APA Format & APA Citation Generator - Citation Machine

Generate APA citations in seconds. Start citing books, websites, journals, and more with the Citation Machine® APA Citation Generator. CitationGeneratorChooseyoursource:WebsiteBookJournalMoreMoredoneloadingNewspaperFilm/OnlineVideoOnlineDatabaseAdvertisementBibleBlogBrochureCartoonChapterConferenceCongressCourtCaseDatabaseDictionaryDigitalFileDigitalImageDissertationDissertationAbstractEditorialEmailEncyclopediaExecutiveOrderFederalBillFederalReportFederalRuleFederalStatuteFederalTestimonyGovernmentPublicationInterviewIntroductionLectureLetterMagazineMailingListManuscriptMapMicroformMiscellaneousMultivolumeMusicMusicalRecordingNewsgroupNewsletterPaintingPamphletPatentPerformancePhotoPressReleaseRawDataReportReprintedWorkReviewScholarlyProjectSoftwareTV/RadioThesisWrite/pastecitationKeepallofyourcitationsinonesafeplaceCreateanaccounttosaveallofyourcitationsCreateAccountCreateAccountdoneloadingDon'tletplagiarismerrorsspoilyourpaperTryCitationMachine®Plus!*SeeTermsandConditionsAComprehensiveGuidetoAPACitationsandFormat Overviewofthisguide: ThispageprovidesyouwithanoverviewofAPAformat,7thedition.Includedisinformationaboutreferencing,variouscitationformatswithexamplesforeachsourcetype,andotherhelpfulinformation. Ifyou’relookingforMLAformat,checkouttheCitationMachineMLAGuide.Also,visittheCitationMachinehomepagetousetheAPAformatter,whichisanAPAcitationgenerator,andtoseemorestyles. Beingresponsiblewhileresearching Whenyou’rewritingaresearchpaperorcreatingaresearchproject,youwillprobablyuseanotherindividual’sworktohelpdevelopyourownassignment.Agoodresearcherorscholarusesanotherindividual’sworkinaresponsibleway.Thisinvolvesindicatingthattheworkofotherindividualsisincludedinyourproject(i.e.,citing),whichisonewaytopreventplagiarism. Plagiarism?Whatisit? ThewordplagiarismisderivedfromtheLatinword,plagiare,whichmeans“tokidnap.”Thetermhasevolvedovertheyearstonowmeantheactoftakinganotherindividual’sworkandusingitasyourown,withoutacknowledgingtheoriginalauthor(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,2020p.21).Plagiarismcanbeillegalandtherecanbeseriousramificationsforplagiarizingsomeoneelse’swork.Thankfully,plagiarismcanbeprevented.Onewayitcanbepreventedisbyincludingcitationsandreferencesinyourresearchproject.Wanttomakethemquicklyandeasily?TrytheCitationMachinecitationgenerator,whichisfoundonourhomepage. Allaboutcitations&references Citationsandreferencesshouldbeincludedanytimeyouuseanotherindividual’sworkinyourownassignment.Whenincludingaquote,paraphrasedinformation,images,oranyotherpieceofinformationfromanother’swork,youneedtoshowwhereyoufounditbyincludingacitationandareference.Thisguideexplainshowtomakethem. APAstylecitationsareaddedinthebodyofaresearchpaperorprojectandreferencesareaddedtothelastpage. Citations,whicharecalledin-textcitations,areincludedwhenyou’readdinginformationfromanotherindividual’sworkintoyourownproject.Whenyouaddtextword-for-wordfromanothersourceintoyourproject,ortakeinformationfromanothersourceandplaceitinyourownwordsandwritingstyle(knownasparaphrasing),youcreateanin-textcitation.Thesecitationsareshortinlengthandareplacedinthemainpartofyourproject,directlyaftertheborrowedinformation. Referencesarefoundattheendofyourresearchproject,usuallyonthelastpage.Includedonthisreferencelistpageisthefullinformationforanyin-textcitationsfoundinthebodyoftheproject.Thesereferencesarelistedinalphabeticalorderbytheauthor'slastname. AnAPAin-textcitationincludesonlythreeitems:thelastname(s)oftheauthor(s),theyearthesourcewaspublished,andsometimesthepageorlocationoftheinformation.Referencesincludemoreinformationsuchasthenameoftheauthor(s),theyearthesourcewaspublished,thefulltitleofthesource,andtheURLorpagerange. Hereisthetextdescriptionofthein-textcitationexamples. Hereisthetextdescriptionofthereferenceexamples. Whyisitimportanttoincludecitations&references IncludingAPAcitationsandreferencesinyourresearchprojectsisaveryimportantcomponentoftheresearchprocess.Whenyouincludecitations,you’rebeingaresponsibleresearcher.You’reshowingreadersthatyouwereabletofindvaluable,high-qualityinformationfromothersources,placethemintoyourprojectwhereappropriate,allwhileacknowledgingtheoriginalauthorsandtheirwork. Commonwaysstudentsandscholarsaccidentallyplagiarize