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In an APA citation, include all authors shown on a source. If using the BibMe APA citation builder, click "Add another contributor" to add additional author ... CitationGeneratorChooseyoursource:WebsiteBookJournalMoreMoredoneloadingNewspaperFilm/OnlineVideoOnlineDatabaseAdvertisementBibleBlogBrochureCartoonChapterConferenceCongressCourtCaseDatabaseDictionaryDigitalFileDigitalImageDissertationDissertationAbstractEditorialEmailEncyclopediaExecutiveOrderFederalBillFederalReportFederalRuleFederalStatuteFederalTestimonyGovernmentPublicationInterviewIntroductionLectureLetterMagazineMailingListManuscriptMapMicroformMiscellaneousMultivolumeMusicMusicalRecordingNewsgroupNewsletterPaintingPamphletPatentPerformancePhotoPressReleaseRawDataReportReprintedWorkReviewScholarlyProjectSoftwareTV/RadioThesisWrite/pastecitationKeepallofyourcitationsinonesafeplaceCreateanaccounttosaveallofyourcitationsCreateAccountCreateAccountdoneloadingCheckyourpaperbeforeyourteacherdoes!Avoidplagiarism—quicklycheckformissingcitationsandcheckforwritingmistakes.TryitnowFreeBibMeAPAFormatGuide&Generator WelcometoacomprehensiveguideoncitingsourcesandformattingpapersintheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationstyle.Belowarereferenceandin-textcitationexamples,directionsonformattingyourpaper,andbackgroundinformationonthestyle. WhatisAPA? APAstandsfortheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,whichisanorganizationthatfocusesonpsychology.Theyareresponsibleforcreatingthisspecificcitationstyle.Theyarenotassociatedwiththisguide,butalloftheinformationhereprovidesguidancetousingtheirstyleandfollowsthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation. WhatisAPACiting? APAstyleisusedbymanyscholarsandresearchersinthebehavioralandsocialsciences,notjustpsychology.ThereareothercitationformatsandstylessuchasMLAandChicagocitationstyle,butthisoneismostpopularinthefieldsofscience. Followingthesamestandardformatforcitationsallowsreaderstounderstandthetypesofsourcesusedinaprojectandalsounderstandtheircomponents. Theinformationinthisguidefollowsthe7theditionofthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.Itoutlinesproperwaystoorganizeandstructurearesearchpaper,explainsgrammarguidelines,andhowtoproperlycitesources.ThiswebpagewascreatedsolelybyBibMetohelpstudentsandresearchersfocusonhowtocreateAPAcitations. The7theditionofthePublicationManualwasreleasedin2020.Weaddressdifferencesbetweenthe6thand7theditionsattheendofthisguide. Formoreinformation,pleaseconsulttheofficialPublicationManual. Wecitesourcesformanyreasons.Onereasonistogivecredittotheauthorsoftheworkyouusedtohelpyouwithyourownresearch.Whenyouuseanotherperson'sinformationtohelpyouwithyourproject,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatindividualorgroup.Thisisonewaytopreventplagiarism.Anotherreasonwhywecreatecitationsistoprovideastandardwayforotherstounderstandandpossiblyexplorethesourcesweused.Tolearnmoreaboutcitations,checkoutthispageoncreditingwork.Also,readuponhowtobecarefulofplagiarism. WhatDoesitLookLike? Therearetwotypesofcitations: In-text/Parentheticalcitations:Thosethatarefoundinthebodyofaprojectarecalledin-text/parentheticalcitations.They'readdedintoaprojectwhenadirectquoteorparaphrasehasbeenaddedintoyourwork.Thesecitationsonlyincludethename(s)oftheauthor(s),date,andpagenumber(s),ifapplicable. References:Thosethatarefoundonthefinalpartofaprojectarecalledreferences.They'rearefoundinthereferencelist(sometimescalledAPAworkscitedbysometeachers),whichisattheendoftheassignment.Itincludesthefullinformationofallsourcesusedinaproject.Thesetypesofreferencesshowtheauthor'sname,datepublished,title,publisher,URL,andotherkeypiecesofinformation. Dependingonthetypesofsourcesusedforyourproject,thestructureforeachcitationmaylookdifferent.Thereisacertainformatorstructureforbooks,adifferentoneforjournalarticles,adifferentoneforwebsites,andsoon.ScrolldowntofindtheappropriateAPAformatstructureforyoursources. Eventhoughthestructurevariesacrossdifferentsources,seebelowforafullexplanationofin-textcitationsandreferencecitations. Stillwondering,"WhatisAPAformat?"TolearnmoreaboutAPAreferencing,includingaccesstotheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation\'sblog,formattingquestions,&referencingexplanations,clickonthislinkforfurtherreadingonthestyle.TolearnmoreaboutusingtheBibMeservice(BibMe.com)tohelpbuildAPAcitationwebsitereferences,seethesectionbelowtitled,"UsingtheBibMeOnlineWritingCentertoCreateCitationsforyourReferenceListorAPABibliography." CitingBasics In-TextCitationsOverview Whenusingadirectquoteorparaphrasinginformationfromasource,includeanin-textorparentheticalcitationintothebodyofyourproject,immediatelyfollowingit. AnAPAin-textcitationmaylooksimilartothis: Author'sLastname(Year)statesthat"directquote"orparaphrase(pagenumber). Parentheticalcitationslooklikethis: "Directquote"orparaphrase(Author'sLastname,Year,Pagenumber). ThesetypesofAPAcitationsalwayshavetheauthorandthedatetogether. Onlydirectquotesneedapagenumber.Forparaphrasedinformation,itisn'tnecessary,buthelpfulforthereader. Seethesectionbelowtitled,"In-TextorParentheticalCitations,"forafullexplanationandinstructions. FullReferencesOverview EachsourceusedinyourprojectislistedasafullcitationontheAPAreferencepage,whichisusuallythelastpartofaproject. Thestructureforeachcitationisbasedonthetypeofsourceused.ScrolldowntoseeAPAformatexamplesofsomecommonsourceformats. Mostprintandofflinecitationsincludethefollowingpiecesofinformation,commonlyinthisorder: Author'sLastname,Firstinitial.Middleinitial.(Datepublished).Titleofsource.Publisher. Mostonlinecitationsincludethefollowingpiecesofinformation,commonlyinthisorder: Author'sLastname,FirstInitial.Middleinitial.