirrorrooms, 2021)   Paintings/Drawings Elementstoinclude: Artist Year (inroundbrackets) Titleofartwork(initalics) Medium(e.g.Sculpture,Mixed-media,Videoinstallation,Oiloncanvas,etc)insquarebrackets Instituteorcollectionitbelongsto. Locationofcollection-thecity orifyouaccesseditonline DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date) In-textcitation:(Artist,Year) Example Referencelist:Bacon,F.(1943-4) Threestudiesforfiguresatthebaseofacrucifixion [Oilandpastelonboard].TateBritain.London. In-textcitation:(Bacon, 1943-4) ORifaccessedonline; Referencelist: Bacon,F.(1943-4) Threestudiesforfiguresatthebaseofacrucifixion [Oilandpastelonboard].Availableat: www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/bacon-three-studies-for-figures-at-the-base-of-a-crucifixion-n06171(Accessed:1July2021).  Forexamplesofhowtoreferencedifferentartworks,photographsandmoreseetheCitethemrighte-book,Harvardreferencingchapterunder"Visualandartisticsources";  CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline. Companydatabases Elementstoinclude: Publishing organisation   Yearofpublication/lastupdated(inroundbrackets)   Titleofextract(initalics)    DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date) Example Referencelist: BureauvanDijk (2020) Tesco plc companyreport.Availableat:http://fame.bvdep.com(Accessed: 27May2021).  In-textcitation:(BureauvanDijk, 2020) Conferencepapers Elementstoinclude: Authorofpaper Yearofpublication (inroundbrackets) Titleofpaper(insinglequotationmarks) Titleofconferenceproceedings:subtitle(initalics) Locationanddateofconference Placeofpublication:Publisher Pagereferencesforthepaper Example Referencelist: Jones,L.(2018) 'Polymerblendsbasedoncompactdiscscrap', ProceedingsoftheAnnualTechnicalConference-SocietyofPlasticsEngineers. SanFrancisco,May6-9.Brookfield,CT:SocietyofPlasticsEngineers.pp.236-254. In-textcitation: (Jones,2018) Film Film Filmfromstreamingservice Youtube Youshouldincludethefollowingelements: Titleoffilm(initalics) Yearofdistribution (inroundbrackets) Directedby [Featurefilm] Placeofdistribution:Distributor In-textcitation:(Titleoffilm,Year) Example: Referencelist: Fahrenheit9/11 (2004)DirectedbyMichaelMoore.[Featurefilm].SantaMonica,CA:LionsgateFilms. In-textcitation: (Fahrenheit9/11,2004) IfyouarecitingaYouTubevideopleaseseetheseparateentryonYouTube ForexamplesofhowtociteFilmsindifferentformats,pleaseseetheexamplesintheCitethemrighte-bookintheHarvardReferencingchapter,under"Audiovisualmaterial"; CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline. Youshouldincludethefollowingelements: Titleoffilm(initalics) Yearofdistribution (inroundbrackets) Directedby DOIorAvailableat:Nameofservice (Accessed:date) In-textcitation:(Titleoffilm,Year) Example: Referencelist: Fatherhood (2021)DirectedbyPaulWeitz.Availableat:Netflix(Accessed:28June2021). In-textcitation:(Fatherhood,2021) ForexamplesofhowtociteFilmsindifferentformats,pleaseseetheexamplesintheCitethemrighte-bookintheHarvardReferencingchapter,under"Audiovisualmaterial"; CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline. SeeoursectiononYouTubevideos: CitingYouTubevideos Governmentorcorporatebodypublication/report Elementstoinclude: Nameofissuingbody Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Title(initalics) Placeofpublication(ifinprint) Publisher(ifinprint) Series(inroundbrackets)-ifapplicable Ifaccessedonline: DOI or Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Examples Printpublication: Referencelist:EnvironmentAgency (2020) Theflood andcoastalerosionriskmanagementstrategyactionplan2021. Bristol:EnvironmentAgency. In-textcitation: (EnvironmentAgency,2020) Publicationaccessedonline: Referencelist:ScientificAdvisoryCommitteeonNutrition (2016) VitaminDandhealth. Availableat: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537616/SACN_Vitamin_D_and_Health_report.pdf(Accessed:25August2021) In-textcitation: (ScientificAdvisoryCommitteeonNutrition,2016) Images Imagesthatyouhaveseenin books,articlesoronwebsites shouldbecitedinthesamewayyouwouldcitethesourceoftheimage.Images,graphs, tables, illustrationsandphotographsareallincluded.Addthepagenumberandfigure/illustrationnumberifthereisonefromthesourceitemtoyourin-textcitation(usethesameterminologytheydotonumbertheirillustrations,eg.illus.,fig.,diagram,table,plateetc.)  