Believeitornot,thereareinstanceswhenyoucouldattempttoincludein-textandfullreferencesintheappropriateplaces,butstillaccidentallyplagiarize.Herearesomecommonmistakestobeawareof: Mistake#1-Misquotingsources:Ifyouplantouseadirectquote,makesureyoucopyitexactlyasis.Sure,youcanusepartofthefullquoteorsentence,butifyoudecidetoputquotationmarksaroundanywords,thosewordsshouldmatchexactlywhatwasfoundintheoriginalsource. Here’salinefromTheLittlePrince,byAntoinedeSaint-Exupéry: “Grown-upsneverunderstandanythingbythemselves,anditistiresomeforchildrentobealwaysandforeverexplainingthingstothem.” Here’sanacceptableoption: “Grown-upsneverunderstandanythingbythemselves,”stateddeSaint-Exupéry(1943,p.3). Here’samisquote: “Grown-upsbarelyeverunderstandanythingbythemselves,”stateddeSaint-Exupéry(1943,p.3). Noticetheslightchangeinthewords.Theincorrectphrasingisaninstanceofaccidentalplagiarism. Mistake#2-Problemswithparaphrasing:Whenweparaphrase,werestateinformationusingourownwordsandwritingstyle.It’snotacceptabletosubstitutewordsfromtheoriginalsourcewithsynonyms. Let’susethesamesentencefromTheLittlePrince. Acorrectparaphrasecouldbe: deSaint-Exupéry(1943)sharesvariouswaysadultsfrustratechildren.Oneofthebiggestbeingthatkidshavetoexplaineverything.It’stoobadadultsareunabletocomprehendanythingontheirown(p.3). Anincorrectparaphrasewouldbe: deSaint-Exupéry(1943)sharesthatadultsneverunderstandanythingbythemselves,anditisexhaustingforkidstobealwaysandforeverclarifyingthingstothem(p.3). Noticehowclosetheincorrectparaphraseisfromtheoriginal.Thisisaninstanceofaccidentalplagiarism. Makesureyouquoteandparaphraseproperlyinordertopreventaccidentalplagiarism. Ifyou’rehavingadifficulttimeparaphrasingproperly,itisacceptabletoparaphrasepartofthetextANDuseadirectquote.Here’sanexample: deSaint-Exupery(1943)sharesvariouswaysadultsfrustratechildren.Oneofthebiggestbeingthatkidshavetoexplaineverything,and“itistiresomeforchildrentobealwaysandforeverexplainingthingstothem”(p.3). InformationAboutAPA Whocreatedit? TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationisanorganizationcreatedforindividualsinthepsychologyfield.Withcloseto121,000members,theyprovideeducationalopportunities,funding,guidance,andresearchinformationforeverythingpsychology-related.Theyalsohavenumeroushigh-qualitydatabases,peer-reviewedjournals,andbooksthatrevolvearoundmentalhealth. TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationisalsocreditedwithcreatingtheirownspecificcitationandreferencestyle.Today,thisformatisusedbyindividualsnotonlyinthepsychologyfield,butmanyothersubjectareasaswell.Education,economics,business,andsocialsciencesalsouseAPAstylequitefrequently.Clickhereformoreinformation.Thisguidecoversgeneralinformationaboutthestyle,butisnotaffiliatedwiththeAmericanPsychologicalAssociation. Whywasthisstylecreated? Thisformatwasfirstdevelopedin1929toformastandardizedwayforresearchersinsciencefieldstodocumenttheirsources.Priortotheinceptionofthesestandardsandguidelines,individualswererecognizingtheworkofotherauthorsbyincludingbitsandpiecesofinformationinrandomorder.Therewasn’tasetwaytoformatcitationsandreferences.Youcanprobablyimaginehowdifficultitwastounderstandthesourcesthatwereusedforresearchprojects! HavingastandardformatforcitingsourcesallowsreaderstoglanceatacitationorAPAreferenceandeasilylocatethetitle,author,yearpublished,andothercriticalpiecesofinformationneededtounderstandasource. Theevolutionofthisstyle TheguidebelowisbasedonAPAstyle7thedition,whichwasreleasedin2020.InpreviousversionsofAPAformat,researchersandscholarswererequiredtoincludethepublisherlocationforbooksandthedatethatanelectronicresourcewasaccessed.Botharenolongerrequiredtobeincluded. Detailsonthedifferencesbetweenthe6thand7theditionsisaddressedlaterinthisguide. Citations&References Theappearanceofcitations&references Theformatforreferencesvaries,butmostusethisgeneralformat: %%Author’sLastname,Firstinitial.