(Datepublished).Titleofsource.URL Toseehowtoformateachsection,scrolldowntotheappropriateareasofthisguide.Thereisasectiononauthors,oneonpublicationdates,anotherontitles,publishers,andononlineinformation. TodeterminetheexactAPAcitationformatforyourfullcitations,scrolldowntothesectiontitled,"CommonExamples." Foradetailedexplanationonformattingyourreferencelist,scrolldowntothesectiontitled,"YourReferenceList." Here'saquicksnapshotofthebasics: Allin-textcitationsincludedthroughoutthepapershouldhaveacorrespondingfullreferenceattheendoftheproject. Fullreferencesgoontheirownpageattheendofaproject.Titlethepage"References" Referencesarelistedinalphabeticalorderbythefirstwordinthereference(usuallytheauthor'slastname,sometimesthetitle). IfthereferencebeginswiththewordsA,An,orThe,ignorethemandalphabetizethereferencebythewordfollowingit. Ifyou'relookingforaneasywaytocreateyourreferencesandcitations,useBibMe'sfreeAPAcitationmachine,whichautomaticallyformatsyoursourcesquicklyandeasily. CitationComponents HowtoStructureAuthors Authorsaredisplayedinreverseorder:Lastname,Firstinitial.Middleinitial.Endthisinformationwithaperiod. APAformatexample: Kirschenbaum,M.A. InanAPAcitation,includeallauthorsshownonasource.IfusingtheBibMeAPAcitationbuilder,click"Addanothercontributor"toaddadditionalauthornames.Ourfreecitationcreatorwillformattheauthorsintheorderinwhichyouaddthem. Multipleauthors,samelastname: Ifyourreferencelisthasmultipleauthorswiththesamelastnameandinitials,includetheirfirstnameinbrackets. Example: Brooks,G.[Geraldine].(2005).March.Viking. Brooks,G.[Gwendolyn].(1949).AnnieAllen.Harper&Brothers. Noauthor: Whennoauthorislisted,excludetheauthorinformationandstartthecitationwiththetitlefollowedbytheyearinparentheses. Editors: WhencitinganentireeditedbookinAPAformat,placethenamesofeditorsintheauthorpositionandfollowitwithEd.orEds.inparentheses.SeebelowforexamplesofcitingeditedbooksintheirentiretyandalsoAPAcitationformatforchaptersineditedbooks. Comparisonchart: Usethishandycharttodeterminehowtoformatauthornamesincitationsandreferences. HowtoStructurePublicationDates Generalstructureis: Year,MonthDay Example:1998,March22 Placethedatethatthesourcewaspublishedinparenthesesafterthenameoftheauthor.InAPAformatforperiodicals,includethemonthanddayaswell.Ifnodateisavailable,placen.d.inparentheses,whichstandsfornodate.Formoredetails,seeSection9.14ofthePublicationManual. HowtoStructuretheTitle Forbooktitles:Onlycapitalizethefirstletterofthefirstwordinthetitleandthesameforthesubtitle.Capitalizethefirstletterforanypropernounsaswell.Placethisinformationinitalics.Enditwithaperiod. Example: Gonewiththewind. Forarticlesandchaptertitles:Onlycapitalizethefirstletterofthefirstwordinthetitleandthesameforthesubtitle.Capitalizethefirstletterforanypropernounsaswell.Donotitalicizethetitleorplaceitinquotationmarks.Enditwithaperiod. Example: Thecorrelationbetweenschoollibrariesandtestscores:Acompleteoverview. Forwebpagesonwebsites:Sameasabove.Thewebpagetitleisitalicized. Example: Simmons,B.(2015,January9).ThetaleoftwoFlaccos.Grantland.http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/ Formagazine,journal,andnewspapertitles:Eachimportantwordshouldstartwithacapitalletter. Example: TheBostonGlobe Ifyoubelievethatitwillhelpthereadertounderstandthetypeofsource,suchasabrochure,lecturenotes,oranaudiopodcast,placeadescriptioninbracketsdirectlyafterthetitle.Onlycapitalizethefirstletter. Example: NewWorldPunx.(2014,February15).Astateoftrance650[Audiofile].https://soundcloud.com/newworldpunx/asot650utrecht HowtoStructurePublicationInformation PublisherLocation Inpreviouseditionsofthepublicationmanual,booksandsourcesthatwerenotperiodicalsindicatedthecityandstateofpublication.However,inthe7thedition,thelocationofpublicationisnolongergivenexcept“forworksassociatedwithspecificlocations,suchasconferencepresentations”(p.297). Forconferencepresentations,givethecity,state/province/territory,andcountry.IfintheUS,abbreviatethestatenameusingthetwo-letterabbreviation.Placeacolonafterthelocation. Examples: Philadelphia,PA: Rotterdam,Netherlands: PeriodicalVolumeandNumber Forjournals,magazines,newspapers,andotherperiodicals,placethevolumenumberafterthetitle.Italicizethisinformation.Placetheissuenumberinparenthesesanddonotitalicizeit.Afterwards,includepagenumbers. Example: JournalofEducationforLibraryandInformationScience,57(1),79-82. Ifyou'recitinganewspaperarticle,includep.orpp.beforethepagenumbers. HowtoStructurethePublisher Thenamesofpublishersarenotnecessarytoincludefornewspapers,magazines,journals,andotherperiodicals. Forbooksandothersources:Itisnotnecessarytotypeoutthenameofthepublisherexactlyasitisshownonthesource.Useabrief,butunderstandableformofthepublisher'sname.Excludethetermspublishers,company,andincorporated.IncludeBooksandPressifitispartofthepublisher'sname.Endthisinformationwithaperiod(SeeSection9.29inthePublicationmanualformoredetails). Example: LittleBrownandCompanywouldbeplacedintheAPAcitationas:LittleBrown. OxfordUniversityPresswouldbeplacedinthecitationas:OxfordUniversityPress. HowtoStructureOnlineSources Forsourcesfoundonline: includetheURLattheendofthecitation donotplaceaperiodaftertheURL Ifyou'recitingaperiodicalarticlefoundonline,theremightbeaDOInumberattachedtoit.ThisstandsforDirectObjectIdentifier.ADOI,ordigitalobjectidentifier,isauniquestringofnumbersandlettersassignedbyaregistrationagency.TheDOIisusedtoidentifyandprovideapermanentlinktoitslocationontheInternet.TheDOIisassignedwhenanarticleispublishedandmadeelectronically.IfyourarticledoesindeedhaveaDOInumber,usethisinsteadoftheURLastheDOInumberisstaticandneverchanges.Ifthesourceyou'recitinghasaDOInumber,afterthepublicationinformationaddaperiodandthenhttp://dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx.Thex'sindicatewhereyoushouldputtheDOInumber.DonotplaceaperiodaftertheDOInumber.Seesections9.35-36inthePublicationmanualformoredetails. Ifyou'reusingtheautomaticBibMeAPAreferencegenerator,youwillseeanareatotypeintheDOInumber. Example: Lobo,F.(2017,February23).Sonyjustlaunchedtheworld'sfastestSDcard.http://mashable.com/2017/02/23/sony-sf-g-fastest-sd-card/?utm_cid=mash-prod-nav-sub-st#ErZKV8blqOqO Chadwell,F.A.,Fisher,D.M.