Elementstoinclude: Author Yearofpublication Pagenumberandillustrationnumber(fromsource,ifavailable.) Youmaywishtousethetitle/subjectmatteroftheimageinyoursentenceasintheexample; Example:  Referencelist:Glaser,M. andIlić,M.(2017)Thedesignofdissent.Beverly,MA:Rockportpublishers. In-textcitation:TheWe AreBulletProof posterbyJonKeycreatedanarrativeofstrengthduringBlackLivesMatter (GlaserandIlić,2017,p.261) Iftheimageisoneyouhavecreatedyourself,giveafigurenumberandtitleinthecaptionandadd(Source:theauthor)toshowthatitisyourownwork.Theimageontheleftshowshowyouwoulddothis; Youdonotneedtoincludeitinthebibliography. LegalandParliamentarydocuments Generalguidance Bills Commandpapers Lawreports OfficialrecordspublishedinHansard Papers(HouseofCommons/HouseofLords) Statutes(ActsofParliament) StatutoryInstruments StudentsstudyingLaw IfyouarestudyingLaw,youwillbeexpectedtousetheOSCOLAsystemofreferencing.YouwillhaveadviceonthisfromyourSchool,andcanfindsupportontheLawguide: ReferencingguidanceforLawstudents Studentsstudyingothersubjects IfyouarenotstudyingLaw,butneedtorefertolegalorParliamentarydocuments,the examplesinthisboxgiveacceptablecitationformatsforcommonlyusedmaterialsintheHarvardstyle.WehaveconcentratedonkeyUKlegislativesourceshere.Forguidanceoncitingothermaterials,andthosefromotherjurisdictions,seetheCiteThemRightguide: CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline. ForBillsfromtheHouseofCommonsandHouseofLordsyoushouldincludethefollowingelements: Title(initalics) Publicationyear(inroundbrackets) Parliament:HouseofCommonsorLords Billno. Placeofpublication Publisher Referencelist: AgricultureBill (2019)Parliament:HouseofCommons,Billno.292.London:TheStationeryOffice. In-textcitation: MrGoveintroducedtheAgricultureBill(2019)... ForCommandPapers(includingGreenandWhitepapers)youshouldincludethefollowingelements: Department Publicationyear(inroundbrackets) Titleofreportofconsultationpaper(initalics) CommandPapernumber(inroundbrackets)preceededbyCmnd: Placeofpublication Publisher Ifaccessedonlinereplace5&6withDOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date) Papersaccessedonline Referencelist: DepartmentforWorkandPensions(2021)ShapingFutureSupport:theHealthandDisabilityGreenPaper (Cmnd. 470).Availableat: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/shaping-future-support-the-health-and-disability-green-paper(Accessed:30July2021) In-textcitation: (DepartmentforWorkandPensions,2021) Papersaccessedinprint Referencelist: DepartmentofSocialSecurity(2000)ThePensionCredit:ConsultationPaper (Cmnd. 4900).London:HMSO. In-textcitation: (DepartmentofSocialSecurity,2000) Lawreports(cases)before2002 Includethefollowingelements: Nameofcase(insinglequotationmarks) Publicationyear(inroundbrackets) Titleoflawreport(initalics) Volumenumber Pagenumbers Referencelist: 'BibbyCheshirev.GoldenWonderLtd'(1972)WeeklyLawReports,1,pp.1487-1492. In-textcitation: ('BibbyCheshirev.GoldenWonderLtd',1972) Lawreports(cases)from2002 From2002caseshavebeengivenaneutralcitation.Thismeansthatitisn'tnecessarytoincludedetailsoftheprintedlawreportseriesinwhichitwaspublished.Whenusingthistypeofcitationyoumustgivedetailsofthepublicationinwhichthecasewasreportsorthedatabase/websiteyouused. Includethefollowingelements: Nameofthepartiesinvolvedinthecase(insinglequotationmarks) Publicationyear(inroundbrackets) Courtandcasenumber Nameofdatabaseorwebsite(initalics) DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date) Referencelist: 