(Datepublished).Title.URL Researchersandscholarsmustlookuptheproperformatforthesourcethatthey’reattemptingtocite.Bookshaveacertainformat,websiteshaveadifferentformat,periodicalshaveadifferentformat,andsoon.Scrolldowntofindtheproperformatforthesourceyou’recitingorreferencing. Ifyouwouldlikehelpcitingyoursources,CitationMachine.comhasacitationgeneratorthatwillhelpmaketheAPAcitationprocessmucheasierforyou.Tostart,simplyclickonthesourcetypeyou'reciting: Website Books Journalarticles YouTube Images Moviews Interview Newspaper Magazines PDF In-textcitations AnAPAin-textcitationisincludedinresearchprojectsinthreeinstances:Whenusingadirectquote,paraphrasinginformation,orsimplyreferringtoapieceofinformationfromanothersource. Quiteoften,researchersandscholarsuseasmallamountoftext,wordforword,fromanothersourceandincludeitintheirownresearchprojects.Thisisdoneformanyreasons.Sometimes,anotherauthor’swordsaresoeloquentlywrittenthatthereisn’tabetterwaytorephraseityourself.Othertimes,theauthor’swordscanhelpproveapointorestablishanunderstandingforsomethinginyourresearchproject.Whenusinganotherauthor’sexactwordsinyourresearchproject,includeanAPAin-textcitationdirectlyfollowingit. Inadditiontousingtheexactwordsfromanothersourceandplacingthemintoyourproject,thesecitationsarealsoaddedanytimeyouparaphraseinformation.Paraphrasingiswhenyoutakeinformationfromanothersourceandrephraseit,inyourownwords. Whensimplyreferringtoanotherpieceofinformationfromanothersource,alsoincludeacitationdirectlyfollowingit. Citationsinthetextarefoundnearadirectquote,paraphrasedinformation,ornexttoamentionofanothersource.Toseeexamplesofsomenarrative/parentheticalcitationsinaction,lookattheimageabove,under“AllAboutCitations&References.” Note:*Onlyincludethepageorparagraphnumberwhenusingadirectquoteorparaphrase.Pagenumbershaveap.beforethenumber,pp.beforethepagerange,andpara.beforetheparagraphnumber.Thisinformationisincludedtohelpthereaderlocatetheexactportionoftextthemselves.Itisunnecessarytoincludethisinformationwhenyou’resimplyreferringtoanothersource. ExamplesofAPAin-textcitations: “Well,you’reabouttoenterthelandofthefreeandthebrave.AndIdon’tknowhowyougotthatstamponyourpassport.Thepriestmustknowsomeone”(Tóibín,2009,p.52). and Studentteacherswhousetechnologyintheirlessonstendtocontinueusingtechnologytoolsthroughouttheirteachingcareers(Kent&Giles,2017,p.12). Ifincludingtheauthor’snameinthesentence,placetheyearintheparenthesesdirectlynexttohisorhername.Addthepagenumberattheend,unlessit’sasourcewithoutanypagesorparagraphnumbers(SeeSection8.10ofthePublicationmanualformoredetails). In-textcitationAPAexample: AccordingtoastudydonebyKentandGiles(2017),studentteacherswhousetechnologyintheirlessonstendtocontinueusingtechnologytoolsthroughouttheirteachingcareers. Thefullreferences,orcitations,forthesesourcescanbefoundonthelastpartofaresearchproject,titledthe“References.” Here’showtocreatein-textcitationsforspecificamountsofauthors: APAcitationwithnoauthor Whenthesourcelacksanauthor’sname,placethetitle,year,andpagenumber(ifavailable)inthetext.Thetitleshouldbeinitalicsifitsitsalone(suchasamovie,brochure,orreport).Ifthesourceispartofawhole(asmanywebpagesandarticlesare),placethetitleinquotationmarkswithoutitalics(SeeSection8.14ofthePublicationmanual). StructureofanAPAformatcitationinthetextnarratively,withtheauthor'snamemissing: TitleofSource(Year)or“TitleofSource”(Year) OR StructureofanAPAstyleformatcitation,inparenthesesattheendofthesentence,withtheauthor’snamemissing: (TitleofSource,Year)or(“TitleofSource,”Year) Structureforoneauthor Inthetext,narratively: LastnameofAuthor(Year)...(pagenumber). OR Inparentheses,attheendofthesentence: (LastnameofAuthor,Year,pagenumber). Structurefortwoauthors Placetheauthorsintheordertheyappearonthesource.Onlyusetheampersandintheparentheticalcitations(seeSection8.17ofthePublicationmanual).Use‘and’toseparatetheauthornamesifthey’reinthetextofthesentence. Inthetext,narratively: LastnameofAuthor1andLastnameofAuthor2(Year)....(pagenumber). OR Inparentheses,attheendofthesentence: (LastnameofAuthor1&LastnameofAuthor2,Year,pagenumber). Structureforthreeormoreauthors Onlyincludethefirstlistedauthor’snameinthefirstandanysubsequentcitations.Followitwithetal. (LastnameAuthor1etal.,Year,pagenumber) (Agbayanietal.,2020,p.99) OR LastnameofAuthor1etal.(Year)...(page). Agbayanietal.(2020)...