(2016).Creatingopentextbooks:AuniquepartnershipbetweenOregonStateUniversitylibrariesandpressandOpenOregonState.OpenPraxis,8(2),123-130.http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.2.290 Lookingformorehelpandclarification?Checkoutthisgreatresource! CitationsandExamples CitationsforPrintBooks Author'sLastname,Firstnameinitial.Middlenameinitial.(Yearpublished).Titleofbook.Publisher. Example: Finney,J.(1970).Timeandagain.SimonandSchuster. LookingforanAPAformatter?Don'tforgetthattheBibMeAPAcitationgeneratorcreatescitationsquicklyandeasily. Notes:WhencreatinganAPAbookcitation,keeptheseinmind: Capitalizethefirstletterofthefirstwordofthetitleandanysubtitles,aswellasthefirstletterofanypropernouns. Thefulltitleofthebook,includinganysubtitles,shouldbestatedanditalicized. CitationsforEditedBooks Mosteditedbooksstateonthecoverortitlepagethattheyareeditedbyanauthorormultipleauthors.Theformatisthesameasaprintbook,excepttheeditor'snameisintheauthor'sposition.Includeaparenthesesafterwardswiththeabbreviation(Ed.)foraneditedbookbyoneauthoror(Eds.)foraneditedbookwithtwoormoreauthors. Editor,F.M.(Ed.).(Yearpublished).Titleofeditedbook.Publisher. Example: Gupta,R.(Ed.).(2003).Remotesensinggeology.Springer-Verlag. CitationsforChaptersinEditedBooks Someeditedbookscontainchapterswrittenbyvariousauthors.Usetheformatbelowtociteanauthor'sindividualchapterinaneditedbook. Chapterauthor'sLastname,F.M.(Yearpublished).Titleofchapter.InF.M.LastnameofEditor(Ed.),Titleofbook(p.xorpp.x-x).Publisher. NoticethatforAPAstyle,thetitleofthechapterisnotitalicized,whilethetitleofthebookis.Inaddition,thechapterauthor'snameisreversedatthebeginningofthereference,buttheeditor'snameiswritteninstandardorder. Example: Longacre,W.A.,&Ayres,J.E.(1968).ArcheologicallessonsfromanApachewickiup.InS.R.Binford&L.R.Binford(Eds.),Archeologyinculturalsystems(pp.151-160).https://books.google.com/books?id=vROM3JrrRa0C&lpg=PP1&dq=archeology&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q=archeology&f=false Intheaboveexample,LongacreandAyersaretheauthorsoftheindividualchapterandBinford&Binfordaretheeditorsoftheentirebook. CitinganE-bookfromanE-reader E-bookisshortfor"electronicbook."Itisadigitalversionofabookthatcanbereadonacomputer,e-reader(Kindle,Nook,etc.),orotherelectronicdevices.IncludetheDOIorURLifoneexistsforthee-book. Author'sLastname,F.M.(Yearpublished).Titleofwork.https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxorURL https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxisusedwhenasourcehasaDOInumber.Ifthee-bookyou'recitinghasaDOInumber,useitintheAPAcitation.DOIsarepreferredoverURLs. HowtociteinAPA(ane-bookexample): Eggers,D.(2008).Thecircle.https://www.amazon.com CitinganE-bookFoundinaDatabaseandOnline Usethisformatwhencitingane-bookthatiseitherfoundonawebsite,orfoundonasubscriptiondatabase.APAformattingforthisisverysimilartothestructureofaprintbook.Theonlydifference?Insteadofthepublisherinformation,includetheDOInumberorURL. Author'sLastname,F.M.(Yearpublished).Titleofwork.https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxORURL Whencitinganonlinebookore-book,keepinmind: ADOI(digitalobjectidentifier)isanassignednumberthathelpslinkcontenttoitslocationontheInternet.Itisthereforeimportant,ifoneisprovided,touseitwhencreatingacitation.Inplaceofthex'sintheDOIformat,placethe10digitDOInumber. Noticethatfore-books,publicationinformationisexcludedfromthecitation. Example: Sayre,R.K.,Devercelli,A.E.,Neuman,M.J.,&Wodon,Q.(2015).Investmentinearlychildhooddevelopment:Reviewoftheworldbank'srecentexperience.https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0403-8 CitationsforChaptersinE-books Needtociteachapterinane-book?Noproblem!Citingachapterinane-bookisverysimilartocitingachapterinaprintbook.Insteadofincludingthepublisherinformation,includeaDOInumber(ifoneisdisplayed)ortheURL. Chapterauthor'sLastname,F.M.(Yearpublished).Titleofchapter.InF.M.LastnameofEditor(Ed.),Titleofbook(p.xorpp.x-x).https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxorURL EpsteinW.M.(1999).Theineffectivenessofpsychotherapy.InC.Feltham(Ed.),Controversiesinpsychotherapyandcounselling(pp.65-73).https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217801.n8 CitationsforWebsites HowtociteawebpageonawebsiteinAPA: Author'sLastname,F.M.(Year,MonthDaypublished).Titleofarticleorpage.SiteName.URL APAwebsitecitationexample: Simmons,B.(2015,January9).ThetaleoftwoFlaccos.Grantland.http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/ Citingawebpagewithagroupauthor: GroupName.(Year,MonthDatepublished).Titleofweppage.SaiteNameincludedifdifferentfromGroupName.URL Examples: CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.(2020,February3).Bepreparedtostaysafeandhealthyinwinter.https://www.cdc.gov/features/winterweather/index.html NationalParkService.(n.d.).Enchantinglandscapesbeneaththeparks.https://www.nps.gov/subjects/caves/index.htm Note:"n.d."standsfor"nodate"andisusedwhenthereisnopublicationdate. TheabovefollowsSection10.16ofthePublicationmanual. StillwonderinghowtociteawebsiteinAPA?CheckoutBibMe.com!It'squick,simple,andfree!OurAPAcitationmachinealsobuildsreferencesformanyotherstylesaswell! CitationsforJournalArticlesFoundinPrint Today,mostjournalarticlesarefoundonline,butyoumaybeluckyenoughtoscoreacopyofaprintversionforyourresearchproject.Ifso,usethestructurebelowforyourreference: Author'sLastname,F.M.(Yearpublished).Articletitle.PeriodicalTitle,Volume(Issue),pp.-pp. Noticethatthearticle'stitleisonlycapitalizedatthebeginning.Ifthereareanypropernounsorsubtitles,capitalizethefirstletterforthosewordsaswell.Thejournalarticle'stitleandthevolumenumberarebothitalicized.Inaddition,thetitleofthejournalisintitlecaseform(allimportantwordsarecapitalized). Example: Nevin,A.(1990).Thechangingofteachereducationspecialeducation.TeacherEducationandSpecialEducation:TheJournaloftheTeacherEducationDivisionoftheCouncilforExceptionalChildren,13(3-4),147-148. CitationsforJournalArticlesFoundOnline Databasesareapopularplacetofindhighqualityjournalarticles.Thesereferencesareformattedthesamewayastheprintversions,excepttheDOIorURLisincludedattheend.IfthearticlehasacorrespondingDOInumber,useitinsteadoftheURL.NoURL?Usethehomepageofthejournal'swebsitefortheURL.SeeSection10.1inthePublicationmanualforadditionalexamples. Author'sLastname,F.M.