'Reesv.CommissionerofPoliceoftheMetropolis'(2021)CourtofAppeal(CivilDivision),case49. BAILII.Availableat: https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2021/49.html(Accessed:30July2021)  In-textcitation: ('Reesv.CommissionerofPoliceoftheMetropolis',2021) HansardistheofficialrecordofthebusinessoftheHousesoftheUKParliament.Thisincludesdatabases,speeches,answersandstatements.ReferencestoHansardfollowasimilarpatterntojournalarticles.Includethefollowing: Nameofspeaker/author Publicationyear(inroundbrackets) Subjectofdebateorspeech(insinglequotationmarks) Hansard:NameofHouseofParliament(initalics) Debates/writtenstatement/WestminsterHallorpetitions(initalics) Dayandmonth Volumenumber,columnnumberorpagenumber Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Referencelist: Bonnar,S.(2021)'Ethicsandhumanrights:climatechange',Hansard:HouseofCommonsdebates,14July,699,c.355.Availableat: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-07-14/debates/FED21B9A-F4C2-4437-8CFD-3A08E5929C48/EthicsAndHumanRightsClimateChange(Accessed:30July2021) In-textcitation: SteveBonnarMP(2021)askediftheUKGovernmentwouldcreateaclimatejusticefund. TocitepapersfromtheHouseofParliamentorHouseofLordsincludethefollowingelements: Parliament,Houseof... Publicationyear(inroundbrackets) Title(initalics)includingtheSessiondatesifappropriate. SessiondatesandPapernumber(inroundbrackets)preceededbyHCorHLasappropriate. Notethattodistinguish HouseofLordspapersfromtheHouseofCommonspaperwiththesamenumberthePapernumberisenclosedinanextrasetofroundbracketse.g.(HL2002-2003,(254)) Placeofpublication: Publisher. Referencelist: Parliament,HouseofCommons(2004)TheEnglishnationalstadiumprojectatWembley,Session2003-2004.(HC2003-2004,254).London:TheStationeryOffice. In-textcitation: (Parliament,HouseofCommons,2004)  WhenreferencingActsofParliamentyoushouldusetheshorttitleoftheActandyearitwasenacted.Itisnotnecessarytoincludetheyearinbracketsasitwouldduplicatetheyearinthetitle.Includethefollowingelements: TitleofAct-includingyearandchapter(initalics) Country/Jurisdiction(onlyrequiredifreferencinglegislationfrommorethanonecountry) Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Referencelist: FoodSafetyAct1990,c.16.Availableat: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/16/contents(Accessed:20July2021) In-textcitation: AsstipulatedintheFoodSafetyAct1990... WhencitingStatutoryInstruments(SIs)includethefollowinginformation: Name/Titleandyear (initalics) SIyearandnumber(inroundbrackets) Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Referencelist: Children(PerformancesandActivities)(Wales)Regulations2015(SI2015/1757).Availableat:URL:https://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2015/1757/contents/made(Accessed:23July2021) In-textcitation: Referringtothe Children(PerformancesandActivities)(Wales)Regulations2015... Literarytexts Generalguidance Novels Lineswithinplays Lineofapoemwithinananthology TheseexamplesuseHarvardstyle.IfyouarestudyinginEnglishLiterature,youwillhaveseparateguidancefromyourdepartmentonusingMHRAstyleforreferencing.Seethelinkbelowformoreinformation: EnglishLiteraturecitingreferencesguidance GuidanceonusingtheMHRAstyleforstudentsstudyingEnglishliterature. Tociteanovelusethesameformatasforanauthoredbook Citinganauthoredbook Elementstoinclude: Playwright Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Title (initalics) Editioninformation  Placeofpublication Publisher Act Scene Line Example Referencelist:Shakespeare,W.(2008)Twelthnightorwhatyouwill.EditedbyElam,K.London:Cengage,1.3:13 In-textcitation:(Shakespeare2008,1:3,13). Elementstoinclude: Authorofthepoem Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Titleofpoeminsinglequotationmarks 'in'followedbybookauthor(s)/editor(s)/compiler(s)  Booktitle (initalics) Placeofpublication Publisher Poempagination Includethepageextentofthewholepoem whenwritingyourfullcitation.Putjust thepagesyouhavereferredtointhein-textcitation. Example Referencelist:Orr,J.