(p.99) Oneauthor,multipleworks,sameyear Whatdoyoudowhenyouwanttocitemultipleworksbyanauthor,andthesourcesallwritteninthesameyear? Includetheletters‘a’‘b’‘c’andsoonaftertheyearinthecitation. (Jackson,2013a) OR Jackson(2013a) Writerscanevenlumpdatestogether. Example:JacksonoftenstudiedmammalswhileinAfrica(2013a,2013b). OntheAPAreferencepage,includethesamelettersinthefullreferences. Groupsandorganizations Writeoutthefullnameofthegroupororganizationinthefirstcitationandplacetheabbreviationnexttoitinbrackets.Ifthegroupororganizationiscitedagain,onlyincludetheabbreviation.Ifitdoesn’thaveanabbreviationassociatedwithit,writeouttheentireorganization’snameeachandeverytime(seeSection8.21ofthePublicationmanual). Example: FirstAPAcitationforanorganizationwithanabbreviation:(WorldHealthOrganization[WHO],Year) OR WorldHealthOrganization(WHO,Year) Noticeintheexampledirectlyabove,thenameoftheorganizationiswrittenoutinfullinthetextofthesentence,andtheabbreviationisplacedinparenthesesnexttoit. SubsequentAPAcitationsinthetextforanorganizationwithanabbreviation:(WHO,Year)ORWHO(Year) Example: Allcitationsinthetextforanorganizationwithoutanabbreviation:(CitationMachine,Year)orCitationMachine(Year) Onein-textcitation,multipleworks Sometimesyou’llneedtocitemorethanoneworkwithinanin-textcitation.Followthesameformat(author,year)formatbutplacesemicolonsbetweenworks(p.263). Example: (Obama,2016;Monroeetal.,1820;Hoover&Coolidge,1928) Reminder:TherearemanycitationtoolsavailableonCitationMachine.com.Headtoourhomepagetolearnmore,checkoutourAPAcitationwebsite,andciteyoursourceseasily!Themostusefulresourceonourwebsite?OurAPAcitationgenerator,whichdoesn’tjustcreatefullreferences,it’salsoanAPAin-textcitationwebsite!It’lldobothforyou! Clickheretolearnmoreaboutcreditingwork. Referencelistcitationcomponents Referencesdisplaythefullinformationforallthecitationsfoundinthebodyofaresearchproject. Somethingstokeepinmindwhenitcomestothereferences: Allreferencessittogetherontheirownpage,whichisusuallythelastpage(s)ofapaper. Titlethepage‘References’ Place‘References’inthecenterofthepageandboldit.Keepthetitleinthesamefontandsizeasthereferences.Donotitalicize,underline,placethetitleinquotationmarks,orincreasethefontsize. Theentirepageisdoublespaced. Allreferencesarelistedinalphabeticalorderbythefirstwordinthereference,whichisusuallytheauthor’slastname.Ifthesourcelacksanauthor,alphabetizethesourcebythetitle(ignoreA,An,orThe) Allreferenceshaveahangingindent,meaningthatthesecondlineoftextisindentedinhalfaninch.Seeexamplesthroughoutthisguide. Remember,eachandeverycitationinthetextofthepaperMUSThaveafullreferencedisplayedinthereferencelist.Thecitationsinthetextprovidethereaderwithaquickglimpseaboutthesourcesused,butthereferencesinthereferencelistprovidethereaderwithalltheinformationneededtoseekoutthesourcethemselves. Learnmoreabouteachcomponentofthereferencecitationandhowtoformatitinthesectionsthatfollow.SeeanAPAsamplepaperreferencelistattheendofthisentiresection. Author’snames Thenamesofauthorsarewritteninreverseorder.Includetheinitialsforthefirstandmiddlenames.Endthisinformationwithaperiod(seeSection9.8ofthePublicationmanual). Format:Lastname,F.M. Example: Angelou,M. Doyle,A.C. Twoormoreauthors Whentwoormoreauthorsworktogetheronasource,writethemintheorderinwhichtheyappearonthesource.Youcannameupto20authorsinthereference.Forsourceswith2to20authors,placeanampersand(&)beforethefinalauthor.Usethisformat: Lastname,F.M.,&Lastname,F.M. OR Lastname,F.M.,Lastname,F.M.,Lastname,F.M.,Lastname,F.M.,&Lastname,F.M. Kent,A.G.,Giles,R.M.,Thorpe,A.,Lukes,R.,Bever,D.J.,&He,Y. Ifthereare21ormoreauthorslistedonasource,onlyincludethefirst19authors,addthreeellipses,andthenaddthelastauthor’sname. Roberts,A.,Johnson,M.C.,Klein,J.,Cheng,E.V.,Sherman,A.,Levin,K.K.,...Lopez,G.S. IfyouplanonusingafreeAPAcitationtool,liketheoneatCitationMachine.com,thenamesoftheauthorswillformatproperlyforyou. ###Noauthors Ifthesourcelacksanauthor,placethetitleinthefirstpositioninthereference(Section9.12ofthePublicationmanual).Whenthesource’stitlebeginswithanumber(Suchas101Dalmatians),placethereferencealphabeticallyasifthenumberwasspelledout.101Dalmatianswouldbeplacedinthespotwhere‘Onehundred’wouldgo,butkeepthenumbersintheirplace. Additionally,ifthetitlebeginswiththewords‘A’,‘An,’or‘The,’ignorethesewordsandplacethetitlealphabeticallyaccordingtothenextword. Seethe“Titles”sectionbelowformoreinformationonformattingthetitleofsources. ###Corporate/Organizationauthors OnanAPAreferencepage,corporateauthorsarealwayswrittenoutinfull.Inthetextofyourpaper,youmayhavesomeabbreviations(suchasUNforUnitedNations),butinthefullreferences,alwaysincludethefullnamesofthecorporationororganization(followingSection9.11oftheofficialPublicationmanual). Example: %%UnitedNations.