(Yearpublished).Titleofarticle.TitleofJournal,volumenumber(issuenumber),pagerange.https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxORURL Example: Spreer,P.,&Rauschnabel,P.A.(2016).Sellingwithtechnology:Understandingtheresistancetomobilesalesassistantuseinretailing.JournalofPersonalSelling&SalesManagement,36(3),240-263.https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2016.1208100 Notes:Whencreatingyouronlinejournalarticlecitation,keepinmind: ThiscitationstyledoesNOTrequireyoutoincludethedateofaccess/retrievaldateordatabaseinformationforelectronicsources. UsetheURLofthejournalhomepageifthereisnoDOIassignedandthereferencewasretrievedonline.*IfthejournalarticlehasaDOInumberassignedtoit,includethatnumberinthecitationinsteadofaURL. Don'tforget,ourfreeBibMeAPAgeneratorissimpletouse!CheckoutBibMePluswhileyou'reatit!Ifyouhaveanoun,conjunction,orprepositionoutofplace,we'llflagitandoffersuggestionsforquickwritingfixes! CitationsforaNewspaperArticleinPrint Similartojournalarticles,mostindividualsuseonlinenewspaperarticlesforresearchprojects.However,ifyou'reabletogetyourhandsonaprintversion,usethisstructureforyourreference: Author'sLastname,F.M.(Year,MonthDayofPublication).Articletitle.NewspaperTitle,pp.xx-xx. Example: Rosenberg,G.(1997,March31).Electronicdiscoveryprovesaneffectivelegalweapon.TheNewYorkTimes,p.D5. Notes:Whencreatingyournewspapercitation,keepinmind: Beginpagenumberswithp.(forasinglepage)orpp.(formultiplepages). Evenifthearticleappearsonnon-consecutivepages,includeallpagenumbers,anduseacommatoseparatethem.Example:pp.C2,C5,C7-C9. Includethefulldateofpublication,notjusttheyearlikeinmostreferences. CitationsforNewspapersfoundOnline Usethisstructurewhenreferencinganewspaperarticlefoundonawebsiteordatabase: Author'sLastname,F.M.(Year,MonthDayofPublication).Titleofarticle.TitleofNewspaper.URLofnewspaper'shomepage Example: Rosenberg,G.(1997,March31).Electronicdiscoveryprovesaneffectivelegalweapon.TheNewYorkTimes.http://www.nytimes.com Notes:Whencitinganewspaper,keepinmind: Ifthearticlewasfoundonthenewspaper'swebsite,includetheURLforthenewspaper'shomepage.Fordatabases,includewhateverURLisprovided. Multiplelines:IftheURLrunsontoasecondline,onlybreakURLbeforepunctuation(exceptforhttp://). ThisstyledoesNOTrequireyoutoincludethedateofaccessforelectronicsources.Ifyoudiscoveredanewspaperarticleviaanonlinedatabase,thedatabase'sinformationisNOTrequiredforthecitationeither.Ifyou'reusingtheBibMeAPAformatter,wemakeiteasyforyoubyonlyincludingwhatyouneedinyourreferences! CitationsforMagazines Citingamagazinearticleinprint: Author'sLastname,F.M.(Year,Monthofpublication).Articletitle.MagazineTitle,Volume(Issue),pagerange. APAformatcitation: Tumulty,K.(2006,April).Shouldtheystayorshouldtheygo?Time,167(15),3-40. Notes:Whencitingamagazine,keepinmind: Youcanfindthevolumenumberwiththeotherpublicationinformationofthemagazine. Youcantypicallyfindpagenumbersatthebottomcornersofamagazinearticle. Ifyoucannotlocateanissuenumber,simplydon'tincludeitinthecitation. Citingamagazinearticlefoundonline: Author'sLastname,F.M.(Year,Monthofpublication).Articletitle.MagazineTitle,Volume(Issue).URL Example: Tumulty,K.(2006,April).Shouldtheystayorshouldtheygo?Time,167(15).http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1179361,00.html Notes:Whencreatinganonlinemagazinecitation,keepinmind: *Thevolumeandissuenumberaren'talwaysonthesamepageasthearticle.Checkouttheotherpartsofthewebsitebeforeleavingitoutofthecitation. CitationsforBlogs Blogsarefoundonwebsitesanddisplaycontinuouslyupdatedcontentandpostsbyasingleauthor,group,orcompany.Ablogshowsnewsupdates,ideas,information,andmanyothertypesofentries.Similartojournalentries,ablogbeginswiththedatetheinformationwasaddedfollowedbythecontent. Ifyou’rewonderinghowtociteablogentry,looknofurther!Citingablogisverysimilartocitingawebsite. Citingablogpost: LastnameofAuthor,Firstinitial.Middleinitial.(Year,MonthDayblogpostwaspublished).Titleofblogpost.TitleofBlog.URL Example: Gonzalez,J.(2019,February3).Let’sgiveourteachinglanguageamakeover.CultofPedagogy.https://www.cultofpedagogy.com/language-makeover/ Noticethattheblogtitleonlyhasacapitalletteratthebeginning.Ifthereareanypropernounsinthetitle,capitalizethefirstletterforthoseaswell. Citeablogpostinthetextofthepaper: (Author’slastname,Year) OR Author’slastname(Year) CitationsforResearchReports Aresearch,ortechnicalreport,isapieceofworkthatprovidesinsightintoresearchdonebyanindividualresearcher,agroupofresearchers,oracompanyororganization. Citingaresearchreportinprint: Author’sLastName,F.M.orOrganization.(Yearpublished).Titleofresearchreport(ReportNo.).Publisher. Note:Ifthepublisheristhesameastheauthor,usethenameasthethe“Author”anddon'tlistthepublisher. Example: MichiganVentureCapitalAssociation.(2018).Annualresearchreport. Citinganonlineresearchreport: Author’sLastName,F.M.orOrganization.(Yearpublished).Titleofresearchreport(ReportNo.).URL Example: Newson,S.E.&Berthinussen,A.(2019).ImprovingourunderstandingofthedistributionandstatusofbatswithintheRyevitaliseLandscapePartnershipSchemearea(BTOResearchReportNo.716).https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/publications/btorr716finalwebsite.pdf CitationsforFilms Producer'sLastname,F.M.(Producer),&Director'sLastname,F.M.(Director).(ReleaseYear).Titleofmotionpicture[Motionpicture].Studio. Example: Bender,L.(Producer),&Tarantino,Q.(Director).(1994).Pulpfiction[Film].Miramax. CitationsforOnlineFilms&Videos: Personwhopostedthevideo'sLastname,F.M.[Username].(Year,MonthDayofposting).Titleofvideo[Video].Publishingsite.URL IfthenameoftheindividualwhopostedtheYouTubevideoisnotavailable,beginthecitationwiththeusernameanddonotplacethisinformationinbrackets. Smith,R.