(2002)'ThedyingAfrican',inBasker,J.(ed.)Amazinggrace:ananthologyofpoemsaboutslavery,1660-1810.NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,pp.533-535. In-textcitation:(Orr,2002,p.533) Maps Elementstoinclude: Nameofauthororissuingbody Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Titleofmap(initalics) Sheetnumberortile(ifapplicable) Scale(ifavailable) Placeofpublication(ifinprint) Publisher(ifinprint) Series orsectioninDigimap ifappropriate(inroundbrackets) Ifaccessedonline: DOI or Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Examples Printmaps Referencelist:OrdnanceSurvey (2012) Reading&Windsor:Henley-on-Thames&Bracknell,sheet 175, 1:50000.Southampton:OrdnanceSurvey(Landrangerseries). In-textcitation:(OrdnanceSurvey,2012) Referencelist: Dower,J.(1832) AmapshewingtheparliamentaryrepresentationofEngland&Wales,accordingasthesamearesettledbytheReformActpassed7thJune1832, 1inchto35miles.London:J.Gardner. In-textcitation:(Dower,1832) Onlinemap Referencelist: OrdnanceSurvey(2020) Whiteknights,Reading, 1:10000.(DigimapOrdnanceSurvey)Availableat http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/(Accessed:20June2021) In-textcitation: (OrdnanceSurvey,2020) Ifyouhaveanyqueriesaboutcitingmaps,contactJudithFox,[email protected] Marketresearchreport Elementstoinclude: Organisation/author. Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Titleofreport(initalics) Availableat:URL(ifyouhavetologinwithausernameandpasswordtoaccessthereport,thenusethehomepageofthedatabaseorapermalink)(Accessed:date) Example Referencelist:Mintel(2019) Sportsandenergydrinks-UK. Availableat:http://www.academic.mintel.com(Accessed:5thJuly2021). In-textcitation:(Mintel,2019) Newspaperarticles Articleswithanauthor(byline) Articleswithoutanauthor Elementstoinclude: Author’(s)surnameandinitials Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Titleofarticle(insinglequotationmarks) Titleofnewspaper(initalics- capitalizefirstwordofeachwordintitleexceptforlinkingwordssuchasand,of,the,for) Edition ifrequired(inroundbrackets) Dayandmonth Pagereferenceifavailable Ifaccessedonline:DOIor Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Examples Printedarticle: Referencelist:Graham,K.(2020) 'Thebiggesttree andthesmallestaxe', TheGuardian,31August, pp.21-22. In-textcitation:(Graham,2020) Onlinearticle: Referencelist:Pinkstone,J.(2021)'Mountains setthepaceofevolution,notclimatechange,sayscientists',TheDailyTelegraph,2September. Availableat: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/09/02/mountains-set-pace-evolution-not-climate-change-say-scientists/(Accessed:3 September2021) In-textcitation:(Pinkstone,2021) Elementstoinclude: Titleofnewspaper (initalics- capitalizefirstwordofeachwordintitleexceptforlinkingwordssuchasand,of,the,for) Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Titleofarticle(insinglequotationmarks) Dayandmonth Pagereferenceifavailable Note:ifyouareusingtheonlineversionofanewspaper,whichoftenvariesfromtheprintedition,youwouldomitpagereferenceandinsteadincludeAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date) Examples Printedarticle: Referencelist:TheDailyTelegraph(2021)'Walkingonwoodenfloorscouldhelptogeneratepower',2September,p.12. In-textcitation:(TheDailyTelegraph,2021,p.12) Onlinearticle: Referencelist:TheGuardian (2021)'Wecannotallowinequalitytoincreasewithintheeducationsystem', 2September. Availableat: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/inequality-education-exams-schools-private-b1900252.html(Accessed:4 September2021) In-textcitation:(TheGuardian,2021)   Patent Elementstoinclude: Inventor Yearthepatentcameintoforce (inroundbrackets) Title(initalics) Authorisingorganisation Patentnumber Ifonline-Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Examples Onlinepatent