(2019).Libya:$202millionneededtobringlife-savingaidtohalfamillionpeoplehitbyhumanitariancrisis.https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/02/1031981 Publicationdate&retrievaldate Directlyaftertheauthor’snameisthedatethesourcewaspublished.Includethefulldatefornewspapersandmagazinearticles,andonlytheyearforjournalsandallothersources.Ifnodateisfoundonthesource,includetheinitials,n.d.for“nodate.” Newspaper: %%Narducci,M.(2017,May19).Cityrenamespartof11thStreetEdSniderWaytohonorFlyersfounder.ThePhiladelphiaInquirer.http://www.philly.com/ IfusingourAPACitationMachine,ourcitationgeneratorwilladdthecorrectformatforyouautomatically. Givingaretrievaldateisnotneededunlesstheonlinecontentislikelytobefrequentlyupdatedandchanged(e.g.,encyclopediaarticle,dictionaryentry,Twitterprofile,etc.). %%CitationMachine[@CiteMachine].(n.d.).Tweets[Twitterprofile].Twitter.RetrievedOctober10,2019,fromhttps://twitter.com/CiteMachine Titles Whenwritingouttitlesforbooks,articles,chapters,orothernon-periodicalsources,onlycapitalizethefirstwordofthetitleandthefirstwordofthesubtitle.Namesofpeople,places,organizations,andotherpropernounsalsohavethefirstlettercapitalized. Forbooksandreports,italicizethetitleintheAPAcitation. Examples: StrangecaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hyde. Roots:ThesagaofanAmericanfamily. ForarticlesandchaptersinAPAreferencing,donotitalicizethetitle. Examples: Wakeupthenation:Publiclibraries,policymaking,andpoliticaldiscourse. Fornewspapers,magazines,journals,newsletters,andotherperiodicals,capitalizethefirstletterineachwordanditalicizethetitle. Example: TheSeattleTimes. Acommonquestioniswhethertounderlineyourtitleorplaceitinitalicsorquotationmarksinthereferencelist.Here’sagoodgeneralrule:Whenasourcesitsaloneandisnotpartofalargerwhole,placethetitleinitalics.Ifthesourcedoesnotsitaloneandispartofalargerwhole,donotplaceitinitalics. Books,movies,journals,andtelevisionshowsareplacedinitalicssincetheystandalone.Songsonanalbum,episodesoftelevisionshows,chaptersinbooks,andarticlesinjournalsarenotplacedinitalicssincetheyaresmallerpiecesoflargerwholes. TheCitationMachinecitationgeneratorwillformatthetitleinyourcitationsautomatically. Additionalinformationaboutthetitle Ifyoufeelitwouldbehelpfultoincludeadditionalinformationaboutthesourcetype,includeadescriptivenounortwoinbracketsimmediatelyfollowingthetitle.Capitalizethefirstletter. Example: %%Kennedy,K.,&Molen,G.R.(Producers),&Spielberg,S.(Director).(1993).JurassicPark[Film].USA:Universal. Besides[Film],othercommonnotationsinclude: [Audiopodcast] [Brochure] [Lettertotheeditor] [Televisionseriesepisode] [Tweet] [Facebookpage] [Blogpost] [Lecturenotes] [PowerPointpresentation] [Videofile] IfyouareusingCitationMachinecitingtools,additionalinformationaboutthetitleisautomaticallyaddedforyou. Publisherinformation Forbooksandreports,includethepublishernamebutnotthelocation(seeSection9.29ofthePublicationmanual).Oldereditionsofthestylerequiredthecity,stateand/orcountry,butthishasn'tbeenthecasesincethe7theditionwasreleased. Itisnotnecessarytoincludetheentirenameofthepublisher.Itisacceptabletouseabrief,intelligibleform.However,ifBooksorPressarepartofthepublisher’snames,keepthesewordsinthereference.Othercommonterms,suchasInc.,Co.,Publishers,andotherscanbeomitted. Fornewspapers,journals,magazines,andotherperiodicals,includethevolumeandissuenumberafterthetitle.Thevolumenumberislistedfirst,byitself,initalics.Theissuenumberisinparenthesesimmediatelyafterit,notitalicized.Thereisnospaceaftertheclosingparenthesisandbeforethevolumenumber. Example: %%Giannoukos,G.,Besas,G.,Hictour,V.,&Georgas,T.