[RickSmith](2013,September20).FavretoMoss![Video].YouTube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOP_L6hBjn8 Note:Ifyou'rediscussingacertainpartofthefilmorvideointhebodyofyourproject,includeatimestampinthein-textorparentheticalcitation.(PulpFiction,1994,1:15:30).ThetimestampisHours:Minutes:Seconds. CitationsforImages Citinganimagefoundinaprintpublication(suchasabookormagazine)ormuseum: Creator'sLastname,F.M.(YearofPublication).Titleofimage[Format].Publisher/Museum. Includingtheformathelpsthereaderunderstandandvisualizethetypeofimagethatisbeingreferenced.Itcanbe[Photograph],[Painting],oranothermedium. Example: Roege,W.J.(1938).St.Patrick'sCathedral,FifthAvenuefrom50thStto51stStreet[Photograph].NewYorkHistoricalSociety. Citinganimageretrievedonline: Similartocitinganimageinprint,whencitinganimagefoundonline,placethemedium,orformat,inthebrackets.Capitalizethefirstletter. Photographer,F.(YearofPublication).Titleofphotograph[Photograph].Publisher.URL Example: Ferraro,A.(2014).Libertyenlighteningtheworld[Digitalimage].Flickr.https://www.flickr.com/photos/afer92/14278571753/in/set-72157644617030616 CitationsforTV/RadioBroadcasts Writer'sLastname,F.M.(Writer),&Director'sLastname,F.M.(Director).(YearofAiring).Episodetitle[TVseriesepisode].InF.M.ExecutiveProducer'sLastname(ExecutiveProducer),TVseriesname.Channel. Kand,K.(Writer),&Fryman,P.(Director).(2006).Slapbet[TVseriesepisode].InC.Bays(ExecutiveProducer),HowImetyourmother.CBS. TV/RadioBroadcastsfoundonline: Writer,F.M.(Writer),&Director,F.M.(Director).(YearofAiring).Episodetitle[Televisionseriesepisode].InF.M.ExecutiveProducer'sLastname(ExecutiveProducer),TVseriesname.URL Kand,K.(Writer),&Fryman,P.(Director).(2006).Slapbet[Televisionseriesepisode].InC.Bays(ExecutiveProducer),HowImetyourmother.https://www.hulu.com/watch/1134858#i0,p30,d0 Note:WhencitingaTVshoworepisode,keepinmind: IMDBisagreatresourceforfindingtheinformationneededforyourcitation(Director,Writer,ExecutiveProducer,etc.)*Thisinformationcanalsobefoundintheopeningandclosingcreditsoftheshow. TypewhatyoufindintotheBibMeAPAformatter.We'lldotheworkforyouandstructureyourreferencesproperly! CitationsforSongs TociteinAPAasongfromanalbumlistenedtoonline,usethefollowingstructure: Songwriter'sLastname,F.M.(Copyrightyear).Titleofsong[SongrecordedbyF.M.Lastname].OnAlbumtitle.Publisher.URL Notes: Ifthesongisdonebyabandorgroup,includethebandorgroup'snameinsteadofanindividual'sname. Onlyincludethe"RecordedbyF.M.Lastname"portionifit'sadifferentindividualthanthewriter. TheformatcanbeCD,Onlinesong,mp3,oranyothersimpledescriptiontoallowthereadertounderstandtheformat. Swift,T.(2008).LoveStory[Song].OnFearless.BigMachineRecords. Ifyou'reusingtheBibMeAPAcitationgeneratortobuildyourreferences,choose"Music/Audio"fromthesourceoptions. CitationsforInterviews ApersonalinterviewshouldNOTbeincludedinareferencelist.Theyarenotconsideredrecoverabledata(theycannotbefoundbyaresearcher).Youshouldreferencepersonalinterviewsascitationsinthebodyoftheprojectinstead. Example: (J.Doe,personalcommunication,December12,2004) CitationsforEncyclopediaandDictionaryEntries Encyclopedia/Dictionaryinprint: Author'sLastname,F.M.(PublicationYear).Entrytitle.InF.M.LastnameofEditor(Ed.),Titleofencyclopediaordictionary(pp.xx-xx).Publisher. Example: Kammen,C.,&Wilson,A.H.(2012).Monuments.Encyclopediaoflocalhistory.(pp.363-364).AltaMiraPress. Encyclopedia/Dictionaryonlinewithauthor(s): Author’sLastname,F.M.(PublicationYearorn.d.).Entrytitle.InF.M.LastnameofEditor(Ed.),Titleofencyclopediaordictionary.Publisher.Retrieveddate,fromURL Encyclopedia/Dictionaryonlinewithgroupauthor: Publisherorgroupname(PublicationYearorn.d.).Entrytitle.InTitleofencyclopediaordictionary.Retrieveddate,fromURL Example: Merriam-Webster.(n.d.).Taciturn.InMerriam-Webster.comdictionary.RetrievedFebruary10,2020,fromhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/taciturn Ifanentrylookslikeitgoesthroughmanyupdates,use“n.d.”asthepublicationdateandshowthedateyouretrievedit.Ifusinganarchivedversion,noretrievaldateisneeded. HowtoReferenceaLecture Thisstyleofreferencewouldbeusedifyouwerecitingasetofnotesfromalecture(e.g.,PowerPointorGoogleslidesprovidedbyyourinstructor). Citingonlinelecturenotesorpresentationslides: Author'sLastname,F.M.(Publicationyear).Nameortitleoflecture[LecturesnotesorPowerPointslides].URL Example: Saito,T.(2012).Technologyandme:Apersonaltimelineofeducationaltechnology[PowerPointslides].http://www.slideshare.net/Bclari25/educational-technology-ppt Tip:Ifyouwanttociteinformationfromyourownpersonalnotesfromalecture,thisisconsideredpersonalcommunication.Thenotesmaynotbeavailableonlineforothersoutsideoftheclasstoaccess.Refertoitonlyinthebodyofyouressayorproject.YoucanfollowthestyleguideforpersonalcommunicationavailableintheInterviewsection. CitingSocialMedia Socialmediaiseverywhere,eveninresearchprojects.Manyinfluencerspostthoughts,inspirationalquotes,andintriguingstoriesintheirprofiles. Ifyouneedtociteapostfromasocialmediaplatform,usethisstructure: Lastname,F.M.orGroupNamewhopostedthecontent[@Username].(Year,MonthDayposted).First20wordsofthepost[Format].SocialMediaSiteName.URL Lastname,F.M.orGroupNamewhopostedthecontent[@Username].(Year,MonthDayposted).First20wordsofthepost[Format].SocialMediaSiteName.URL Aretrievaldate(dateyousawthepage)isneededforprofilepagessincethecontentsarelikelytochangeovertime(e.g.,Instagramprofile,Facebookpageetc.).Thestructureforthatis: Lastname,F.M.orGroupNamewhopostedthecontent[@Username].(n.d.).TweetsorHome[Format].SocialMediaSiteName.Retrievedfrommonthday,year,URL Somethingstokeepinmind: Ifthenameoftheindividualorgroupisunknown,beginthecitationwiththehandleandremovethebrackets. Ifthepostonlyincludesanimageorvideowithoutanytext,insteadofincludingthefirst40wordsofthepostprovideadescriptionofthepostandplaceitinbrackets:[videoofaNASArocketleavingtheatmosphere]. Theformat,inbrackets,canbe[Tweet],[Facebookstatusupdate],[Facebookpage],[Instagramphoto],[Instagramvideo],orforaRedditpost,use[Onlineforumcomment]. CitingaTweetfromTwitter: Example: BibMe[@BibMe].