Referencelist:Cox,A.andLee,J. (2021)Waterremediationsystem UKIntellectualPropertyOfficePatentno. GB2591282A.Availableat: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/(Accessed:2September2021) In-textcitation:(CoxandLee,2021) Printedpatent Referencelist:Kruger,L.H. (1989) Degradationofgranularstarch USPatentno.:US4838944. In-textcitation:(Kruger,1989) Personalcommunications Ifyouhaveobtainedinformationthroughapersonalcommunication(e.g.aninterview,phonecall,emailorconversation),youdonotneedtoincludeitinyour referencelist.Howeveryoushouldacknowledgeitasasource.Agoodwaytodothisisbyaddingafootnotewiththedetails,e.g.: Inanemailtotheauthor,BarryPurvesacknowledgedtheinfluencehisClassicsdegreehadhadontheanimation.1 1B.Purves,personalcommunication,20July2005. Ifyouprefer,youcanabbreviatetopers.comm.   Ifyoudodecideyouwanttoincludeitinyourreferencelistyoushouldusethefollowingformat: Sender/speaker/author Yearofcommunication(inroundbrackets) Mediumofcommunication. Receiverofcommunication. Day/monthofcommunication. Example Referencelist:Walters,B.(2021)ConversationwithLucyAtkins,30July Referencelist:Walters,B.(2021) SkypeconversationwithLucyAtkins,30July In-textcitation:(Walters,2021) Radioprogramme Radioprogramme Radioprogrammeonline Youshouldincludethefollowingelements: Titleofprogramme(initalics) Yearofbroadcast(inroundbrackets) Radiostation Dateoftransmission(DDMonth)andtime In-textcitation:(Programmetitle,Year) Example: Referencelist:KermodeandMayo'sFilmReview (2021)BBCRadio5Live,25June,14:30. In-textcitation: PresentersandWittertaineessayhellotoJasonIsaacs(KermodeandMayo'sFilmReview,2021) Youshouldincludethefollowingelements: Titleofprogramme(initalics) Yearoforiginalbroadcast(inroundbrackets) Radiostation Date andtimeoforiginaltransmission(ifavailable) DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date) In-textcitation:(Programmetitle,Year) Example: Bibliography: Elvenquest (2011)BBCRadio4,7November 09:00.Availableat: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016vn8f(Accessed:2July2021). In-textcitation:(Elvenquest,2011) Sacredtexts TheBible TheQuran TheTorah Elementstoinclude: Book Chapter Verse HolyBible(notinitalics) Version Example: Referencelist: John14:27,HolyBible.NewInternational Version In-textcitation: (John14:27) Elementstoinclude: Quran(notinitalics) Surah orchapter Verse Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Translatedby... Placeofpublication Publisher Example Referencelist:Quran20:26(2015)TranslatedbyM.A.S.Abdel Haleem.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress In-textcitation:(Quran20:26)  Elementstoinclude: Torah(notinitalics) Book Chapter Verse Example: Referencelist: Torah.Devarim4:2 In-textcitation:(Devarim4:2) Socialmedia Facebook Instagram Twitter YouTube Elementstoinclude: Author(ifit'savailable,ifnotusethetitle) Yearthepagewaspublished,orlastupdated(inroundbrackets) Titleofthepage(initalics) [Facebook] Day/monthofpostedmessage Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Examples Referencelist:FinancialTimes(2021) TheLondonluxurypropertymarketwassloweddownbythepandemic,butitislikelytobouncebacksoon.[Facebook]2July. Availableat: https://www.facebook.com/financialtimes/posts/10159435194305750(Accessed:6July2021). In-textcitation:(FinancialTimes,2021)  Elementstoinclude: Author(Instagramaccount/poster) Yearposted(inroundbrackets) Titleofpostinsinglequotationmarks [Instagram] Day/monthofpostedmessage Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Examples Referencelist:FinancialTimes (2021) 'Housingmarketsshrugoffpandemic.' [Instagram] 23June.Availableat: https://www.instagram.com/p/CQeJ0IrhQXM/(Accessed:5July2021).  In-textcitation:(FinancialTimes,2021) Elementstoinclude: Author Yeartweetposted(inroundbrackets) Fulltextoftweet,unlessverylong,thenuseellipsistoshorten. [Twitter] Day/monthtweetposted Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Examples Referencelist:HarvardBusinessReview[@HarvardBiz](2021) Inthislarge-scalestudyofmilitaryperformancemeasures,negativewords—likeselfish,passive,andscattered—weremuchmorefrequentlyappliedtowomen.