(2016).Astudyontheroleofcomputersinadulteducation.EducationalResearchandReviews,11(9),907-923.https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2688 Afterincludingthepublisherinformation,endthissectionwithaperiod. Examples: Pearson. PerseusBooks. Electronicsourceinformation: Foronlinesources,theURLorDOI(DirectObjectIdentifier)areincludedattheendofanAPAcitation. DOInumbersareoftencreatedbypublishersforjournalarticlesandotherperiodicalsources.TheywerecreatedinresponsetotheproblemofbrokenoroutdatedlinksandURLs.WhenajournalarticleisassignedaDOInumber,itisstaticandwillneverchange.Becauseofitspermanentcharacteristic,DOIsarethepreferredtypeofelectronicinformationtoincludeinAPAcitations.WhenaDOInumberisnotavailable,includethesource’sURL(seeSection9.34inthePublicationmanual). ForDOIs,includethenumberinthisformat: http://doi.org/xxxx ForURLs,typetheminthisformat: http://orhttps:// Otherinformationaboutelectronicsources: IftheURLislongerthanaline,breakitupbeforeapunctuationmark. Donotplaceaperiodattheendofthecitation/URL. Itisunnecessarytoincluderetrievaldates,unlessthesourcechangesoftenovertime(likeinaWikipediaarticle). Itisnotnecessarytoincludethenamesofdatabases IfusingtheCitationMachineAPAcitationwebsiteautocitefeatures,theonlinepublicationinformationwillbeautomaticallyreplacedbytheDOI.TheCitationMachineAPAtemplatewillproperlyciteyouronlinesourcesforyou. Sample-StudentPaperReferencePageAPA: MakesureyourunyourcompletedpaperthroughtheCitationMachinePlussmartproofreader,whichscansforgrammar,spelling,andplagiarism.Whetherit’sanadjective,verb,orpronounout-of-place,ourtechnologyhelpseditsyourpaperforyou! Annotatedbibliographies: AnAPAannotatedbibliographyisafullbibliographythatincludesasmallnoteforeachreferencecitation.Eachnoteshouldbeshort(1-2paragraphs)andcontainasummaryoryourevaluationabouteachsource.WhencreatingyourcitationsonCitationMachine.net,thereisafieldatthebottomofeachformtoaddyourownannotations. Followthepublicationmanualguidelinesonpaperformatandwritingstyle.Letyourinstructorguideotherdetailsaboutyourannotations.Stillconfused?Readourguideonannotatedbibliographies. Thesetypesofprojectslookdifferentdependingonthestyleyou’reusing.UsethelinkatthetopofthepagetoaccessresourcesrelatedtotheModernLanguageAssociation’sstyle.Here’sinformationrelatedtoChicagocitationstyle. Pageformatting Needhelpwiththedesignandformattingofyourpaper?Looknofurther!ThissectionprovidestheinsandoutsofproperlydisplayingtheinformationinyourAPAessay. Font=Herearetherecommendedfontsandsizes(fromSection2.19ofthePublicationmanual): TimesNewRoman,12-pointsize. Calibri,Arial,orGeorgia,11-pointsize Lucida,SansUnicode,orComputerModern,10-pointsize Indents=Everyparagraphshouldstartwithanindent. Margins=1incharoundtheentiredocument Spacing=Doublespaceeverything! Arrangeyourpagesinthisorder: Page1-APATitlePage(seebelowforinformationonthetitlepage) Page2-Abstract(Ifyourprofessorrequestsone) Page3-Firstpageoftext Referencesbeginontheirownpage.Includethelistofreferencesonthepageafterthetext. Tablesandfigures Keepinmindthattheorderaboveistherecommendationforpapersbeingsubmittedforpeerreview.Ifyou’rewritinganAPAstylepaperforaclass,yourprofessormaybemorelenientabouttherequirements.Also,ifyou’resubmittingyourpaperforaspecificjournal,checktherequirementsonthejournal’swebsite.Eachjournalhasdifferentrulesandprocedures. JustalittlenudgetoremindyouabouttheCitationMachinePlussmartproofreader.Whetherit’saconjunctionorinterjectionoutofplace,amisspelledword,oranoutofplacecitation,we’lloffersuggestionsforimprovement!Don’tforgettocheckoutourAPAcitationmakerwhileyou’reatit! Runningheads InoldereditionsofAPA,runningheadswererequiredforallpapers.Sincethe7thedition,that’schanged. Studentpaper:Norunninghead Professionalpaper:Includearunninghead Therunningheaddisplaysthetitleofthepaperandthepagenumberonallpagesofthepaper.Thisheaderisfoundoneverypageofaprofessionalpaper(notastudentpaper),evenonthetitlepage(sometimescalledanAPAcoverpage)andreferencelist(takenfromSection2.8ofthePublicationmanual). It'sdisplayedallincapitallettersatthetopofthepage.Acrossfromtherunninghead,alongtherightmargin,isthepagenumber. Usetheheaderfeatureinyourwordprocessor.BothGoogleDocsandWordhavethesefeaturesavailable. Useonefortherecommendedfontsmentionedunder"Pageformatting." Titlepages Atitlepage,sometimescalledanAPAcoverpage,gracesthecoverofanessayorpaper.AnAPAtitlepageshouldfollowrulesfromSection2.3oftheofficialPublicationmanualandinclude: Pagenumber,whichispage1 Titleofyourproject Usetitlecaseandboldfont Thetitleshouldbeunder12wordsinlength Thetitleshouldbeadirectexplanationofthefocusofthepaper.Donotincludeanyunnecessarydescriptorssuchas“AnAnalysisof…”or“AStudyof…” Namesoftheauthors ExcludeanylabelssuchasMr.,Ms.,Dr,PhD... Nameoftheschoolorinstitution Coursenumberand/orclassname