(2020,January22).Howtociteprimarysourcesow.ly/fUb950vG3N5[Tweet].Twitter.https://twitter.com/bibme/status/1219976780746043392 CitingaTwitterprofile: BibMe[@BibMe](n.d.).Tweets[Twitterprofile].Twitter.RetrievedFebruary18,2020,fromhttps://twitter.com/BibMe CitingaFacebookpost: Example: DeGeneres,E.(2018,December21).Holidaypartygoals[Facebookstatusupdate].Facebook.https://www.facebook.com/ellentv/photos/a.182755292239/10157188088077240/?type=3&theater CitingaFacebookpage: Example: Smithsonian’sNationalZooandConservationBiologyInstitute.(n.d.)Home[Facebookpage].Facebook.RetrievedJuly22,2019,fromhttps://www.facebook.com/nationalzoo CitinganInstagrampost: Example: Lipa,D.[@dualipa].(2018,December2).AlilHollywoodglambrunch!Thankyou@varietyforbyBreakthroughArtistoftheYearawardandthankyoufor[Instagramphoto].Instagram.https://www.instagram.com/p/Bq33SC2BAsr/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link Tables Sincethiscitationstyleiscommonlyusedinscience-relateddisciplines,itmakessensethatmanystudentsandscholarsincludetablesintheirprojects. It'sagoodideatoincludeatableinyourprojectwhen: Thereisagoodamountofquantitativeinformation Atablewouldpromoteunderstanding Donotwriteouttheinformationfromthetableinthetextofyourpaper.Includingthesameinformationintwospotsisrepetitive.Eithertypeoutthequantitativeinformationinyourpaperoruseatable. Ifyouchoosetoincludeatable,makesureto: Refertoitinthetextandprovideabriefovervieworsnapshotofitscontents. Refertothetableinthetextusingnumbers.Forexample,"Table3showsthecountrieswiththehighestamountofspendingperpupil." Everytableshouldbenumbered.ThetablementionedclosesttothebeginningofthepapershouldbeTable1.ThenexttablereferredtointhepaperisTable2. Ifyou'resubmittingyourprojectforpublicationinajournalorelsewhere,placeallofyourtables,innumberorder,attheendofyourproject,afterthereferencelist.Ifyou'resubmittingyourprojectforaclass,mostprofessorsprefertablestobesituatedclosetomentionsintext.Askyourteacherorprofessorwhichonetheyprefer. Eachtableneedsatitle.Thetitleofthetableshouldmatchthecontentdisplayedinit.Createanameforyourtablethatiseasytounderstand.Italicizethetitleandcapitalizethefirstletterofallmajorkeywords. Donotincludeanyverticallines,onlyhorizontal.Yourhorizontallinesshouldbeoverandaboveanycolumnheadings. Capitalizethefirstletterofeveryimportantword. Yourtablecaneitherbesingleordoublespaced.Keepthespacingintablesconsistentthroughoutyourproject. Ifyoubelieveyourtableneedsfurtherexplanation,orifitneedsadditionalinformationtohelpthereaderwithunderstanding,includeanotebelowthetable. Ageneralnoteprovidesanoverviewofanyinformationrelatedtothetableaswellasanexplanationofanyabbreviationsoruniquecharacters.Ifyoureproducedanyportionofthetable,includethatinformationinthegeneralnoteaswell.Beginyourgeneralnotewith"Note."initalicsandendingwithperiod. Aspecificnoteexplainsinformationinarow,column,orindividualcell.Placeatinyletterinthetoprightcorneroftheareatospecify,andincludeinformationregardingitinthenotebelow. Aprobabilitynotedisplaysthenumberofpossibilitiesinthetable.Useanasterisksymbolinthetable,andshowtheprobabilityinthenotes. SampleTable: Priortoaddingyourtableintoyourpaper,usethishandychecklisttoconfirmyouhavealloftherequirements: __Isitnecessarytoincludethetable? __Areonlyhorizontallinesincluded? __Didyouincludeasimple,straightforwardtitle?Isitinitalics? __Didyouuseeithersinglespacesordoublespaces?APApaperformatrequiresyoutokeepyourtablesconsistentacrossyourproject. __Arecolumnheadingsincluded? __Arenotesincludedbelowthetabletoprovideunderstanding?Arethenotesintheproperorder?Startwithgeneralnotes,thenincludespecificnotes,andendwithprobabilitynotes. __Didyourefertothetableinthewrittenportionofyourpaper? Stillhavequestions?SeeChapter7ofthePublicationmanual. In-TextandParentheticalCitations WhatisanIn-TextCitationorParentheticalCitation? Thepurposeofin-textandparentheticalcitationsistogivethereaderabriefideaastowhereyoufoundyourinformation,whilethey'reinthemiddleofreadingorviewingyourproject.Youmayincludedirectquotesinthebodyofyourproject,whichareword-for-wordquotesfromanothersource.Or,youmayincludeapieceofinformationthatyouparaphrasedinyourownwords.Thesearecalledparentheticalcitations.Bothdirectquotesandparaphrasedinformationincludeacitationnexttoit.Youalsoneedtoincludethefullcitationforthesourceinthereferencelist,whichisusuallythelastiteminaproject. In-TextCitationsforDirectQuotes In-textandparentheticalcitationsarefoundimmediatelyfollowinganydirectquotesorparaphrases.Theyshouldincludethepagenumberorsectioninformationtohelpthereaderlocatethequotethemselves. Example: BuckneededtoadjustratherquicklyuponhisarrivalinCanada.Hestated,"nolazy,sun-kissedlifewasthis,withnothingtodobutloafandbebored.Herewasneitherpeace,norrest,noramoment'ssafety"(London,1903,p.25). ParaphrasedInformation Whentakinganideafromanothersourceandplacingitinyourownwords(aparaphrase),itisnotnecessarytoincludethepagenumber,butyoucanadditifthesourceislargeandyouwanttodirectreadersrighttotheinformation. Example: Atthetime,papyruswasusedtocreatepaper,butitwasonlygrownandavailableinmassquantitiesinEgypt.ThisposedaproblemfortheGreeksandRomans,buttheymanagedtohaveitexportedtotheircivilizations.Papyrusthusremainedthematerialofchoiceforpapercreation(Casson,2001). HowtoFormatIn-TextandParentheticalCitations Anin-textcitationinAPAdisplaystheauthor'snamedirectlyinthesentence,ortext,ofthepaper.Alwaysplacetheyeardirectlyaftertheauthor'sname.Authorsanddatessticktogetherlikepeanutbutterandjelly!Ifyou'recitingadirectquote,placethepagenumberattheendofthequote. Parentheticalcitationsdisplaytheauthor'snameandyearinparenthesesafteraquoteorparaphrase.Ifyou'recitingadirectquote,includethepagenumberaswell.Ifyou'reparaphrasing,itisuptoyouwhetherornotyou'dliketoincludeapagenumber. Exampleofvariouswaystociteinthebodyofaproject: Smith(2014)statesthat,"theMuseumEffectisconcernedwithhowindividualslookataworkofart,butonlyinthecontextoflookingatthatworkalongwithanumberofotherworks"(p.82). "TheMuseumEffectisconcernedwithhowindividualslookataworkofart,butonlyinthecontextoflookingatthatworkalongwithanumberofotherworks"(Smith,2014,p.82). Ifyoursourcehastwoauthors,alwaysincludebothnamesineachin-textorparentheticalcitation. Example:(Franks&Beans,2019) Ifyoursourcehasthreeormoreauthors,onlyincludethefirstauthor'snameandfollowitwithetal. Example: (Gilleyetal.,2015) Ifyoursourcewaswrittenbyacompany,organization,governmentagency,orothertypeofgroup,includethegroup'snameinfullinthefirstintextorparentheticalcitation.InanyAPAcitationsfollowingit,itisacceptabletoshortenthegroupnametosomethingthatissimpleandunderstandable. Example: 1stcitation: (AmericanEagleOutfitters/[AEO/],2017) 2ndandsubsequentcitations: (AEO,2017) Stillwonderinghowtoin-textciteinAPA?Howaboutcitingparenthetically?Checkoutthispagetolearnmoreaboutparentheticalcitations.Also,BibMewritingtoolscanhelpcreateyourin-textandparentheticalcitationsquicklyandeasily.Towardstheendofcreatingafullreferencecitation,you'llseetheoptiontocreateacitationforthebodyofyourproject(in-text)intheAPAformatgenerator. Needhelpwithyourwriting?GivetheBibMePluspapercheckerawhirl!Uploadyourpaperorcopyandpasteitintothetextboxonthepage.We'llrunitthroughourinnovativetechnologyandletyouknowifthereisanadjective,verb,orpronounoutofplace,plusmuch,muchmore! YourReferenceList Thelistingofallsourcesusedinyourprojectarefoundinthereferencelist,whichisthelastpageorpartofaproject.Includedinthisreferencelistareallofthesourcesyouquotedorparaphrasedinthebodyofyourpaper.Thismeansthateveryreferencefoundinthereferencelistshouldhaveamatchingin-textorparentheticalcitationinyourproject.Wherethereisone,therehastobetheother.Herearegeneralguidelines: YourreferencepageinAPAshouldbetitled"References" Placethetitleinthecenterofthepageandboldit. Itisnotnecessarytoincludepersonalcommunicationsinthereferencelist,suchaspersonalemailsorletters.Thesespecificsourcesonlyneedin-textcitations,whicharefoundinthebodyofyourproject. Allreferencesarelistedinalphabeticalorderbytheauthor'slastname. Theentirepageshouldbedoublespaced. Useahangingindentforallcitations.Thefirstlineofeachcitationneedstobeflushagainsttheleftmargin.Anyadditionallinesareindentedinahalfinch. Ifyouhavetwosourcesbythesameauthor,placetheminorderbytheyearofpublication. Refertothesectiontitled,"HowtoStructuretheTitle,"forrulesregardingcapitalizationofsourcetitles. Example: Thompson,H.S.(1971).FearandloathinginLasVegas:AsavagejourneytotheheartoftheAmericandream.RandomHouse. Thompson,H.S.(1998).Therumdiary.Simon&Schuster. IftherearemultiplesourceswiththesameauthorANDsamepublicationdate,placetheminalphabeticalorderbythetitle. Example: Dr.Seuss.(1958).Thecatinthehatcomesback.RandomHouse. Dr.Seuss.(1958).Yertletheturtle.RandomHouse. Ifasourcedoesnothaveanauthor,placethesourceinalphabeticalorderbythefirstmainwordofthetitle. NeedhelpcreatingthecitationsinyourAPAreferencelist?BibMe.comhelpsyougeneratecitations!Beginbyenteringakeyword,URL,title,orotheridentifyinginformation.Tryitout! SampleReferenceList: Here'smoreinformationwithsamplepapersandtutorials.FurtherinformationacanbefoundinChapter9ofthePublicationmanual. HowtoFormatYourPaperinAPA: NeedtocreateAPAformatpapers?Followtheseguidelines: InanAPAstylepaper,thefontusedthroughoutyourdocumentshouldbeinTimesNewRoman,12pointfontsize.Theentiredocumentshouldbedoublespaced,evenbetweentitlesandAPAheadings.Marginsshouldbe1incharoundtheentiredocumentandindenteverynewparagraphusingthetabbuttononyourkeyboard.SeeChapter2ofthePublicationmanualformoredetailsonpaperformatting. Placethepagesinthefollowingorder: Titlepage(Page1) Abstractpage(page2) Textorbodyofresearchpaper(startonpage3) Referencelist Pagefortables(ifnecessary) Pageforfigures(ifnecessary) Appendicespage(ifnecessary) Pagenumbers:Thetitlepagecountsaspage1.NumbersubsequentpagesusingArabicnumbers(1,2,3,4...). TitlePageinAPA Yourtitlepageshouldgracethefrontcoverofyourpaper.It'ssometimescalledanAPAcoverpage.Includedonthispagearesevenitems: Pagenumber Titleofpaper Nameofauthors Affiliation;nameofyourschoolorinstitution Coursename Instructor'sname Datepaperisdue Whatisarunninghead? Therunningheadshowsthetitleofyourpaper.Itisonlyrequiredforprofessionalpapers(e.g.,dissertations,journalsubmissions,etc.). Studentpapersdonotneedarunninghead(butdoneedthepagenumber). Ifyouuseone,placetherunningheadinthetopleftcornerofyourprojectandplaceitincapitalletters.Useyourwordprocessor's"header"option.Itwillautomaticallyplaceyourrunningheadintheappropriateposition,againsttheleftmargin. Acrossfromtherunninghead,againsttherightmargin,includethepagenumber.TheAPAtitlepageis1. Titlepageexample: QUALITYLIBRARYPROGRAMS MicrosoftWord,GoogleDocs,andmanyotherwordprocessingprogramsallowyoutosetuppagenumbersandarepeatedrunninghead.Usethesetoolstomakethisadditioneasierforyou! Needhelpdeterminingthetitleofyourpaper?Keepitsimpleandstraighttothepoint.Excludeunnecessarytermssuchas"AnAnalysisof...."or"AStudyof..."Ifyourpaperendsupbeingdigitizedandaddedtoyourschool'sresearchcollectionoraresearchdatabase,asimpleandeffectivetitlewillhelpresearcherslocateit.Itisrecommendedtokeepitunder12wordsandavoidabbreviations. Order|Element|Format&Notes ---|---|--- 0|Allelements,exceptpagenumber|Centered,double-spacedlines 1|Pagenumber|Place“1”intheupperrightcornerofthepage.Professionalpapersonly:Includearunninghead. 2|Titleofpaper|3-4linesfromthetopofthepage;bolded,andtitlecase 3|Nameofauthor(s)|Twodouble-spacedlinesunderthetitle.Nofontformatting(nobolditalics,underline).Excludeanytitles(suchasDr.orMs.)anddegrees(suchasPhD).Listallcontributors;ifthereismorethanoneincludetheword“and”betweenthesecondtolastandlastnames. 4|Affiliation(school,department,etc.)|Nofontformatting.Usuallyincludesthenameofyourdepartmentanduniversity. 5|Coursename|Nofontformatting.Writethecoursenameandnumberonyourclassmaterials:ENG102,JPN301. 6|Instructor|Nofontformatting.Showtheirnameastheyprefer,includingtitlesanddegrees. 