[Twitter]4July. Availableat: https://twitter.com/HarvardBiz/status/1411692276888317952(Accessed:6July2021). In-textcitation:(HarvardBusinessReview,2021) SeeoursectiononYouTubevideos: CitingYouTubevideos Teachingmaterials(postedonBlackboard) ItisstronglyrecommendedthatyouusepublishedsourcessuchasbooksandjournalarticlesinyourassignmentsinsteadofmaterialspostedbyacademicsonBlackboard.Alwayscheckwiththeacademicwhohassettheassignmentwhetheryouareallowedtoincludecitationsfortheirmaterialsinyourwork. PowerPointpresentations Elementstoinclude: Authororlecturer Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Titleofpresentation(insinglequotationmarks) [PowerPointpresentation] Modulecode:moduletitle(initalics) Institution Availableat: https://bb.reading.ac.uk (Accessed:date) Examples Referencelist:Hartl,F.(2021)'Advancedelectrochemicalandelectroanalyticalmethods'[PowerPointpresentation].CH4AN1: Advancedanalyticaltechniquesforthemolecularsciences.UniversityofReading. Availableat: https://bb.reading.ac.uk(Accessed:6July2021) In-textcitation:(Hartl,2021) Recordedlecture Elementstoinclude: Authororlecturer Year(inroundbrackets) Titleoflecture(insinglequotationmarks) Medium[insquarebrackets] Modulecode:moduletitle(initalics) Institution Day/month Availableat: https://bb.reading.ac.uk (Accessed:date) Examples Referencelist:Bull,S. (2021)'Anatomyoftaste'[Recordedlecture].FB3QSF: Advancedfoodqualityandsensory.UniversityofReading.21February.Availableat: https://bb.reading.ac.uk(Accessed:1 July2021) In-textcitation:(Bull,2021) Forexamplesofothertypesofteachingmaterials,pleaseseetheexamplesintheCitethemrighte-bookintheHarvardReferencingchapter,under"Teachingmaterials"; CiteThemRightbyRichardPears;GrahamShieldsCallNumber:029.6-PEAISBN:9781352005134PublicationDate:2019ThisgenericguidetocitingreferencesincludesdetailsofusingtheAPA,Harvard,IEEE,MHRA,OSCOLAandVancouverstyles.Availableinprintandonline. Technicalstandardse.g.BritishStandards Elementstoinclude: Nameofauthorisingorganisation Yearofpublication(inroundbrackets) Numberandtitleofstandard(initalics) Placeofpublication(ifinprint) Publisher(ifinprint) Availableat:URL(ifonline) Dateaccessed(ifonline) Examples Printstandard: Referencelist:BritishStandardsInstitution (2020) BSISO21543:2020:Milkandmilkproducts-guidelinesfortheapplicationofnearinfraredspectroscopy. London:BritishStandardsInstitution. In-textcitation:(BritishStandardsInstitution,2020) Onlinestandard Referencelist:BritishStandardsInstitution (2020) BSISO21543:2020:Milkandmilkproducts-guidelinesfortheapplicationofnearinfraredspectroscopy.Availableat: https://bsol-bsigroup-com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030394059(Accessed:6July2021) In-textcitation: (BritishStandardsInstitution,2020) Thesis Elementstoinclude: Nameofauthor Yearofsubmission (inroundbrackets) Titleofthesis(inItalics) Typeofdegree(egPh.D.orM.Sc.) NameoftheUniversityorawardingbody Country Ifaccessed online:DOIorAvailableat:URL(Accessed:date) Example Referencelist:Lalani,B.(2017) Economicsandadoptionof conservationagricultureinCaboDelgado,Mozambique..Ph.D.Thesis.ReadingUniversity:U.K. In-textcitation:(Lalani,2017) YouTubevideos Elementstoinclude: Author(nameorperson/organisationpostingthevideo) Yearvideoposted(inroundbrackets) Titleoffilmorprogramme(initalics) Dateuploaded(ifavailable) Availableat:URL(Accessed:date) Ifyouneedtorefertoaspecificpointinavideo,usetheformatminutes:secondsinyourin-textcitationtonotethetimecodee.g.(TEDxTalks,2018,2:34). Examples Referencelist: TEDxTalks(2018) ThePowerofanentrepreneurialmindset:BillRoche. 20March. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ihs4VFZWwn4 (Accessed:5July2021). In-textcitation: (TEDxTalks,2018) <>