Nameofyourinstructor,includingtheirpreferredhonorifics(e.g.,PhD,Dr.,etc.) Paper’sduedate Ifthisisaprofessionalpaper,alsoincludearunninghead.Ifthisisastudentpaper,donotincludeone. Followthedirectionsfortherunningheadandpagenumberinthesectionabove.Belowtherunninghead,afewlinesbeneath,andcenteredinthemiddleofthepage,shouldbethetitle.Thenextlinebelowistheauthor’sname(s),followedbythenameoftheschoolorinstitution,theclassorcoursename,yourinstructor’sname,andthepaper’sduedate. Allcomponentsonthispageshouldbewritteninthesamefontandsizeastherestofyourpaper.Doublespacethetitle,names,nameofschoolorinstitution,andallotherinformationonthepage(exceptfortherunningheadandpagenumber). Example-StudentTitlePageAPA: Example-ProfessionalTitlePageAPA: Ifyou’resubmittingyourpapertoajournalforpublication,checkthejournal’swebsiteforexactrequirements.EachjournalisdifferentandsomemayrequestadifferenttypeofAPAformatcoverpage. LookingtocreateanAPAformattitlepage?HeadtoCitationMachine.com’shomepageandchoose“TitlePage”atthetopofthescreen. Abstracts Anabstractbrieflybutthoroughlysummarizesdissertationcontents.It’sfoundinthebeginningofaprofessionalpaper,rightafterthetitlepage.Abstractsaremeanttohelpreadersdeterminewhethertocontinuereadingtheentiredocument.Withthatinmind,trytocrafttheleadsentencetoenticethereadertocontinuereading. Hereareafewtips: Befactualandkeepyouropinionsout.Anabstractshouldaccuratelyreflectthepaperordissertationandshouldnotinvolveinformationorcommentarynotinthethesis. Communicateyourmainthesis.Whatwastheexaminedproblemorhypothesis?Areadershouldknowthisfromreadingyourabstract. Keepitbrief.Sticktothemainpointsanddon’taddunnecessarywordsorfacts.Itshouldnotexceed250words. Consideryourpaper’spurpose.It’simportanttocateryourabstracttoyourpapertypeandthinkaboutwhatinformationthetargetaudienceforthatpapertypewouldwant.Forexample,anempiricalarticlemaymentionmethodologyorparticipantdescription.Aquantitativeorqualitativemeta-analysiswouldmentionthedifferentvariablesconsideredandhowinformationwassynthesized. Useverbsovernounequivalents,andactivevoice.Example:“Therewasresearchinto…”becomes“Weresearched…” Formattingguidelines: Theabstractgoesafterthetitlepage. Itshouldhavethesamefont(sizeandtype)astherestofthepaper. Itshouldsticktoonepage. Double-spaceallpagetext. Centerandboldtheword“Abstract”atthetopofthepaper. Don’tindentthefirstlineoftheabstractbody.Thebodyshouldalsobeinplaintext. Forthekeywords,placeitonthelineaftertheabstractandindentthefirstline(butnotsubsequentlines).Theword“Keywords:”iscapitalized,italicized,andfollowedbyacolon.Theactualkeywordsaresentencecaseandinplanfont. Listeachkeywordoneaftertheother,andseparatethembyacomma. Afterthelastkeyword,noendingpunctuationisneeded. Exampleabstract: Tables&Figures Ifyourpaperincludesalotofnumericalinformationordata,youmaywanttoconsiderplacingitintoatableorafigure,ratherthantypingitallout.Avisualfigureorsimple,organizedtablefilledwithnumericaldataisofteneasierforreaderstodigestandcomprehendthantonsofparagraphsfilledwithnumbers.Chapter7ofthePublicationmanualoutlinesformattingfortablesandfigures.Let'scoverthebasicsbelow. Ifyou’dliketoincludeatableorfigureinyourpaper,hereareafewkeypiecesofinformationtokeepinmind: Eitherplacealltablesandfigures: AttheendofthepaperaftertheAPAreferencepage Inthetextafteritisfirstmentioned Thetablefirstmentionedinthetextshouldbetitled‘Table1.’Thenexttablementionedinthetextis‘Table2,’andsoon.Forfigures,itwouldbe'Figure1,''Figure2,'andsoforth. Eventhougheverytableandfigureisnumbered,alsocreateatitleforeachthatdescribestheinformationitcontains.Capitalizeallimportantwordsinthetitle. Fortables,donotuseanyverticallines,onlyusehorizontaltobreakupinformationandheadings. Singlespacingisacceptabletouseintablesandfigures.Ifyoupreferdoublespacingyourinformation,thatisokaytoo. Donotincludeextrainformationor“fluff.”Keepitsimple! Donotincludethesameexactinformationinthepaper.Onlyincludethecompleteinformationinonearea—thetableorthetext. Alltablesandfiguresmustbereferencedinthetext.Itisunacceptabletothrowatableorfigureintothebackofthepaperwithoutfirstprovidingabriefsummaryorexplanationofitsrelevance. Example: HereisthetextdescriptionoftheAPAtableexample. PublicationManual6thEditionvs7thEdition The6theditionofthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationwasreleasedin2009.Thecurrent7theditioncameoutinthefallof2019andwasdesignedtobemorestudentfocused,providemoreguidanceonaccessibility,andaddresschangesthathavedevelopedoverthelast10years. Below,we’velistedwhatwefeelarethemostrelevantchangesrelatedtoAPAformat. JournalsandDOIs DOIstandsfor“digitalobjectidentifier.”ManyjournalarticlesuseandhaveauniqueDOIthatshouldbeincludedinafullcitation. WhenincludingaDOIinacitation,formatitasaURL.Donotlabelit“DOI.”ArticleswithoutDOIsfromdatabasesaretreatedasprintworks.Forexample: 6thedition: %%Gänsicke,B.T.,Schreiber,M.R.,Toloza,O.,Fusillo,N.P.G.,Koester,D.,&Manser,C.J.