7|Datepaperisdue|MonthDay,Year.Example:February14,2020 ExampleTitlePage-StudentPaper: ExampleTitlePage-ProfessionalPaper: Ifyou'relookingforanAPAsamplepaper,checkouttheotherresourcesfoundonBibMe.com. LevelsofHeadings: Therearealotofrulestofollowwhenitcomestostylingtheheaderandtitlepage,butthereareevenmoreruleswhenitcomestostylingthevariousheadingsandsectionsinyourresearchpaper. Therearefivesizesandstyles,andtheyfollowatopdownapproach. Inmostcases,science-relatedpapersandcasestudieshavethreesections:Method,Results,andDiscussion.Thesethreesectionsareconsidered“Level1”andarealignedinthecenterofthepageandinbold.Additionalsectionsofthepaperarestyledasfollows: OverviewofLevels Level|Formatting ---|--- 1|Centerandbold.Usetitlecase. 2|Againsttheleftmarginandinbold.Usetitlecase.Beginthenextsentenceonthenextline,indentedhalfaninchfromtheleftmargin. 3|Againsttheleftmargininboldanditalics.Usetitlecase.Beginyournextsentenceonthenextline,andindentedhalfaninchfromtheleftmargin. 4|Indentedhalfaninchfromtheleft.Isinbold.Usetitlecase.Beginyournextsentenceonthesamelineandimmediatelyfollowingtheheading. 5|Indentedhalfaninchfromtheleft.Isinboldanditalics.Usetitlecase.Beginyournextsentenceonthesamelineandimmediatelyfollowingtheheading. We’veincludedavisualbelowtohelpyoumakesenseofthefiveheadings.Keepinmind,youdonotneedtohaveallfiveheadingsinyourpaper.Youmayonlyusethetoptwoorthree.Itdependsonthetypesofsectionsyourpaperincludes. UsingtheBibMeOnlineWritingCentertoCreateCitationsforyourReferenceListorBibliography Lookingtociteyoursourcesquicklyandeasily?BibMecanhelpyougenerateyourcitations;simplyenteratitle,ISBN,URL,orotheridentifyinginformation. Clicktoseemorestyles,andifyou'dliketociteyoursourcesinMLAformat,checkouttheBibMeMLApage.Othercitationstylesareavailableaswell. NotonlywillBibMehelpyoucreateyourreferencesquicklyandpainlessly,we'llalsoscanyourpaperwithaninnovativeplagiarismchecker.BibMewritingtoolsevenhelpstocheckyourgrammar,too!Improperusageofadverb?Missinganinterjection?Determineroutofplace?BibMewritingtoolswillhighlightanyareasofconcernandoffersuggestionstoimproveyourwriting.Tryitoutnow! BackgroundInformationandHistoryofAPA: TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationwasfoundedin1892atClarkUniversityinWorcester,Massachusetts.APAstyleformatwasdevelopedin1929byscholarsfromanumberofdifferentscientificfieldsandbackgrounds.Theiroverallgoalwastodevelopastandardwaytodocumentscientificwritingandresearch. Sinceitsinception,theStyleManualhasbeenupdatednumeroustimesanditisnowinits7thedition(2020).Theprevious6theditionwasreleasedin2009.In2012,APApublishedanadditiontotheir6theditionmanual,whichwasaguideforcreatinganAPAstylecitationforanytypeofelectronicresource. Today,therearecloseto118,000members.Thereisanannualconvention,numerousdatabases,andjournalpublications.Someoftheirmorepopularresourcesincludethedatabase,PsycINFO,andthepublications,JournalofAppliedPsychologyandHealthPsychology. ChangesBetweenthe6thand7thEditions Belowisaselectionofnotablecitingdifferencesbetweenthetwoeditions. ForjournalarticleswithaDOInumber,includetheDOIasaURL. 6theditionexample: Lee,C.-H.,&Mackinnon,R.(2019).VoltagesensormovementsduringHyperpolarizationintheHCNChannel.CellStudies.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.006 7theditionexample: Lee,C.-H.,&Mackinnon,R.(2019).VoltagesensormovementsduringHyperpolarizationintheHCNChannel.CellStudies.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.006 Forebooks,younolongerneedtoidentifytheformat. 6theditionexample: Murakami,H.(2014).Kafkaontheshore[Kindle]. 7theditionexample: Murakami,H.(2014).Kafkaontheshore. Fullbookreferencesnolongerneedtoshowwherethepublisherislocated. 6theditionexample: Murakami,H.(2014).Kafkaontheshore.London:VintagePublishing. 7theditionexample: Murakami,H.(2014).Kafkaontheshore.VintagePublishing. In-textcitationsforsourceswithmorethan3authorscanusethenotation“etal.”forbrevity. Structure: (firstauthor’snameetal.,yearpublished) 6theditionexample: (Anaydike,Braga,Talfah,Gonzalez,1980) 7theditionexample: (Anaydikeetal.,1980) WhenincludingawebsiteURL,donotincludethewords“Retrievedfrom”beforetheURLcited. 6theditionexample: Elan,P.(2019,December6).'Areflectionofinnerlife':showexploreshistoryofthehoodie.TheGuardian.Retrievedfromhttps://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/dec/06/a-reflection-of-inner-life-show-explores-history-of-the-hoodie 7theditionexample: Elan,P.(2019,December6).'Areflectionofinnerlife':showexploreshistoryofthehoodie.TheGuardian.https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/dec/06/a-reflection-of-inner-life-show-explores-history-of-the-hoodie Thecitingformatfortablesandfiguresarenowthesame.Forboth,indicateatablenumberandnameatthetop,andanoteatthebottom. Hereareafewimportantpaperformattingchanges: *Runningheadisonlyrequiredforprofessional(notstudent)papers *Onlyasinglespaceshouldbeplacedafterpunctuation. *Thenewstyleversionendorsestheuseofthesingular“they”asanoptionforagenderneutralpronoun. *The7theditionpromotestheuseof“they”asasingular,gender-neutralpronoun. *Inadditiontothepapertitle,authorname,andinstitutionalaffiliation,acoverpageforastudentpapershouldalsohavethecourse,instructorname,andduedate References AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.(2020).PublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(7thed.).https://doi.org/101037/0000165-000 UpdatedMarch10,2020 EditedandwrittenbyEliseBarbeauandMicheleKirschenbaum.Eliseisacitationexpertandhashermaster’sdegreeinpublichistory/libraryscience.Shehasexperienceindigitalmarketing,libraries,andpublishing.Micheleisacertifiedlibrarymediaspecialistwholovescitationsandteaching.She’sbeenwritingaboutcitingsourcessince2014.Home>APACitationGeneratorCompanyBlogCheggInc.ContactUsSupportResourcesBibMePlusCitationGuidesAPAMLAChicagoStyleFollowUsFacebookTwitterBusinessTermsofUseGlobalPrivacyPolicyCookieNoticeDONOTSELLMYINFO©2007-2021BibMe™,aCheggService.BibMe™formatsaccordingtoAPA7thEdition,MLA9thEdition,Chicago17thEdition