(2019).Accretionofagiantplanetontoawhitedwarfstar.Nature,576(7785),61–64.doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8 7thedition: %%Gänsicke,B.T.,Schreiber,M.R.,Toloza,O.,Fusillo,N.P.G.,Koester,D.,&Manser,C.J.(2019).Accretionofagiantplanetontoawhitedwarfstar.Nature,576(7785),61–64.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1789-8 CitingBooks Therearefewnewguidelineswhenyouarecitingabook.First,thepublisherlocationnolongerneedstobeindicated. 6thedition: %%Zack,P.O.(2001).Theshoalsoftime.Bloomington,IN:FirstBooksLibrary. 7thedition: %%Zack,P.O.(2001).Theshoalsoftime.FirstBooksLibrary. Second,theformatofanebook(e.g.,Kindle,etc.)nolongerneedstobeindicated. 6thedition: %%Niven,J.(2012).AdaBlackjack:AtruestoryofsurvivalintheArctic[Kindle]. 7thedition: %%Niven,J.(2012).AdaBlackjack:AtruestoryofsurvivalintheArctic. Lastly,booksfromresearchdatabaseswithoutDOIsaretreatedthesameasprintworks. URLs WhenusingaURLinacitation,younolongerneedtoincludetheterm“Retrievedfrom”beforeURLs(exceptwithretrievaldates).Thefontshouldbeblueandunderlined,orblackandnotunderlined. 6thEdition: %%Flood,A.(2019,December6).Britainhasclosedalmost800librariessince2010,figuresshow.TheGuardian.Retrievedfromhttps://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show 7thEdition: %%Flood,A.(2019,December6).Britainhasclosedalmost800librariessince2010,figuresshow.TheGuardian.https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/06/britain-has-closed-almost-800-libraries-since-2010-figures-show Authors WithinafullAPAcitation,youmayspelloutupto20authornames.Fortwoto20authors,includeanampersand(&)beforethenameofthelastauthor.Forsourceswith21ormoreauthors,structureitasfollows: Structure:First19authors’names,...Lastauthor’sname. 7theditionexample: Washington,G.,Adams,J.,Jefferson,T.,Madison,J.,Monroe,J.,Adams,J.Q.,Jackson,A.,VanBuren,M.,Harrison,W.H.,Tyler,J.,Polk,J.K.,Taylor,Z.,Filmore,M.,Pierce,F.,Buchanan,J.,Lincoln,A.,Johnson,A.,Grant,U.S.,Hayes,R.B.,Garfield,...Trump,D. Whencreatinganin-textcitationforasourcewith3ormoreauthors,use“etal.”afterthefirstauthor’sname.Thishelpsabbreviatethemention. 6thEdition:(Honda,Johnson,Prosser,Rossi,2019) 7thEdition:(Hondaetal.,2019) TablesandFigures Insteadofhavingdifferentformatsfortablesandfigures,bothuseonestandardizedformat.Nowbothtablesandfigureshaveanumber,atitle,nameofthetable/figure,andanoteatthebottom. Ifyou’restilltypingintoGoogle“howtociteawebsiteAPA”amongotherrelatedquestionsandkeywords,clickhereforfurtherreadingonthestyle. Whenyou’rethroughwithyourwriting,tossyourentirepaperintotheCitationMachinePlusplagiarismchecker,whichwillscanyourpaperforgrammareditsandgiveyouupto5suggestionscardsforfree!Worrylessaboutadeterminer,preposition,oradverboutofplaceandfocusonyourresearch! References AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.(2020).PublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(7thed.)(2020).AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000 UpdatedMarch3,2020 WrittenandeditedbyMicheleKirschenbaumandWendyIkemoto.MicheleKirschenbaumhasbeenanawesomeschoollibrariansince2006andisanexpertincitingsources.WendyIkemotohasamaster’sdegreeinlibraryandinformationscienceandhasbeenworkingforCitationMachinesince2012. Home>APACitationGeneratorCompanyBlogCheggInc.ContactUsSupportResourcesCitationMachine®PlusCitationGuidesAPAMLAChicagoStyleHarvardReferencingFollowUsFacebookTwitterYoutubeBusinessTermsofUseGlobalPrivacyPolicyCookieNoticeDONOTSELLMYINFOServingHighSchool,College,andUniversitystudents,theirteachers,andindependentresearcherssince2000.Copyright©2000-2020byCitationMachine®,aCheggService.CitationMachine®usesthe9thed.ofMLA,7thed.ofAPA,and17thed.ofChicago(9thed.Turabian).